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Exercises 2.

5 Solutions by Substitutions
2. Letting y = ux we have
(x + ux) dx + x{u dx + x du) = 0 (1 + 2u ) dx + x du = 0 dx du - h --- = 0 x 1 + 2u In | x | + - In | 1+ 2 u \= c rr2 ( l + 2 | ) = C x1 + 2xy = ci. 3. Letting x = vy we liavc vy{v dy + y dv) + (y - 2vy) dy = 0 vy2dv + y (y2 - 2v + l) dy = 0 vdv + rfy = () (u - l )2 y In \ v1 | In x
y

1 v-l

+ In \ y \= c

1 + lny = c x /y - 1 (x - y) In \ x -y\-y = c(x - y).

4. Letting x = vy wc have y(v dy + ydv) 2(vy + y) dy = 0 y dv (t> + 2) dy = 0 dv _ dy ^ 0 v+2 y In \ v+ 2 | In \ y \= c In x + 2; - In \ y |= c x + 2y = ciy

65

Exercises 2.5 Solutions by Substitutions


5. Letting y = ux wc have (u?x2 + ux2^ j dx x2(u dx -r x du) = 0 u2 dx x du = 0 dx du_

v>

In |.t| + = c u In Irrl + = c V y In \ x \ + x = cy. 6. Letting y - ux and using partial fractions, we have (^u2x2 + ux2'} dx + x2(u dx + x du) = 0 x2 (v? + 2it} dx + x3du = 0 dx du + 7 --= 0 x u(u + 2) In | jc | + ^ In | w [ ^ In \ u+ 2 |= c ci

\x

,2 _ xry = c \ (y + 2x). 7. Letting y = ux wc have (ux x) dx (ux + x) (udx + x du) = 0 (u 2 + l) dx + x(u + 1) du = 0 dx u+1 , + -s - du = 0 x u2 + 1 In jx| + ^ In (u2 + l) + tan-1 u = c ln x 2 + 1^ + 2 tan-1 - = c

In fa;2 + y2) + 2 tan 1 = c\ . ' ' x

66

Exercises 2.5 Solutions by Substitutions


Letting y = ux we have
(a; + 3ux) dx (3 a- + ux) (u dx + x du) = 0 ( 'u2 l) dx + x(u + 3) du = 0 dx it + 3 ---h 7 --- rz--- r r du = 0 X (u l ) ( l l + l ) In | .r ) + 2 In \ u 1 | In |u + 1) = c x(u l) 2 = u4 -1
Cl

(y - x f = c.i{y +x). Letting y = ux we have ux dx + (x + \ fu X') (u dx + x du) = 0 (x2 + ) du + xu^'2 dx = 0

\ (V 3/2 + i1 U , + dx * =0 V u) x 2w-1/2 + In \ u \ + In | x |= c In \ y /x \+ In |xj = 2\jxfy + c y(ln \ y \- c)2 = 4x. Letting y = ux we have (u z + \ jx2 (ux)2 ) da: x(udx + xdu) du = 0 \ /x2 u2x2 dx x2 du = 0 x\ j 1 u2 dx x2 du 0, dx
X

(x > 0)

du
V l ti 2

= 0

In x sin-1u = c sin 1u = In x + ci

Exercises 2.5 Solutions by Substitutions


+ C2 N

S ill

' =

111 X

= sm(in x + c '2 )

,,

y = x sin (In x + C 2 ). See Problem 33 in this section for an analysis of the solution. 11. Letting y ux we have (x3 w3x3) dx + u2x^(u dx + x du) 0 dx + u2x du = 0 dx x
9 , h u du = 0

, | ,x <+ -u 1 3= c In | o 3.x3 In | x |+ y3 = cix3. Using y(l) = 2 we find c \= 8. The solution of the initial-value problem is 3x:i In | x | + yi 8x3. 12. Letting y ux we have (x2 4 - 2u?x2)dx ux2(udx -f xdu) = 0 x2(l + u2)dx ux3 du = 0 dx X u du 1 + u2

In | x [ ^ ln (l -f u 2) = c x2 1 + u2
X4

Cl

- ci(x 2 + y2).

Using y(1) = 1 we find ci 1/ 2. The solution of the initial-value problem is 2x4 = y2 + x2. 13. Letting y = ux we have (x + uxeu) dx xe(u dx + x du) = 0 dx xeu du = 0 dx zz _ eu du = 0 x

68

Exercises 2.5 Solutions by Substitutions


In | a * | eu = c In \ x \- eyfx = c. Using y(l) = 0 wc find c = 1. The solution of the initial-value problem is In | .x [ = ey,lx 1. Letting x = vy we have y(v dy + y dv) + vy(In vy In y 1) dy = 0 y dv + v In v dy 0 dv dy + = 0 v In v y In | In I'l.'H + In | y |= c y In = ci. X \ = e. y

Using y(l) e we find ci = e. The solution of the initial-value problem is y In

r/ 1 1 -o o . dw 3 3 . , o From y H y y and w = y we obtain | - w . An integrating factor is x so that x' x' dx x x

x3w = x3 + c or t/3 = 1 + cx~A . From y' y exy2 and w = y~l we obtain I-w = ex. An integrating factor is ex so that dx f:xw ~ Ie 2x + c . or y~l = \ ex + ce~x. From y' + y = xy4 and w = e~'ixw = xe~ ix + From y we obtain 3u> = 3x. An integrating factor is e~ix so that dx + c or ;ty _a = x + ^ i-cejx. + ^1 + w = 1. An integrating factor is
(IZU

y = y2 and w - y~l we obtain ^

1 f * xex so that xexw = xex + ex H -c or y-1 = 1 + + e~x. x x

/ 1 1 o , _i , . dto 1 1 rrom y -y = -^y and w = y wc obtain + w= An integrating factor is t so that


1 t tw In i | -c or y~l - Inf + Writing this in the form - = h it + c. we see that the solution t t y can also be expressed in the form e^y = cit.

/ 2 2t a , _ > . . dw 2t 2 1 From y + 3 (1 + ^ */ = 3 (1 + t2)y ai W = V W 0 am ~ dt ~ l + f i W = T T f 5 | factor is


80 that
1 ^

mtcgratmg

^*
2

X = + c or y~* = 1 + c ( l + t2).

69

Exercises 2.5 Solutions by Substitutions


/ 2 3 4 . _o , . dw 6 9 . . .. . . 21. Prom y -- y = and w = y we obtain h w = ^ . An integrating factor is x so tha: x x * ' dx x xz x6w = x 5 + c or y~3 = x _1 + cx~b. If y( 1) = ^ then c = ^ and y~3 = fx -1 + ^ x -6. 22. From if + y = y~1 //2 and w = y3/2 we obtain + -w = - . An integrating factor is e3x/2 so tha: fix z z eixl 2w (?x> 2 + c or y3/2 = 1 + ce~iX/'2. If y(0) = 4 then c = 7 and ,(/}/2 = 1 + 7e~^xt2. 23. Let u = x -f' + l so that du/dx = 1 + dy/dx. Then ^ 1 = u2 or xdu = dx. Tlnidx 1 + tr tan -5 u = x + c or u = tan(x + c), and x + y + 1 = t.an(x + c) or y tan(x + c) x 1. 24. Let u ~ x + y so that du/dx = 1 + dy/dx. Then ~ 1 = ---- or u du = dx. Thus A w ,2 = x + . dx u or u2 = 2x + c i. and (x + y)2 = 2x + cj. 25. Let u = x + y so that du/dx = 1 + dy/dx. Then ^ 1 = tan 2 u or cos2 udu = dx. Thu? \ J f J U ^+ | sin 2u = x+c or 2+sin2u = 4x+ei, and 2(x+y)+sin2(x+y) : 4x+ci or 2y+sin2(x+y) =
2x + ci.

dtxi. 3

26. Let u x + y so that du/dx = 1 + dy/dx. Then bv (1 sin if)/(1 sin u) we have

1 sin ^ --- ~ du = dx or (sec2 u secu taiiu)du = dx. cos^ u

c tc c

1 = sin u o r - du = dx. Multiplying 1 sm * ? / Thu-

tan u sec u = x + c or tan(x + y) sec(x + y) = x + c. 27. Let u = y 2.x + 3 so that du/dx = dy/dx 2. Then ^ + 2 = 2 + v/^ or ~t = du = dx. Thuax yw 2y /w= x + c and 2^/y 2x + 3 = x + c. du 28. Let u = y x + 5 so that du/dx = dy/dx 1. Then - I- 1 = 1 + eu or e~udu = dx. Thi;.dx e~u = x + c and ey~x+ 5 = x + c. ctu 1 29. Let u = x + y so that du/dx = 1 + dy/dx. Then -- 1 cos u a n d ----: - du. = dx. Now fix 1 + cos u 1 1 cos u 1 COS u O ---------------------------------------- = CSC u CSC u cot u 1 + cos u 1 cos2 u sin2 u so we have f (csc2 u-c.sc u cot u)du = / dx and cot w+csc u = x+c. Thus cot(x+ y) +csc(x+y) - | x + c. Setting x = 0 and y = tt/4 we obtain c =
a/

1.

The solution is

csc(x + y) - cot(x + y) = X + V 2 1. 30. Let u = 3x + 2y so that du/dx = 3 + 2 dy/dx. Then ^ = 3+ - = ~ r~ and ^ du d.i y ' Jl dx u +2 u +2 5u + 6 Now bv long division u +2 1 4 ^ + 5u + 6 5 25u + 30

70

Exercises 2.5 Solutions by Substitutions


~ o we have

Id
D

+~ ^ ) du = dx 2bu + 30,

and

^ In |25?i + 30| = x + c. Thus


1 4 ~(3x + 2y) f- In |75x + 50y + 30| = x + c.
2d

Setting x = 1 and y = 1 we obtain c = ^ In 95. The solution is 1 4 4 -(3a: + 2y) + In \ 7 ox + 50y + 3 0| = x + In 95 o 25 2o 5y 5x + 2 In |75.x + 50y + 30) = 2 In 95. We write the differential equation M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0 as dy/dx f(x, y) where f u v) = / l ,W

Jl'

N(x. y) '

The function fix , y) must necessarily be homogeneous of degree 0 when M and N are homogeneous jf degree a. Since M is homogeneous of degree a, M (tx7ty) = taM (x,y ), and letting t = 1/x we have M (l,y /x ) = Thus iy = f(T dx = rf*M{l,y/x) xaN (l,y /x ) M (l,y /x ) N (l,y /x ) fy\ \x) M(x, y) or M (x, y) = xaM (1, y/x).

Rewrite (5:r2 2y2)dx xy dy = 0 as

^
and divide by xy, so that

dx

= 5*2-25,*

dy x ^y -r = 5 - - 2 - . dx y x We then identify X/ \ x -) XJ

(a) By inspection y = x and y = x are solutions of the differential equation and not members of the family y ~ x sin (In a; + 02)(b) Letting x = 5 and y = 0 in sin-1 (y/x) = In x + 0 2 we get sin-1 0 = In 5 + c or c = In 5. Then sin-1 (y/x) = In x In 5 = ln(,x/5). Because the range of the arcsine function is [ 7 r/2, tt/ 2] we

Exercises 2.5 Solutions by Substitutions


must have

< ln - < 2 ~ 5~ 2 e-7r/2 < - < e* /2 5 5e_ ^/2 < a: < 5ew/2. The interval of definition of the solution is approximately [1.04,24.05]. 34. As x * oc. 0 and y * 2x + 3. Now write (1 I-ce6* )/(l ce6x) as (e~bx + c)/(e~6x Then, as x >oo, (?~ f x T >0 and y > 2x 3. 35. (a) The substitutions y yi + u and dy _ clyi | du dx dx dx lead to dx or ~ ~ { Q + 2yi R)u = Ru2. dx This is a Bernoulli equation with n = 2 which can be reduced to the linear equation div h (Q + 2 y \R)tv R dx bv the substitution w = u -l 1 4 - + - )w = - 1. .-j x x, -l 2 \ x + cx~3 . Thus, y ~ h u. integrating factor is a3 so that x^w = |x4 + e or u = x 36. Write the differential equation in the form x(y'/y ) In x +In y mid let u lny. Then du/dx = y' j and the differential equation becomes x(du/dx) = lnx j-u or du/dx u/x = (lnx)/x. which j first-order and linear. An integrating factor is e~J dx/a: = 1/x. so that (using integration by par:lnx u ! = 7T and r/ dx x J The solution is In y = 1 In x -r cx 37. Write the differential equation as dx - - v = 32v x or y=
X

7 T

-k

+ y- = P + Q(tli + u) + R(yi + u)2 dx = P +Q y\ j-Ry'i + Qu + 2 y \ Ru + Ru2

dw (b) Identify P(x) = -4/x2, Q{x) = - 1/x, and R(x) = 1. Then ~ -f dx

d_

u - = x

1 x

lnx + c. x

72

Exercises 2.5 Solutions by Substitutions


; ::d let u = v2 or v = u1^ . Then dv _ 1 _ x j 2 du dx 2 dx' ..lid substituting into the differential equation, wc have -u 2
1 i/o

dlli 1 i/o -1/ 9 I-- u < = 32u /_ dx x

or

d < u 2 + - u = 64. dx x 'x^dx = x2. so

The latter differential equation is linear with integrating factor cJ y - [x2, u] 64x2 dx -.nd
9 64 o x"u = x + c 3

or

0 64 c v~ = x + r 3 :rJ

".'. rite the differential equation as dPjdt aP = bP2 and let u = P 1 or P = u -1. Then

dp _ 9 du = u , dt dt du + au = b. dt

}.::A substituting into the differential equation, wc have u


_ 2 du -- au dt

_9 = bit "

or

The latter differential equation is linear with integrating factor eJ 1 1 dt cat, so


d r . a t , 1 _ t ^ a i \ e m = be dt - J

:id eatu = - eal c a


ea lp ~ I = b e at + c

a
P ~l = -

+ c e - at

P =

b/a + ce at

b\ C \ e~ al

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