“Logic”

“Fallacies or Reasoning”

Fallacy is a deceptive argument which appears valid but is not the word comes from the Latin “fallo” which means I
deceive.
“Categories of Fallacies”
1) Ambiguity of Fallacies
2) Relevance of Fallacies
Ambiguity of fallacies (or fallacies of language)
1) Equivocation –using the diff: senses/ meanings of a term in a line of reasoning.
Ex. What is natural is good. To err is natural.
Therefore, to err is good.
2) Amphiboly- using a phrase whose meaning is ambiguous
3) Accent- using ambiguously a word /phrases that has diff: meaning when accented differently.
4) Figures of speech – consists of inferring a meaning based on the similarity of word structure.
5) Vicious abstraction: altering the logical or meaning of a statement by using or abstract of terms.
Ex. Vote Crisalds : the people’s choice.

Fallacies of Relevance
1) Abusive: ignoring the issue by altercating the character or personality of the opponent.
Ex. Those who are in favor of death penalty want vengeance pure and simple.
2) Circumstantial: ignoring the issue by citing the circumstances of another person.
(Is also called “ta quoque” which means you’re another)
3) Argumentum ad populum
(Appeal to the interests and passion of the people).
4) Argumentum ad misericondian
(Appeal to pity)
5) Argumentum ad invidian
(Appeal to anger)
6) Argumentum ad Baculum
(Appeal to force)
Ex. Marry me, if not I will kill you.
7) Argumentum ad verecudian ( Appeal to inappropriate authority )
8) Argumentum ad indicum ( Appeal to Judgment )

Policy of accident
The Unnecessity of applying is a general truth to particular cases. This fallacy assumes that what is the true general
is true in particular.

Converse accident (Hasty Generalization)

-during a general or universal conclusion from inefficient particular cases. Thus fallacy issue
that……………………………………………………………………………………………….
Argumentum ad Ignorandian
(Appeal to Ignorance)
-assuming that the conclusion is true because its opposite cannot be proven.
 “Hypothetical Syllogism”
A hypothetical syllogism is a syllogism that contains hypothetical proposition as its premise.
Hypothetical Syllogism is of three kinds: ------------------------------
1. Conditional Syllogism
2. Disjunctive Syllogism and
3. Conjunctive Syllogism.

A conditional syllogism is a syllogism whose major premise is a a conditional proposition.

A conditional proposition is a compound proposition which asserts that one member is true (the “then” Clause) on
the condition that the other is true (the “if “Clause )
Implication or Connection
1). Logical implication—the implication means that the antecedent flow with logical necessity into the consequent.
Eg. If he is a Catholic, then he believes in Christ.
If he is a fiscal, then he must be a layer.
Causal Implication
Its implications are a suggestive of cause and affect relationship.
Eg. If you touch a live wire, you will be electrocuted.
Contextual Implication
The implication depends on the will of the person or on particular circumstances.

“Rules of Conditions”
1) When the minor premise affirms, the antecedent the conclusion must affirm the consequent.
Eg, If it rains, then the ground will be wet.
If rained.
Therefore, the ground is wet.

2) When the minor is premise denies, the consequent, the conclusion must deny the antecedent.
Eg. If you are alive, then you are not dead.
But you are dead.
Therefore, you are not alive.

“Disjunctive Syllogism”
The disjunctive syllogism is a syllogism whose major premise is a disjunctive proposition.
The disjunctive proposition is one which presents two or more alternatives one of which is true. Its members a
linked by the conjunctives .“either………………or.”

“Strict Disjunctive proposition”