27/2/2014

Vandals or Complex Criminal Networks in Mexico?

Vandals or Complex Criminal Networks in Mexico?

By Eduardo Salcedo-Albaran and Luis Jorge Garay
Journal Article | Jan 10 2014 - 7:39am

Mexican Cartel Op-Ed No. 5: Vandals or Complex Criminal Networks in Mexico? Eduardo Salcedo-Albaran and Luis Jorge Garay This series provides a retrospective look at the first year of Mexican President Enrique Pea Nietos Sexenio with comments on the prospects for 2014. These Op-Eds, numbered 1-7, are written by various SWJ El Centro fellows. Of note is the dynamic that we are witnessing between the criminal insurgent aspects of the conflict now raging in Mexico and the PRI administrations focus on promoting the interests of the Mexican ruling class over the security and safety needs of the majority of its citizenry. RJB Today, technological tools available for social scientists allow zooming in and out on criminal networks, improving the understanding of global characteristics and details of these phenomena. Tools such as Social Network Analysis, predictive analysis, and various data mining procedures constantly improve and reveal an increasing level of complexity of criminal networks around the world. It would be, therefore, expected that the understanding and awareness of those criminal networks would also increase, especially in countries like Mexico. However, sometimes governments do not discuss openly problems such as the presence and operation of a variety of criminal organizations, expecting to thereby preserve the international image of their countries. Currently in Mexico converge some of the most complex criminal networks that operate in the Western Hemisphere, Western Africa, and parts of Europe. Their impacts reach formal and informal institutions inside and outside Mexico. Through different analytic procedures it has been possible to verify how municipal and state officials support criminal networks such as La Familia Michoacana and Los Zetas, providing information and security. The corruption of security officials and their links with crime is an old story in Mexico; however, for the first time in recent years, it has been possible for people outside agencies of intelligence to actually see and understand through models of Social Network Analysisthe complexity of criminal organization. These analyses have also revealed a high level of resilience, meaning that several subnetworks operating in different regions and countries, usually with different command structures, articulate entire criminal networks such as La Familia and Los Zetas. In practical terms, those networks do not consist of compact and hierarchical organizations. However, after one year of the Pea Nieto administration, the Attorney Generals Office and institutions of the State and Federal government have pointed out that the State of Michoacan, for instance, was completely pacified. In November 2013, after several shootings and attacks to the public energy infrastructure, the Attorney General pointed out the complete control of the State, referring to the attacks as actions by vandals, not complex criminal organizations. Indeed, vandals looks less organized and complex than criminal organizations or criminal networks.
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Vandals or Complex Criminal Networks in Mexico?

The Colombian government adopted a similar strategy when the Self-defense Forces of Colombia (Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia) demobilized some of its units between 2003 and 2006. Since criminal actions and co-optation of public institutions continued in several provinces where the paramilitary group operated, the government began referring those actions as committed by Criminal Bands and not by a paramilitary group, which gives the false idea that those structures are less organized and articulated than criminal organizations or a National Self-defense Force. However, today those criminal networks control drug trafficking and reproduce a massive process of corruption and co-optation of officials and public servants. Despite their name, those Criminal Bands operate with an amazing level of complexity incorporating different types of criminals and public servants. It is unrealistic to expect dismantling a complex network such as La Familia Michoacana or Los Zetas in a matter of one year. Capturing the most visible leaders of the network can be achieved, as happened with El Chango Mendez in 2011, but usually it only generates evolution and changes inside the network. Those criminal networks operate through political, public, and private institutions; it is therefore necessary to implement political and institutional reforms and to apply effective internal controls inside police bodies when confronting them. It is currently unknown whether such reforms and controls are applied in a variety of local institutions in Mexico. Today, the Mexican government does not mention a war on drugs or the institutional threats imposed by drug traffickers. Other issues such as economic and energy reforms attract the attention of the mass media and highranking authorities. This, and the reference to vandals, supports the false idea that Criminal Networks are not highly relevant in Mexico presently, although the everyday life of Mexicans outside Mexico City, in several states, is strongly influenced by the convergence of cooptation and confrontation between criminal networks, lawful forces, and emerging paramilitary groups. Additionally, those networks, defined a few years ago as Drug Trafficking Organizations, today reach States outside Mexico and criminal markets beyond illegal drugs, such as trafficking of humans, ferrous material and hydrocarbon condensate, an expensive form of crude oil. But these types of criminal actions do not appear in the current discourse of Mexican authorities, which imposes obstacles for researching and understanding those situations. When authorities do not address the convergence of complex criminal networks, it produces the false impression that crime is sporadic and that formal institutions remain clean. In the long run, this false perception distorts domestic and transnational efforts for confronting complex crime.

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About the Authors Eduardo Salcedo-Albaran

Philosopher and Ms. in Political Science at the Universidad de los Andes (Bogot Colombia). Current Director of Scientific Vortex Group. By applying artificial intelligence, neuroscience and social networks analysis, he has researched in the areas of transnational organized crime, kidnapping, corruption, drug-trafficking and State Capture. He has served as advisor for the Colombian presidency in Colombia, and consultant and researcher in local chapters of Transparency International and public agencies. He has collaborated for SEED Magazine and for different books and magazines. Professor in the areas of Evolution and Genetics, Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence, and Scientific Thought. Since 2010 he is a member of EDGE Foundation, Inc., which includes some of the most interesting minds in the world. His recent work on illegal social networks has been exhibited and discussed in galleries, workshops and media around the world.

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Vandals or Complex Criminal Networks in Mexico?

Luis Jorge Garay

Industrial Engineer and Magister in Economics, Universidad de los Andes (Bogot, Colombia). Ph. D. in Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Cambridge, U.S.). Visiting Scholar at the universities of Oxford and Cambridge (U.K.). Visiting Scholar and Consultant at the InterAmerican Development Bank, the United Nations, the National Planning Department and Ministries of Finance, Foreign Trade and Foreign Affairs in Colombia. Director of the National Process of Verification of Human, Social and Economic Rights of the forced displaced population in Colombia. He has authored more than 40 books, numerous essays and scientific articles, in topics like international migration and remittances, international trade and economic integration, foreign debt management, industrial development and international competitiveness, globalization, corruption and capture of State, and social exclusion

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