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DECLARATION
I MR.CHANDNI GALA student of T.Y.B.COM (BANKING AND
INSURANCE) (SEMESTER V) of SHRI CHINAI COLLEGE OF
COMMERCE AND ECONOMICS hereby declare that I have completed the
project on LOAN SYNDICATION in the academic year 2007-2008. The
information submitted is true and original and to the best of my knowledge.
Sign of student
(CHANDNI GALA)
CERTIFICATE
I Mr.NISHIKANT JHA hereby certify that MISS.CHANDNI GALA of
T.Y.B.COM (BANKING AND INSURANCE) Semester V of SHRI
CHINAI COLLEGE OF COMMERCE AND ECONOMICS has completed
the project on LOAN SYNDICATION in the academic year 2007-2008. The
information submitted is true and original and to the best of my knowledge.
Acknowledgement
Completing a task is never one mans effort. It is often the result of
invaluable contribution of number of individuals in direct or indirect way in
shaping success and achieving it.
I would like to extend our sincere gratitude and appreciation to
Prof.Nishikant Jha who guided me in the study of loan syndication. It has
indeed been a great learning, experiencing and working under him during
the course of the project .We would like to thank prof. (Mrs.) Malini Johari
(Principal) and Prof (Mr.) Nishikant Jha (co-ordinator), Shri Chinai College
of Commerce and Economics- Andheri for their their support and assurance
throughout this project.
We would like to thank the librarian of our college for helping us in finding
out the relevant material for our project. We would like to appreciate all our
college friends and family members who gave us all support and backing
and always came forward whenever a helping hand was needed.
INDEX
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CONTENTS
Executive summary
Introduction
Meaning Of Loan
Meaning Of Syndication
Introduction To Loan Syndication
Features Of Loan Syndication
Stage In The Loan Syndication
Process
Reasons/Purpose For Syndicated
Lending
Advantages Of Syndicated Lending
Project Finance And Loan
Syndication
Parties And Their Role Within The
Syndication Process
Loan Syndication Financial
Institutions
Loan Depot
The Syndicated Loan Market
Overview of ICICI Bank
History Of ICICI Bank
ICICI Syndication
Syndication Advisory And Other
Services
Conclusion
Bibliography
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INTRODUCTION
Banks play an important role in the economic development of a nation.
banks provide a number of functions. The term bank comes from the word
BANCO which means a bench. In earlier days European money lenders
used to display coins of different countries in big heaps on benches or tables
for the purpose of lending or exchanging.It receives money from those who
want to save in the form of deposits and lends the money to those who need
it.The primary functions of the bank are known as banking functions and the
secondary functions of the bank are known as non-banking functions.
A Bank is a financial institution which deals with deposits and advances
and other related services. The term banking has undergone tremendous
changes over the years. The traditional and commercial banking activities of
accepting deposits and lending have been replaced by the concept of
universal banking and now international banking. Banks are expanding their
operations, entering new markets and trading in new asset types. The change
in financial system has created new opportunities along with new risks.
The banks plays a vital role in modern business without banks, it would be
highly difficult to conduct business activities in a smooth manner. A bank is
a vital aid-to-trade. Thus bank is an evolutionary concept. It acts as a
connected link between borrowers and lenders of money. For the past three
decades Indias banking system has several outstanding achievements to its
credit. The most striking feature is its extensive reach. It is no longer
confined to metropolitans or cosmopolitans in India. In fact, Indian banking
system has reached even to the remote countries of the world. This is the
main reason of Indias growth process.
Not long ago, an account holder had to wait for hours at the bank counters
for getting a draft or for withdrawing his own money. Today, he has a
choice. Gone are the days when the most efficient bank transferred money
from one branch to another in two days. Now it is simple as instant
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messaging or dial a pizza. Money has become the order of the day. The
modern day banking consist of all activities viz .accounts of non residents,
financing exports and imports, financing in foreign currencies, cross border
financing, syndication of loans and many other activities. With the
introduction of new products and services in the banking sector it has made
the life of a common man more simple and easy.
Innovation in banking:TECHNOLOGY FOR VALUE CREATION
1)
2)
3)
4)
Internet Banking
Mobile Banking
Payment and Settlement Systems(RTGS)
Benefits of Technology in Banking
Personal Banking
Retail Banking
NRI Services
Bancassurance
Any Branch Banking
Meaning of syndication
An association of individuals formed for the purpose of conducting a
particular business or a joint venture.
Pooling of resources by financial institutions in a financing project to
spread the risk. Individual return from the investment is proportionate
to the degree of risk or amount of funds that each has put up or
underwritten.
A syndicate is a general term describing any group that is formed to
conduct some type of business. For example, a syndicate may be
formed by a group of investment bankers who underwrite and
distribute new issues of securities or blocks of outstanding issues.
Syndicates can be organized as corporations or partnerships.
A Syndicated loan (orsyndicated bank facility) is a large loan in
which a group of banks work together to provide funds for a
borrower. There is usually one lead bank (the "Arranger" or "Agent")
that takes a percentage of the loan and syndicates the rest to other
banks. A syndicated loan is the opposite of a bilateral loan, which
only involves one borrower and one lender (often a bank or financial
institution.
A syndicate only works together temporarily. They are commonly
used for large loans or underwritings to reduce the risk that each
individual firm must take on.
The need for syndication arises as the size of the loan is huge and a
single bank cannot bear the whole risk of lending. Also the corporate
going for the issue is not aware about the banks which are willing to
lend. Hence syndication assumes significance.
In the case of syndication the risk gets diversified. The process of
syndication starts with an invitation for bids from the borrower. The
borrower mentions the funds requirement, currency, tenor etc. the
mandate is given to a particular bank or an institution that will take
the responsibility of syndicating the loan by arranging for financing
the banks.
Syndication is done on a best effort basis or on underwriting basis. It
is usually the lead manager who acts a syndicator of loans. The lead
manager has dual tasks i.e. formation of syndicate documentation and
loan agreement.
Common documentation is signed by the participating banks on the
common terms and conditions.
The advantages of syndicated loans are the size of the loan, speed and
certainty of funds, maturity profile of the loan, flexibility in
repayment, lower cost of funds, diversity of currency, simpler banking
relationships and possibility of renegotiation.
Syndicated loans are loans made by two or more lenders and
administered by a common agent using similar terms and conditions
and common documentation.
According to Business Credit, most loan syndications take the form of
a direct-lender relationship, in which the lead lender is the agent for
the other lenders in the origination and administration of the loan, and
the other lending banks are signatories to the loan agreement.
In the last several years the popularity of this type of loan has
exploded. By 2000, the total annual volume of syndicated loan
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issuance had risen to $1.2 trillion, a $100 billion increase over the
year before. The businesses that are choosing this option to finance
their growth have expanded beyond the Fortune 500 companies that
were its first users.
They have now become a flexible funding source for both mid-sized
companies and smaller companies that are on the cusp of moving into
mid-sized status.
The simple reality is that "Companies can given these obstacles,
business owners and executives often express interest in syndicated
loans, which offer consolidation of effort and the possibility of
making new banking contacts. Lenders support their use as well.
Lenders like syndications because they permit them to make more
loans, while limiting individual exposures and spreading their risk
within portfolios more widely. "Moreover, administration of the loan
is extremely efficient, with the agent managing much of the process
on behalf of the participants."
Borrowers taking out syndicated loans pay upfront fees and annual
12
one contract, the creditors rights and obligations are several and
independent of each other.
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STAGES IN SYNDICATION
PRE-MANDATE STAGE
POST-CLOSURE STAGE
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penalty.
Syndicated facilities bring businesses the best prices in aggregate and
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The working finance products comprise a spectrum of funded and nonfunded facilities ranging from cash credit to structured loans, to meet the
different demands from all segments of industry, trade and the services
sector. Funded facilities include cash credit, demand loan and bill
discounting. Demand loans are considered also under the FCNR (B) scheme.
Non-funded instruments comprise letters of credit (inland and overseas) as
well as bank guarantees (performance and financial) to cover advance
payments, bid bonds etc.
Project Finance
In general, project finance covers Greenfield industrial projects, capacity
expansion at existing manufacturing units, construction ventures or other
infrastructure projects. Capital intensive business expansion and
diversification as well as replacement of equipment may be financed through
the project term loans.
Project finance is quite often channeled through special purpose vehicles and
arranged against the future cash streams to emerge from the project.
The loans are approved on the basis of strong in-house appraisal of the cost
and viability of the ventures as well as the credit standing of promoters.
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The corporate term loans carry fixed or floating rates, as befits the exact
requirement of the client and the risk context. Again, these rates will be
linked to the banks prime lending rate.
The corporate term loans can have a bullet or periodic repayment schedule,
as required by the client. The repayment mode may be linked to the cash
accruals of the company.
The Banks expert credit crew gauges the applicants particular fund
requirements and evaluates the companys credit worthiness, factoring in the
cash flows generated by it.
Structured Finance
The structured finance involves assembling unique credit configurations to
meet the complex fund requirements of large industrial and infrastructure
projects. Structured finance can be a combination of funded and non-funded
facilities as well as other credit enhancement tools, lease contracts for
instance, to fit the multi-layer financial requirements of large and longgestation projects.
Channel Financing
Channel financing is an innovative finance mechanism by which the bank
meets the various fund necessities along the supply chain at the suppliers
end itself, thus helping to sustain a seamless business flow along the arteries
of the enterprise.
Channel finance ensures the immediate realization of sales proceeds for the
clients supplier, making it practically a cash sale. On the other hand, the
corporate gets credit for a duration equaling the tenor of the loan, enabling
smoother liquidity management.
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words , since the appraisal of the borrower and its proposed venture is
primarily carried out by this bank, onus of default is indirectly on this
bank. Thus this bank carries reputation risk in the syndication
process.
2. Underwriting bank:- Syndication is a process of arranging loans,
success of which is not guaranteed. The arranger bank may underwrite
to supply the entire remainder(unsubscribed) portion of the desired
loan and in such a case arranger itself plays the role of underwriting
bank. Alternatively a different bank may underwrite (guarantee) the
loan or portion (percentage of the loan). This bank would be called the
underwriting bank. It may be noted that all the syndicated loans may
not have this underwriting arrangement .Risk of underwriting is
obviously the underwriting risk. It means it will have to carry the
credit risk of the larger portion of the loan.
3. Participating banks:- These are the banks that participate in the
syndication by lending a portion of the total amount required. These
banks charge participation fees. These banks carry mostly the normal
credit risk i.e. risk of default by the borrower. As like any normal loan.
These banks may also be led into passive approval and complacency
risk. It means that these banks may not carry rigorous appraisal of the
borrower and has proposed project as it is done by the lead manager
and many other participating banks. It is this bankers trust that so
many high profile banks cannot be wrong. This may be seen in the
light of reputation risk of the lead manager.
4. Facility manager/agent:- Facility manager takes care of the
administrative arrangements over the term of the loan (e.g.
Disbursements, repayments and compliance). It acts for and on behalf
of the banks. In many cases the arranging/underwriting bank itself may
undertake this role. In larger syndications co-arranger and co-manager
may be used.
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26
LOAN DEPOT
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The Loan Depot Inc was incorporated in Canada in October 1998 by a group
of Finance and Real Estate professionals with experience in the Domestic
and International Finance Markets and International Real Estate Hedge
Markets for over 10 years.
The main businesses of The Loan Depot are Domestic and International
Finance, Loan Syndication from International Funding Agencies and Major
World Banks, Project Financing, Real Estate Acquisition syndication and
hedging.
In 2000 the Corporation moved its head quarters from Ontario, Canada to
Chattanooga, TN. In 2001, the company expanded its operations to include
conventional and government guaranteed lending products. The Surviving
Company is now know as "THE LOAN DEPOT, LLC", and is committed to
provide the highest level of service to our customers, borrowers and brokers.
Their Mission at The Loan Depot is to anticipate and successfully meet the
changing needs of our client and match them with the requirements of the
capital market. The standard of excellence is upheld through our innovative
thinking, our unique competitive advantage, and most importantly, our
dedication to our client.
Their goal is to provide you attractive financing options that will best serve
your individual financing needs. They have successfully laid a firm
foundation for financing a broad range of loans. They look forward to
working with people and helping them in their business.
They pride themselves in being one of the most innovative, diversified group
of financial service companies in the United States and Canada and plan on
staying that way.
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Mortgages
Loan Depot offers a wide variety of options for all mortgage needs offer the
best rates and with over 150 products we specialize in self employed and not
so perfect credit situations(i.e.: bankruptcy, divorce). Their programs include
100% financing for purchase or re-finance to consolidate debt or for
investment purposes.
Auto Loans
Offer a variety of finance plans for the purchase or re-finance of new and
pre-owned vehicles.
Loans
Loan Depot is a full service loan placement firm. They offer secured
and unsecured loans available to people in every credit situation. Their rates
are competitive and all situations are welcome.
Recreational Vehicles
Loan Depot offers financing on all recreational vehicles they offer
competive rates on boats, R.Vs and ATVs etc.Their programs allows to
finance new or used purchase or to-re-finance the existing vehicle at a lower
rate or better terms.
Credit Cards
Loan Depot offers a secure visa to help establish or re-establish credit with
all the convenience and services one can access with a visa card.
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ICICI Bank is India's second-largest bank with total assets of Rs. 3,446.58
billion (US$ 79 billion) at March 31, 2007 and profit after tax of Rs. 31.10
billion for fiscal 2007. ICICI Bank is the most valuable bank in India in
terms of market capitalization and is ranked third amongst all the companies
listed on the Indian stock exchanges in terms of free float market
capitalisation*. The Bank has a network of about 950 branches and 3,300
ATMs in India and presence in 17 countries. ICICI Bank offers a wide range
of banking products and financial services to corporate and retail customers
through a variety of delivery channels and through its specialised
subsidiaries and affiliates in the areas of investment banking, life and nonlife insurance, venture capital and asset management. The Bank currently
has subsidiaries in the United Kingdom, Russia and Canada, branches in
Singapore, Bahrain, Hong Kong, Sri Lanka and Dubai International Finance
Centre and representative offices in the United States, United Arab Emirates,
China, South Africa, Bangladesh, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia. Our
UK subsidiary has established a branch in Belgium.
ICICI Bank's equity shares are listed in India on Bombay Stock Exchange
and the National Stock Exchange of India Limited and its American
Depositary Receipts (ADRs) are listed on the New York Stock Exchange
(NYSE).
sales by ICICI to institutional investors in fiscal 2001 and fiscal 2002. ICICI
was formed in 1955 at the initiative of the World Bank, the Government of
India and representatives of Indian industry. The principal objective was to
create a development financial institution for providing medium-term and
long-term project financing to Indian businesses. In the 1990s, ICICI
transformed its business from a development financial institution offering
only project finance to a diversified financial services group offering a wide
variety of products and services, both directly and through a number of
subsidiaries and affiliates like ICICI Bank. In 1999, ICICI become the first
Indian company and the first bank or financial institution from non-Japan
Asia to be listed on the NYSE.
After consideration of various corporate structuring alternatives in the
context of the emerging competitive scenario in the Indian banking industry,
and the move towards universal banking, the managements of ICICI and
ICICI Bank formed the view that the merger of ICICI with ICICI Bank
would be the optimal strategic alternative for both entities, and would create
the optimal legal structure for the ICICI group's universal banking strategy.
The merger would enhance value for ICICI shareholders through the merged
entity's access to low-cost deposits, greater opportunities for earning feebased income and the ability to participate in the payments system and
provide transaction-banking services. The merger would enhance value for
ICICI Bank shareholders through a large capital base and scale of
operations, seamless access to ICICI's strong corporate relationships built up
over five decades, entry into new business segments, higher market share in
various business segments, particularly fee-based services, and access to the
vast talent pool of ICICI and its subsidiaries. In October 2001, the Boards of
Directors of ICICI and ICICI Bank approved the merger of ICICI and two of
its wholly-owned retail finance subsidiaries, ICICI Personal Financial
Services Limited and ICICI Capital Services Limited, with ICICI Bank. The
merger was approved by shareholders of ICICI and ICICI Bank in January
2002, by the High Court of Gujarat at Ahmedabad in March 2002, and by
the High Court of Judicature at Mumbai and the Reserve Bank of India in
April 2002. Consequent to the merger, the ICICI group's financing and
banking operations, both wholesale and retail, have been integrated in a
single entity.
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ICICI SYNDICATION
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ICICI Bank services the financial sector for the entire set of
banking requirements and provides a complete range of
solutions. The Financial Institutions and Syndication Group
(FISG) are responsible for ICICI Bank's relationship with the
financial sector.
Under this umbrella, the Bank caters exclusively to the needs
of Domestic Financial Institutions.
Banks.
Mutual Funds.
Insurance Companies.
Fund Accounting.
The FISG has built strong relationships through various
interactive measures, like seminars, training programs, sharing
of market information and views with clients, organizing the
Bank CEOs' Forum, etc.
The services provided to the clients are as follows: Transaction Banking
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Loan Syndication
Project Finance
Corporate Term Loans
Working Capital Loans
Acquisition Finance, etc.
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CONTACT NO:
1) Are you aware of the syndicated loan facilities provided by the bank?
YES
NO
Public
Complex
Decreasing
COMMENTS:
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Survey conducted
Chandni Gala
T.Y.B.B.I
Roll No: 18
Signature:
80%
NO
43
20%
YES
NO
50% Public
50%
FINANCIAL
INSTITUTIONS
PUBLIC
75%
Complex
44
25%
SIMPLE
COMPLEX
65%
Decreasing
35%
INCREASING
1
2
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Analysis for the better understanding of the ICICI account holders was
carried out. The purpose of analyzing was to know the customer satisfaction,
awareness of the syndicated loan facilities provided by the bank and they
would like to have any improvements suggested for better working of the
bank and higher satisfaction.
Questionnaire method was used to carry out the survey. Some interesting
facts came up which will be dealt in a detail later. A set of around 7-8
questions was used in the questionnaire, which varied from objective types
to descriptive type of questions. Questionnaire was formed and designed in
such a manner that it could be filled within 5 minutes by the person thus
saving the time of the interview.
The sample size of the survey was taken out to be 50. Out of this 50 people
20 professional and the remaining from other categories. Questions ranged
from getting information about the purpose of these loans, to whom are they
more beneficial and the demand for these loans.
Besides this the questionnaire, method information was also gathered by
means of secondary data which involves collection of data through books,
magazines, websites and journals.
ICICI Branches
ICICI Websites
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Conclusion
Banking sector has seen lot of transformation in the past post liberalization
period, it has become very important for bank to give services best to their
capabilities. if the customers are not satisfied with the services provided by
the bank, they will transfer their account to some other bank. result is loss of
revenue for the bank and the loss of goodwill.
New technology needs to be introduced in the banking sector as it is utmost
clear that people are not only expecting normal banking services but they
want to be as their business partners and help accordingly. Therefore, the
bank has give more and more services to the people in order to have
increased returns from fee-based function.
Professionalism is getting the key word in banking sector. People now
expect the privatized banks to become more and more professional rather
that of earlier years where the staff has no sympathy or understanding for the
time value of the customer. People today demand more working hours, more
services to be provided at no extra cost or minimum cost. this has led to
more professional attitude by the banking people.
Perhaps the oldest form of services sector known to human is going through
a radical change not only throughout the world but also in India. The
greatest beneficiary of this change is none other than the human itself.
Expectations from the study are that it may contribute to the real scenario of
loan syndication demand and accordingly the banks can go for new
innovative schemes. It will also specify some recommendations and based
on that banks can make suitable arrangements in a particular sector.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.goggle.com
www.banknet.com
BOOKS REFFERED
1) Syndicated Lending-: A Volume in Essential Capital Market ServicesANDREW FRIGHT.
2) Contributions Volume 3-: A Collection of Papers on Banking,
Insurance and Finance.
3) The Book of Loan Syndication and Trading:- ALLISON TAYLOR
A Special Thanks to :Sandesh Patil (ICICI)
Gloria Dias (ICICI)
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