Spoken English Prathibha 2005

[-
O C-N
O L-
O ju o
O n j
O vA Jho
O uh- N--j
N Nx- ...
O O p--L!
v L!
v-d pL!
\ xJ-c -!
] p Tx
j ]!
O u--]- O [p--]
-[-v-A V N# V
jL p Tx
u C-hC.
I
Kavita : How did you do in yesterday's
exam?
(Eo K- ?)
Suji :
Well, I think. How did you do ?
( -----o. y
?)
#o #oN L #\!
Spoken English Conversational English
E .
# Career - Nu-n--]-J ---i
Communications Skills u-i Spoken English.
# ux, qx v--E Ey- Interviews, group
discussions, presentations, self sketches N C- Spoken English O] d -.
(-- --E u
! L-
ho. h-] --o)
Suneetha : I wish I had appeared for CAT
too. It's too late now. I think I'll
(x Tx x-[)
3. Where is Ramesh?
( \[?)
4. How beautiful the Taj is!
(y-]. h [a)
do MCA. I am preparing for the

courses. I may also take PG
What group are going to study in
entrance tests and do MSc
Sentence
Inter?
Computers or Electronics.
'Vijayawada',
(- v B---o?)
Kavita : MPC. What about you ?
(. y...!)
Suji :
Not sure yet, though dad wants me

to do MPC.
Kavita :
( N --]. o
-o)
Which college?
( @?)
Suji :
No idea as yet. What's going to be

your college?
(N --]... y!)
Kavita : Same here. Not decided yet.
( . --].)
II
( -C.
p[ -E ?
h. > v K-
-E C. tq
u-q -Z-Eq F
h)
---Fo -E- ...!

-[ -. Grammar L-
v English x[[ h-]--[ -. --i F grammar --L. ]...
VOCABULARY
Well, You know I've taken the
--Fo.
---i u j-C @N--E, F -, o -, ---, - -C-#j . C Tx ]l-]l h. F #o-#o
N-- Tx , [ L-].
Listening. - x English
n ---[. DE daily life - , Pronunciation
---L.
u J-Q-L-.
CAT for joining in IIM. Waiting for
1. Vijayawada is on the banks of the Krishna
final degree exams are over. But

What next for you?
(tu! K--j-- F.
y h)
Suneetha : Not yet decided. What are your

plans?
( --]. F ?)
Spoken English
the results. If I make it, I'll join

one of the IIMs. Hope I shall be
fortunate.
(N--[ 'g [f C)
2. They do not speak English
verb is, Sentence-2
'is'.
Spoken English
Sentence Subject,
Verb Jh-[ -. E
Jhh N--Fo .
a) Andhra Pradesh is the biggest state in
South India
Vizag.
[ Sentences N-Eo pN.

Statements o-.
c) Is AP the biggest state in South India?
d) Was the Eenadu first published from
Vizag?
(c), (d) Questions
. (a), (b) (c),

l.
English (a), (b) Statements,
(c), (d) Questions v-
u-E-t (sentence structure) C.
(sentence structure ],
y J.)
(d)
C
C
'Ramesh',
C
'Taj' J# -o. Sentence M. SURESAN
p N-Eo E
'Subject' . d ] Sentence
Subject Vijayawada, u Subject
'They',
AP
Statement :
(DE
is
the
Structure ) Subject + Verb
biggest state in south India.

Question : Is
Spoken English Grammar
Vocabulary
Supriya : Hi, Suneetha, What a relief! The
Supriya :
entrance tests of all MCA
Sentence-1
verb 'do speak', Sentence-3, 4
b) The Eenadu was published first from
(-- ] C)
j Sentences vAD
N-Eo J#
-C.
]
Kavita: Not bad. I could have done better.
Suji:
C 12 W 2005
AP
the biggest
Verb + Subject
state in South India!
x 1
They, u Subject Ramesh,
u Subject The Taj.
vA Sentence 'Subject'
J# p -]E -E
. j 1st sentence'.... is on the
banks of the Krishna' Sentence subject
N--[ J# C.
'She sings well'
Sentence 'She' Subject. 'Sings well'

C Subject She J# p . 'sings
well' 'sings' sentence ]. (She
well - n ]. Sentence ]).
'She sings well' - sentence Subject
'She' y 'Sings' Sentence
u. 'VERB' .
Subject, Verb --[ -u.
d-] #a Sentences Verbs
l.
Statement Subject ], Verb y

hC.Question DE uA-- verb
] subject y h-o. C English
v--i .
Statement : The Eenadu was published first
structure :
Subject
+ Verb
from Vizag.
Question : Was the Eenadu published first
structure :
Verb + Subject
( Verb)
from Vizag?
Statements
practice
quesitons
Statements
a) (Yes), They are students
Ja
Questions
-----?
b) (Yes), Rani is the leader
-----?
c) (No), I am not happy
-----?
d) (Yes), He was here last night -----?

e) (No), She is not hungry ?
-----?
[-
14 W 2005
W x x j E#, h
p [. No, j]E N x
Th. d E ## x[. F x
xp[ ]ui # . L
d E d d.
PRONUNCIATION GUIDE
[ y l-
- [[.
: Car c-, centre c-
l-E [ y - [[.
: centre - c \[ , sentry - s \[
).
English pronunciation confusion
-L?
English x \ -.
#---x l \. Pen - ;
Book- , Watch - ; Phone - ; Take
- . x #J x x
L- -C. o, \, <, ,
. English x--p[ x
# x L-- ].
C u!
Tx x #J 'r' . --
(d), car (), for (), paper
().
# 'r' o Eo -- Ch.\['r' silent. ]u
a, e, i, o, u E y 'r' #a
C silent. Eo . E y a, e, i, o,
u, j h p.
: form (); Card (); Fur (); sir
(), her (); information (---).
Doctor
O !
O--
R x!
VERBS
Kranthi: Was anything special in the sunday Eenadu?
(C- -[ j vu- ?)
Karuna: Yes. There was the first lesson in

Spoken English.
(. p Tx ] C.)
Kranthi: Was anything important in it?
(] i vu- ?)
Karuna: Yes. Very important point was

there- the difference between the
statement structure and question
structure.
(. u-i N...
d- Za- a Za-
p.)
Kranthi: Is it so important?
(C u?)
Karuna: Very. The statement has the subject first, and the verb next. The
question has verb first and the
subject next.
(... d-x ] bd y
s . F a- ] s
y bd .)
- ! ] vA-Fo
vo. --Fo d-x.
u -E-...
I am here- verb: 'am'
You are in class- verb: 'are'
My pen is in my pocketverb: 'is'
Conversation
--i Eo
--. ]
parts of the human

body- K
Tx
l.
sentences
'am', 'is', 'are.
o Verbs
O n
[[ E -C-#N. C vo,
Statements English practice .
1. (p[) O \[
o?
head, face,
eyes, ears, neck,
shoulder,
hand,
legs, fingers
l ]J
. thumb (-), forefinger
(-[-), middle
finger
(]u),
ring finger (
), little finger
(#- ). toe
(L-), big toe
(L --), nail (), waist ([),
wrist (-d), arm (-d #
), forearm (-d #
(elbow) ), back arm (elbow #
), buttocks (-]), Knee ().
Knee # ] L ]
shin, L-- calf (), L -E
]u joint () ankle, ] [Sole,
-L fist, - Palm, -- eyebrows, ] forehead. cheeks - \x,
pupil - -, eyelid- -p, nostril\ v], gums - -#-x, skull-v,
scalp- Vd C -j-.
English:
Where are you?
2. (p[) x
o.
3. (p[) x -
o.
--
4. (p[) O -- o?
--
5. (p[) O \[ ]--o?
--
6. (p[) x d.
Answers:
2. I am in class
5. -- W 10 # 4
--
6. O W -@ p-[-?
--
3. They are happy

4. Are you happy?
5. Why are you here?
6. They are our relatives
am, is, are p[ (now) vh

(present) [-Eo L--h. ]
am, is, are regular [-Eo L-----
7. @ 10 # 4 ?
E --T-h. j \j v
p- [-Eo am, is, are
. C sentences practice
.
O x--p[? (vA W C regular)
Answers:
2. When is your father at office?
3. His pen is always in his pocket.
4. When are your classes (every day)?
5. Our classes are from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m.
6. When are you at college (every day)?
7. We are at college from 10 to 4 (every
day)?
When are your classes every day?
\[ 'are' ] [-o? C vA
W v pE N d.
Sx [.
1st show p[?
1st show p[ j C ?
regular [[. d is [[
d.
6, 7ux every
day - ]. (are
[[.)
u--
VOCABULARY
When is the first show?
O-p-[- College (vA V)

C 'regular' d,
When are you at college (every day)?
\[ every day -- --].

]- 'are' regular [[ d.
-v x
[ ?
'I am at home in the evenings'.
Evenings vA evening- regular.
d regular states of being (v p [[) p--E am, is, are [[
d. C English p. practice .
1. j p[ O-]---J-\[?
(Regular ?)
-u-i -- M. SURESAN
u, -C-#
--
1. Cold. 2. ]_ Cough (). 3.
t Sneeze (o size #J
l -L.) 4. <][ blow the nose.
5. \ running nose. 6. p ache
(), ] pain, suffering;
p: [--p, -p,
[p O y 'ache'
[.pain [.
stomach ache- stomach pain ].
head ache, back ache etc.
y (fever) ax,
'feeling feverish'.
]] itch () scratch (v\),

p sore throat; ] -[
groan; -L-[ yawn, swelling,
C-- inflammation. Fo practice
x--p[ [.
--p C.
I have a head ache.
t .
Answer: Why are you here at this time
every day?
2. O o- - p-[-?
--
3. p[ C.
--
4. W O -- p[?
--
#a-x 'feel'
My mother has a cold.

practice
-N JEo
PRONUNCIATION GUIDE
Tx Consonant ending l \-
o . x # l
\. # x x-- -L.
: book, , \ ].
, o ]. Tub - , s ].
Hotel- ( \). magO !
azine- # 'ine', 'ile'
p Tx O
, -L. Magazine p Tx, vA\, [,
-@ (@, \[ easy #J l>[, j]82
-C) Automobile- --H,
# a.
intestine () -d etc.
email: pratibha@ eenadu.net
[-
16 W 2005
] \[ p[ L
C. L LE v ] JE
da N LTa. ' a
xEo [ ' C. ]
a E i ]l J[ .
the- \[ C, p[ ]?
WAS, WERE
Ram:
Were you there yesterday?
(Eo y \[ o?)
Raghav: I was there, of course.
( \[ o)
Ram:
When were you there?
(p-[-o?)
Raghav: I was there exactly at 6 when the

function began.
(J_ { ]-j 6 -
\ o)
Ram:
Who else was there yesterday?
(Eo --o?)
Raghav: Anil, and Sunil were also there.
(E, F \[ o)
- -E-. Ram, Raghav Eo
[-Eo was, were p-o. English jd Verb forms
. p[, p[, - [Eo am, is, are . o
E p[ was, were .
was- singular
were- plural
1.
p[ E-\[ o.
I am here
2.
Eo \[ o.
I was here yesterday

3. O Eo \[ o? C Question.
d verb ] L
Were you here yesterday?
4. Eo -\-[-o[? (Question)
Where was he yesterday?
5. -- vG - C.
India was under British rule.
6. 1947 - (rulers) ?
Who were our rulers till 1947?
Tx- j L- D, q, , j p[ sentence #
L.
Eo y \[ ]o?
7.
Why were you here yesterday?
8.
o-[ C- \[ o[.
My friend was here last Sunday.
d (past) N-
p[ was, were .
sentences english practice
.
Eo x o?
2. Pranav: , x o.
3. Praveen: O o x o?
4. Pranav: [.
5. Praveen: Eo O \[-o?
6. Pranav: -@ o.
1. Praveen: O
7. Praveen: vA
W j -@
? (Regular)
8. Pranav: .
9. Praveen: O - x p-[?
10. Pranav: -v x . Eo
v v x .
11. Praveen: -\[o?
12. Pranav: O-
Answers:
1. Were you at home yesterday?
2. Yes, I was at home.
3. Was your brother too/also at home?
4. No, he was not at home.
(-- No, he wasn't. E -h)
(wasn't = was not)
5. Where were you?
vo: Had, would short forms I had/would - I'd

. We had/would -We'd O, o. I'd
We'd bd y had , would
---L?
x E, --[
: 'd O-ox had [-. y ing form #a--p[, O ] 'd
p[ had -C. Do, go, come
would [-. \[ had \[
verb forms ], be + ing ] 'd p[
would C ]-sEo d v q-would -C.
.
A) He'd gone before I saw him.
\[ He'd = He had
]- 'gone' past participles
] would p[ ]. had v
hC.
B) I thought he'd do it.

\[ 'd - past participle ] d
would n --L. N h-d--L. Past participles ], 'been'
Example: They'd done it.

(done past participle d 'd = had)
They'd been doing it. (\[ been + ing
] d 'd = had).
She'd marry him. 'd y marry E #aC
d 'd = would
She'd be going. \[ be + ing form ]
d 'd = would.
Have been + ing ] 'd = would.
6. I was at College.
7. Are you at college at this time every day?
8. Yes, I am (at college... every day - conversation C---a.)
9. When are you at home usually? ( d 'are')
10. I am at home in the evenings (Regular,
therefore, am) but I was not (wasn't) at
home last evening.
(Eo v, Eo vA last evening,
last night).
11. Where else were you? (Eo d)
12. I was at a meeting.
- O, O friendF, O
x -J--F practice .
]
O practice y answers
.
p[ ? \ am, is, are, was,
were English x-[-a?
PRONUNCIATION GUIDE
Tx- pure
\j 'a'
sounds
-.
bake, cake, case, date, face, game, hate,

lane x #a--p[ Eo
-L.
M. SURESAN
bake-
cake-
case-
face-
game-
hate-
lane-
date-
(I hate you-
).
N -
tale, tail pronunciation \ .
p[ 'a', p[ 'an' C ]l vo.
'a, e, i o, u v u ],
'an' E, N ] 'a' E . F C p[ d ]. a university, a European . d.
'the' E C E p[, ] E p[
-L?
, , , , , , , , , , ,
l- v u English ]
'an' L. l ] a 'the'E C
L. N l- vu
] 'a' L.
'the'E ] L.
a University ( v d 'a')
an example ( v, d 'an')
the egg (\[ C, egg, 'a' v
d)
the tree (] v. \[ #
l- v ] d).
Communications/information
-C-# [.
[ phone, ringup, give a ring,

call- O-Eo- p[ [- o ,
'call', phone to a person, phone a person
Jh ----. ring up, give a ring
[- o.
1) O -J .
Please call me.
Please give me a ring.
Please ring me up.
p- h.
I will certainly call you.

Sure, I will call you.
Sx O h.
I will get back to you.
2)
N - .
Please mail me the matter.
Please mail the matter to me at
yours@yahoo.com
3)
J y .
4)
d y .
Send it by courier.
Post it.
Send it by ordinary post.
Sent it by snail mail.
'snail mail' h-
x post E n.
-u
JEo !
chew (u) - [
swallow (y)- N[
swallow in a gulp - \ N
trim (v)(mustache, beard)
- (O, [f) Ah-J# J[
clench (x)- GT- (-L fist)
injure () - [[
injury (K)-
twist (yd)the arm - L-A-p[
snap the fingers - # [
shatter ()- ]l d[
swelling (yL)-
inflammation (x)- C
fracture(va)- N-[
sprain(vp)-
itch()- ]],
scratch(v\)- [
abscess ()- (<)
boil ()- [f
pimple ()-
scar (\)- x a
pus ()- <
blister (Gxd)-[
Sx Verbs: vh, p[ [-Eo pN
am, is, are. [-Eo pN was,
were. N-u-h [-Eo pN shall be,
will be
-\[ .
I shall be/will be there tomorrow.
C- j- .
We shall be/we will be in Vizag on Sunday.
E [[ -.
I shall be happy to see him.
\[ [.
He will be here tomorrow.
O !
p Tx O
p Tx, vA\, [,
# a.
>[, j]82
[-
E 18 W 2005
u EtEo ] yh x x[[
]u ]. u Jh . [
L o TxE
[ ]l di E ]. ] u
J# h x E C# #o h.
u # !
SHALL BE, WILL BE

Kiran: Will you be here tomorrow?
y \[ -o?
Kranthi: What for?
]?
Kiran:
All our friends will be here tomorrow. Will you not be (won't you be).
o---] \-[-o. J y-[?
3. h O ]_--?
4. E-\[ \-- [.
5. -] j]-- .
6. [ V--C.
7. C EN-- C-- .
8. F yA u N?(next step)
9. \[ [.
10. \[ ---C?
Kranti: I shall be very happy to be with all of

you. What will be the programme?
O ]-J- [[ . vv ?
Kiran: Let's decide when we meet.
L- Eg-l.
- -E- ! NEo J# x-[---o. will be, shall
be !
Answers:
1. He can be here in five minutes.
1. When will he be here?

2. How long will you be in Hyderabad?
3. Will the book be with you tomorrow?
4. I shall not be here for long?
2. She could be the Prime Minister.
I shall be there tomorrow.
( -\[ .)
She is a player.
She plays.
He will be a graduate soon.
(y [ v[u- -[.)
The train will be here in five minutes.
( ] ENx j
\- hC.)
shall be, will be
u-h [[
was an actor.
8. If it is comfortable here, I can be here for
as long as possible.
9. It was very cool yesterday.
Yesterday was very cool.
10. How long can you be here?
'Be' forms ( am, is, are, was, were,

shall be, should be 'be' # ,
'been' # aN have been, has been,
had been, should have been N) [[
n a Verbs. N EE L
Verbs. ] A #a E B
#a a.
A
I am a teacher (o).
She is a player (player
They are singers.
B
I teach (h).
She plays ([C).
They sing ([-).
N(A future
state of being)
- uA-- 'Time words'

Eo L- English
sentence # .
eg: He will be here tomorrow.
They were here yesterday.
The meeting will begin at 6 this
evening.
Order: time, day, date, month, year
eg: The meeting will be at 6 PM (Time)
on Monday (day), the 28th (date)
May (month) 2005 (year)
C English u.
(Sx Question order h--
Vb+Sub/1st Word of the Verb+Sub+the other

words of the verb.)
C E English practice .
1. \[ p-[-[?
2. O j]-- Eo--V--?
O !
5. We shall all be in Hyderabad tomorrow.

6. It will be hot for another two days.
7. I will be in the theatre in another 10 minutes.
8. What will be your next step?
9. Nobody will be here tomorrow.
10. How long will she be here?
p Tx O
p Tx, vA\, [,
# a.
>[, j]82
VOCABULARY
v dish (), bowl ()

x v Vessels (q),
utensils (-Eqq)
ewer ()
C).
[ \[ ] EN-x [--[.
v-E [--L-TC.
3. She may be there now.
[ \[ [a
(?).
vo:
4. They might be happy.
y ] C-
\[ L.
N ] 10 #
v 5 L.
-- 'be' forms
([-Eo L 'verb- M. SURESAN
s' .
C u- Tx practice .
1. Ny-\[ - [--?
2. Eo x \[ p[ o?
3. \[ sC [-a.
4. h p [-?
5. \[ Eo- L?
6. [ Eo \[ [--L-[.
7. .. - u--vA [--L-
]- [ d.
8. \[ , j [-.
9. Eo x C.
10. O \[ - [a?
Answers:
Tx- - How long?

] How far? Eo-x How often?
1. How long can you be here?
2. When could they be here yesterday?
3. There may be some trouble there tomorrow.
4. Can't you be patient? (Can you not = Can't
you)
5. When should we be there?
6. He could be here yesterday itself
(Eo).
The machine is out of service.

The machine has out of service.
j jC C? u has
h n hC? has
hC?
x - [-a ().
5. You should be here at 10 a.m.
India won the match.

India has won the match.
has Jh n
6. Ravi must be in office

from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.
How long will you be here?
(y \[
?)
x tumbler (x)
lid (L)
pan ()
cauldron (-v[)
J-T-[ boil ()
[ fry (wj)
a[ (A-]) = bake ()
p[ Eo 'be' forms ( [-Eo
L Verbs):
can be - [[ (p[, N-u-h)
could be - [[ ()
may be - [-a (p[, N-u-h)
might be - [a ()
should be, must be = L
7. NT Ramarao could be the CM because he
hC.
Bh n hC?
, j]
The machine is out of service. u

correct.
The machine has out of service C
English ].
Has - p[ out prepositions
India won the match. ]-s J]. ]- L-# VF, DF p-x won correct.
India won the match last week. C d.
]- last week E j -o
d.
India L-#]E, p[ L-# j p C-h India has won the match C
correct. C u [.
A. He has gone out.
p[ RxD j p-[-]. d
has + past participle correct.

B. He went out this morning.
\[ p[ - RxD, this morning E j o. d past
simple tense correct.

C. She has bought a car.
has + past participle (j
d).
p[ ]
D. She bought it yesterday.

(bought - past simple- yesterday
j -o d).
[-
20 W 2005
[ Eoi L [ x \J
n v] C. DE ' v
a. Eo \ \ N] Lq C.
C \[ vT x
]JE dC.
5) A cricketer (He/She) plays cricket
Cricketers (They) play cricket
verbs, v p- J
- [. regular actions.
p[ J - OE --Th.
I go to college at 10 AM (vA-W)
My mother cooks for me (p[)
O J-Eo sentences .
S} \-J [:
n F...!
Ram:
Where is your brother?
O ]-[ \[ o[?
Raghav: He is watching the t.v. at home
x O h-o[.
Ram:
-.
N Tx x---p[
v-h--L. C verbs J [.
to Guntur -
A
come
go
write
take
Where does he study?
\[ ]o[?
Raghav: He is a student of Learn well school
o- \ NuJn
Ram:
Which class is he in?
B
comes
goes
writes
takes
vh o -A ]--o[?
Raghav: He is doing the 8th class
E-N -A ]---o[.
Ram:
What games does he play?
[-[?
Raghav: He plays cricket and hockey.
v, [-[.
j -- -E-.
verb Eo x [-Eo -C.
is
is
watching, does study ( = studies), is doing,
(does play = plays) plays
(actions)
Verbs.
Fo -
sing
teach
speak
sings
teaches
speaks
C , C n . F
C E --Th.
A
B
I, We, You, They
A
2) A doctor --- patients

Doctors --- patients (treat)
3) A lawyer --- cases
Lawyers --- cases (argue)
4) Pens --A pen --- (Write)
5) A cricketer --- cricket
Cricketers --- cricket
(Play)
Answers:
1) Wrist
watches
(They) show the
time
M. SURESAN
A Wrist Watch (It)
shows the time
2) A doctor (He/She) treats patients
Doctors (They) treat patients
3) A lawyer (He/She) argues cases
Lawyers (They) argue cases
4) Pens (They) write
A pen (It) writes
( x C)
He was on the playground.

(Play ground
o[ )
The teacher is teaching (Verb)
(C-hC)
have \ had u -T--a? h u n

N? C tense -C?
u had y \ Sx had
h? E n N?
hJ , t-[
: 'have' \ 'had'___ have had_ C
He was playing
vo:
L
Verbs.
A
C verbs [-Eo --. p verbs, action words.
present perfect tense of have. present perfect

verbform: have/has + past participle (pp);
eg: have seen, have gone etc.
C E [.
He, she, it
B
I/We/You/Andhras (they) speak Telugu
My father (he)
My Mother (she) speaks Telugu
The book is on the table.
This class (it)
I/We/you/these trains (they) go there
on 'table'
My mother (she)
My friend (he/she) goes there every day
from school This train
at home Fans (they) give air
In the bag A Fan (it) gives air
Dogs (they) bark
A dog (it) barks
practice
p Tx O
(Brackets
verb
p Tx, vA\, [,
1) Wrist watches --- the time
>[, j]82
A Wrist watch --- the time (show)
# a.
-,
o E-.
h O] C
, O] y [. Tx-
O] n,
] [.
Eo N-- .
\ #
O !
(p[ x o)
My friend (he/she) is in the next room

friend,
(
p[)
\ C o-[/-C
x) are at home
(x o p[)
d am, is, are p[ [
My parents (they-
II. I was/he was here yesterday.
(\[ o o[ Eo)
My friends were in Hyderabad last week
( o- j]-- o,
) -was, were, [
III. Shall be/will be- future (N-u- [)
1. India will be a great country by 2010
(2010 -q--E p
C)
They have had two cups of coffee so far.
eg: go, come, eat, talk, run, sleep, read,

dance.
1. The boys are playing
2. The girl is reading
3. These students talk in class
4. The cheetah runs fast
5. A dog barks
English
I. I am in class
(a E \[ [)
The girl is
reading
The teacher is in class.
(Actions)
\[ am, is, are p[ [, p[

[. was, were- [;
shall be / will be future [
2. Anil will be here next week
([--o[ )
B ] verbs Fo
(I) am; (he, she, it) is; they (are).
N O Jh-h
o
Jh )
u L-C p-- J-T E. DE for the past, for the last,

since h.
Present perfect tense
a) I have studied (have+ pp of study) here for

the past two years-
x C-.
E-\[ p---
b) He has worked (has + pp of work)

here since 2004 = 2004
# p---
\[ E--[.
p[ C E p
I have a car . -x
C E , 'have' present perfect
tense, have + past participle of have
(=had) L ! p--?
I have had this car for the past two years
have + had (pp of 'have'_
She has had (has + pp of 'have')
this job for the last one year.
.
o) E.
(-q- N-[ u C)
LT
(p--- [ p )
Present perfect tense J-T E,
p[ ( V, D, j) J-TD p- [.
I have had my lunch. ( --C)
had had- C past perfect tense of 'have'.
Past perfect verb form: had + past participle
Past perfect
u L-C: J-T
[ x ]---EE.
He told me that he had passed
(had + pp of pass)
-u-E p[.
, p, [ .
], p y. ],
d had passed E past per[.
] -E \ C.
\[ [ past actions. \ [
]J past action. \ [
'have a scooter.' d past perfect of have =
pass
pass
'pass'
fect
had + past partciple of have (=had) = had

had.
He had had a scooter before he bought the
car.
( ], -E \ C)
He had had his breakfast when his friend

came in.
breakfast
(x v ap- E
--C)
She had had the information before I told

her of it.
( p ]_ - C)
[-
] 22 W 2005
7. - \-[-o?
before?
Where have you been all this time?
8. O -- \[-o?
How long have you been here?
9. \-[C?
Where has Pooja been all these days?
It is an ox. etc.
Pooja: Are you happy?

Durga: Certainly I am.
Ux -
tice .
Pooja: Why are you happy?
eg: Is he happy?
Are they clever? etc.
(- o?)
()
(] - o?)
Durga: My cousin Saraswathi is here for

vacation. We shall be happy in each
other's company.
( > -yA -- \-
#aC. -[ ]l-J
] C.)
Pooja: What will be your plan?
Questions
prac-
j p --Eo English question practice .

Question structure hC ?
a) vb+Sub [Are (verb) you (sub) happy?]
b) first word of the verb + sub + other words
of the verb.
[Has (first word of the verb) he (sub) been helping
(other words of the verb) you?]
1. [ [?
(F x N?)
Druga: Come home tomorrow. You will know.
Tx- have been / has been

vu C. -p # p
F, -F j [-Eo I,
We, you and they
'have been' F
he, she, it 'has
been' F #h.
-N-...
Eo V-/ Eo
-/ Eo -/
Eo -q-- for
the past (The last)... days/
... hours/ ... months / ...
years (Sx
V,
M. SURESAN
, , -q- u.)
eg: for the past (The last) 2 days / 2 hours/ 2

months / 2 years
for 2 days / hours / months / years
now .
V/ / / -q #
( . F -hC.)
-
am, is, are; was, were; shall be, will be y

happy, plan j [-a.
C E x[ practice .
Blanks Brackets #a -
<...
..!
E.
I am ________
(O p. :
I am Pavan)
I am _____
He is _______
They are ________
My friends will be ______
j #aN sample v.
d, dq, [, d, , o
--/-]-, ]-, v-i, #,
[, J, , , p-, L-j,
L-N-E, [, , E-B ,
E-B E, t-]_, t-E ,

O p- j English . am, is, are; was, were; shall be,
will be \ E Ja x-[.
j - Tx
tall, short, fat, slim, happy, sad/sorrowful,
kind, cruel, good, bad, lazy, active, patient,
clever/intelligent/wise, foolish, talkative,
reserved, honest, dishonest, reliable, unreliable
...
\--d--E English countables
.
: man, book, student, pen, town, village
etc.
singular, plural
singular
. O
] p[ 'a' F, 'an' F
-C h---L.
I am a student.
He is an engineer.
She is a doctor.
She is an eye surgeon.
He is an uncle of mine.
2. ] ?
3. - ? (future)
4. x E-B x? (past)
5. xp[ \[ ??
6. O-\[ ?
7. [ E-B -[E O t
?
8. [ v-h ?
(future)?
9. O - -x?
10. -p[ ?
Answers:
1) Is he very tall?
2) Is she beautiful?
3) Will she be happy?
4) Were they honest?
5) Where are they now?
6) Where will you be tomorrow?
7) Are you sure that he is honest?
8) Will he be careful?
9) Were you happy?
10) Was she fat once?
Tx , was, were.
p[ am, is, are #
p F, F [Eo
p--E have been, has been [.
I, we, you, they have; he, she, it
has [.
1. [ x v \[ o[.
He was here four years ago.
2. [ p--\[ o[.
He is here.
3. [ --x \ o[.
He has been here for the past four years.
4. [ V- [ C.
It has been very hot for the past two days.
O !
5. 1947 # y-v C.
India has been independent since
1947 (for the past 57 years)
p Tx O 6. -x j]-- o.
p Tx, vA\, [,
We have been in Hyderabad for the
# a.
>[, j]82
past ten years (since 1995)
--E since .
I have been here for the past (last) two
years.
I have been here since 2003
She has been here for the (last) past two
months.
She has been here since February end.
I am a student
C u- O English practice .
1. O \-[-o?
2. [-\ -- v-- o[?
3. 2001 # -d- o[.
(since, for the past [ --T#
p.)
4. 2001 # 2003 \[ -
o[.
5. -- Mx -E C.
6. [ V- F- o[.
(F Weak)
7. O V- G@ o?
8. s o? (s
ill/sick)
9. j u-vA o?
10. O \-[-o?
Answers:
1. How long have you been here?
2. How long has Tendulkar been a cricketer?
3. He has been a collector since 2001/ for the
past (last) 4 Years.
4. He was a teacher here from 2001 to 2003.
5. Delhi has been the capital of India for a
long time.
6. He has been weak for two days now (for
the past/ for the last two days)
7. Have you been busy for the past (last) one
week?
8. How long has he been ill?
9. How long has YS been the Chief Minister?
10. Have you been here for long?
j Sentences have been/ has been
[ -E. - v # p
F, -F [-Eo have been/ has
been L---h. Question structure
p[ verb + subject F, verb [[ -, Ist word of the verb +
Subject + other words of the verb F
C.
vo: -- t--[ --[
Jp---[ ]-sx verb v3 E

] --T-h? ---
Milk 'sold' here; Job work 'done' here;
'Spoken' English Institute verb
v1
v3
E ] --Tho N-J---.
t, xLx
:
1.
verb v3
past participle: done, spoken, seen etc.
passive form
verb
'be' form +
past participle.
'Milk sold here'
'Milk is sold here'
short form.
verb 'is (be form) + sold (past participle of sell)'
'Job work done here'
'Job
work is done here'
is done,
(passive)
(is - be
form + done - past participle).
2. past participle (p.p.)
India has been independent for the past

(last) 57 years.
India has been independent since 1947.
for the past (last), since
u. C u [.
]_ Eo \[ C.
Durga was here yesterday.
]_ p[ \[ C.
Durga is here.
]_ Eo # \ C.
Durga has been here since yesterday.
x o \[o?
Where were they the day before?
} p-\[o?
Where are they?
x o # \-[-o?
Where have
they been since the day
\[
E.
p[,
C,
n t--[-C.
E n.
--[ E.
n ,
\[
#--
[- uh.
T.
x-[- Tx E n.
u W x -
passive voice [.
t, o [--? !
#-[f T E .
#E-T T .
eg: The man seen here every day torn paper spoken english
[-
v 24 W 2005
countable, singular).
2) I have an idea (idea - countable, singular).
3) An umbrella is useful in rain (umbrellacountable, singular).
4) A pen is for writing (pen- countable, singular)
'a'
'an'
Sudha: I meet Padmaja here everyday. I

miss her today.
(W \[ ]t- -h.
V E---].)
Valli:
Yes. She comes here everyday. I

too see that.
( W \-[ hC.
(vA-V))
C n a N]
p.
[, [[, [[, --h[, [[,
vN-[, EvC-[, ' [, --T[, h[, #--[ O
A, AN...
Sudha: I remember now. Today is Sunday.

She does not come here on sunday.
( h-hC. V C-.
C-- \-[ ].)
Valli:
p[? p[?
, , , , , , , , , ,
l v-u ] 'an' L.
N ] 'a' --T-L.
an umbrella (v d an)
an hour ( an)
an honour ( an)
an idea ( an)
an owl ( an)
an egg ( an)
v h a, an N-confusion [].
C regular actions English p.

1. v d.(like [)
2. W [ ]--.
3. -- ] C--- v
-.
4. t O J-q hC.
(watch - J-q, E- [[)
5. o- V J- AJ-T-h. (return, come back; 'home')
I do not know that.
( L-].)
Sudha: She goes to her aunt's place every

sunday. I too visit my cousin every
sunday evening.
( C x hu
-C. C-
v > -.)
be forms [-Eo -[ j
uxE meet, comes, remember, does
come, goes, visit - L-h.
- L C [.
I Regular Doing
II Regular Doing
Words
Words
A
eat
take
give
wash
like
sing
dance
go
B
eats (eat+s)
takes (take+s)
gives (give+s)
washes (Wash+es)
likes (like+s)
sings (Sing+s)
dances (dance+s)
goes (go+es)
C - I Regular Doing Words, B

C - II Regular Doing Words .
I Regular Doing Words (A C -)
's' F 'es' F Jh II Regular doing words
h.
A C [I Regular Doing Words
(I RDWs)], I, We, you and they [. B
C - [II Regular Doing Words
(II RDWs)] He, She, it [.
'A'
I
We
You
like milk
My parents
(They)
My father (he)
My mother (she)
The Cat (it)
j N] A group C
group C verbs p.
eg: [
Eo p--L-T Eo-
.
tice
Answers :
I
We
You
The boys
(They)
Hemant (he)
Sarala (she)
It
prac-
write
sleep
play
waste
walk
use
run
remember
cook
forget
love
writes cooks
uses
plays loves remembers
walks sleeps forgets
runs wastes
(n
J---x)
OE J-Q-L-.
a) Pens (They) write.

A pen (It) writes.
b) Wrist watches (They) show the time.
A wrist watch (It)
shows the time.
c) Doctors (They) treat
patients.
A doctor (He/She)
treats patients.
d) Fans (They) give air.
A fan gives air.
e) Teachers
(They)
M. SURESAN
teach.
A Teacher (He/She) teaches.
verbs
practice
Eo
COUNTABLES, UNCOUNTABLES
\ dN.
a) countables
book, pen, teacher, boy, dog etc.
b) uncountables
milk, sugar, rice, water etc.
singular
c) countables
plural
book (singular)
books (plural)
pen (singular)
pens (plural)
teacher (singular) teachers (plural)
boy (singular)
boys (plural)
d) uncountables plural
milks, sugars, rices
e) Very Important: countable singulars
\-dEN.
v
(),
( \) .
likes milk
I
He
We drink coffee She
You
It
They
] ]?
Verbs, B
drinks coffee
[].
( \-dN -Eo, JE J#
p--p[) ] p[ 'a' F
'an' F -Lq.
eg:
1) A doctor treats patients (doctor -
N l ] a [.
countable singular \[ #a E ] a
F an F -Lq.
Mother loves her child (wrong)
A Mother (countable singular) loves her child.
] a F an F p[
].
Sx -J 1st RDW (1st Regular doing
word come, go, walk), 2nd RDW (2nd
Regular doing word comes, goes,
walks) J-Q-Ll.
I, We, you, they 1st RDW;
he, she, it 2nd RDW L.
[ Regular doing words v p, Eu J [
Regular actions . p[ J -
O [.
1) W J- Ev]--h.
C regular action. d I get up at 6 a.m.
\[ every day E p, p---
. get 1st RDW regular C
n---C.
2) NtC- - -.
f) Uncountable
We start for college at 9 a.m.

(Regular action - start - 1st RDW)
3) o- [.
C regular action.
Our friends (They) play well.
4) O-p[ u h.
(p[ J--E).
You always come late.
5) o- ] 9 --- (Regular- vA-V).

My father (He) starts for office at 9 a.m.
(everyday
starts
regular)
E pLq - ].
6) t [-C (p[).
My mother (She) cooks for us.
7) 1st show -- v -C
(W ).
The 1st show (It) starts at 6.15 p.m.
O !
p Tx O
p Tx, vA\, [,
# a.
>[, j]82
6. vA-W ] - ]--.
(study; for an hour, every morning)
7. t -C.
(vA-W - regular)
Answers:
1. She likes this dress.
2. I read the Eenadu (every day).
3. Our classes (They) begin / start at 10 a.m.
4. My mother (She) watches TV serials.
5. My father (He) returns / comes back home
at 6 a.m.
6. I study for an hour every morning.
7. My mother (She) takes coffee (every day).
vo: Oxford advanced dictionary
word
\ ho pronunciation letters
Eo [f, Eo --]- -]? OE a-J-L?
]--i
E---?
Dictionary page bottom line ]
. O J# L--.
-, j]--.
: Tx--E - (alphabet), Tx
a-- a l--Eo- J-. ]x pronunciation confusion. o
- Eo l- #---E J-.
d --]-, [f o --
Eo l [-. -
Eo l- h.
'v'E very l-E [-. --]-
o v = E but, shut, cut x
a l-E [-. but- DE pronunciation, dictionary C. bt; cut =
kt etc. {-vF key to Pronunciation
h h l-E C N-
C. -- pronunciation
casettes, CDs ----[-.
vo: p-j -J O] h
[-C E p--E Tx- -i proverb L---.
. --, t-[.
: O-o--E --i proverb D
English ].
[-
Ramu: Do you know Mr. venu?
They know English.
Vasu: Of course, I know him.
They do not know English.
Ramu: How do you know him?
Do they know English?

(Question Structure
(F ?)
( F ?)
Vasu:
We work in the same department.

But he works in another section.
( -d-x \ ho.
F {x E--h[)
4. Tx .
Tx L-].
O Tx ?
5. x C-h.
x C-.
x C-h?
6. Tx E- h.
Tx E- [.
O Tx E- h?
7. \[ dx j]u h.
(j]u [ = treat)
\[ dx j]u .
\[ dx j]u h?
8. x -h.
x -.
x -h?
x Tx L-].
( )
x Tx ?
hC
p[ ])
y-[ -u h.
(not)
You do not come late.
Vasu:
Do you always come late?
( {x E h[?)
y-[ -u h?
Why do you want to know all this?
(y N- ] -------o?)
j - -E-. Question do,
does h-o. O [ ---[
English u.
-N
,
--p[ v-h L.
Txj d N
x -hC.
vA W ]
NtC .
I go to college at 9 AM.
] Nt-C- x -
I do not (don't) go to college at 9 AM.
vA V x o --.
d L !
3.
o- - h.
His friends help him.
o- - .
His friends do not help him.
They meet me every day.
x --.
They do not meet

me every day.
--p[ (uA- p--E),

question p[
'not'
N)
hC.
Eo u
o- - h?
1st RDW (come, go

'do'
M. SURESAN
1) I go there every Sunday.

a) I do not go there every Sunday.
b) Do I go there every Sunday?
2) They speak Telugu.
a) They do not speak Telugu.
b) Do they speak Telugu?
(1) go not --p[ 1 (a) do

go -C. Question 1 (b) do
go -C.
(2) Speak not --p[
2(a), question 2(b) do speak C.
3) We like mangoes
a) We do not like mangoes
b) Do we like mangoes?
\[ like not F question

F --p[ do like [ -E.
d 1 RDW + not/?= do + 1st RDW.
1st Regular Doing Words (come,
go -N)E not question -p[ do + 1st RDW -C.
C- not uA-, questions
practice . Eo --...
1. x Tx .
Answers:
1. They come here daily.
They do not come here daily.
Do they come here daily?
2. You meet him every day.
You do not meet him every day.
Do you meet him everyday?
3. We sing well.
You always come late.
Ramu: Which section does he work in?
Regular doing words (1st RDW, 2nd RDW)

- come, comes; go, goesnot
question
'verb'
2.
y-p[ -u .
C 26 W 2005
Do his friends help him?

know = do know
come = do come
help = do help
[ j ux -E-.
C u- English practice
.
1. Rx-\- W h.
Rx\- W .
Rx-\- W h?
2. y E W --.
y E W --.
y E W ---?
3. [.
[.
[-?
3.
x [?
How do they sing? (How =
Ans:
[.
?)
They sing well
4.
O-] p[ -u h?
Why do you always come late?
Ans: I miss the bus.
5.
O -- p[ l?
(W)
When do you start for college? (every

day)
Ans: I start at 9 AM.
6.
] j d h?
Why do you waste time?

Ans:
d -[-].
I do not waste time.
C questions English practice

.
1. x W \- ] h?
2. O Eo E---] h?
3. O - h---\[ ?
4. x vA ]--?
5. p # O -?
6. O -C-h?
7. x W \- p--h?
8. vA C- y--JE --?
9. E- Fd?
10. O K - - \[
?
j questions vA--E --
.
Answers:
1. Why do they come here every day?
Ans: They come here to see me.
2. Why do you watch so many movies?

Ans: I watch them because I like them.
We do not sing well.

Do we sing well?
4. I know English.
I do not know English.
Do you know English?
5. These teachers teach well.
These teachers do not teach well.
Do these teachers teach well?
6. We watch English movies.
We do not watch English movies.
Do you watch English movies?
7. The doctors here treat well.
The doctors here do not treat well.
Do the doctors here treat well?
8. They act well.
They do not act well.
Do they act well?
3. Where do you buy books usually?

Ans: I buy them at that stall.
4. What newspaper do they read?

Ans: They read the Eenadu.
5. When do your holidays begin?

Ans: They usually begin in April 3rd week.
6. How much do you earn?

Ans: Why do you want to know?
(O-] --------o?)
7. When do they come here every day?
Ans: They come here at 7 PM
8. Whom do you meet every sunday?

Ans: I meet my friend.
9. What kind of movies do you like?

Ans: I like suspense movies.
10. Where do you buy provisions usually?
English
what, where, when, which,
whose, whom and why
questions
'wh' words
questions 'wh' questions.
'wh'
'wh' questions
1
st RDW do + 1 st RDW
1.
What do you know?
2.
Where do you live?
[- ? OE
O
-
O ?
hC.
Ans: I buy them at that shop.
O !
p Tx O
p Tx, vA\, [,
>[, j]82
# a.
O-\-[-?
vo: standard {vFE J
L? j Word y
Ad Y]lA L---.
Key to dictionary entries
N?
j, K--
: Standard dictionary
Word A-d ]lA .
Alphabetical order refer [.
L_ refer - C
---L.
English alphabet v a-z
L-L.
A ] Spelling #a-
L L. - pLx p-
] -]. --p[ vuo Spellings E L. existence ] spelling

-- existance E
A- ] Dictionary -].
--p[ a ] e vu-o -[ -A ].
Word A--d Y ]lA C.
v h--Eo d
y ] -[ --
C.
] vA @j o Lead Word
--L.
Spelling d -L.
Key to dictionary entries n
{vF a -C-# N. N
Pronunciation
parts of speech
parts of speech
Print
Type
Parts of speech Noun, Verb
, -i
, -
C.
-
Eo #hC.
a Idiom a h,
Synonyms, antonyms
L.
...C. OE Key to dictionary
entries N-J-h.
N {vF NE--Eo u - hC.
[-
28 W 2005
He does not
move out of home
on sunday.
Raghu: Does your friend meet you regularly?
(O v Eo u-- -h?)
( v?)
()
Ramu: Which friend?

Raghu: Seshu
Ramu: Yes, he meets me regularly. But
he does not meet me on sundays.
(. u-- -h[ F
C- v -[.)
Raghu: Why does he not (doesn't he) meet

you on sundays?
(C-- ] -[?)
Does Usha play well?
Ramu: He does not move out of home on

sunday.
C u- vd .
1. a) -]- C-h.
b) -]- C-.
c) -]- C-h?
2. a) x -- h.
b) x -- .
c) x -- h?
3. a) - \ W h.
( C- x ]-[.)
j - ! 2nd RDW meets
question not does meet -C.
does move moves (not #a-p[).
Come, go, Walk 1st RDWs
not,
(Regular Doing Words)
questions
--p[ do h-]E
o.
eg:
1) They come here everyday.
a) they do not come here every day.
b) Do they come here every day?
2) You come here often.
a) You do not come here often.
b) Do you come here often?
p[
2nd Regular Doing Wordsverbs

not
comes, goes, walks, talks
question
'does'
2nd RDWs- he, she, it
'does'
he, she, it
F p[
[.
--T-
F,
hC.
d
L.
1) Sunita (She) sings well.

a) Sunita does not sing well.
2nd RDW
\[
verb 'does sing' - not

b) Does Sunita sing well?
verb 'does sing' - question
sings + not/?
= does sing
sings
not
question
'does sing'
\[
\[
p[
C.
F,
F --
2) Kumar (he) knows

English.
a) Kumar does not
M. SURESAN
know English.
b) Does Kumar know English?
knows + not/? = does know)
3) Hari likes music.
a) Hari does not like music.
b) Does Hari like music?
'not'
questions
2nd RDWs
(-E- !
[.
J-Eo
1) works (+ not) = does not work;

Q: Does (he) work?
2) takes (+ not) = does not take;
Q: Does (she) take?
3) finds (+ not) = does not find;
1. a) Mr Ananda Rao teaches well.

b) Mr Ananda Rao does not teach well.
c) How does Mr Ananda Rao teach?
2. a) They help others.
b) They do not help others.
c) Do they help others?
3. a) Mr Rao comes here every day.
b) Mr Rao does not come here every day.
c) Does Mr Rao come here every day?
4. a) We watch the TV for an hour every
Does phC?
morning.
b) We do not watch TV for an hour every
morning.
c) When do you watch the TV every day?
5. a) The paper comes every day at 6 AM.
b) The paper does not come here at
AM.
c) When does the paper come?
5. a) We get the paper at 6 AM
b) We do not get the paper at 6 AM
Does (Sunil) find?

4) goes (+ not) = does not go;
Q: Does (Sita) go?
Q:
h--.
2nd RDW
ANSWERS:
takes = does take (with not/?)

comes = does come (with not/?)
writes = does write (with not/?)
practice
1st RDW, 2nd RDW
'do',
'does'
p[ C E
.
N
-C-#N. Eo ]sx
J Eo
]sx
Lq C. v-h
x
-E#
eg:
1. a)
practice
11 .. [--.
I go to bed at 11 PM.
b)
11 .. [-.
I do not go to bed at 11 PM.
c)
O-Eo- [--?
When do you go to bed?
2. a)
[-C.
Usha plays well.
b)
[].
c)
[-?
Usha does not play well.
- \- W .
- \- W h?
] O h.
] O [.
O W O p[ h?
. W ] 6 hC.
W ] 6 - ].
W Eo- hC?
x ] n-C.
x ] n ].
x ]
nC?
7. a) O W ]--.
b) O W ]-.
c) O W ]--?
8. a) C-- x vq
C.
b) C-- x vq x].
c) x vq - C?
9. a) - d.
b) - d ].
c) - ]- d?
10. a) vA- j [.
b) vA- j x[.
c) vA- j ] [?
11. a) B-.
b) B.
c) O B-, ?
b)
c)
4. a)
b)
c)
5 a)
b)
c)
6. a)
b)
c)
c) When do you get the paper?

6. a) They understand his teaching well.
b) They do not understand his teaching
well.
c) How well do they understand his teaching?
7. a) You read the paper every day.
b) You do not read the paper everyday.
c) What paper do you read everyday?
8. a) She goes to her friends' on Sundays.
b) She does not go to her friends' on
Sundays.
c) How often does she go to her friends'?
9. a) She likes him.
b) She does not like him.
c) Why does she like him so much?
10. a) He goes to Vizag every week.
b) He does not go to Vizag every week.
c) Why does he go to Vizag every week?
11. a) We take coffee.
b) We do not take coffee.
c) What do you take, coffee or tea?
O !
p Tx O
p Tx, vA\, [,
>[, j]82
Nq q Lq #a--p[
vo: v-h B--L.
# a.

j--?
1. I know you've stolen my book.
j--?
tion j-. O ] u .
uEo -a?
j-?
I Know (simple present) you've stolen
2. I knew you had stolen my book.
(present perfect).
j u ]-s L.
j- N-J---.
3. I Knew you stole my book
simple past, past perfect combination o
4. I have just Know (that) you've stolen u j- ?
. , o-, o
[, ] u d.
u j-.
F h T-L--E . uEo -a
: I know you have stolen my book
eg:
DE n y h -L--E \[ T-L--[ . L--[ I knew you had stolen my book.
\[ [ past ], I have just noticed that he has not attend.
.
y J- d knew, had ed class for the past two days.
] T-L-#C LC I Knew you stole my book.
have noticed, have attended [ pres ]-sEo d DE n -a stolen L.
p[.
F - u p. Simple Present, Present perfect combina- ent perfect ! [ a.
I knew you had stolen my book.
my book.
5. I know (that) you stolen my book
yesterday.
6. I knew that you had stolen my book
yesterday.
simple present
present perfect
combination
simple
past perfect
past
simple past simple past
just
recent actions present perfect +
present perfect
[ p- J, -
1st
RDW (Regular Doing Words- come, go)
2nd RDW (Regular Doing
Words- comes, goes)
1st
RDW
'not'
question
'do', 2nd RDW
'not'
question
'does'
Ravi:
Hello Ramana when did you return
from Vizag?
N,
N [.
E,
F
E,
E
hC E -o.
(, j # p[ AJ-a?)
Ramana: I returned yesterday.
(Eo AJ--a.)
Ravi:
(j ] x?)
Ramana: I went there to attend a marriage

the day before.
( Rx --u-] o
\- x.)
Ravi:
(Past Doing Word- PDW).
a-[, E-[[, EvC-[, --[, n

-[, [, [, ]l--[[,
a[, u [, -[, [[,
NvA B-[, E-[, ' [,
[[, [ [, d[, E--[,
[.
--o?
Let's go over what we've learnt so far.
-- a--oC J l.
am, is, are; was, were; have/has been; shall

be/will be;1st Regular Doing Words (go,
verbs), 2nd Regular Doing
come, walk
Words (goes, comes, walks
verbs)
'not'
question
do, does
Why did you go to Vizag?
How did the marriage go off?
(Rx J-TC?)
30 W 2005
O
,
--o.
p[ OE -E-.
-J/---JC = whose
-J-E/---J = whom
[[
a) Whose book is this?
h @.
The pages of the book (book's-
x.
[--[])
p)
-
--v
p[ - [.
legs of the table (table's

Doors of the house.
Wheels of the car.
Ramu: I went to my uncle's place last
evening.
Ramana: Oh, it went off very well.
(Rx J-TC.)
j - -E-. return
(yesterday), went (day before), went (also day

before)
(yesterday, day before)
Fo J-T .
J
p[
.
past actions ( J-T-- -
V, , -q E #a L--p[) verb - past doing word. C
u [.
A
1) He comes here every day.
regular action
2) I go to movies every sunday.
regular
'go'
B
1) He came here yesterday.
of
(vA-W)
C
(Eo v u
x.)
C J h?
b) Whose is this book?
h -JC?
c) y -JE \ d--[-?A , B ?
Whom do you like more, A or B?
( Eo a[)
, Eo ? Eo E j
o d came)
(past action
Raghu: What was the matter?
(]?)
Ramu: My cousin returned from the states

the day before. He wanted to see
me.
(o x-s -J #
AJ--a[. o ----o[.)
2) He went to a movie last night.
C Eo vA j
J-T-]E o d went.
C d [.
d)
Regular actions
(v p- J-N)
;
C .
II RDW
(He, She & It)
goes
sees
comes
knows
tells
teaches
writes
sings
keeps
learns
walks
C.
C.
;
C
F/O
FC/-OC
(C h; F-\[?)
his- -E/---EC;
her- \
hers- C
her E n C.
( j J-T-N)
This is Ramesh's shirt.
Past Doing Words

went
saw
came
knew
told
taught
wrote
sang
kept
learnt
walked
English verbs
Regular Doing Words, Past Doing Words
practice
eg:
eat (I RDW), eats (II RDW), ate
.
A[
( V ]l O
. F O x E
p.)
e)
Whom does she know?
myminea)
M. SURESAN
This is my pen.
b)
This pen is mine.
our ours youryoursThis is my book; Where is yours?
Past actions, Time stated
C n a
y -J --[-?
Raghu: I tried to get you over phone this

morning; but your people told me
you were out.
Whom do you help?
Regular Doing Words
I RDW
(I, We, You & they)
go
see
come
know
tell
teach
write
sing
keep
learn
walk
x 10
C \. -C, - C
E L----E 's (Apostrophe- s)
[.
o J ]h.
My father's cloths.
My mother's jewels
J E E, -J C E F p--E
English 's (apostrophe- s) [.
v E ---i C --E 's
[. E ] 'of' [.
Ramu:
come
like
talk
smell
kill
Yes, I spent the whole of last night

at my uncle's.
(. Eo v u
x- o.)
- J-Q-Lh J L-
- J-T --- J# x-x -hC. verbs: went (last evening),
came
liked
talked
smelt
killed
etc.
OE j L-
p[ [.
past actions
[.
1) He comes on time everyday, but he came

late yesterday.
(vAW j h[, Eo -u
a[ yesterday - came)
2) My mother goes to bed early (regulargoes). She went late to bed yesterday
(yesterday
went).
3) India became independent in 1947.
E j o d
( 1947 yv uC.)
4) The movie flopped on the first day of its

release last week (flopped - last week).
5) She passed Intermediate 2 years ago.
I & II Regular Doing Words
past forms
eg: buy/buys (regular) - bought (past-
] #a
p.
J-T--C)
sing/sings (regular) - sang (past- [[

--C)
OE vd .
A[ (Regular), [, [-[, a-[,
[, x[[, [, [[, d[,
[, ][, [
Answers:
eat/eats
buy/buys
walk/walks
learn/ learns
write/writes
talk/talks
shout/shouts
weep/weeps
build/builds
drink/drinks
move/moves
change/changes -
ate;
bought;
walked;
learnt;
wrote;
talked;
shouted;
wept;
built;
drank;
moved;
changed.
returned (the day before), wanted (after he

came), tried (this morning), told (this morning). went, returned, wanted, tried, told past tense
past
verbsPast Doing Words
OE
-
.

.
OE u J-T , V,
-q, j E L---p[
[.
I met him yesterday.
(Eo E ---o)
They lost a lot of money last year.
( -q x [s -d-o)
j L- past actions ( JT -) past doing words (past simple ) L--L. past doing words (past
simple) ---
go
see
write
went
saw
wrote
vo: present
tense, past tense, future
N], x -T- N-J---.

. , ]l-
: Tx x--] tenses x ---Lq - ]. Time of action (E-J ) d -Lq verb (verb
form) -- . p QJ{-
#a -Fo tense -C-#-. E
vd .
: (W 28) Q&A
vJ# voE u
jC ]. u L
tense
I have known (that) you've stolen my

book.
[-
I
Sridhar: Where were you last Evening?
(Eo \-[-o?)
Srikanth: I was at Sankar's. We spent the
evening together.
( Rxx o.
v ]l L o.)
Sridhar: Do you see him everyday?
.) > -D \[-[. \-\-[-?

Ramesh: M]. ] q------o?
Naresh: Eo --E (want to
[).
Answer:
(W y Eo ---?)
Ramesh: Hi Naresh? How are you?
Srikanth: No. He is out some evenings. He
( --J-
)
attends music classes two or three
practice
evenings a week.
Naresh:
(] Eo--V v
x [[. -E [, [
-v U a--[.)
Ramesh: Fine too. Thank you. Why are you
Sridhar: When did he start learning?
(a--[ p[ ] d[?)
Srikanth: I don't know. I think he has been
at, is for at least 6 to 7 months
Fine. Thank you. How are you?
(How is it you are here?/What brings you
(Have you/do you have the habit of reading?)
here?/How do I see you here now?-
Naresh: Yes, I read a lot. Reading interests
n . u-
.)
O-Eo
Sridhar: How about a movie tomorrow? Will

you be free?
( E ? y
S?)
Srikanth: I will be away tomorrow. I will be
free the day after tomorrow.
( -[. x S
.)
j - -E-.
Time d verb forms ?
C - O friends F, O -J x--J--j practice . p-- Spoken English Columns #a
N- O follow , -
O . ( C x ] OO
friends x practice .)
Ramesh: o?
Naresh: o, uu.
y
o?
Ramesh: o. uu.
p[ \-[-o?
Naresh: h- ]l Eo h o. J
]. Eo AJT a--E -o.
Ramesh: h- ?
Naresh: Eo @ .
Ramesh: ] o-[ -E--?
Naresh: Cl ]- o!
Ramesh: F h- C --?
Naresh: \ ]--. ]-
h.
Ramesh: E- [?
Naresh: y h?
Ramesh: . F -E--J.
Naresh: (tomorrow begin
o,
Do you watch?
!
not in a good condition / is in a bad
condition. I want to return it.
watch?
Ramesh: What's (=What is) wrong with the

book?
(What's wrong-
C Tx- y----
Do you not watch / Don't you
Naresh: Do you?
\[ Do you watch movies E Jh

Lq - ]. / Do you sea a lot?
Ramesh: Oh,
yes.
Why are you in a hurry?
]- ] F?/--] [--o?
hurry(J) = ]
Crawl (v) = [
u x E -, K \
xo v, x N, [-E x
x [, x, x
Eo creep (v-vq, vd) .
[ L E- ][.
Creep--u, -- ]-[
n C.
= worry (J);
[-[ =amble ()
(camp am -L)
]-- = haste (d)
PRONUNCIATION GUIDE
week. / I watch
1) English
movies at least
Naresh: Tomorrow is/will be a holiday for
ming, cunning - a [- - -L.

hitting =
betting =
selling = L
humming = N
cunning = E,
(d, d, Lx etc [])
us. My cousin Jagadish also will
2) Looked, booked, talked, pressed, jumped
once a week.
[ n: -?, ?,
p--o?)
\[ O -
--L-T Oh, yes, I
Naresh: Some pages are missing.
do. At least once a weak.
Ramesh: Didn't you (did you not) notice it
E clipped sentences (C-# u) [a. I do= I watch.
this morning when you bought it?
-u -C [ -E, pur[- C u. ---E, -, buy, buys, bought etc. d. -] purchase [-a.

chase(s) past doing word 'purchased'
Naresh:
I was in a little hurry
'She has been this job
She has been in this job
for the last one year' o n .

u -q- ]E
] u-E n. u-E n
u- -q < C.
M. SURESAN
be?
Looked= Lookt; talked=talkt etc.
want to know?
Naresh: I wish to/want to invite you to my
place.
. -- Spoken English
-o Cl -- ----
'She has been this job for the last one year
hitting, betting, selling, hum-
be here tomorrow. Where will you

Ramesh: I don't (do not) know. Why do you
I have a few purchases to make.
Eo h- - L.
Oj buy, buys, bought [. C.
O C.
Sentence structures practice

- vocabulary ( Eo
) -L.
climb up = \[
climb down = C[
rush = yy
x[/ -N-
x[/urgent Ej [.
Hurry up, please = y F.
one movie a
x 11
practice
VOCABULARY
watch at least
'She has had this job for the last
one year'
movies?
(\[ -E-. h?
Do you?
for the last one year' [

u N?
N--t, N--[
Ramesh: Don't you (Do you not) watch
Naresh: I bought some books in this shop
'She has had this job for the last

one year'
me/ I am interested in reading.
practice
here this morning. One of them is
( L]. F [ -
E O o-[--.)
[
Ramesh: Do you read a lot?
here?
now.
vo:
E 2 Vj 2005
- x #J
'ed'
E t -L.
O !
p Tx O
p Tx, vA\, [,
>[, j]82
# a.
v's' / 'es' h.
u d ]. She has been in this vo: E -h. DEE Tx- : I got married, I was married [
job L (in L).
d. n v Cl C.
?
I
. v, [ got married = x-C ( V,
vo: Simple present tense subject's
singular o-p[ verb 's' E, : I will make him / her / them / you -q C- N- ]-sEo d
clear ).
'es'E -h. Subject - 'I' o- do it.
p[ verb 's', 'es' a--]?
vo: I got married, I was married Ex: I got married (on Monday last/ last
year / in 2004 / 22nd June etc.)
. --], Cl--E-
[ u j--? ]I
was
married = DE n p-
s uEo --T: Simple present Singular subx----]E.
L?
jects Eo- Verb 's' / 'es'a. III
. y, -[ Q: Were you married (at the time)?
Person singular subjects- He, She, It
A: yes, I was married.
[-
I
Pranav: How is everybody, Praveen?
[[.
(vO! ] o,
-?)
Praveen: Not bad, I suppose. How is it with
you?
( o----o. y
o)
Pranav:
Fine. Thank you.
( o)
jFo --J . O vq,
Eo--- ---o-p[ --J
[--[.
Praveen: How about practising the following
exercise? (How about
English
exercise
practice
Pranav: It suits me fine.
- v--E
[-.
l? E n)
C t-AE L----E [.
children (plural) - child (singular)

child
he/she
] -
.
It
( [x [-?)
pron: lay : () = [x--N d[
7. These hotels do good business.
do good business =
8. Why do students waste time?
u [[
(Nu-n ] ' h?)

9. How well they swim!
(x ]-!)
C a-u-n (exclamation )!. question ].
10. Do I look ill?
(x \[ E--h? / x u
\[?)
Well, how was that exercise?

exercise?
Praveen: Which exercise do you mean?
Pranav:
12. Do you go to movies often?
-C.
E
p[ \[ #a Eo
( uh -,
.
h -) d
: 'pron' pronunciation E.
1. I think I am right.
( j ---o).
2. They help their father quite often.
(x x o ---[-.)
pron: often -/--d
3. My dogs often trouble my neighbours.
( \ x
sC [--.)
\[ subject 'My dogs' - DEo O
His/Her/any name d p. 'My dog'
p.
4. I go to temple on fridays.
5. Good children always obey their parents.
parents
(Cl---j x x
N .)
pron: obey = -- [[,
N[, N- LT
O !
p Tx O
p Tx, vA\, [,
>[, j]82.
# a.
The last exercise about rewriting

sentences after changing the sub-

n !
ject?
(O E----h?)
( ]-JC. sentences
subject Ja [)
(x ] J# ----o?)
14. What do they do in the evenings?
( h- --Eo h.)
sentence subject 'These books'.
'These books' ] He/She/J
j(Ramu/Sita) / this book/it, subject
These books give a lot of information

u
He/She/Ram/Sita/This book/ It gives a lot of
information
sentence
subject
He/She/It/Any name
practice
( q--j J# y x-[-o?)
13. What do they think of this plan?
These books give a lot of information.
Pranav:
11. Where do they work?
eg2:
( --u E--h-o?)
l/[F)
( bd )
\ subject 'I'. I ], He/She (\[
it j n ] d C--.)
- j Shravan , Anjali
---. p[ I know the subject well
u He/She/Shravan/Anjali knows the
subject well. -C.
6. Do snakes lay eggs?
Let's (= let us) see what it is.

(
Exercise -1:
subject
He/she/It
senpractice
tence
eg:
I know the subject well.
C u-xE
,
Ja, ] T p N

.
4 Vj 2005
Praveen: It helps us to know when to use

the 1st RDW- Regular Doing
Words (come,
go
2nd
RDW
(comes, goes
do,
does.
N),
x 12
(x -v h?)
1st RDW, 2nd RDW,

do, does
(N
15. Do you like tea? What do they prefer, coffee or tea?
(F d? x C \ d,
?)
Answers:
1. He/She/any name thinks he/she is right.
2. He/She/any name helps their/his/her
father quite often.
3. My dog/It/He/She often troubles my/ his/
her neighbours.
4. He/ She/any name goes to temple on fridays.
5. He/ She/ A good child/ It/ any name obeys
his/her/its/ any name's parent.
6. Does a snake/It lay eggs?
7. This hotel/It does good business.
8. Why does a student waste his/her/any
name's time?
9. How well he/she /any name/ It
swims?
10. Does he/she/any name look ill?
11. Where does he/she/any name work?
12. Does he/she/any name go to movies
often?
13. What does he/she/any name think of this
plan?
14. What does he/she/any name do in the
evenings?
15. Does he/she/any name like tea? What
does he/she prefer?
N),
N --- M. SURESAN
-E -[)
C vd .
--x [ [.
turn on the tap/turn the tap on= ]-[
turn off the tap/turn the tap off=
d[
Ram: Turn on the tap please, I need some
water.
: UhC. - A a-C. (get [.)

: U[ \[ a-C?
: - a-C.
Answer:
Raghu: Who drew that picture?
Ramu:
Lata
Raghu: Does she draw so well?

She draws very well. She got even
Ramu:
a prize last week.

(even a prize
= -A )
Raghu: Where did she learn it?

Ramu:
She learnt it on her own.
(on her own =
, on my own =
x x,
on his own = -- )
Sx draw B-.
DE [ n --o .
3) draw = j \-j regular supply
][.
- B--.
-- ,
on their own =
I draw milk from this booth.

People of this area draw milk from this
booth.
4) draw= bank
# t B--[.
He drew Rs. 5000 from the bank.

withdraw
5) draw=
E -a.
][
Freedom fighters drew inspiration from

Gandhi.
yvu ---] D # pJh

.
pron: Inspiration -p--- = pJh
6) - ][ = draw information
The police were unable to draw information from the accused.
(M- EC- # - ]/ -d----.)

accused (ud) = EC-[ (d J-).
(h Ap. Fx L.)
Shyam: As soon as you draw enough water,
please turn it off. Don't waste water.
(O -Lq-Eo Fx Bo -
-. Fx ' -.)
\[ draw [.
draw:
1)
vo: W 24 vA p Tx
Bapu draws beautiful pictures
Q&A QJ{ . --, t-[ #

p-j -J O
[-C u-E --i english proverb p-E -.
E j proverb ]E p. F
n saying C ?
( ]-i t Uh)
'All lay loads on a willing horse'
Fx N [[, ][
We draw water from the tap/ the well/ the

river etc.,
2) draw
n -]-J .
t [.
. E N, o
1st RDW= draw, 2nd RDW = draws, Past

Doing Word = drew.
C - English vd .
: t U--?
:
: Uh?
: .
Thank you very much E

N. One is never too old to learn (
j ----Lq-N )
C p[ d.
[-
I
Ajitha: Hi Naresh, how goes Life?
( --J x C
. Practice [. Dn,
o E)
Naresh: No regrets. Getting on.
(]-O . J-T--C.)
Ajitha:
Did you go through the Eenadu this

morning?
( V ]l [ C-?)
Naresh: No, I didn't. What's new?
(]. i N ?)
Ajitha:
Don't you (Do not you/Do you not)

read the newspaper?
(u-- ]-?)
Naresh: I do, of course. But this morning I
was in a hurry. I just ran through the
headlines. My sister reads the
paper in detail.
(]--. F ]l -N-
-jq v C. x
h ]--C.)
Ajitha:
Does she?
(?)
-- 'do, does, did'
. ] OE
NJ. Sx # -]
C u Tx- vd .
eg:
1)
Pavan:
Eo O ---C?
([ happen. what, who y Eo
]sx questions 'do', 'does', 'did'
. eg: O--J-a h? Who
gave you the book?)

(What happened to your car yesterday?)
Prakash:
(It broke down yesterday.)
- break
down)
Pavan:
(Does it break down frequently?)
Prakash:
C J T--C.
[-a.
eg:
1)
Laxman: Did you meet Ram yesterday?
Bharat: Yes, I did.
Yes I met him
Conversational
'Yes I did'
2)
Divya:
Does she sing well?
Deepika: She does, very well.
conversational
She does
Yes, she sings very well
- ,

,
.
.
.
3)
Champa: Do you practice the game regularly?
Charan: Oh, yes, I do.
I practice the game regularly
'I do'
4)
Prameela: Does Kranthi meet you often?
Prasanthi: No, she doesn't (= does not)
E h - C.
answer, 'no'
she doesn't
No, she does not meet me often
\[
.
E Jh
5)
Sekhar: Did you talk to Kalyan yesterday?
Chandra: No, I didn't (= did not)
No, I did not talk to him.
C T---?
6)
Mallik:
Lq E-
Do you like cricket?
x 13
E Jh
pLq E-].
Madhav: No, I don't (= do not)
2)
Pradeep: Sreenivas sings well.
I don't like cricket
(-?/--[-?)
\[ does he sing so well E Jh
Lq E-].
3)
Vinai: She scored the highest marks in last
week's exam.
( K- ]J o
\ \ a.)
Varun: Did she?
(\[ Did she score... E

Jh Lq - ].)
, ] do, does, did
vo:
Govardhan: Oh, do you? People don't know

that, unfortunately
(, ?v--C L],
]]'d C )
OJ-p[ do, does, did, am, is, are etc...

[ C conversation English O
friends practice :
C --- [.
Krishna: O D ?
(Do you know Hindi?)
Srinivas:
E Jh -\--].
C conversation J-Q-L-. Do, does
did am, is, are, was, were xh
responses y-a.
1)
Padma:
1)
Pratima:
O N
x--?
Pratibha: x-[--/-x-[.
2)
Janaki:
E
[)
d-/-]
u-vAE ---o.
? C ?
Are you a teacher?
(O ?)
()
-\--].
Prakash:
Yes I am.
Yes, I am a teacher
2)
Sita:
Is Uma a good singer?
Alivelu: No, she isn't (= is not)
( ])
3)
Ramesh:
Are you students?
Jagan & Naresh: No, we aren't/yes, we are
M. SURESAN
(like
Jayanthi:
3)
Shyam:
d?
Sundar:
4)
Prabhat:
Praveen:
5)
Sukumar:
Eo x[
leave [)
? ]?
(go /
v]-v- h
pC (best [)
Suman: ? C?
Sukumar: N--[
] First, second, next : ] u d ]. was

--T--a?
y, 'be' form y , do,
>.N.-X-N, ---- go, come, walk 1st RDW (1st
Regular Doing Words) . \[ was
: 'First best' E . ]-, do C English ]. u 'What
'best' first C. next best, did he do?' d. \[ verb: did do = did.
second best, third best... -a.
Answer: He played / sang; He did not do
vo: Interrogative sentences helping anything a.
verbs --T---p[ was
vo: This stone was laid by somebody
did ]-sx L?
u 'laid' J# N-J--C ux C j- -.
. lying , lie verbs
1) What was he do?
, laid verb present, past,
2) What did he do?
past participle -.
X, v-
.-j.., q-d-
'Best'
M]
(No, it doesn't (does not)).
(XE- [-[).
( # [-.)
(No, I don't)/
(yes, I do).
-]. Eo v ox T--C.
Prasanth: Does he?
Govind: I play better than Sachin.
Jh.... p\x]!
(, v E-----[
T--a.
.
(j -x 2 No, she is not a good

E E, 3 No, we are not students
E F Jh -\--])
- -G-y--E clipped
responses- C-# p]- [-.
C - [.
Suman:
singer
-\--].
Jh
].
No
clear
No, it doesn't
No it doesn't breakdown frequently
] 6 Vj 2005
: This stone was laid by somebody

\[ stone -C-. ,
Dams, GLf-q- Et- v-G--p[ VIP -C- [ / -n [.
The CM laid the foundation stone for the
bridge.
(u-vA - -C- /
-n- .)
lie (present tense) (]l p[), lied (past
tense),
lie
lied
[...),
lay
(past participle).
(present)
lay
(present)
([--[, NvA B-(past),
laim(past participle).
([, [x--d[, -n [), laid (past), laid (past participle).
C p M], E one
E v .
of the hottest
6)
Madan:
y #-- E--h-o.
[)
? C F #- x
(seem; a good fellow

Manoj:
7)
Mukund:
Murari:
8)
Nelson:
Neeraj:
9)
Taruni:
Sania:
Taruni:
Sania:
10)
Bhaskar:
Bhanu:
11)
Teacher:
Pupil:
x -B-?
/ .
h- O?
. Fo /-.
O O J-q h?
h-/--[.
N h .
-/-] ('are' [)
Rx-\[ -x? (were [)
-/-] (were L)
vo d?
-/-] (is L)
Answers:
1)
Pratima: Do you speak Tamil?
Pratibha: Yes, I do / No, I don't.
2)
Janaki: Does Venu like Tennis?
Jayanthi: Yes, he does / No, he doesn't.
3)
Shyam: I want to become the CM
Sundar: Oh, do you? Is that enough?
4)
Prabhat: Kamal left for/went to Mumbai
yesterday
Praveen: Did he? Why?
5)
Sukumar: Our city is the best in A.P.
Suman:
Oh, is it? which city is it?
Sukumar: Vijayawada
Suman:
I don't know whether it is the
best, but I know it is one of the
hottest places.
6)
Madan: You seem/appear to be a good fellow
Manoj: Do I? That's because of your goodness.
7)
Mukund: Are they Indians?
Murari:
No, they aren't / yes, they are
8)
Nelson: Are these books your's?
Neeraj: Yes, they are all mine / No,they
aren't. (= are not)
9)
Taruni: Do you watch TV serials?
Sania: Yes, I do / No, I don't (=do not)
Taruni: Are they interesting?
Sania: Yes, they are / No, they aren't
10)
Bhaskar: Were they here?
Bhanu: Yes, they were / No, they weren't
11)
Teacher: Is this question difficult?
Pupil:
Yes, it is / No it isn't
[-
eg:
1) What gives light and heat to the
world?
(v--E -, E aC C?)
2) What happened yesterday?
v 8 Vj 2005
Ram:
y wj h? (Good at
driving/well [ [)
Rahim:
y h h? ,
h ] l.
(, x x[ ride)
'Who
2) Who gave you the book last night?
( NtLo -----o.)
(-L t-.)
Venu: Let him come in.

Venkat: He wants to talk you sir.
(- O x------o.)
Venu: Ok, what does he want to talk to me?
(, x-----o?)
Venkat: I do not know.
( L-].)
Venu: Ok, let him talk. First of all let him
come in.
(, -E x-[-F-. ]
-L F-.)
j -- let [ -E-. DEo
-- y---- [-.
English I RDW (Regular Doing Wordsgo, come verbs) not questions
p[ 'do'; II RDW (goes, comes
verbs) questions 'not' p[
'does'; Past Doing Words (PDW- went, came
verbs)
'not'
questions
'did'
what, who
do, does,
did
h-]E -o.
p[
y
Eo ]-sx
N E -E-L.
vo:
(Eo vA F h -Ja? Who did give you? .)
- practice .
Ram:
Eo J-TC?
Rahim: j T--C
(break down [.)
(break down , K, , j
v - T-[)
Ram:
- T--?
Rahim: ], ]. Eo v J-TC.
Ram:
Eo J ?
Rahim: ]_-x o -E.
(nearby= ]_-o)
Ram:
y wj h?
Rahim: h.
Ram:
F wjo? y wj
h?
Rahim: wj [. wj h.
-- passive
[. F He is being
u being N-]
L-----.Actually
being y verb past participle
L ! being ]-s
[- L-----.
. p- , o
: He is being difficult-
p[ u o[ E n. \[
'is being' p[ [[ (continuous), is being y past participle
C passive voice -C.
The letter is being written ([
C I am/We are writing the letter passive). is being \ difficult L - N x
o-E n.
I am being good to you.
F x # -o (p[).
He is being harsh.
h
Let's have Coffee
4)
x 14
Answer:
Ram: What happened yesterday?
Rahim: My car broke down.
Ram: Does it breakdown often?
Rahim: No. It doesn't usually. Only yester-
F...F... h F!!
Being
voice
difficult
2)
].
Tx x-[-
Let us (Let's) converse in English
5)
Tx a-
Let's (Let us) learn English.
1) Who knows the answer?
Venkat: Someone wants to see you.
E- ].
Let's (= Let us) go to a movie
Let's go home
eg:
Let's go to a movie
1)
3)
(Eo J-TC?)
[ ux what y does
give E E, did happen E F
. , 'who' y .
(- -J ?
does know?' .)
eg:
day.
Who repaired it?
A nearby mechanic.
Do you drive?
Oh, Yes, I do.
Have you/ Do you have a driver, or
do you drive it yourself?
Rahim: I don't have a driver. I drive it
myself.
Ram:
Do you drive well? / Are you good
at driving?
Rahim: (Do you) Want to see how I drive?
Come, let's have a ride.
Ram:
Rahim:
Ram:
Rahim:
Ram:
\[ 'let' --T# [.
]-sx 'let' j E l
E #-[.
[ J- o[ E n.
vo: u- v- --J#
will be your plan?

having
.
]-sx [? ] #a--p[ verb
What will you be?
past participle ?
Where will you be?
---- N-J-.
What will your plan be?
N--,
How will your plan be?
E vo u L. vo : I, We, You, They have
bd ] will be/ shall be/ can . He, She, It has .
be/ may be -[] ! F - a) I/We/You/My friends (they) have the
O p Tx
book.
-- What will be your b) My friend (He/She) has the book.
plan? E C p ! c) The fan (It) has three blades.
p v v L--- have/has [ n:
--.
1. j -J [[ (LT [[).
x-V 'd-U--b, E[-]-
j ux have n .
: What will be your plan? d.
2. A[, [ ()
O j-. what
a) I have coffee in the mornings.
v-G vo- Eo ]sx will be,
( ] B--.)
shall be L h. N 'what quesb) My mother has breakfast at 8 AM.
(t ] E-N-C- v-d
tions' v. What will your
hC.)
plan be? [ d. \- What
vo:
II.
'Let'
n Ey, AEy,
[Ey- (= t-A-[)
1) E \ F.
Let him come here
2)
x xF.
Let them go
3)
o x-[F.
Let me talk
4)
N-[ [F.
Let her sing
5)
o NF.
M. SURESAN
Let me hear
III.
(allow)
Let
1)
I don't let him come here again.
2)
Don't let him waste time/ Let him not waste
time.
3)
Don't let him know it / Let him not know it.
4)
Don't let him talk to her.
5)
Don't let him stay here/ Let him not stay
here.
6)
We don't let children talk.
let
allow
n t-A-[
Sx E \- F-
E j d Ey
DEo L-E-y
N-[ E x[Ey
E \[ [Ey
x- x-[-Ey
u--Eo-
hC .
am having, is having, are having N

A[, B-[ nE [-.
LT [[ n [.
I am having a car Ao- N-K-n hC.
C --E I have a car.
o-- [,
o.
My friend has a son and a daughter.
My friend is having a son and a daughter.
a N-K-n x Ao-E !
d -x am having / is having /
are having [.
I am having tea, because coffee is not
available.
am having correct.
\[
( ] d --o)
She is having a beautiful necklace.
C j [. ]-. x A]. d she has a beautiful

necklace L.having C# JEo
N ux Jal.
[-
I
Murali:
Hi Sravanthi, keeping well?
Walk - not
(vB, -o?)
C --J. O conversation
[.
Walks - not
Sravanthi: I am, of course. How about you?
/ question do walk
/ question does walk
(For Regular actions)
Past Doing Words (came, walked,
verbs) not ,
'did' hC. (Sx h--.
j L- past action Past Doing Word
[.)
talked, sang, stood
question
(---. F A?)
(How about you?= F A)
Murali:
C 10 Vj 2005
I am OK. I saw you at the park

last evening.
He sang well yesterday.
( o. Eo v
Eo \ .)
Sravanthi: But I didn't (= did not) see you.
Why didn't you (= did you not)
talk to me.
( Eo [-]. -]
x-[-]?)
(Eo [)
Eo [-] (
not
He did not sing well yesterday.
c)
'did' not
[ -E-.
Eo ? (C question)
Did he sing well yesterday?
\[ question
.
Eo [?
'did'
[ -E-
x \ p[ a?
d) x \- ] a?
e) x \ ] ]?
6. a) - ] x v (ago)
--o.
b) - ] -x v --].
c) y p[ --o?
d) p[ F pC?
e) p[ F o p?
JTO.. EO!
How did he sing?
p[ [?
When did he sing?
d h----Lq N
Past Doing Word (past simple form) not
E, question F did + 1st Regular
Doing Word -C.
He sang well yesterday.
How about you?
a) He did not sing well yesterday.

b) Did he sing well yesterday?
sang + not/? = did sing
Murali:
I had a call from home. My

mother wanted me immediately. So I rushed home.
C u Tx- practice .
eg: Eo \- a[.
He came here yesterday.
( # #aC.
t o tC.
-- --x.)
Sravanthi:
I stayed at with my friend
x 15
Sudha till 7 PM.
( o-- ] vA 7
\- o.)
conversation verbs- saw, had, wanted, rushed and stayed. Questions #a-p[ did see, did talk [ -E-.
verbs Past Doing Words . N
L- - ( V,
-q, , C- N-)
J-T - J# -. E
Sx J h--a-.
Past doing Words J-Eo ---
[.
Regular Doing
Past Doing
Words
Words
Come, Comes
Came
Sing,
Sings
Sang
Like,
Likes
Liked
Talk,
Talks
Talked
Smell, Smells
Regular Doing Words
do, does
Smelt
not
questions
h.
come - not / question do come
comes - not / question does come
Eo \- ].
He did not come here yesterday.
Eo \- a?
Did he come here yesterday?
1. a)
-J RxC.
- -J x-].
c) J Rx?
2. a) -q vU Jh--[.
b) -q vU Jh ].
c) vU p[ Jh--[?
3. a) --
]
C-
vu.
b) -- ] C- v
].
c) -- ] C- v--u?
4. a) Eo y E ---o.
b) Eo y -E ---].
c) Eo y -E ] -o?
5. a) x \ a.
b) x \- ].
b)
b) They did not come here last week.

c) When did they come here last week?
d) Why did they come here last week?
e) Why didn't they come here last week?
(didn't they = did they not / did not they)
6. a) I met her first (for the first time) four
years ago (back
c) When did you meet her?

d) What did she tell you / say to you then?
e) Did she tell you / say anything to you?
7. a) We made all these ready yesterday.
b) We did not make all these ready yesterday.
c) Did you make all
these ready yesterday?
d) Why didn't you
(did you not / did
not you) make all
these ready yes-
M. SURESAN
terday?
7. a)
Eo Fo ]l .
b) Eo- Fo ]l -].
c) O Eo- Fo ]l ?
d) O Eo- Fo ] ]l ]?
e) O Eo- Fo ] ]l
?
8. a) -q x- C-.
b) -q x- ]-].
c) y \[ C-?
d) y x- C-?
9. a) Eo E x.
b) Eo E- x-].
c) y Eo E x?
d) Eo E x?
e) Eo y E- ]--x?
f) Eo E x?
10. a) o[.
b) -].
c) o?
d) o[?
]).
b) I did not meet her four years ago.
e) Why
did
you
make all these ready yesterday?

8. a) I studied in Nellore last year.
b) I did not study in Nellore last year.
c) Where did you study?
d) Did you study in Nellore?
9. a) I went to a movie yesterday.
b) I did not go to a movie yesterday.
c) Did you go to a movie yesterday?
d) Did I go to a movie yesterday?
e) Why did you go to a movie yesterday?
f) Which movie did I go to, yesterday?
10. a) Hemant bought a car last week.
b) Hemant did not buy a car last week.
c) Did Hemant buy a car last week?
d) Which car did Hemant buy (last week)?
d past actions, time stated (j L,

J-T) Past Doing Word (came,
sang, wrote N) [. -E
questions did + 1st Regular Doing Word
[.
Answers:
1. a) She went to / left for the US last Week.
b) She did not go to / leave for the US last
Week.
c) Did she go to / leave for the US?
2. a) He completed (his) degree last year.
b) He did not complete (his) degree last
vo:
year.
c) When did he complete (his) degree?
\[
'Complete'
practice
],
'take', 'pass'
3. a) The classes began at 10 AM.

b) The classes did not begin at 10 AM.
c) Did the classes begin at 10 AM.?
4. a) You met him yesterday.
b) You did not meet him yesterday.
c) Why did you meet him yesterday?
5. a) They came here last week.
Standard English
v -
v[- h E L.
X], A-A
pp number [ J ]. -Vx x -] , STD

Trunk booking o-p[ #a
uh (Particular Person -PP) call E
G uh #a x . -- E ---E C
CONTACT NUMBER- O]
-- E n.
[-
12 Vj 2005
b) To drive a car in such traffic is difficult.

traffic
car drive
book?
13) Raghava does not want to study.
c) To smoke is bad for health.
Scold, chide, reprimand =
(
d.)
( a[ -u-E E-.)
n ([, A[ ) #a-p[ infinitive ] 'ing' from (eating,
smoking, etc) [-a. n ].
Students go to college to study

Prasanthi: Hi Preethi, where were you yesterday?
(purpose)
a) Students go to college to study.
(vA, Eo y \[-o?)
Preethi:
I went to Ameerpet to see my

cousin Prema.
cousin Prema
Ameerpet
Prasanthi: I called you yesterday to ask you
for some books. Why is Prema in
Hyderabad now?
[-E
x.)
(Eo h- [--E Eo F
. v j]---
]-C?)
Preethi:
To join a software institute here.

software institute
(\[
E)
--
Prasanthi: Which institute does she want to

study in?
( d-u- ]----C?)
Preethi:
I don't know. To learn software in

some good place is all that she
wants.
(M]. -Lq-]x
# institute software
a[)
j -- to see, to ask, to join, to learn
o -E-.
Fo o?
To y 1st Regular Doing Words (see, ask,
join, learn) h-o . OE infinitives
.
English infinitive vu C.
Infinitive J-Eo ---
to
to
to
to
Infinitive
eat
smoke
buy
sell etc.
(]---E)
b) Suseela came here to join a college.
(college
c) He went out an hour ago to buy vegetables.
Want, wish, hope, expect, desire
--E)
(--E)
L verbs \
E n hC.
VOCABULARY
infinitive
h -
a) She wants to sing.
(-E --C.)
b) He wishes to go home.
( x-E ---o[.)
x 16
c) They hope to pass.
(pass
d) Kamala expects to get a prize.
y-E/----E P-h-o.)
(wj ]--E --C.)

[, (to write), A[ (to eat) etc
infinitive L---hC.
.
O --x
she envies her sister.
(]J O] {u--[-C)
2) jealousy-
jealous - - [[
----oN -p[ L
] {u (envy).
--oC vu
T_]- C (jealousy).
A poor man may envy a rich man.
p-[[, ]-L[, --[

crush = -[, [[, L-T--[
Squeeze = ( ) [[
Squeeze tooth paste/shaving cream on the
brush.
paste
Squeeze dry =
(v O]
[).
]h u
[[.
n wring.
twist = [, L--d[
twist the arm = L--d[
fold = [, [ d[
C x --.
lizard - Lx
(Dinosaurs E giant lizards )
giant - K K----[
(WWE wrestlers ). giant, gigantic
[ n infinitive
a) To sit in the class for five hours a day is

not a joke
items
C u-
.
1) x----o.
2) E --C.
3) vA NuJn best college ---[.
J-
[ n- [. j - O -E .
C Vocabulary
[
1) {u--[[ envy
L--[.
a) To sit in the class for five hours is not a

joke.
Sitting in the class for five hours is not a
joke (to sit - sitting).
b) To drive a car is difficult.
Driving a car is difficult
c) To smoke is bad for health.
Smoking is bad for health.
English practice
-E-
(] x a[
].)
she bought the same necklace as hers.
(-o x \N[ o-]

)
3) gratitude - (v-u) '-c.
He has gratitude.
He has no gratitude.
4) grateful - (v--) '-c LT
I am grateful to you for your help.
5)
(O --E '-Vc-E)
x '-c-- thankful
I am thankful that I have such parents.
( Lx]v[--o-] - '-Vc-E)
(]--E h ] {u --a) (grateful - E x '-c--,
She is jealous of her neighbour because thankful - x '-c )
4) TE [--E Eo vA
x.
5) ]- [--E W s [.
6) v ]-[
v d ].
7) -] [[ ].
8) [ Eo Jd-x a---E
college x-].
9) <--E
--?
10) F ]-[ d M. SURESAN
(like
?
[)
11) u h]E vO
Ph?(hope, get) [.
12) h --E Eo \- x?
13) - ]--E ].
Answers:
1) I want to go.
2) She wishes to sing.
3) Every student wants to join the best college.
4) I went to the hospital yesterday to see a
patient.
5) Venu goes to Subbarao's everyday to play
chess.
6) Prem does not like to study this group.
7) To walk/walking such a distance is not
easy.
8) He did not go to college yesterday to get
the certificates.
9) Does she want/wish to buy the sari?
10) Don't you like (Do you not like) to study?
11) Does Pramila hope to get that job?
12) Where did you go yesterday to buy the
(, j-) o ]l
size
E.
His is a gigantic figure.

Giant wheel
tortoise
chameleon
dove/pigeon
parrot
(K );
--.
().

(O-L-)
--Lx

#
xx - x N domestic fowl.
vo: p Tx ]- ,
- - V J-T-.
] h- - -C-#
- present perfect tense
L . O past tense a-N? Eo p-j JT N-- past tense L .
u bought, didn't you ] have bought, haven't you
present perfect --T a
N-J---.
. --v]-Jh, -[
: Past actions, time known JTN j , V E #a
p--L-T p[ past simple v
[. J-T E p[, ,
V, j E p-p[ (
] j ]-s--- L--p[
p) present perfect [.
a) He has brought a car.
(j L--[ ])
b) He bought the car this morning.
(j o)
[-
I
Bhaskar: Hi, Bhanu. What are you doing?
Bhanu:
f) Are you threatening me?
Don't you see? I am preparing for

an exam.
g) She is not dancing well.
([[ ? K- v----o)
(, O v] \[?)
Bhanu:
He is getting ready to go to college
( x--E ]l----o[)
Bhaskar: And What about your parents?
(J O Lx-]-v[ ?)
Bhanu:
-\- -o[ (p[).
( h-o)
Bhaskar: Oh, are you? Where is your

brother?
They are watching the T.V.
(x O ho.)
'What about', 'How about' -?
-] [-. practice .
a) How about my money?
[s -?
b) What about that book?
h -?
c) How about a movie this evening?
14 Vj 2005
o C-J-h-o? (p[).
u [ ] (p[).
h) Am I troubling you?
NtLo sC [-o?
(p[).
i) Why aren't they (are they not) coming?
x-] [] (p[).
j) You are wasting time.
y j ' h-o (p[).

am + ing, is + ing, are + ing verbs p[
--o - [. C E
English G_- practice .
Aruna: ! h-o?
Amala: vo- h-o.
Aruna: Eo disturb h-o?
Amala: ]. TV o disturb hC.
Aruna: h-o?
Amala: t h]-.
Amala: I think she is going to make tea for

us. I think my brother is watching an
English movie.
Aruna: No. He is watching a Telugu serial.
d)
Aruna:
Amala:
Aruna:
) p[ --o
- L--h.
'I' am + ing,
he, she ( j singular ), it ( hj,
-j singular )
is + ing,
plural subjects Eo, you are +
ing h.
M. SURESAN
a) I am watching the T.V.
Amala:
Aruna:
]-[ ] (p[).
d) What is your father doing?
O o h-o (p[).
e) Where is he going?
vo:
quent, rarely, never, once, twice, three

times etc., a day, a week, a month etc.
regularity
tion).
h)
E--Jq C Vx L N[-]
hC (N[-] = release).
i) x AJT h.
j) - --.
E # - [[
2. am + ing, is + ing, are + ing,
j Lh
Answers:
Aruna: Hi, Amala, what are you doing?

Amala: I am writing answers to these questions.
Aruna: Am I disturbing you?
Amala: Not at all. ( expression practice
a) He is coming here tomorrow.

b) We are starting/leaving in half an hour.
c) The Pak team is playing two matches here
next week.
d) Who is coming next week?
e) When are you consulting the doctor?
f) I am not going there next week. I am going
there the week after next.
g) The minister is inaugurating the bridge
tomorrow.
h) The University is releasing the results in
ten days.
i) They are returning within a week.
j) I am meeting the CM tomorrow.
O --x [. ], ], -] E n) The TV is dis-
b) My mother is cooking.
t hC (p[).
[-a. j
#a L---p[, J--E #a-i--p[,
am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing \ [-.)
C E English practice .
a) [ \[ h-o[.
b) -- -l--o.
c) a- -n d \[ [ u
[-C.
d) a- h-o?
e) dE p[ qd h-o?
f) a- -\- x[ ]. j
. (j = week after the next).
g) vA vGbE v-G-h (inaugura-
--, Regular Doing Words (go, goes,

come, comes, sing, sings verbs)
v [. Every day, very often, fre(
o.)
a- -J -o[.
Sumanth is leaving for the US next month.

(future will, shall
Answers:
O h-o (p[).
c) Kumar is not studying.
O brother h-o[.
[ ho?
. O t p[ -C C.
d--E -]--.
(I think begin ) brother english movie ho[-.
]. english movie [[ ].
serial h-o[.
x [ [ Vx .
They are buying a car in two or three days.
verbs
p[ --o - v [.
v pE, p[ J -, O
am
am
am
am
studying / is studying / are studying

walking / is walking / are walking
singing / is singing / are singing
working / is working / are working
am + ing, is + ing, are + ing verb forms
(present continuous / present progressive
tense
c)
1. am + ing, is + ing, are + ing -
p[... !!
\ a \- hC.
My sister is coming here next week.
ui N
-h-o o N ?
j - are doing, am preparing, is
getting, are watching - verbs -E-.
O : am + ... ing, is + ... ing, are + ...ing.
form J-Eo verbs.
v E-?
d) What about the dinner you promised me?
b)
Aruna:
Amala:
Aruna:
Amala:
Aruna:
turbing me.
Who is watching the TV?
I think my mother is watching the TV
Your brother is also watching.
Is he also watching?
Yes, but your mother is going into
the kitchen.
All India Radio News
N-o-p[ Eo - L-.
C u-j -- Ba--.
1. The Nationalist Congress party headed by Mr. Sarad

Pawar complained that the congress is not consulting its
constituent parties on important issues.
2. The BJP president Mr. Venkaiah Naidu has said that BJP
will not support Congress at the centre.
3. However, Miss Umabharati contradicted the rumour that
she is disobeying the party rules.
4. The PM Vajpayee said only NDA can provide stability to
the country.
5. The TDP supremo Chandrababu Naidu said that only
secular parties will play a major role in the elections.
6. The Municipal Commissioner Mr. Raghu Rami reddy said
: O sentences ]-C
'...complained that... is not consulting'
d ]. O #a j-.
\[ 'is' ], 'was' L.
complain --p y
consult ---[ -
p[ a. _ 'complained' ] 'has complained' E h, 'is not consulting' -
x 17
j, V, , -q,
Eo V, - N- Lh
-- - [-a.
a) j]-- -o
(I am leaving for Hyderabad tomorrow.
\[ tomorrow E p[ x future
action [-o. tomorrow - ' I
am leaving for Hyderabad' p[
o E n.)
immediate measures are being taken up to provide drinking water to the residents of Kurnool.
News reader
Indirect Speech.
is not consulting
was not consulting
will not support
would not
measures are being taken up
support
measure were being taken up
News reader
Indirect
Speech
present continuous
past
continuous will + present verb
would + present verb
News
---N-
]--o -
J-T---. d C
] u
]
E, u
]
E, u
]
E L .
] ]--]? v h-x
E- v
] Ja ]-- n
aL ! F
]. ]- -- Ba--.
-, v (x-Co)
(said
'are
being taken up'
Direct speech
inverted
commas
verbs- say, tell,
ask, question
Reporting
verbs
Inverted commas
verbs
Reported verbs
Reporting verbs present tense
Indirect speech
Reported
verbs tense
E Jh
]), p[
d.
N
-
E
.

Ja--p[,
a--[].
a) "They play well," says Ram to Rahim.
\[
Quotations
verb
'says'
present
reporting
tense.
d
o reported verb
tense a--[]. DE Indirect
Quotations
'play'
speech-
d- n hC. x O
Sentence No (2) d. \[
reporting verb, 'has said' present perfect
will
'...Naidu said'
tense
'would' correct.
Sentence No. 3: '... contradicted... disobeying'
'was obeying'
Uma Bharathi has contradicted
present perfect tense
d, d.
E v-Gh p[
d ].
L.
E
'is disobeying' correct.

Sentence 4: '... only NDA could'
'... only NDA can'
Sentence 5: '... Naidu said that only secular parties will play'
'Would play'
correct.
Sentence 6: '... Reddy said, ... are being
taken up'
'were being taken up'
correct.
'...Reddy has said'
p.
L. \[
p.
J-].
\[
Ram says to (tells) Rahim that they play

well.
-- "They play well," said Ram to

o sentence Reporting verb
'said' past tense. p[ quotations
o play reported verb past tense
p-E--J aL. DE Indirect
Rahim
speechRam told Rahim that they played well.
[-
I
Mohan: Hi, Manoj, How are you getting
along?
(
practice
, o?)
[
C --J.
O --x
Manoj: Fine. Thank you. How are you?
( o. y o?)
Mohan: Ok too. I am going to a movie. Why
don't you come along?
( E-o. y
a !)
Manoj: Like to. But I am going for a walk now.
Regular Doing words (1st RDWs- go, walk

verbs), 2nd Regular Doing Words (2nd
RDWs- goes, walks
verbs)
am+ing/ is+ing/
are+ing
a) I take coffee (take 1st RDW).
Regular-
v p J [.
p[ --o - [.
( B--
C -)
b) I am taking coffee.
(am + ing -
p[
vA-V
coffee
B--
o.)
c) She goes to college at 10 AM.
(goes- 2nd RDW-
] 10 -
-- C W)
d) She is going to college.

(is going - is ing -
p[ --
-C.)
e) They come here on sundays.
(come - 1st RDW
Regular
C vA C-
J-C C-- x \-
h.)
f) They are coming.
(are + ing English
x p[ h-o.)
u. Regular
p[ . h
C p.
h---L.
Regular actions
Regular Doing Words

(come, comes, take, takes
coffee
N) h.
E-p[ B---o \[
-[] d.
a) Mr. Sen teaches English.
English
English lecturer/teacher
(--p[
--L/--ya)
C-h[.
-
This is the time when I go for walk

every day.
x 18
(- C. F p[ -
-o. W j )
Mohan: Do you walk everyday along this
road?
(V - h?)
Manoj: No. Usually I walk along the college
road, but now I am walking along
this road because that road is under
repair.
(]. -- -
-. -t-
h-o.)
Mohan: So long ( bye O\
) see you. (Sx --)
Manoj: Bye (j)
-- am going, go; walk, am
walking -E-. 1st
b) Mr. Sen is teaching English

English
English
c) Dogs bark.
( p[
--o[.)
u.

(\ p[ -- C
j.)
d) Dogs are barking.
(\ p[ ---o h-x,
#a L)
C u- English G_- practice .
a) p[ punctual h[. V
v h -u h-o[.
b) - x -- ]--.
V v u-@ (some other
vo: Eo #a [-] --E He

was not come yesterday -a?
Rx--p[ ]l --E Tx- He was not at
home, when I went for him E
. -T--p[ [
EE Jh [-] E p--E
He was not completed the work yet
: He was not come yesterday -d

'be' forms (am, is ,
are , was, were, etc.)
come,
go,
1st Regular Doing Words
He was not come
He did not
]. Tx p[
p.
magazine [) ]---o.
y-] j waste h? p--]
h-o?
d) vA V j y \----?
\ --o?
e) u ]--? p[ u
]---o?
f) - vA B A ? V
o (rice) A-o?
g) [ C-- vqE --[. V
----o[.
c)
u
Eo verbs am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing
[. am + ing/ are + ing/ is + ing verb op[ p[ --o
- [. Eo verbs N-
verbs p-E p[ --o E
am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing forms [.
] ] Regular Doing Words (love,
loves, etc.) form .
am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing from [E
p o...
actions
am + ing, is + ing, are + ing verbs
(present continuous tense)
I am taking Coffee
E 16 Vj 2005
h)
p[ [-C. p[
v D [-C.
i) [. p[ --o[
('take' [).
j) - x-[[. p[
x-[--o[.
Answers:
a) He comes punctually (always/usually). He
is coming late only today.
b) They usually read India Today, but now
they are reading some
other magazine.
c) Why do you waste
time? Why are you
wasting time?
d) Where do you go at
this time every day?
Where are you going?
M. SURESAN
e) What news paper do
you read? What news paper are you reading?
f) You usually take chapathis at night. Why
are you taking rice (now)?
g) He does not meet his friends on sundays,
but he is meeting them today.
h) She always sings Telugu songs, but she is
now singing a Hindi song.
i) He doesn't take (does not take) coffee. He
is taking it now.
j) He doesn't (does not) usually talk to her,
but he is talking to her.
verbs
- -C-# N--
verbs-
1) like
ing
(d--[[) -am liking, is liking, are lik[. N -Lq-- like, likes

[.
Kumar likes that shirt very much .
d--[[ pj Kumar is liking that
shirt .
2) dislike (d----[)
They dislike his class.
x x p[ d -
. are disliking, is disliking, am
disliking o forms . N-p. ]
dislike, dislikes E .
N Eo verbs, (am + ing, is + ing,
are + ing) [EN.
3) love - love, loves, (am/ is/ are loving
])
4) hate - hate, hates (am/ is/ are hating
])
5) hope - hope, hopes (am/ is/ are hoping
])
6) want - want, wants (am/ is/ are wanting
])
7) wish - wish, wishes (am/ is/ are wishing
])
8) desire - desire, desires (am/ is/ are desiring
9) envy - envy, envies(am/ is/ are envying
])
])
(Eo ]-sx) feel, feels, (am/ is/
]).
10) feel
are feeling
-a. had : 'since' 'as' ] [-a.

had + pp forms - [ because [-a.
p[ ]-sEo vh -E-L. - ]-s ]-x/ --]When I went for him, he was not at E n.
home- d. He was not complet- vo: How long- -, How fared the work o sentence d ].
] uh
E n ]. He had not completed
o [ n a-
L. She had not completed
L?
L. y ux DE J# J
: -- v vx
N- C.
come L.
t--- o-[?
AE [-], #a [] vo: Leave letter --p[ As I am
. --yN, x-[
( --p[).
suffering from fever u as
: vo j u
\[ --p[ When I looked
] since [-a?
o o vo j English
for him/her - She had not eaten;
O-], -[, - ].
when I ask him
E p-a? AE
[-]. #a [-] (
--p[).
E Jh [-] (
Rx--p[).
- Tx-
pL.
. --, o
She had not come
eaten, had come
[-
I
Durga: Look at Leela's dress. Isn't it (= Is it
not) really wonderful?
(M v [, C !)
Valli:
Ok I like it really. In fact, I wish now to

buy one such dress for myself.
( #aC. p
v E C.)
Durga: Renuka too likes it. I desire one like
that too. I feel like buying it, but I
haven't (= do not have) the money.
( v d--[C. -E C. p -EhC. F [s ].) feel

like +...ing = j --E--[.
feel like going to bed = Ev] EhC)
Valli:
I really envy Leela for the dress.
( M v {u C.
Envy = {u/-{u [[)
-- like, wish, desire, have,
envy, feel - verbs Fo p[ --o
N -o. p[ J N- L verbs p[ am + ing, is + ing,
are + ing form (present continuous) E --o. --p- j -E
ing
sx feel, (feel --AE, pz

L----p[) prefer Op[ am + ing, is + ing, are + ing
[ N #a h--d--L.
a) E vN-hC.
She loves him.
(She is loving him
]. vN-[ p[
--o .)
b) x ---E P-h-o.
They hope to pass.
(They are hoping to pass
]. x
P[ p )
j list N verbs rule.
Actions of the mind (---, Cl C-# u) L verbs am +
ing, is + ing, are + ing form ]. N
1) know = L-[
2) understand = n --[
3) remember = c -[
4) forget = -#--[
5) decide = Eg--[
6) doubt = --[
7) think = -#-[
8) suppose = --[
9) believe = t[
Words (like, likes, wish, wishes, desire,

desires, envy, envies)
verbs
dislike, love, hate, hope, want, appreciate
admire
[.
J-Eo
(a[) Eo ]-
10) imagine =
verbs
+ ing form
-[
(--
])
am/ is/ are

am + ing, is + ing, are
Fo
[.
x l ---o.

They understand my words. (They are understanding my words

am/ is/ are understanding
])
].
- hC.
He still remembers my name. (He is still

remembering my name
)
j list o
N verbs am
vo: Simple present tense
noun \
s L .
: Rama sells mangoes.
God bless you , God blesses
you L !
--,
[y-, N--[
: simple present verb 's' aL.
d. "God bless you" sentence
statement ]. C 'May God bless you'
D. DN---p[ 'May God bless you'
'May' C- 'God bless you' .
]-x \[ 'blesses' ].
vo: Not bad very good E C.
O not bad --] E
. - C d.
.., T-u
: 'Not bad' -] E n
]. Very good .
vo: The E a-J-L. C ]
E --. C --[?
.N. , -, Jq
: ] DE J# W 16
v-J-# NJ. , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
l v u English
] 'the' E C -. N
] ] .
The (C) apple, ant, egg, air, owl, umbrel-
+ ing, is + ing, are + ing

form
a)
[.
Qo --ho?
DEo English
?
\[
'doubt' L .
verb
la etc.
The
Am/ is/ are + knowing

am/ is/ are understanding
[.
p[ ].
N-- N-.
am + ing, is + ing, are + ing forms [E
J-Eo verbs o. N -- ],
C u- English G_- practice
.
1. Eo \ n --o[.
2. J# [ ---o[? (think
[)
3. y d- d[-o?
4. h [ ]. (remema.
sale
bargain
(A good bargain, a bad bargain best bargain
etc.)
good/ bad at bargaining =
= t
= , [

[/ --[
bargain- pronunciation )
Eox ]!!
verbs- like, wish N -,

-C-# verbs Eo d,
verbs am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing
[. ]-sx Regular Doing
(J{-[),
18 Vj 2005
(]) tree, book, shop, college etc.
M. SURESAN
am doubting/ is
'doubt'
doubting/ are doubting
question
do
sentence-
L.
.
L. d
ber) [.
5. Eo N Jao?
(why v-G-)
6. -E y ] --E-h-o?
7. \[ ]--E[ ]. (feel like
= E--[)
8. [ o J n -[ ].
9. p[ xE --?
(think [).
10. --]-J- pE ---o?
(suppose --T-.)
11. F v-h - a[ ]. (dislike
[.)
12. y t[ ? (believe/
doubt) [)
13. y o ]d-[--o?
(prefer [)
14. F F JnA L[ ] (know -T-.)
15. - -J--x y-h-o?
Answers:
1. He understands the lesson well.
2. What does he think of himself? ( is thinking
3. Do you like (are you liking
the coffee
in this restaurant?
4. I don't (= do not) remember (am not +
remembering
his name.
5. Why do you forget (are you forgetting
things like this?
6. Why do you doubt him?
7. I do not feel like studying here.
8. He does not understand me properly.
9. Does she think of going home now?
10. Does he suppose that he is the greatest
of all?
11. He doesn't (= does not) like your behaviour.
12. Don't you (Do you not/ Do not you)
believe my words/ Do you doubt my
words?
13. Why do you prefer coffee to tea? (prefer
'to'
14. You do not know your position.
15. Do Iraquis hate Americans?
] !)
x 19
Do you doubt my character ?
(Are you doubting my character
b)
])
].)
O D ?
Do you know Hindi? (Are you knowing
c)
].)
[ on -[ ].
He is not understanding me
am/ is/ are + understanding
English
He does
not understand (= understand + not) me.
d)
What do you think?
(What are you thinking
-[].
]-
] d. -?
y-----o?
.)
u N
verbs
thinking, understanding etc.
j p
N-
p)
liking, loving,
'ing' forms
]-sEo d [-a.
[--[-EC: 'ing' forms ], am, is,
are a[. knowing - ]-sEo d [-
hC).
VOCABULARY
-C-# :
L- .
Shopping
buy, sell
Look at Leela's dress.

Isn't it really wonderful?
purchase = [
( n purchase [ o
- C).
purchase = o h
'buy'
My important purchase this week is the TV.

TV)
return =
exchange =
replace =
( o u-i h
o h AJT y[
o h a-[
o h- E
] x -
y[
refund = x [s y[
durable = (h-) Eo o, Eo--
allow a discount = T_# t[;
expensive = Kj
cheap =
moderate (price) = --i (])
cost = K], K-]-[
[-
I
Ravi: Hi Pavan, what do I see in that glass
there? It appears to be some juice.
( x E-h-o--N?
Wu C.)
Pavan: Yea. The glass contains fresh lemon
juice.
( ] Et- C.)
contain = x j [[
the jug contains milk = o
belongs, comprises, needs, seems, consists

of, live verbs
am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing
form
OE- ]
[ (N L- --oC pj). j - -J v]l

practice .
--o?
- -C-# N-- L-
Ravi: A new bike is parked outside. Whose

is it?
( h j \ C.
-J-]C?)
Pavan: It belongs to Mahesh. He bought it
the day before.
(C -C. Eo--o[.)
Belong = ][
The house belongs to my uncle.
verbs (verbs expressing feelings and

emotions).
Cl, --- -C-# N-

L verbs (verbs expressing actions of
the mind) p[ am + ing, is + ing, are +
ing forms . E -Lq-p[, Regular Doing Words (like, likes,
think, thinks) form [.
[ verbs j p verbs
(appear, belong, comprise, consist of,
contain, live, need, seem)
am + ing/
is + ing/ are + ing form
Regular Doing Words
sentences
'not'
question
do, does
x -uC (- CC).
Ravi: What's that fat book on the table?
( O] o ]l h
N?)
Lq #a--p[
[. C

F,
[Eo -E-.
F
h-E ?
1)
2)
[ # E-h-o[.
He appears (is appearing ])
to be a
GLfq x-N- (= x C-N

).
These buildings do not belong to them
(are not belonging to them
]).
Pavan: It contains a lot of information about

the latest versions in computers. It
comprises ten chapters.
3)
x C?
What does the glass contain? (What is
the glass containing
4)
?)
-- -C?
(u--q -C-# {x
u-]-E - ] C.
] C u- o.)
comprises = include = J [[
Ravi: Coming to the bike, does Mahesh
really need a bike now? He does not
go about much.
(
j N--E-l. ---p[ j
E --? \ A--[?)
Pavan: Yes, he needs it very much now. He

has a new job. Marketing. He has to
move about a lot.
(p[ - j -.
\-- h u #aC.
A-Lq C.)
Ravi: The bike seems very stylish, doesn't
it?
(
Pavan: It comes with a package. The package consists of a CD Player and a
set of CDs.
x 20
What does a ball pen consist of? (What is
a ball pen consisting of
5)
. -?)
6) \[ [? (E--h[
n).
Where does he live? (Where is he living
j -{-- C !)
( j u hC.
] x, Eo
.)
consists of = L-T--[[
).
N- u--o.
The committee comprises four members/Four members comprise the committee. (The committee is comprising...; Four
members are comprising...
7)
8)
]).
Rxp[ \[ -o (E--h-o).
They live here (They are living here ]).
Rx-p[ \[ [-[-].
They do not live here any more (They are
not living
9)
).
p[ F -.
I need your help now (am needing

10)
11)
Ravi: By the way, where does Ganesh live?
(J \[ [?)
(By the way - topic a--E
-- [. - J, E
-- topic a] N].)
Pavan: He lives quite nearby.
(\- ]_-x [.)

-- verbs- see, appears, contains,
]).
x-p[ C - ].
They do not need it now (They are not
needing
The fan consists of three blades and a motor.
(u [ x, .)
[-- verbs, am + ing/ is +

ing/ are + ing [-EN . J-Eo
verbs o. N- --- ]
C sentences english G_- practice
.
1) vA-x E- d--[--o.
2) x d [-[-] (dislike [).
3) E vN-h?
C L[ ]. [ v
vN-h-o[.
N ?
Answers:
1) Every one likes that movie (is liking
2) He does not like these classes (is not liking
3) Does she love him?
I don't (do not) know that. But he loves
her.
Does she know that?
Who knows?
4) What do you say?/ What are you saying?
Why don't you (do you not) understand
me?
]).
]).
... !
good fellow.
By the way, where does Ganesh live?
] 20 Vj 2005
]).
C p[ ] -?
Why does she need it now? (Why is she

needing it
12)
]).
[ ]t-_- E-h-o[.
He seems (is seeming ]) to be a bad
13)
[ x -h [.
fellow.
He does not seem to be interested in it (is
not seeming
]).
-J ?
4) -o y?
y o-] n -[ ]?
Eo n -o.
F - E-h(appear
o?
[).
y n
--ox E[ ] (seem
[).
]----o? (think...so M. SURESAN
[. so= )
E-hC (feel [)
y o n --o. F
v]l N-o (n=
misunderstand). F O] -Eo h-o? (doubt....my respect for you
[).
5) x \[--o? (live [).
x ]_ (live [).
x O ]_ [-[-?
x-p \- J-- (p=
long ago, x [= move).
p-[o x x-? ( ?
nown/ belong [).
6) [s--L (need/want [).
L? (How much v-G).
F u - L. (Jh u
p).
-] L F?
F-y-E , ? (want [).
]l-h -y-E ]. ( ]l
h such a big amount/ sum/ that kind
I understand you well. Do I appear (to be)

a fool to you?'
You don't (do not) seem to understand my
point.
Why do you think so?
I feel so.
You misunderstand me. I am listening to
you carefully. Do you doubt my respect for
you?
5) Where do they live?
They live near the townhall.
Don't they (do they not) live near your
place?
They moved long ago.
Do they own the house?/ Does the house
belong to them?
(am/ is/ are owning
6) I want/ need some money.
How much do you need?
I need at at least a thousand rupees.
Why do you need such a big amount/ so
much/ such a big sum/ that kind of
money?
Do you want to give or not?
I don't want to give/ feel like giving such a
big amount.
7) When did you buy the book?
No, I didn't (did not) buy it. I borrowed it
from Mahesh yesterday.
Are you reading it (now)?
Why are you asking that question?
I want to read it.
But I don't want to give/ lend it to you.
Why do you feel so/ think so?
Because you don't give books to me.
]).
of money).
7) h p[ o?
-]. Eo ]_ # ao (h, [s, -J ]_ a borrow from).
Ny-p[ Eo ]---o?
] [o vo?
]------o.
F F y-[ ] (hEo
y[= lend).
] ---o?
y h -y d.
vo: -- He wants to talk you,

Sir.
talk to you, Sir
E C-. F He wants to
E L !
t , N--o
: 'talk' y 'to' F 'with' F p
L. 'talk you, Sir' p. talk to you, Sir
d.
[-
v 22 Vj 2005
She is seeing the CM today.
9) - Eo N (strange) ]'u Eh-o. Eo N l NE-h-o.

10) - Eo N ]'u E-[
], Eo N l NE-[ ]?
-E ---C.
Answers:
C. n am seeing/ is seeing/ are

seeing [[ d.
-[ p[ ---o-x-
I am not seeing the Governor today.
I really don't see how he is able to stand still for so long?

Sudha:
What are you looking at so

steadily?
(N, - h-o?)
Madhuri: I see an interesting sight over
there.
(\ -h---i ]'u E-hC.)

Sudha: What is it you see there? I do not
see any thing. Saritha, do you see
any thing?
( E-h-]-\[? E[ ]. J, F-i Eh?)

Saritha: No. Nothing unusual.
Do you hear Madhuri? Saritha

sees nothing unusual. Come on,
What attracts you there?
(]K NE-#? J-
hO E-[ ]. \[
-J{-#C Eo.)
Madhuri: Don't you observe that man there?
All made up like Gandhi, and
standing still like a statue?
(\[ E-E -E-[

y? D -E, Nv- E o[.)
Made up = x --[
still = E
Sudha and Saritha: Yes, We see now
Saritha. I really don't see how he is able to
stand still for so long?
(- ]-L E-
[-o n C.)
See = understand.
p-[-p[, -o ]o G
. n l---C E.
Do not see/ does not see; do not hear/ does

not hear, do not observe/ does not observe
-o. d n --LqC
p am/ is/ are + ing
forms [E verbs , see, hear,
observe verbs am/ is/ are +
ing forms --T. -Lq--p[
see, sees, hear, hears, observe, observes
not question
do/ does see,
do/ does hear, do/ does observe
a) I see a picture on the wall.
E,
E [.
"I see"
Sudha: But don't you hear some thing too?
am hearing/ is hearing/
are hearing
am
listening to/ is listening to/
are listening to
see
look at
hear
listen to
],
[-a.
,

ox,
n C.
'hear' N-M. SURESAN
C.
'listen to' (vo) N[.
Listen carefully. You hear footsteps.
[ OC t E-hC.
(]. C.)
unusual = EC, h N
Sudha:
( V -o- -[ ].)
Am hearing/ is hearing/ are hearing ] .
'see' ] 'look' am + ing/ is + ing/
are + ing form -x,
b) She sees what he is doing.
[ h-oC E-hC.
c) They are standing on the balcony. They
see the Sunrise.
v-h N. [- p[ NE-hC
(F).
x h?
Do we hear the teacher or Do we listen to the
students
teacher?
listen to the teacher.
am looking at/ is looking at/ are looking at

see
look at
O #
p[
(
pC x v]l dN).
C u [
[-a. F
n
C.
see = E-[
look at = (vo ) [[
a) As we walk along the road, we hear the

noise of the traffic.
I see the picture on the wall.
b) We switch on the CD player/ the two-inone to listen to music.
[ O] t E-hC.
I am looking at the picture on the wall.
[f O] [-h-o-p[ v NEhC.
( U N-E x/ - h)
c) pC F NE-h?
[ O] t h-o.
Look at the sky, you see the stars.
Do you hear me?
Madhuri & Saritha: What is it?
pC y N-o?
(N C?)
Sudha: The gibber of the monkey there It's
performing to the boy's commands.
Madhuri and Saritha: What's new about it?
j [
-v E-h
j h F- E-hC.
[ h-o[.
are seeing; am/ is/ are hearing, am/ is/ are

am/ is/ are seeing,
observing
am/ is/ are hearing, am/ is/ are observing
see, hear, observe
The teacher is watching you.

(am/ is/ are observing
'see'
any one is there?'
see
-o
]
]J, ], J. p[ E-[
]/ p[ NE-[ ]/ p[ -E[ ] -] am not/ is not/ are not
seeing/ hearing/ observing E [ ]
21
(look).
(see).
When you look up, you see the blue sky.
(t ] N?)
-- see, hear, observe [ E-. \[ see, hear, observe verb
p[ E-[, p[ NE-[, p[
-E-[ n- --p- am/ is/
[ ].
?).
> E-h?
Do you see a deer?
> -[[ ?
Don't (Do not) you see a deer?
Are you not seeing?
Don't you
see?
3) What do you see there?
(What are you seeing
You are looking so much at the tree.
4) Don't look now. I see someone coming for
you.
5) Whom do I see there?
(Whom am I seeing?
Isn't (is it not) Michael Jackson?
(Michael Jackson
It is Michael
Jackson)
6) We hear some sweet music from some
],
])
])
E-N... vAo# N...
x \-F E-f. u-] x

E-hC.
am seeing/ is seeing/ are seeing ],
(O O NE-[ ?)
( s -ho A --
NE--[ ?)
gibber - pronunciation : >
performing = [, v]-Jz-[
1) Look at those two pictures. Do you see

any difference (between the two) (Are you
seeing
2) Look there! Don't (= do not) you see a
deer?
He is looking at her.
(He is seeing her
?)
Eo -E-hC.
d.)
[-. 'See if
, [ --E
d
, look
C.
C u!
see
-[
(meet)
where.
7) He never listens to good advice. He doesn't (does not) like advice.
never=
Advice
plural
singular.
Advice
a/an
8) Hello! I hear some noises over the phone.
Do you hear me What I say ? I don't (do
not)/am not able to hear what you say.
9) We see some strange sights and we hear
some strange sounds.
10) Don't (do not) we see some strange
sights and hear some strange sounds?
o- ]/-].
]. p[
]
[.
Are you listening?

English
C E
G_- practice
.
1) [ t [. i Eh?
2) \[ [. > E-[ ]?
(deer - >)
3) \[ F E-hC? d j
h-o.
4) p [. F [ EhC ( h-o).
5) -\[ E-hC? (whom...see
[). iq ] ?
6) \ ]--i U NE-hC
(we v-G#, some where [).
7) -p[ # - N[. d
].
8) , x l NE-h-o.
pC F NE-h? y pC
NE-[ ].
vo: Housewife ]
Homemaker E
[-a? My mother is housewife
[ My mother is homemaker
-C ?
. 'g-, N, X--->x
: 'Housewife' ---C. Homemaker C [--
hC. p--p [--
h-o-
(u
-J-)
Houseworker. C a---a
F x o \ --T-h-o.
[-
I
Lakshmi: Hi, Ajitha, how are you?
( >, o?)
Ajitha:
Fine, thank you. How are you?
(o, y o?)
Lakshmi: OK. thank you. Do I smell something sweet?
( o, - hoxC ]?)
Ajitha:
That's right. You smell the jasmine

spray I use.
Lakshmi: Don't worry. It is only an ant.
(--[... C <!)
-- smell, taste, feel- verbs [
-E-. see, hear, smell, taste, feel Fo u-vC-- -C-#N. Hear
and see- [ verbs am + ing/ is + ing/
are + ing forms [. Eo ]sx smell, taste, feel am + ing/ are +
ing form [.
(E! t vp
C.)
Eox Eo !
Lakshmi: Well, why have you brought me

here?
(\- o-] B--a?)

Ajitha:
The coffee here tastes fine and

fresh.
b) 'taste'
a) smell
h ho
n --p[ am smelling/ is
smelling/ are smelling form [.
The rose smells sweet.
(G - hC.)
The rose is smelling sweet .
jo p[ ho
N p- am smelling/ is smelling/
are smelling [.
x 22
Well, why have you brought me here?
(\[ -C.)
Lakshmi: O, thank you (After a sip) I am
tasting real good coffee for the first
time in weeks.
(( T)
Eo y ]J
# # h-o.)
Ajitha: Wait a minute. I feel some thing

creeping up my arm.
([.
A O] -od E-hC.)
vo: Give y[.
Given y-[[. I have given a E

n ( y--f E). F x - J# p--p[ 'He has
given' E a[ n
[--o. C p ? y-f[ E n?
-'g, j]--
: English , o x,
`given' past participles confusing . `Given' C past participle. n y-- E. (y--[[
])
She is smelling the flower in her hand.
The spray smells fine.

spray
The spray is smelling fine
They are smelling the spray.
# hC n
].
x vp h-o.
C d ]- [[
d.
Past participles
has/ had
] had given, have/

h NN] ]-sx a, a,
a, a[, a n
hC.have/has+ participle- J-T E
j J-TC L---- hC.
I have given the book.
c) The book torn by the child.
( G[f #-- h)
d) The movie released yesterday.
(Eo N[-] -- E)
- .
a) E #a h.
b) school ]_ / E-# uh.
c) G[f # h.
d) Eo N[-] E .
Biriyani serves here

tastes fine.
(\[ GuF # #E-hC The biriyani is

tasting fine ].)
- -jo #-h-o-p[ am tasting, is tasting, are tasting
I am tasting the biriyani.
d.
M. SURESAN
( GuFE # h-o.)
\[ am tasting d.
( ----E Eo
# hC).
c) 'feel' N . -A,
j L-T--p[ feel/ feels v.
am feeling/ is feeling/ are feeling .
i) I feel the cold wind blowing on my face.
( OtC Oho xE LE --Nh-o.)

ii) She feels (is feeling ]) strange in this
new place.
Fo be- forms.) h p[ v --C,

y--f[, etc. passive voice forms h.
-- passive voice ].
He is seen here every day.
vA-V \[ [--[-[.
He is given salary on the first of every month.
vA ] D @ y--[-[.
He has given a lecture.
-u a[.
- y-- h.
(\[
n
]_
n ...
[-- uh E.
E --Jh C.)
N . h
N]-i #E hC n
taste, tastes . am tasting/ is
tasting/are tasting E .
She is tasting the dish to see how good it is.
( A-E y hC.)
C \[ d. d h
hC n is smelling/ are
smelling ].
a) The book given to him.

b) The man seen near the school.
seen past participle
school
Past participle
C 24 Vj 2005
h a.
(past- p[, V, j #aC p[
] y[ v J-TC.)
I, we you, they - have given.
he, she, it - has given.
He has given.
a[ (y[ --C past, j

L--[ ]).
'given' past participles ] 'be' forms(am, is, are, was, were, shall be, will be, have
been, has been
be, been
verbs
He is given Rs. 10000 every month. vA

. 10000 y--[-[ (- h).
They are given. x y--[-.
Children are given milk everyday. W x
L-y--[-.
vo: I give more prefer coffee than tea L.
F I give more prefer coffee to tea E
] ?
I am suffering from fever
]? I am suffering with fever -[?
, 'g, o-
: I give more prefer coffee... sentence J-].
I prefer coffee to tea L I give preference to coffee over tea L.
1) prefer y p[ 'to' hC. 'than' ].
2) 'more preference' [ ]. ]-
( h v- N EhC.)
iii) They feel quite at home in the new place.
(They are feeling
])
( h v x O h E[ ].)
How are you feeling? C [-
C o? n.
uvC N- -E--Lq
u-
i) am seeing/ is seeing/ are seeing [ (E-[ n)
am hearing/ is hearing/ are hearing ].
N- am/ is/ are looking/ listening [.
ii) h ho is smelling/
are smeling ]. smell/ smells v.
h-o-p-j am smelling/ is
smelling/ are smelling correct.
taste/ tastes
is/ are tasting
iv) 'feel'
feel/ feels
am/ is/ are feeling
iii)
h a #
.
.
N- -, -A n
d.
].
N [[ n am/ is/ are
feeling [-a.
preference
'more'
'Suffering from' correct
C.
, English
[- a--[]. . -
J O] hC. English angry with
(a person) . - N-x [-
d L. C \ English C-N
hC.
vo: I am going to go I am going
N?
--E, N--[
: 'I am going to go' x---o
E, 'I am going' -o E.
j E-----o-p[ going to do/ sing/
teach etc. [.
vo: 1. B---L/ B--o
2. v Ky h-
-L ( -L/
).
u- Tx- pL.
. ], -f
1. I should/ have to get/ have myself photographed./ I got/ had myself photographed.
2. I have to get the entry made/ recorded in my
service register (I got the entry made/
recorded in my service register).
[-
I
Raghu: Hi Pavan, you look dull. What's the
matter?
I have (am having

b)
]) a lot of work.
- \[ ] 8 # v
6 [u C.
Kumar has (is having ]) duty here from
( , [ o?)
Pavan: I have a headache. I don't have (do
not have) at home the tablets I usually take.
8 AM - 6 PM.
4.
Raghu: Sorry to know that. Do you have that

novel with you? I mean the novel you
bought last week.
(
d -- C.
]) the hope I will
K, ]-- y o F
]_-?)
K, C ]_ ]. v Eo
B--o[. C ]_ C.)
Raghu: I have no work today. So I want to

spend time reading the book.
( E-]. h ] -l ---o.)
Pavan: Go ahead. My brother has another
book with him. Take it.
( E. v] ]_
h C. C B.)
, -- p-p[ am/ is/

].
- [i v.
]) deep love for
are having
a)
She has (is having
him.
b)
I have (am having
be selected.
(--p C. -
- v x .)
Pavan: Sorry. I don't have it. Prakash took it

from me yesterday. He has it now.
(
26 Vj 2005
5.
o tx E L---p[ am/ is/ are having ]. have/ has

v hC.
a) --p C.
I have a headache (am having ].)
b) x.
She has jaundice (is having ]).
c) -E C.
He has (is having ]) a bad cold.
am having/ is having/ are having
[]-T ]-s u
A[, [ N
b) My friend is having a son and a daughter.
( v [, JE
A-o-[? C ] ? My friend
has a son and a daughter.)
c) Saritha is having a wonderful pair of ear
rings.
( J ]-i N --
A-]? ] d She has a wonderful pair of ear rings.)
C u- practice . (Eo have- correct form [).

1) ]_ h C. F ]_-?
2) F pi x ?
\-E A-o
1) E-p[ B--o (-o).
Raghu: Where is he?
( \[?)
I am having coffee.
Pavan: He is having breakfast. Wait for a few

minutes.
([ v-d ho[. )
Raghu: Aren't (Are you not) having any?
(y O A?)
Pavan: I don't feel like, with this head ache.
( -p x A-E ])
-- -E---N? Eox p[ J E-j have/ has [[,
Eo-x am having/ is having/ are having
[[. 'am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing' form
[E verbs have C. am
having/ is having/ are having form Eo ]sx n-Eo-d [.
1. have/ has o u-i n LT
[[.
I, we, you, they have.
He, she, it 'has'.
2) Rx-p[ h-o.
They are having meals now.
3) T- --o[.
He is having a smoke.
(He is smoking
am having/ is having/ are having- `bath'
])
[-a.
3) ] B--o. -
y - ?
4) (x) y? B--o!
h --
L. F ]_
?
]_ ]. ]_ C.
]_ ].
5) < C ?
B\
]_ p[ [s-].
]_ [s C F, < a].
6) - ]l v-d
B-?
x 23
I have a scooter.
\ C.
She has a lot of jewellry.
o.
My friends (they) have bikes.
vq jq o.
LT [[ n am having/ is having/ are having .
a) x ]i xC.
They have a beautiful house.
(They are having a beautiful house
b) This coffee has a fine taste.
(is having
c)
This city has wide roads.
(This city is having...
2.
am/ is/ are having
Have/ has
])
# # C.
])
- [-p- [x-o.
])
-, - o p-].
p[
v hC.
a) She has patience.

(
is having
b) The wife and husband have (are having
a good understanding for
each other.
p C.)
].
])
( u--h ]u # --
C.)
3. -o E J# p-] am/ is/ are
having [.
a) C.
She has a lot of jewellry

a)
o o h-o. h
.
My father is having a bath. Please wait.

b)
She is having a shower.
am/ is/ are having from
hC.
-E-
u
A[, [ n- J-N. ]-E
am having/ is having/ are having N ]sx N-K-n hC. eg:
a) I am having a scooter.
sentence
(
v a n,
\-E A-o E . -h
--- ], d \[ pLqC I have a scooter.)
\- x B
J p--] A-o?
d- x -[.
-.
\ d-q J# L].
p[ y A-o .
C?
7) : \[o \-x C?
(\-x= Pup)
: x \-x C. C DEo ]lC.
: E ?
: E ]-i C. H. y
x j --o?
: ].
8) F: --E ]-i
appearance C ?
-: N

].
F: E ]-i Jd, \F,
]l -, ]l o.
-: ]_ [s , x -E
C. (have, wish [).
9) LE: F \[?
A: o hC
LE: F- jy - vq j o?
A: o. ]?
LE: x -- yu
C. J-y- d/-u
C.
Answers:
1. I also have that book. Have you?/Do you

have it.
2. Have you/Do you have any class now.
3. Why are you having coffee now? You usually have tea.
4. (Over phone) Is it you? I am having lunch.
Please wait.
I want Mahesh's phone no. Do you have it?
I don't (do not) have it. Ramesh has it.
I don't (do not) have Ramesh's phone
number either.
(not
sentence
'also'
'either.')
5. Isn't that sari nice/beautiful?
Then have it.
I do not (don't) have/I
haven't (have not)
the money now.
I have the money but
I don't (do not) like
that sari.
6. What do you have for
breakfast usually.
I have mostly idles.
M. SURESAN
Why are you having
dosa now?
This restaurant doesn't (does not) have a
good name for idles. It has a good name
for dosas.
I don't have (do not have)/ haven't (have
not) much knowledge of the restaurants
here.
You are having a dosa now. How is it?
7. Ramu: How is that pup there?
Raghu: I have a pup at home. That's bigger than this.
Ramu: Has it/Does it have a name?
Raghu: Yes. It has a beautiful name.
Ruby. Have you/Do you have any
pets at home?
Ramu: No.
8. Suneel: Hasn't (has not) this building/
Doesn't (does not) this building
have a beautiful/ grand appearance.
Sukumar: I don't have/I haven't any doubt
about it.
Suneel: It has a beautiful portico, a balcony, big windows and a
large/spacious hall.
Sukumar: If I have the money, I wish to buy
this house.
9) Shalini: Where is Suneeta?
Santhi: She is having a bath.
Shalini: Has Suneeta/ Does Suneeta
have any friends in railway booking?
Santhi: She has, but why?
Shalini: I have an interview in Bangalore
the day after tomorrow. I am having a problem/difficulty about
reservation.
problem, difficulty
am
having/is having/ are having
]. ]-E
- -
[a.
[-
I
Krishna: Hi Nikhila, How are you?
( E", o?)
Nikhila: Fine, thank you, How go your studies?
(-o. y ]---o?)
Krishna: Studying well. My brother was
come yesterday.
Nikhila: Was come? Look here, Krishna, we
never use verb forms like was
come. That isn't English.
(was come
v Eo -T. C Tx ].)
Krishna: x p-C?
Nikhila: O v] Eo a-[E y-o. \[ was come E verb
. C p. English verb
be forms Eo- #
.
'be'
28 Vj 2005
[ -E-
have been, has been, had been, shall have

been, should have been, will have been,
would have been, may have been, might
have been, can have been, could have been,
must have been, need have been, ought have
been, dare have been
be forms #---Eo- been [ -E.

jFo 'be' forms. O-Eo- n [[
E -C# C. Ox Eo [
. j --EoF p-- nEo d independent [-a.
He is here.
can sing- verb - can + sing (1st RDW)
Ox E \-j 1st RDW verb

-C.
-E: 'shall, will, should, would, etc 'be'
forms . shall, should, will, would, etc.,
A J!
o. x
verb -, C
English ].
( C -, was come, has going,

verbs d, E E [--o vo-Eo- lesson ----[-C. v-h
]-, h--, practice , O
-- [.)
Spoken English d-E--C, p

D verb N--.
verb ? subject nAE
They could be here yesterday itself.

She might be dangerous, etc.
II form (verb
'be' form+ ...ing form

verb,
'be'
form
'...ing' form (going, coming,
singing, dancing etc.,
Kumar is writing.
verb: is (be form) + writing (ing form)]
She has been singing for the past one hour.
verb- has been singing
has been ('be' form) + singing (ing)form
verb sentences
'be' form + ing form
y j
-N) hC.
\[
j
,
C .
They could be going there.

could be (be form) + going (ing form).
x 24
III form (verb
Doing Words
OE --E o
.
1st Regular
2nd Regular
Past
Doing word
Doing word
Doing Word
come
sing
do
talk
like
smell
Fine, thank you, How go your studies?

(state of being [[) F, subject
EE (action) F L--hC.
Eg: He is here.
\[
\[
!
Sunitha works hard.
F d E--hC.
verb 'works' EE (action) -C
English
verb #a-i
o. h--. O O sentence
verb [- x (six
forms) [-- O sentence correct ]. [.
I form of the verb (verb ] )
'be' forms
am, is, are, was, were, shall be, should be,

will be, would be, can be, could be, may be,
might be, must be, ought be, dare be, need
be
h !
came
sang
did
talked
liked
smelt
Regular actionsI, we, you, they

1st Regular Doing
2nd RDW
word (1st RDW); He, She, It
not
Questions
1st RDW
'do', 2nd RDW
'does'
Past
Doing Word
actions
Past
Doing Word
not
Questions
did
[.
[.
-E-\[ o[.
verb 'is' [-Eo -C.
comes
sings
does
talks
likes
smells
v p- J
O
F,
F
N .
j J-T L [.
-
E F,
F
hC. C O .
IV form (verb
shall, will, should, would,

can, could, may, might,
must, need, ought, dare
+ 1st RDW
I shall go there tomorrow.

verb- shall go.
shall + go (1st Regular Doing Word)
Srinu will help me.
verb: will help- will + help (1st RDW)
They can sing.
\[
DE
\ 'be' o-p N 'be' forms o

N h---L.
V form (verb )
have, has, had, shall have,
should have, will have,
would have, can have,
could have, may have,
might have, must have,
ought have, dare have
need have
be forms
'been'
'be' form
shall have been 'be' form.
shall have 'be' form
Past Participle (PP)
(PP)
go
went
gone
see saw
seen
do
did
done
like liked
liked
talk talked
talked
+ past
participle
N
. Ox E \-j
o-p C
-C.
C
C
].
?
verb, V form
have, has, had,
shall have, should have, etc.,
past participle
combinationverb
eg: He has seen me.
verb: has seen - has + past participle (PP)
She will have gone by then.
verb: will have gone- will have + gone (PP)
They should have done it.
should have done - should have + done (PP)
j -#
\
-C.
Jh
N .
VI form (verb
'be' form + past participle

'be' form
past participle
verb
(PP)
a) He was seen there yesterday.
verb: was seen- was (be form) + seen
(PP).
b) The snake has been killed.
verb: has been killed, has been (be form) +
killed (PP).
c) It can be done.
verb: can be done- can be (be form) + done
(PP)
d) He had been killed before he was thrown
on the railway track.
verbs: had been killed - had been (be form)
+ killed (PP);
was thrown- was (be form) + thrown (PP).
VI form of verb
verb form- 'be form + past participle'.
verb
PASSIVE VOICE
verb- English
passive voice

h C
\ j
-C.
vu- C.
p[
o
C.
op[ - [ E n hC.
a) He was seen here yesterday.
( \[ Eo [f[).
b) All kinds of books are sold here.
(verb - passive
\[ Eo h t-
-[-).
c) The film will be released next week.
(verb- passive
E a- N[-]
--[-C).
\ VI form of the verb v passive.
N forms Fo active voice. -
passive voice [ !
x t o [ .
d Rx h \[ t--[-
. spoken telugu passive voice [.
English \
simple - C.
conversational ease C.
English verb p[ j singular forms L. -
O x-C sentence ]. x-
p. p[ [
He was come.
verb
was come - (was (be form) + come (1st
RDW)
be form + 1st RDWsix forms of verb
form
He was come- sentence
was come = was (be
form) + come (past participle)
be form + past participle
passive voice verb
\[
-yL?
]. d
].
C
a
O a. \[
u-i N come,
go, walk, sit verbs
M. SURESAN
passive voice [].
verb -JE, EE E vo-- Answer
h passive C. Answer - passive [].
They came yesterday.
verb
came.
\[
DE n a E. JE a? EE a? vo-
'Answer' ]. d O passive [].
He writes books 'writes' verb.
n h[ E. EE h[? h answer hC. DE passive p
C. Books are written by him E passive p-a.
vo: Were you there then yesterday?

Eo O p[ \[ o?
-a?
N. ---f, T]l-
: -a.
vo: h--vA- -- E
poet E -C-. poetess L
.
. -j-u, --
: English gender difference (L-]) -[ T_--C.
poet v [[ -----C.
p ] -o.
[-
I
Sasank: Where is your brother, Radha?
(, O v] \[?)
Radha: He coming slowly. I seen him a few
minutes ago.
( E- h-o[. Cl EN ] E )
Sasank: Look here, Radha. Your words, 'He
coming slowly', and 'I seen him a
few minutes ago' are not sentences
because there are no verbs in them,
they don't have complete meaning.
'he coming slowly', 'I
seen him a few minutes ago'
verbs
(F x
u . x
.
n Jh ] )
Radha: But 'coming' and 'seen' are verbs.

Why to doubt that?
(coming, seen verbs
?, -
E?)
Sasank: 'coming' is only an 'ing' form, and
'seen' is just a past participle. In our
last article, we have seen the six
forms of verbs.
E 30 Vj 2005
4. (C)
5. (W) Correct form: The snake has
been/had been/will have been (any
such 'be' form) + killed.
6. (W) Correct form: The book is/ was/
has/ been (any be form) + stolen
7. (W) Correct form: The class is/ was/ will
be going on.
8. (W) Correct form: We have/ had/ will
have etc. + known him
9. (C) - Past Doing Word
10. (C) - has been + killed (PP) - Passive
voice
v--p- [-Eo F .
am- I ; he, she, it- is ; you, we,
they- are h.
II) was, were [-Eo .
III) shall be, will be N-u-h [Eo
.
IV) have been (I, We, You, They), has
been (he, she, it) p
, pE, -F [Eo .
jFo [-Eo p 'be' forms.
verbs
tences
-d form --p sen-d-- .

ao-?
a) subject - sentence EE J# -
C.
b) Verb - sentence subject y
-/-- - sentence [
C/-N verb.
verbs - like, love etc.)
II) verbs expressing actions of the mind.
( Cl, -- -C-#
verbs - know, understand etc.)
III) certain other verbs like appear, belong
etc.
n ]!
a) 'be' form + ing form is a verb
b) 'be' form/ have/ has/ will have/
shall have etc + past participle is
a verb.
(coming
'ing' form, +
past participle- ing
seen
'be' form
verb
form
+ past participle
'be'
form
have/ has/ had/ shall have
verb
C
C
]
]
C.
F
N
-C. Fo
] u .)
c) English verb six forms
form
L.
d) English statement (
N p sentence) , question
order of words C.
i) Statement structure: subject + verb
ii) Question structure:
1) verb + subject
Radha: So, you say a sentence in English

must have a verb- one of the six
forms we saw in last article.
English sentence correct
- u N-J-#x
verb x L.)
Sasank: That's right
()
Cx correct verbs Jh-.
verb correct brackets (c) .
p- (w) d. verb form correct , correct verb form. verb correct
C form verb - .
eg:
1) He was do it (W)
He was doing it (C)
He did it.
2) She looking at it (W)
She is/was/any be form looking at it. (C)
3) They have seen me (C)
(have + past participle)
Exercise:
1. They know me.
2. She seen him.
3. They are take coffee.
4. She will help him.
5. The snake been killed.
6. The book stolen.
7. The class going on.
8. We known him.
9. They saw him yesterday.
10. The snake has been killed.
Answers:
1. (C) I Regular Doing Word.
2. (W) Correct form: She has/ will have/
would have + seen him
3. (W) Correct form: They are taking coffee.
f) subject
action
words
1st Regular Doing
Words (come, go, take, sit
verbs - I,
we, you, they
2nd Regular
Doing Words (comes, goes, takes, sits
verbs He,
She, It
- L- E
. Ox
[),
OE
[)
v p- J
Regular Actions -Th.
x 25
2) 1st word of the verb + subject +
other words of the verb. (verb
[ [ -...)
Questions [ :
E, F
hC.
v-uN.
EN. -i
]
E,
]-- F
y
N
y
h.
e) verbs [-Eo p verbs 'be'
forms .
I) am, is, are - vh [-Eo E,
E,
hC.
j- J-TD Lh
- - [.
Past Doing Word not E, Question
F did hC.
1) 'Wh' questions- what, when, etc.,
2) Non 'wh' questions- what, when etc

subject
verb
verb
subject,
verb
There are no verbs in your sentences
i) 1st Regular Doing

Word
Question
not
do
M. SURESAN
ii) 2nd Regular Doing
Word
Question
not
does
g) Past Doing Words (came, went, took, sat
verbs)
h) am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing form (be form

+ ing form) verbs
p[ --o -
[.
p[ --o - pEj, Eo verbs am + ing/ is +
ing/ are + ing form [. N
I) verbs expressing feelings and emotions.
IV) verbs
of
sense
perception.
(uvC - -C# am/

is/ are ing [. am/ is/ are looking,
listening [-a.)
V) have A[/ [ n am
having/ is having/ are having [a.
N n- am/ is/ are having [.
Bath am/ is/ are having [.
i) English verbs six forms .
six forms E E verbs .
j p Eo vocabulary items
-o. j-C @N-
h-, , C--u,
- a s-, ]-, -]-L- English --o.
DE-- Eo principles of pronunciation
(English a- v) -o.
(-, - -C-# N--
vo: 1) The match is to start.

2) The match is going to start.
3) The match is about to start.
O ]u N? OE pL.
p N--, -
1) The match is to startmatch
DE n
vL/ -C
qx E. -- -] E.
2) The match is about to start- Cl
x match v---C E.
3) The match is going to startmatch
v C.
u about to start uC
\.
u v -C.
u u vu uC \.
vo: One word substitutions
N? OE --T-h
L-----. might E Eo
]-sx --T-h?
. O-] f,
: Eo p a nEo
L one word substitute (one word substitution ])
.
eg: one who does not believe that god
exists.
(-[-o-[E tE [ h[) h nEo L

atheist (-C-d). d
\[ 'atheist' C one word substitute.
a)
vh v N-u-
E -Eo uhJ--] 'might'
[.
eg: Hari might help you.
(J F -a/ h )
They might leave tomorrow.
(x h-/ x-a
).
Past -Eo uh-----E, 'might'
[. C E a
a) I think he may help me.
([ h---E/
u--aE ---o.)
b) I thought he might help me.
([ -- -h---E/
u--aE -o past).
[Hari:
Hi Hema, What's new?
has played (has + past participle) =
( , N-?)
[.
Hema: Every thing OK. Thank you. How is

the world with you?
( C. y o?)
Hari: Good so far, Thanks.
(p C.)
Hema: I've (I have) been waiting here for the
bus for the past twenty minutes. It
hasn't turned up. By the way, Where
are you coming from?
( 20 EN-- ] ho. C p ]. -F,

y-\ # h-o?)
turn up = [, [
by the way- topic a--E
Hari: From college. I have been going
round the college for my certificates
for the past three days. They haven't
(have not) made them ready yet. The
clerk hasn't (has not) been attending
college since the college reopened
last week.
([ V- Jd--x -
d A--o. Rx E
-]. ] - J#--p # x\ [ ])
Hema: I understand your trouble.
have been waiting, have
been going, has been attending
verbs
formhave been + ing/
has been + ing.
I, We, You and They
have been+ ing;
He, She, It
has been + ing
form
verb
present perfect continuous
tense
lesson
verb formhave + PP/has + PP - Present Perfect tense)
have been + ing/has been + ing
sentences
have + PP, has + PP
j --
-E- . O
O L- ?
[.
.

(]
J-Eo
J-Q-L-. -- #a
o u- J--
a.
] 3 d 2005
has been playing (has been + ing) =
[-o[.
2(a) She has been working here since
the opening of the office.

verb- has been working = (has been +
ing)
\[
\[ v-G-#--p < \[
EhC.
(p # p ).
2 (b) verb has + pp - E-C E.
for
since
a)
Eo -, Eo V-, o-x
for the past (so many) hours/ days/
years .
b) j #, V #,
-q # since .
(since = #)
( --E= to call; B[= lift)

: x-] \--j x?
(= perhaps)
5) v: -- E h-o[.
Jh -].
v: v-V- - N
x-f-E v-Ao-h-o. - j --].
v: E E- # G@
Prakash: I've (I have) been trying to talk to/

discuss with him something. I
haven't (have not) found the time.
Prasad: This work has been keeping him
busy since saturday. He hasn't
found the time even to see the doctor.
Prakash: What's (What is) his problem?
Prasad: For the past (one) week he has
been having a bad cold and
headache.
-C. d ---E
-E j --].
(j -[ = not find the time;
= even)
v: N u?
v: - -, --p
C.
6) Jayanth: Have you read (gone through)

today's paper?
Jayakar: We haven't received/ got the
paper yet/ so far. Of late we
have been getting the paper
late.
(of late = lately =
Jayanth: Haven't you
(have you not)
complained to
the agent?
Jayakar: I have been
complaining
since sunday.
He
hasn't
cared. Since
M. SURESAN
sunday we've
(have) been getting the paper at
7:30 AM. What's the news in the
paper?
Jayanth: The paper has reported a terrorist
attack in Kashmir
Jayakar: How many have died?
Jayanth: Eight. The terrorists have set fire
the Government Hospital.
p[ ...!
He has worked/ has been working here for

the past 2 years/ since 2003 (2005-
2=2003)
for the past 50 years - since 1955 (200550=1955)
C - -E-.
Shyam: What have you been doing since
this morning?
(]l# h-o? p[ )
Ramu: I have been studying for exam
tomorrow.
( K ]---o p[ )
x 27
Shyam: How many chapters have you covered?
(p Eo dx Jh--?)
Ramu: I have finished nine chapters so far.
(-- NtC dx Jh--)

Shyam: How long have you been using your
scooter?
(y -- F \- -T-h-o?)
Ramu: It has been serving me well for the
last two years. It hasn't given me any
trouble.
Tendulkar has been playing cricket ...

1. a) Tendulkar has been playing cricket for
the past fifteen years. (since 1989/1990)
b) Tendulkar has played cricket for the
past fifteen years (since 1989/1990).
2. a) She has been working here since the
opening of the office.
b) She has worked here since the opening
of the office.
1 (b), 2 (b)
1(b)
(for) / 198990
(since)
sentence
verb- has+ PP.
1(a)
1(a) Tendulkar has been playing cricket for
the past fifteen years/ since 1989-90
1(a)
verb- has been + playing (has been +
ing).
cricket
n O
[-\ C---x
#
v [ (p).
DEE
a.
DE n [-\ C---x
[--o[ ().
(198990 #)
(-x C ----[-C.
v y-].)
... -E- !
1) have + pp/ has + pp - v #
p J-T - [.
2) have been + ing/ has been + ing -
v # --o -
[.
3) -u so far, for the past, for the last,
since have + pp/has + pp; have been
+ ing/ has been + ing- verb [. O have + pp/has + pp
already (p-), yet (... ])
h-.
C u- English practice .
1) O \[ E h-o?
2) p O Eo E-
?
3) -x ]---o/
-- o (reader [).
4) : a?
N: ]. E --
h-o (wait [).
: y ?
N: - --E -- vAo-h-o. Rxx B].
6)
: V C-?
-: -- ].
]u -u
hC (get [).
: - complain -?
-: C- # complain ho.
F [ d-[ ].
V # [-o-
hC. N x N?
(d-----[ = not care).
: Qtx v-Jd J#
Jd C.
-: -C E----N?
: E-N-C-C. v-y--vAE v-Jd ---d.
(---d[ = set fire)
Answers:
1) How long have you been working here?
2) How many movies have you seen so far
this month?
3) I have been reading/ I have been a reader
of this paper for the past ten years.
4) Ramana: Has Ashok come?
Ravi:
No. I've (have) been waiting for
him for the past half an hour.
Ramana: Have you phoned him?/ Have
you called him?
Ravi:
I have been trying to phone him/
ring him up/ call him for the past
half an hour. No one in his place
has lifted the phone.
Ramana: Perhaps they have all gone
somewhere.
5) Prasad: Phani has been doing that work
for the past half an hour. He hasn't (has not) yet completed it.
]u)
vo: How do you do? n N?

DE - pL?
] v-, K--
: How do you do? ?/-o?/--o?
expression -o- d--]-J J- --p[ . x
J- - 'How do you do?' E -Jh. ] -L x p] How
do you do?. yA # How are you
[.
vo: I have finished my work.
Have I finished my work.

I haven't finished my work.
DE interrogative- have In't finished
my work? C j- ?
. -A, -[-
C
E Jh -? ( EJh ?) n d.
I haven't finished my work C, Have
you finished your work? question
answer d. j u present perfect
continuous tense J# N- C.
[.
'Haven't I finished my work?
[Sukumar: My bike has been giving trouble

since monday. I haven't been able
to find a good mechanic.
(- # j v
hC. # -E -x])
Sudheer: Why don't you try my mechanic?
He has been attending to my bike
for a long time now, and he has
done a good job of it so far.
( -E- ] -[]? j h-[.

p--- [).
Sukumar: I haven't thought of it. Thank you.
Let's take my bike to him.
have + pp/ has + pp --T
v 5 d 2005
]s
1) (-) j LE past actions.

2) p--# p--- (p-[-p[)
--o - (actions from then till
now/ (sometimes) even now;
3) just N --p[ p --
- (actions just completed).
Have been + ing/ has been + ing: p--j vi, --o -.
Ram: How long have you been waiting here?
(y \[ p#
ho?)
Raghu: I have been waiting for you for ten
minutes now.
( N -- -#-]. j \- B-.)
(C EN-- F
ho).
\ situation -E-.
Sudheer: He hasn't opened shop yet. 10 o'

clock will be OK.
Suneel:
]).
jo x (E AJT #a y G).
We have been to Chennai.
(We have gone to Chennai
I, We 'have gone'
])
[. N subjects
x... Rx a?
'I have been waiting for you for the past ten
(-E --]. 10 R J--C).

Sukumar: OK then. I haven't (have not) had
my bath and breakfast yet. I will
be at your place by 9.30.
( o -]. v-d
-]. O 9.30
x h).
Sudheer: OK ()
have + pp/ has + pp, have been + ing/ has
been + ing
- --
.
I
we
you
they
have+pp
He
has+pp
She has been+
ing
It
minutes (for ten minutes now) E J -o[? . p[? #a

y... #a o[ d waiting hx . have been waiting
E -o[.
I have waited for you for ten minutes now ].
\[ have been waiting/ have waited
[ d. [ ]l ].
continue -C
continuity
E
vu yLq h
[-a.
a)
x - x.
They have gone out.
M. SURESAN
b)
Lx-]-v[ j]- x.
My parents have gone to Hyderabad.
\[ -E-.
ux N j-N?
! J 'God
L F 'God bless
E ]?
F ? uEo Tx-
E h. F
L-? uEo Tx-
L?
. P, jy--[
: O ux CN
5) 'God' third person
blesses you'
you'
6)
'Do you know?'
Correct.
1) Will she have played?
2) He never uses pencil
3) What is your native place?
4) At what time does the Bangalore
express reach Bangalore?
5) 'God bless you'
'May God
bless you'
'May'
'God bless you'
6) Don't you (Do you not) konw?
Jh-
Qq.
.
C-
(F
M?)
( E- x I/we went [a.)

sentences English practice .
1) K: O, Eo v Nyx .
\---x?
N: Eo \u d V. Rx-
x.
C u [
x -J x.
a)
They have gone to the US/ They have left

for the US.
b)
ou Mx x[.
My brother has left for/ My brother has
gone to Delhi.
c)
j]-- Rx a.
We have been to Hyderabad.
d)
- Rx--a.
I have been to Bangalore.
Sudha, where have you been?
x 28
/ i Rx--a/Rx-a.
I/ We have been to Mysore.
a) They have gone
Will she has played?

2) He never uses pencil.
He never use pencil.
3) Which is your native place?
What is your native place?
4) At what time does Bangalore
express reach Bangalore?
At what time Bangalore express
reaches Bangalore?
have been + ing/ has

been + ing better.
have been+ing
vo: 1) Will she have played?
(at all =
I went there last saturday.
p--x?)
Rx- -a.
I have been to Mumbai
(I have gone to Mumbai
x x-E .
x AJT ]. x J
a, x---o
a E.
b) My parents have gone to Hyderabad
x j]-- x--J L, j]-- J L E. p[
C [
I have gone to Hyderabad.
Dn j]-- x E
j]-- x JF (on the way to
Hyderabad) , j]-- JF L E
.
E -J p--?
v-- (fellow passenger) -
. j]-- J y I have gone to
Hyderabad E -. \[ J-nA.
j]-- # AJT #a y j]--
Rx--a-E p[. d English C
p--E I have gone to Hyderabad J-]
. We () u.
u-i
I/ We
'have gone' verb ]. ]-

F F \--j Rx #a y
\- x -. E English- 'have
gone' ].
Saritha: Sudha, where have you been?
(, \-[-o -?)
Sudha: I have been to college.
( -- Rx a).
\[ I have gone to college n
hC? -- x (\ o)
E. \ J- x - ].
\[ n, J x
J J# E .
a) Smitha: Do you know Mumbai well?
(F ?)
b) Sridhar: Oh, Yes. I have been there a
number of times.
( . -\ -x x.)
n N subjects
[-a.
Mithun: How familiar is he with Chennai?
familiar=
Mittal: He has been there a number of times.
( jo ?
L [[/ J- [[)
( \- -x x[
- J#
E)
Mithun: Have you ever been to Chennai?
(y-p-j jo x? \[
Have you gone Have you
been [[ #C.)
Mittal: I haven't (have not) been there so
far
.
( \- -- x-].)
'have gone'/ 'has gone'- Rx-- n
v hC. Rx AJ-T--#a J-nA J#
p].
Suneel: I returned from Delhi the day before.
(
)
Sumanth: Why did you go there at all?
When did you go there?
Mx # o AJT a.
( \- ] x?
K: y ]u -- i
--o?
N: ]. -p[ o[.
K: y-p-[- x?
N: -x x. J y?
K: -- x-]. j] x-].
2) : O o---\[?
F: ---x.
: \---x?
F: x v .
: ---C --Rx? (has
been v [)
F: -
Answers:
1) Karim: Ravi, you were not at home yesterday. Where did you go?
Ravi: Yesterday was my sister's birthday.
I went to her place.
Karim: Have you met Jayakumar, of late?
Ravi: No. He is in Mumbai
Karim: Have you ever been to Mumbai?
(ever
Ravi: I have been there a number of
times. What about you?
Karim: I haven't (have not) been there so
far. I haven't been even to
Hyderabad. (even
2) Sumanth: Where's (where is) your father?
Sunil:
He has gone out.
Sumanth: Where did he go?
Sunil:
He went to his friend's.
(friend's=
friend's house
friend's home
friend's
best)
Sumanth: How long has he been out?
Sunil:
He has been out for half an
hour now.
= p-j)
= )
v .
y-].
[Gowtham: Hi Jagadeesh, it's you! How long

have you been here?
(-D, y? -- \[
o? C --J.
u --
xj E-#--p[ -T--a.)
Jagadeesh: I've (have) been here since the
day before. I joined an I-CET
coaching centre here yesterday.
(o # \ o. \[
# -
.)
Gowtham: How long will your course last?
(O q - C?
last = [[)
Jagadeesh: It's a forty day course, so it will
continue for another forty days.
(C j V q. 40
V u -C.)
Gowtham: Shall we meet this evening?
( V v -l?)
Jagadeesh: Certainly. Where shall we meet?
(p-. \[ l?)
Gowtham: I will return home at 5 PM. We will
meet then at my home.
( ] - h.
p[ x l.)
C 7 d 2005
( h -u h. -u.)
Sumeet: I'll (I will) be there till 7.30. Don't
worry.
( 7.30 . vK .)
j -- 'shall be', 'will be'- be forms
d [-Eo .
shall + 1st RDW/will + 1st RDW - shall
come, will go, shall see, will meet -
verbs N-u-h -- .
a) I shall be there tomorrow.
\[ .
b) I shall go (shall + 1st RDW) there tomorrow.
(shall go = action)
\- .
C u- J-Q-L-.
a) x \[ .
They will be here tomorrow.

b)
(action).
I, We shall future [[E, E

-[F #a ] (indefinite).
1. I/We shall be there tomorrow.
(/ \[ /.
[[ (indefinite) #a])
2. I/We shall meet you there.
(/ Eo \[ --/ - #a] J-T --C

].)
\[ will, p[ shall?
x \- h
They will come here tomorrow (will + come

- action)
c)
Sx \[ .
We shall be here again tomorrow.
d)
\- AJ-T-h.
We shall return here tomorrow.

shall be, will beshall + 1st RDW/ will + 1st Regular Doing
Word (RDW) =
(action)
N-u-h [[
N-u-h E--[
shall p[, will p[? N
]-s-N? v-h -E-.
Pradeep: I shall buy a car soon.
( y )
Pratap: When will you buy it?
d I/ We shall h future
#a-E state of being ([-[)-E, E
(action) E -C.
you, he, she, it and they will ,
C- #a-E (indefinite) N-u-h L--hC. [[ , E
.
3. My friends (they) will be here next week.
vq a- \[ .
([[ #a-])
4. She will help you.
F hC
#a-])
(indefinite =
5. You will know it soon.
(p[ ?)
(FC y- -hC
indefinite)
3) -. \[ C
V . -- AJT h.
4) : O-p--h?
y: a- h. (Jh u
practice )
: Jd--q Fo h?
y: Fo B--. u-i- h.
: O vU Jd-- h?
y: C --? (necessary
[)
: a- p[ h?
y: a - h.
Answers:
1) We shall meet again tomorrow.
2) When will you start for college tomorrow?
3) I shall go to Mumbai tomorrow. I shall be
there for 10 days. I shall return by the
month end.
4) Jayanth: When will you come?
Jaswanth: I shall come next week.
Jayanth: Will you bring all the certificates?
Jaswanth: I shall not bring all of them. I
shall bring only the important
ones.
Jayanth: Will you bring the degree certificate?
Jaswanth: Is it necessary/ Will it be necessary?
Jayanth: When will you come next week?
Jaswanth: I shall come next Thursday.
6. It will happen.
(C --C
When will you be free?
Jagadeesh: I will make it then. Bye.
( p- h. j)
j ---E verbs -E-.
have been - -- [-Eo L-hC. (since = -j # )
joined (yesterday) - Past Doing Word - past
action time known
.
Fo L-. -- h
verbs:
1) will last (will + last - 1st Regular Doing
Word)
2) will continue (will + continue - 1st Regular
Doing Word)
3) shall meet (shall + meet - 1st Regular
Doing Word)
4) will return (will + return - 1st Regular Doing
Word)
5) will make (will + make - 1st Regular Doing
Word)
6) will meet (will + meet - 1st Regular Doing
Word)
shall/ will + 1st Regular Doing
Word (I RDW) form
six
forms of verb
V form
(shall be/ will be- 'be' forms.
future
Fo
,
N
.
N [
(N-u-h) [-Eo )
Sumant: Where will you be at 7 this evening?
(v [ \[
?)
Sumeet: I will be at home. (x )
Sumant: I shall be a little late. Please wait for
me.
x 29
Pradeep: Depends. I expect some money
next week. Once I get it, I will buy
it.
(a [s L. C
C .)
Depends = j v- E
N- O] --- - J#
p--p[ It all depends/ depends .
C conversational bit. Practice O - [.
--:
Prameela: Will you help me with a little
money?
( Cl [s h?)
Pramoda: It all depends, I expect some
money tomorrow. If I get it,
I will give it.
(It all depends/ depends
=
p p-.
[s h F-h.
E-y[, -Lq
[sj -- C)
vD ], 'I shall buy' M. SURESAN
E, y 'I will buy' -o[. v '...will
you buy it?' E [---o[ ? C
-E-.
I and we + shall (I, We shall); you, he, she,
it, they + will (you, he, she, it, they will)
#aE N-u-h L--h. Future #a, Eo d
shall, will [.
Indefinite)
7. Kiran (He) will return soon.

Indefinite)
( y- AJ-T--h[
8. Kamala (She) will shop for saris tomorrow.

Indefinite)
Questions
I
and we
will
you, he, she, it and they
shall
Questions
I and we shall; you, he, she, it and
they
will
Preethi: I want to see you about those
books. When shall I see you?
( < C
-u
---p[
E,
E .

-p[
v [.
( h- N- Eo ---o. p[ -?)
Prema: When will you be free?
(F-p[ BJ?)
Preethi: When will you be free? Shall I see
you tomorrow?
(F BJ--p[? Eo ?)
That's OK. ()
Prema:
Preethi: Will the books (they) be with you
tomorrow?
( h- F ]_--?)
Prema: Will your father (he) get new books
this evening?
(O o- h h-
v h?)
j -- questions Eo- I/we
shall; you, he, she, it, they will [
.
p[ C u- English practice
.
1) Sx --.
2) -- p[ ----? (start
for [)
vo: They cut forests- cut V1 N? V2 N-?

u-E passive formForests are cut by them/
were cut by them
Forests
- C
d?
x- [, Lx-x
: They cut forests- \[ 'cut' V1
( past simple). V2 p[ verb ].
p-j V2 (Past Participle) ] 'be'
form F, have, has, had etc F #a--p
verb. ]-sEo d forests are cut, forests
were cut [ d.
vo: -E ing form a[ x C
noun -? verb -? --[ ? walking, eating, giving
verb forms -?
noun forms -?
v , --o
: 'ing' form Jh noun -C. 'ing'
form ] 'be' form verb ]E
] -J L--.
vo: He is Ravi u subject C?
He o, Ravi o !
-], --A--
: He is Ravi u subject he.
Sentence- 'He'E J# C d
subject.
[Pranav: Mom, I will go to the first show today.
(t, V d- -.)
Narmada: You shall finish your home work
first.
(y ] \ JhL.)
Pranav: Tapan, my friend, will be here in a
few minutes. We will finish our
homework together.
( v Cl EN-x \--h[. ]l L \ )
Narmada: Look here, Pranav, You shall see
the next movie only a month later.
I will not allow you to waste your
time.
(Sx y E
N h--[]. Eo xE-y.)
I/We + will
Eg-Eo L--hC.
2) I/We will x--J l-Eo (intention)
L--hC.
a) SriRam: What do you want to Shravan?
Shravan: I will be (will become) a doctor.
( d- / d---
(l) will be/ become
l (intention)).
b) Praneetha: My friend Pratibha will be
here in a few minutes.
Prasanna: We will take her home, then.
( B l (intention))
Praneetha: Later, I will take you and her to
a movie. We will have some
time together.
(y Eo, E-
B--. j L we will have (inten-
Pranav: But if my friends invite?
( vq Lh?)
Narmada: I will tell them they shall not invite.
You shall study well, and get good
marks. Dad and I will allow you to
watch movies only then.
(Eo ]lE x .
y CN # \
a--L. p y E-
[-E , o --Ah.)
j -- verbs o -E. ] lesson
Go I, and We will; you, he, she, it and
they shall a .
-J h--a-.
I/We shall; you, he, she, it and they will
#a--E N-u-h L---h. shall be,
will be N-u-h [-Eo, shall + 1st
Regular Doing Word (1st RDW), will + 1st
RDW N-u-h - Lh.
p[ I/We will; you, he, she, it and they
shall EE L-h l.
1) I/We will x-[--o-x Eg-Eo
L--hC.
tion))
3) I/we
will
(Promise).
#a-x
a) Surekha: Teacher, I have some doubts in

English.
(, Tx- Eo o.)
Teacher: I will clear all your doubts. Don't
worry.
(F --Fo B-h C
teacher's promise)
b) Prasanth: Dad, the course costs Rs.
20,000/- a year.
Dad: Don't you worry son. I will give you
#a- y C
Eg.
--o [
#a ].
a) Teacher: You will get a prize only if you
score more than 90% marks.
(90 o \ \
a- F wj hC).
Ramana:
OK Teacher, I will work hard.

I will do my best to get the
more than 90%
( d- ]--. 90%
o \ a-E vAo-h I will - Eg)
Teacher: Will you and Mohan come to
me tomorrow? I will clear your
doubts.
( y, ]_-J
h? -i
B-h I will - Eg)
b) Rahim: Will you buy that car?
( ?)
Rasheed: I will buy it whatever the price.
I will -
( K-j .
Eg)
c) Teacher: Will you all come for the picnic

on sunday?
(O C- o h?)
Pupils: We will come, teacher.
we will d) Kumar: Won't you see that movie?
Won't you=
will you not)
Peter and John: We will see it, of course.
(h
Eg)
( E [?
(#a-
h.
])
7) Ng: -x x.
y: -J v x.
Ng: vt x?
y: [-x
x[.
8) vA: y ? (won't
you [.)
AX: y x p[ ?
vA: x .
AX: J- .
tomorrow?
Prasanthi: I am/ shall be at home all the
day tomorrow.
Santhisri: But I shall go to Guntur tomorrow.
Prasanthi: When will be back?/ When will
you return?
Santhisri: I shall go to Chennai in a week
and from there return.
Prasanthi: I shall buy a cell phone tomorrow.
Santhisri: Will you be in touch with me
y...!
I will buy a car soon.
I shall buy a car soon.
9 d 2005
x 30
all the money you want. Just study
well and come out with success.
I will
give; I
will - promise -
(F Lq- [s Eh
y[)
c) Vijay: I want to contest in the coming

municipal elections.
(a Eq- Eo-x -----o.)
from tomorrow ?
vA: Sx p--h?
AX: y jo Rx \ #
AJT h.
vA: - .
AX: #
?
9) : , -?
: , -...
y o?
: o.
G-
?
: Eg---].
:
. Eo M. SURESAN
-d-u- .
: o V- x
. h-o.
#a y Eg B.
(. Eo d h
We will support - promise)
4) We will meet the CM tomorrow.
3) I will give you whatever book you want.

5) We will not allow such things.
6) Bharat:
( N-- h Eg)
([s h
C u English practice .
1) #a- jo .
2) x \- Ey.
3) F h -Lq h.
4) p- - h.
5) N --Ey (such things,
allow [).
6) : E-p[ x?
_: \ -?
: -- -.
_: O vq p--h?
: x o- y ?
Tarun: Fine. Have you joined MBA?

Varun: I haven't (have not) decided yet.
Tarun: I have joined MCA. I joined the
institute yesterday.
Varun: My father has been out of town for
the past four days. I am waiting for
him. Decision is possible only after
he comes back.
vo: a) The meeting will be held on tomorrow evening
sentence tense
]-C? tense voice
N?
b) Definite article 'the'E \[ -T-L. The French, The whip E
-a?
.. v, N--o
1) I will go to Chennai tomorrow.

2) We will not let them come here.
Vinai and Vikram: We will help you with

money also.
Promise)
Varun: Fine. Thank you. How are you?
Answers:
Vinai and Vikram: Go ahead. We will support you.
Vijay: I will file my nomination then.
9) Tarun: Hi Varun, How are you?
Shall I go now?
Bhargav: Where will you go?

Bharat:
To college
Bhargav: When will your friends come?

Bharat:
Won't you (will you not) join us

for the picnic tomorrow?
7) Vishnu: I have been to Mumbai quite a

number of times.
Eshwar: I have been there too; just once.
Vishnu: Has Brahmam too been to
Mumbai?
Eshwar: He has been to Mumbai just
once or twice.
8 )Prasanthi : Won't you come home to
me?/ Won't you come to our
place?
Santhisri: When will you be at home
a) 'will be held tomorrow evening'

verb(on tomorrow evening
will be held.
Tense: future simple/ indefinite.
Voice: passive.
b) The French
French
french
'The'
J-]). \[
vq -n.
.
[ h N- y hC.
vo: Eo curd ? curds
?
. -, y-
: 'Curd', 'curds' [ d.
curd y singular verb, curds y plural verb L. The curd is tasty.
The curds are tasty.
vo: 'Obey the parents' u-E

sive
pas-
N?
. , y-
Let the parents be obeyed.
sentences passive
C.
'-
[Sumathi: Hi, Vimala, well met. When shall

we sit to plan our holiday?
( N! ---[
#-jC. M x --E
p[ a?)
Holiday = n .
n \j - Rx
V E.
You, he, she, it and they

will Indefinite
future.
you, he, she, it and
they shall
(#a--E)
p[ j --
]-s
] #a --
1) #a- future -----o N.
a) It shall be this evening.
Vimala: Why not this evening? I shall be

away from tomorrow onwards.
v C #a- -C/--C, -L/--yL.

b) She shall come.
( v ] a-[]?
# G@ .)
why not = ] []?
p- h-[/--L.
d) They shall not.
( V v
a. - y \[
L.)
x -[]/
e) You shall be here.
Ny-\[ L.
Vimala: What about Sudhakar, Your cousin?
(O > - -?)
Sumathi: He shall join us too.
Officer: You shall be here till 7 in the

evening.
(F, u [ ?)
d O ]-J- \--
C. x d
L. ]--E-x p-E-
(y \[ v --
L c)
Sumathi: Why they? They shall not. I don't

like them.
Manoj: Why so long, Sir?
(x-]? x -[]. d ])
-- you, he, she, it and they
shall [ -E-.
Officer: You shall finish all this work and then

only go.
(- ]-?)
x 31
(y E Jh xL.)
(v- L.)
(-
d-[]. M. SURESAN
- - Ny-\[ -Lq.)
y Jh L (c
y d--[] (c
E [ -d C
j J-T-x E--#C).
ii) They appear to have killed the tiger.

(Tiger
-past
E--C-- x E
x p[ E-h-o.)
iii) I like to have gone with them.
(x Rx [--E d[o x Rx--.

p[ x-[o.)
( -E
C)
c) To \ be F being [- p].
i) I like to be here for sometime.
( \[
-o.)
ii) I object to being treated as a

stranger.
(o h [E
u- --o.)
vo: O x --
I was there exactly at 6
when the function began
'I had been there exactly at 6 when the function began'
#a
uEo
E -a?
command)
command)
c) You shall not go on leave.
command)
d) You shall stay.
(N sC --?)
to have gone, to have killed, to have

done etc.
i) He seems to have done it.
(
(past
She likes to have sung
Ny-\[ L (c
b) You shall finish.
Officer: They shall stay too. They shall not

apply for leave either, till Monday. My
N?
\ being be
E n N?
. y--,
: a) Infinitives J# -] #a x N-J C
[.
b) to have + V3 - V3 past participle. To have + V3 ---:
( ----C)
a) You shall be here.
Manoj: What about the others Sir?
c) to
She likes to sing.
-J v-x B--L.
[ \ V v
E-L.)
-- Officer, you, he, she it and
they shall [[ -E-. [[
c (commands) y--E.
you, he, she, it and they shall c-
(commands) LhC.
Officer: You shall not

go on leave till
Monday. You
shall stay here
as long as I
want you to.
vo: a) Infinitives N?
b) 'to + have +V3'
d \[ L (c
v-x p- BL (c
command)
h) The office (it) shall work.

command)
shall
(Commands/ orders)
E--L (c
-hC
c
[.
ya.
i) You shall not smoke here.
Manoj: I want leave on Friday Sir.
-- --C J h--.
1) I/We shall; you, he, she, it and they
will #a--E N-uh (Indefinite future)
L--h.
2) I/We will Eg-- (decisions),
l- (intentions) L--h.
3) I/We will promise --E
[.
-E-# N- v-
I/We shall - Indefinite future
I/We will determination (Eg)
x \[ L. (c
L... p]!
( p hC. h-E
#aC.)
It shall be;
She shall come;
He shall join;
They shall (not);
You shall be
y L (c
(-- \[ ?)
( -? ?)
( p- h[.)
command)
e) They shall stay too.
command)
f) My steno shall stay.
command)
g) She shall take print outs.
(x p- . -
x M [-[].
Manoj: How long am I to be here, Sir?
Sumathi: She shall come, ofcourse. She has

promised me.
Vimala: Won't Neeraj and Kalyan come?
steno shall stay longer than all of

you. I have a lot of letters to dictate,
and she shall take out their print
outs before tomorrow morning. For
two more days the office shall work
till 7PM.
p- h-C/--L.
c) He shall join.
Sumathi: It shall be this evening then. You

shall be here at 7 PM.
Vimala: How about Sourabha? Won't she

(will not she) join us?
11 d 2005
#o, x
a) I was there exactly at 6

when the function began.
function begin
Function
begin
DE n
--p[ -\[ d J- o E.
[ J-, -\[ oC
J- E.
b) I had been there exactly at 6 when
the function began-
C J-].
'I had been there when the function began exactly at 6',
sentence
sentence (a)
(b)
function
DEo
E Jh
j n hC.
n
DE j
u-E n
hC.
d J- viC. ]
\[ o E.
vo: a) Would E ]-sx -T-h?
b) Let you write p?
p? ]?
P-v-, \
a) 'would'
Eo y- NJh.
b) Let you write - C p. Let ] ux NJ. -u Let 'you'
[[ []. \-J [-a.
You let yourself into the room, when he
opens the door.
( --, y v-P
E n. \[ yourself
reflexive [ -E-)
Let you write n y .
'write' JC .
j)
y \[ t --[].
O public, university exams answer books
instructions Fo shall [
.
i) No candidate (he/she) shall bring any slips

of paper into the exam hall.
(K - T xp B---[]. - order)
ii) Absolute silence shall be observed.
order)
you, he,
she, it, they
shall
Court orders
orders
(official)
(unofficial)
'shall'
English
practice
shall, will
(Jh Ezl -L
vy v, E-] Eox
c- [[ O
.
Ea.
K --E
C--J-
, -C--J
[-.
. ]C u
[ [.
sEo d
1) ---O y --[] (such= ).
2) y \ - (order).
3) -v-E-x E Jh--L.
4) Ram: Sx p[ \?
Raghu: y Sx \- -[].
Ram: y x-[--[].
Raghu: y E Jh--L. y
o ---L.
Ram:
-v #a- E
Jh-h.
Raghu: -v-E y E Jh-L.
Answers:
1) You shall do no such thing/ You shall not
do any such thing.

2) You shall be/ shall come here at 7 tomorrow.
3) You/He/She/They shall finish/ complete
the work by tomorrow.
4) Ram: When shall I come here again?
Raghu: You shall not (shan't) come here
again.
Ram: You shall not (shan't) talk like that.
Raghu: You shall finish the work. Then
only you shall see/ meet me.
Ram: I'll (I will) finish the work by this
evening.
Raghu: You shall (finish), then.
---
Bhaskar: Good morning, sir. Will you give
me the books I've asked you for,
sir?
Father: You have wasted a lot of money,
(---Jo . --T h- -h?)
p- s %--.
. n--?
C a-J (Warning)
Teacher: Yes, Bhaskar, they shall be with

you this afternoon. Don't worry.
already. you shall not waste any

more money, understand.
Son:
(N uo F _--,
?)
Bhaskar: Moreover, I need your notes too,

sir, for the next week's exam.
exam
(--, a-
O q L.
Moreover=; notes- plural;
note- singular)
Teacher: You shall have them, what more?
(notes
Bhaskar: My sister wants you to help her out
with some of the lessons.
sister
lessons
F-h. L?)
(
Eo
N- O L.)
Teacher: She shall have my help. Let her not

worry, but she shall see me only in
forenoon. I am busy the next of the
day.
( C. F
o lo -L. N
- busy)
Bhaskar: She shall see you in the forenoon

only, sir, I assure you.
sister
sir)
Teacher: One of the books is rare. It shall
not be lost or damaged.
(
NtLo l--
-hC,
(x h -jC,
C ,-*-J-T-- L.
Bhaskar: It shall not be, Sir.

'shall'
j --
J-Q-L-.
p--- --o will, shall
-- h a-.
i) I/We shall- you, he, she, it and they
will- indefinite future (E-Pa N-u-h)
--.
ii) I/ We will L-C:
a) Determination (Eg)
b) Intention (l)
c) Promise ( y)
iii) You, he, she, it and they shall L-C.
a) commands/orders (c)
b) Definite future (N-u-h *a
---N)
p Bhaskar, teacher u conversation
-E-:
Shall u:
You, he, she, it and they shall :
I do, dad. It shall not happen again.
(n--C. C Sx - o C O Assurance)
Father: You shall keep an account of every
paise you spend.
(y a-d vA j \--L)
2) She shall have my help=
p C. C
O (Assurance)
3) She shall see me only in the forenoons =
l-- v o --L. (c)
4) She shall see you only in the forenoons =
l NtLo ---C.
(Assurance)
5) It shall not be lost or damaged.
(C -, *---
a-J)
Warning -
6) It shall not be, sir =
- -.
six sentences
(Assurance)
shall you, he, she, it,

they O-L-y--E, a-J y--E
.
j
Father: You shall have the money. How

much do you want?
Son: I will, dad.
( s F hC. ( F
s h= I will give you the
money. You shall have - C promise)
L?)
will-Eg \ Assurance)
d you, he, she, it and they shall
(I
1) Orders/ commands
3) Assurances
2) Warnings
Parvathi: About Rs 10000/-
--C.
Prem: I am going to contest in the next elections
( C-)
Father: You shall have more than that. Don't

worry.
Worry
3) Samuel:
*
--?
)
novels
(Available
Samson: Read well book stores

=at).
.
( \ O
-Lq --C (get,
whatever book )
Samuel: p \-?
Samson: Saturday v y p . Eo
p- \- B--.
shall, will - -- --C!
( a Eo-x ----o)
Ram and Swaroop: Go ahead. You shall

have our total support.
support
(--F,
C)
F Jh
You shall have even our financial support.

(
financial support
F p
C)
\ you shall have our support C
O-o d p-
Promise *a-i y)
-x--- 32
O hC.I/We will
h. (Promise)
you, he, she it and they shall
promise -a.
Parvathi: Dad, I want to take coaching of
CAT. I need some money.
CAT exam
coaching
(--o,
B------o. s L)
1) They shall be with you this afternoon =
N u-o-E F _ .
-- E u-o-E F h-/--) C O (Assurance)
--E 13 -d 2005
vo:
1)
-o \ h.
they
l.
Answers:
You, he, she and

shall
1) We will attend the function.
C--
1)Orders/commands
2)Warnings
3)Assurances
4)Promise
2) Gopi:
Shall I take/ have/ borrow your

bike for an hour?
Govind: You shall not.
M. SURESAN
uu-
practice
. (-sEo d will, shall
. N verb forms p---
--oN Lq a).
1) p- function h. (attend
)
2) Gopi:
- F bike B-?
Govind: B--l. (Jh sentence
.)
Gopi:
C Sx F _ p C.
(It begin , back )
Govind: E-y.
o v
ul. (will/shall v
)
English
O The Egg (C ) -E p. an egg

E --?
2) The E p , p -- N-
---.
3) I had been watching the TV, I have been watching
the TV N-J---.
-yA, -
: 1) 'an egg' , 'the egg' C -sEo-d C. - egg, egg
n 'an egg' . eg: There is an egg on the
plate. (Plate () f C. \ f
n -o d an egg.
- f E p--p the egg . He ate the egg
on the plate. \ plateE egg ( egg? question - the egg on the plate answer hC d) the
egg . The egg on the plate is for Ramesh. (PlateE
egg -). eg: An umbrella is useful in rain ( j-
Gopi:
It shall be back with you in just

an hour.
Govind: I will not give it (I won't give it).

You shall not trouble me any
more.
3) Samuel: Where are such good novels
available?/ Where do we get
such good novels?
Samson: At Readwell Book Stores. You
shall get there whatever book
you want.
(you get
E -a)
Samuel: When shall we go there?

Samson: You come home to me/ come to
my place on Saturday evening.
I will take you to the shop.
- { -----C. The umbrella in that

corner is mine \ - ( o )
o d 'The umbrella' . ( ?
h? E vo -E - h, The )
2) 'The' - J* y N- --.
3) -- lesson have been J* N-J
. I have been watching the TV ----*
p---/ O h-o, E. -- TV
h-o E.
I had been watching the TV (past) E v --E-- J-T had been + ing.
I had been watching the TV when he came in =
ap TV h o. a
--O v-G* a-- h o
E. -u EE J* p--p had been
watching (had been + ing) verb from .
[PRONUNCIATION GUIDE
Countable singulars
] p
15 d 2005
Tara:
article
'a'
a book, a pen, etc.
L.
\[ 'a' pronunciation- ]. ,
\[ J-]. \[ article 'a' pronounce -Lq N] L h ' '. C
----C. d 'a
book' =
'a pen' = etc.
about, above - ab- combinations
a --Eo- 'a' E ' ' ( )
l --.
about = ( \ -L) ].
above = ( \ -L) ].
u [--E vAo-h.
Chandra: y-p[
-u.
--E .
Tara:
-u -.
\[ # p[ --?
Chandra: ] C (p-)
---.
2) Basheer: \[ p-[[?
Roshan:
] D--C p-
\[ [.
Basheer:
] ]---x v L.
Roshan:
p- v-C.
Basheer:
h -u h. y v ]
10.30 ]l L.
E: y p L. D u
. (D = That too)
v: y p-] #a-
h. O j v---?
(y p-] = if you insist, insist =
N O] d-]- [[. p
Basheer: I shall be a little late. But you

shall make every thing ready by
10.30 AM
indefinite
I shall be)
Roshan: What about refreshments for
them?
Basheer: Ameer shall take care of them.
3) Karim: You shall attend Namaz on Friday.
(\[
Ux ]... Tx!
Roshan:
Basheer:
3) Karim:
Kowser:
ax Jv--q
() -?
N O -[. (take care [)
y v- - L.
F J h.
? (=Masjid or
x-E d--[--o[
E: v 4.15 v L.
v: .
Mosque)
x 33
Karim:
\- ]_-- C.
E. uo 12.30
Ny-\- L. u -[].
Kowser: u . v
B-?
Karim:
v
M?
v CE O -CE B-- M. SURESAN

-L.
( v = According to
What shall we discuss at the meeting?
-- l- syllables .
]'sen' syllable, tence
-C. sentence C
- o.
(Tx Ux ]) - L-p[ E syllable N syllables
\ \----. Eo stress
. DEo dictionary ' h y h.
'
eg. English- English
lEo \
---o-.
a'bove - \[ b syllable
\ stress Eo \ -L.
C u- Tx- practice .
1) Chandra: \[ (p) .
v] (p) [.
Tara:
Eo-p[ ---?
Chandra: F y O-
y L. O o
L. y u -[].
sentence
syllable
two syllables
English
the Koran)
4)
v: O- Jal?
(Ja-[ = discuss, meeting
= at the meeting)
E: a college day px
Jal.
(college day px = arrangement for the college day)
He insists on
going now)
Answers:
Kowser: I am new to this place/I am a

stranger here. Which Masjid
(Mosque) shall we go to?
Karim: There is one nearby. We shall go
to it. You shall come here at
12.30 PM. You shall not be late.
Kowser: I won't (will not) be late. Shall I
bring along my friend?
Karim: Don't you know that much?
According to the Koran you shall
bring to prayer as many as possible.
4) Priya:
1) Chandra: I will be (I'll be) here tomorrow.

My brother shall also be here.
Tara:
When shall I see you (meet
you) tomorrow, then?
Chandra: You shall come as early as
possible. Your brother shall
come too. You shall not be late.
Tara:
I'll (I will) try my best not to be
late.
Chandra: You are always late. Come
early tomorrow at least.
Tara:
I will not be (won't be) late, I
assure you. When shall we
start from here?
Chandra: We will start at 10 AM.
What shall we discuss at the

meeting?
Janani: We shall/ We will/ Let us discuss
the arrangements for the college
day next week.
Priya:
Do you want me to come?/
Shall I come?
Janani: You shall come. That too, on
time/ without being late.
Priya:
If you insist, I will come. Will the
meeting being on time.
Janani:
It shall at 4.15 PM.
Priya:
OK.
O !
2) Basheer: When will Sharook be here?

Roshan: He shall be here at 10.10AM.
Basheer: The shooting shall begin at 11
AM.
Roshan: It shall (begin).
p Tx O
p Tx, vA\, [,
>[, j]82
# a.
v: o t-?
vo: Tx {vF -Lq - N English you, singular (y), p- J -) J# -o

N?
V, E
: English-Telugu dictionary
--- Telugu-English dictionary
---. , NJ - English -
L_ --. English x---p[
---[-C.
vo: You, He, She N singular forms.
Singulars L-- ]
verb singular L. F
W x How are you,
Are you fine? . O are
] [-?
N, N---
: English singular form of the
verb -LqC Eo singular subjects
]. III person- singular subjects
v singular verbs [.
plural
(O). verb N- you

y p[ plural verb v L.
'How are you?' (you p[ plural verb) 'I am fine' [ [.
O - --E 'Are you
fine?' . 'How are you?', 'Are you
OK?' [.
vo: Present Perfect Tense --p[
EJl-d time/ period p !
O
I have coffee in the morning.

My mother has breakfast at 8 AM.
E -d?
>. y, C--
: I have coffee in the morning.
My mother has breakfast at 8 AM.

sentences
past actions

( J-T -) J# ]-
x[C. Regular actions (v
sentences
Past actions
Past Doing Word
Regular actions
forms
N.
p[
u
d.
j G
hC. j
d verb
vo: See, Watch ]u N?

I see movie.
I watch movie
. C d?Eg. n
N? Eg., Ex. C d.
-[, x
I see movies, I watch movies
[ d. am seeing/ is seeing/
are seeing [ d, E ] am
watching/ is watching/ are watching
L.
e.g.- C for example (---)
E abbreviation.
e.g.- C d. ex d ]. C exercise abbreviation.
vo:
I wish I had joined the Army.

I wish I joined Army.
j [ ux C ]-s
L? ]u N?
, q-d-
: 'I wish I joined the army'
p[ Army J C E.
'I wish I had joined the army!
Army J
-C E.
vo: Have been, has been, had been
- u ]sx --T-h? Have, has,

had tensex [-?
. --, . -y--,
--Lx
: p Tx Lessons
have been, has been, have, has - NJ. [.
---
Prasad: Pranav, When shall I see you
again?
--- 17 -d 2005
disappointed if you don't get a

seat in medicine.
(F medicine seat -
(-v--, Sx Eo-p --?)
Pranav: Will you meet me tomorrow at 4?
E----)
Sumanth: My teachers (they) will be sad too

if I don't make it to medicine .
( medicine ---
teachers ---)
Dad:
You will be happy to know that I
am going to buy a bike for you.
(F bike oE Lh y
( -T- ---?)
Prasad: Where shall I meet you ?
(\ --?)
Pranav: Will you come to LB Park? I will

meet you there.
(LB Park h ? \ Eo
---.)
Prasad: Will Pratap come with you too
----)
Sumanth: Really, dad? I shall be grateful to

you for this.
(E-? %-Vc-E)
j : Happy, sad, disappointed,
grateful - feelings uh--- -,
I/We shall; you, he, she, it, and, they
(v F h?)
Pranav : Of course, will you bring along your

friends too?
(-h-, O friends
Bh)
(bring along = B--)
Anjali: p-. F -
(you begin )
Sukumar:
C.
o -- p.
-UL. Uh?
U- = draw)
Ankita: -y t
(you . t
Anjali: p U?
We shall be disappointed
I shall be happy to meet them.
Will they come? Will your sister
come too?
(x -h? O sister h-o)
Prasad: Of course. I'll (I will) bring them
along.
-x--- 34
will ---. ( I/We Will -F, you, he,
she, it and they shall -F, , --
(p-, x B--h).
j -- -E- Questions
shall and will --. Questions p-
I/We shall; you, he, she, it and they
will v h. ( I/ We will -F,
you, he, she, it and they shall -F ).
, --n- p--E )
C d :
(will and shall -- Eo o.
u formal, informal spoken English
u-i-N. N -y- --.)
eg: a) When shall I see you?

b) Will you meet me?
c) Where shall I meet you?
d) Will you come?
e) Will Pratap (he) come?
f) Will they come?
g) Will your sister (she) come?
Subjects
Shall
I / We shall; you, he, she, it

and they will -.
Dad:
Sumanth, this time I expect you
to score better than last time.
1. Determination
(Eg)
(E-Pa N-uh)
(, --, -n-)
3. Questions (vo)
You, he, she,

it and they
1. Definite happens
Speaker
(-p-. ---- -\-- -a- - ---h- %--h.)
p CE English practice .
O-j- shall/ will .
1) Anjali: v E- ------?
Ankita: assignment p complete ?
Anjali: y h? ?
Ankita: assignment complete
--E y ---?
Sumanth: Sure, dad. I will do my best to get

100%
I shall be happy to see you get it.
(y a- ---)
Sumanth: Why you alone dad? Mother

(she) will be happy too.
(O-\ o-, t
----C)
We (your mother and I) shall be
(x-- a)
1) All the glitters is not gold --o.

E--E All the glitters are not gold --L ?
2) Sweet are the uses of adversity. DE
Sweet is the uses of adversity E L
3) Taking a stick, he beat the dog.

Having taken a stick he beat the dog.
j u- N?
4) --u -%AhE -Tx- -?

5) He has been appointed by DEO
He is appointed by DEO
- u- N p---.
.-.-,
1)
sentence- verb subject d

C? Sentence No.1 'all'
everything, every one of - vAD n
2. Intention
3. Promise
(l)
( y-)
1. Indefinite future
(*a- ---- N-)

2. Orders & Commands (c)
3. Warnings (a-J-)
4. Assurances (O)
5. Promises ( y-)
(J ---- \
\ -\ -h----o)
vo:
Will
2. Feelings & emotions
-p
Dad:
Answers:
12 - v-Gl?
Anjali: lunch
p l?
Ankita: - F
lunch p?
uo 2 M. SURESAN
K
late - -?(K late = too late )
2) Sukumar: V-- \?
Sunil: h-E-\ V?
1. Indefinite future
I, We
-u , -n-AE --L
Dad:
, L. y
x supervise L.
Ankita:
(x ---- d ).
(E-Pa N-uh)
2. Feelings & emotions
(, -- -n-)
(vo)
3. Questions
Sukumar:
-\ N h.
( v- N, %u
= sight seeing, go sightseeing E .)
Sunil: -Fo -p- -- - -!
Sukumar: y -Lq-N -
v---o. \- ---.
Sunil: V ?
? Everyone, subject --p C

singular . -E verb singular
L. -x All that glitters is not gold
is d.
2) Sweet are the uses of the adversity- sentence
d. Word order 'The uses of adversity are
sweet' -C. (Sweet are these fruits E poetic N-y . prose order/ conversation , These fruits are sweet
). The uses of adversities are sweet op subject C? The uses ? C plural, E verb are.
3) Taking a stick, he beat the dog - v BE \
d- -E. Having taken a stick, he beat the dog
n v--a-o y , \ d
sentence d . j n
(a: Having gone to Hyderabad, he could
--o ?
3) Bhanu: -\ p--?
Bhaskar: y -\ C---x L.
late --.
Bhanu: 10 K ?
Bhaskar: Meeting ----x begin
L. E arrangements
1) Anjali: Shall we go to a movie this

evening?
Ankita: When shall I complete my assignment?
Anjali: Will you come, or won't you?
Ankita: Then will you help me to complete my assignment?
Anjali: Certainly, you shall have my help.
What do you want me to do? /
What shall I do for you?
Ankita: You shall draw these pictures.
Will you?
Anjali: When shall I draw them?
Ankita: Shall we begin at 12 noon?
Anjali: When shall we have lunch, then?
Ankita: When is your lunch, usually? will
2 O' clock be too late for you?
2) Sukumar: Won't you (will you not) stay
here for another two days?
Sunil: What shall I do here for two more
days?
Sukumar: We shall/ will go sightseeing
here.
Sunil: You have already shown me all the
sights here.
Sukumar: There are still two or three
more places to be seen. We
shall go there.
Sunil: Won't one day (will not one day) be
enough?
Sukumar: Will you then stay here for
atleast oneday?
3) Bhanu: When shall I be here tomorrow?
Bhaskar: You shall be here at 10. You
shall not be late.
Bhanu: Won't 10 be (will not 10 be) too
early?
Bhaskar: The meeting shall begin at 11
AM Sharp. (Sharp= -d)
Balu and Babu shall make all
arrangements. You shall supervise them.
not meet the CM. j-- Rx CM ---).

4) '-u priesthood -a.
-u, priesthood Jh -n-Eo --y-. -u --u--, priesthood --u-- --
- --d.
5)a) He has been appointed by the DEO- DEO
-E--N---f- DEO -E appoint
-- --C. \ has been appointed
J-T-- EE -L--h-C.
b) He is appointed by the DEO- \ verb, 'is
appointed' --C regular action, passive voice -
--E ( Job E- -E) DEO
appoint h. --E /--p- --E.
(a: A lecturer is appointed by the committee lecturer committee x appoint
h - E/--p E.
---
Namitha: Hi Namrata, What brings you
here?
(- --v-, a)
C --J O conversation
Namratha: I want a book from you, and

advice from your father
( F _--* h L.
O o-J L)
Namitha: What book?

Namratha: The book, 'How to face
Interviews'. I am attending an
interview the day after.
(How to face Interviews
h L . x
Interview attend yL)

Namitha: And what do you want my dad's
advice?
( o-J ?)
Namratha: I have got interview calls for

admission in MBA in two collegesPotti
Sreeramulu
College, and Prakasam School
of Management. I want to know
from your dad which is the better
(MBA --E colleges * interview letters
a/an
oN
E \--d--L-T-N.
book - one book, three books etc.

friend - one friend, two friends etc.
hour - one hour, three hours etc.
meeting - one meeting, two meetings,
etc. jFo countables.
uncountables. \--d--EN.
eg: Water - one water, two waters -
. , sugar, rice, milk, etc. Fo
numbers p. d N
uncountables.
(p AJ--h?)
Namitha: In an hour perhaps.
( )
Namratha: I have work at home. Will he be

at home this evening?
(x C. v
x ?)
Namitha: He has a meeting to attend.

(- meeting C).
Namratha: Then I will see him tomorrow
morning
( -Eo --- h).

j -- underlined words
? x Eo-- 'a' or 'an'
o. --JEo- -.
vo: Weak verbs, Strong verbs N?

OE a-- p-E-? ---
---- N-J---.
u, o, t-
: '-ed', '-d', '-t' a
x past tense, past participle
p verbs weak verbs
. O Regular verbs
E .
eg: Present - Past - Past

Participle
1. talk - talked - talked
2. love - loved - loved
3. smell - smelt - smelt
L-C j verbs verbs Eo-E
'-ed', '-d' or '-t' a y past tense,
past participle form N weak/ regular
verbs.
Strong verbs irregular verbs E
. N past tense, past participle, weak
verbs , verb form p p-
-.
eg: Present - Past - Past Participle

1. Sing - sang - sung
2. Know - knew - known
3. do - did - done
verbs strong verbs.
4) 'A'
p? 'An' p?
-- Lesson N-J-*--x ,
, , , , , , , , , l- v
u English -- 'An' .
N l- v u
'a' . Ant (\ 'a' * l
'an')
a) An Ant, An abode ();
2. Anil: O x TV
Amar: vo?
?
Vx TV E
x ?
( Vx nowadays)
Anil: v---J TV --?
(... you mean )
Amar: l C-. u---A
x--J TV C.
A, An --Lq-!
Namitha: Congrats. All the best. But my

dad is out on business. He's
(=He has) gone out to call on a
friend.
(call
called on the President yesterday).
Namratha: When will he be back?
EN
a book
advice
an interview
business
a friend
work
an hour
a meeting
\ a/an book, interview,
friends, hour, meeting- OE countables
. , , , 10, 20
a. C * O o
--J-E --T ----E).
( o- E-O -
}, friend -
--E).
on= uhE - The PM
a/an
--v- 19 -d 2005
-x--- 35
-C---E v-h follow .
1) English countables v
plurals .
( v singular,
\ plural)
Singular
Plural
book
books
pen
pens
man
men
child
children
sheep (v)
sheep (v)
2) uncountables \--d--EN. O plural
.
(milks, golds, silvers . milk,

gold, silver N uncountables d O
plural .
3) Very very important: English countable singular \ E- *a 'a' F 'an' F L.
a) A cow (cow - countable singular) gives
milk ( hC)
b) An umbrella (umbrellacountable singular) is in that corner (
C)
c) A watch (watch - countable singular)

shows the time
(Watch Time -hC)
, \ Countable singular
*a E- p 'a' 'an' --
. - p.
d) A doctor treats patients
(d - ju h Treat ju Treatment - ju)

A / an - ' E n.
English A / an x -
. English A cow gives milk
d.
o - , '--L-hC
F, ' L-hC .
N -L-y-?
' { -----C
F, { -----C
. English x---p Countable
Singulars a / an omit h. C
J-.
S} h--. English Countable
Singulars a / an . L.
-- p
an arm, an egg();
An Indian ();
An ox, an idea () etc.
an honour ();
an hour () etc
b) a Tree, a Book etc
University - ()
d a University
M. SURESAN
European - ()
d a European
N: A , An C
Countable Singular a d
C.
eg: a question - an important question

a story - an uninteresting story
an idea - a useless idea
a boy - an honest boy
5) Uncountables A/an p .
a Water, a milk !
n -E English x---p
h----Lq N-:
a) countables v singular, plural
b) countable singular A/ an Lq
c) Uncountables Plural
d) Uncountable A/ an .
n ---Lq important
points:
Uncountable , E plural
, E- A/ an .
(Dictionary --o \ (C) F,
(U) F C. (C) countable, (U)
uncountable. Eod Eg---L. 'A/ an' h, E)
C u- English practice .
eg:
Ram:
Fan hC?
(What does a fan do?)
Ramana:
L-E-hC.
(It gives air)
Ram:
\- fan d.
(Please fix a fan here).
1. Suman: * doctor ----o.
Suresh: \- * doctor .
Suman: \ fees B--?
(fees N B-- = charge)
Suresh: \ B--.
Suman: B--?
Suresh: --- --J.
Suman: . o.
doctor - .
3. Kumar:
\- _- j school
?
Karim: \ schools o.
Kumar: s * school
L.
Karim: schools *.
Kumar: O
- school suggest
(*-) h?
Answers:
1. Suman: I want to see a good doctor.

Suresh: I know a good doctor (around)
here.
(here E d. Around here \ _- C conversational. --x
.)
Suman: Does he charge high?/ Does he

charge a high fee?/ Does he
charge high fees?/ Are his fees
high?/ Is his fee high?/ Is he
expensive?
Suresh: Yes. He does.
(He charges high)
Suman: How much does he charge?
Suresh: A hundred rupees the first time.
(hundred, thousand, lakh, crore, million,
etc - Fo countable singulars. d
O- p- 'a' L.
132 = A hundred and thirty two.
1500= A thousand and five hundred.
bank notes v 'A' one h)
Suman: OK. That's enough. I am all right. I
don't need a doctor now/ any
more.
2) Anil: Have you a TV at home?
Amar: What a question! Is there a home
without a TV nowadays?
Anil: Do you mean that all people have
TVs?
(Do you mean, - C practice
. n F l-?/ n? E.
What do you mean? - F n, F l
N?)
Amar: I do not mean that. All middle
class people have TVs.
3) Kumar: Is there a school near/ around
here?
Karim: There are two schools.
Kumar: I want a good school for my
son?
Karim: Both the schools are equally
good.
Kumar: Which school do you suggest?
---
(-- -- C: Countable

A/ an .
Uncountables plural . -
A/an ).
Singulars
Gowtham: Hi Gowri, What news?

Gowri:
Certainly I have news for you
(F h pL)
Gowtham: Out with it please
( p)
p. C O
conversations practice
Out with it.
Gowri:
I have information. Tomorrow's

exam has been put off until next
Thursday)
( exam a - ---x - CC)

Put off = .
Gowtham: That's good news. Thank you
(C * h).
--C- 21 -d 2005
Krishna:
. F-o ?
L. h (Quire)
Krishna: h.
3) Brahmam: ---N ---vT
B---C. N-
l .
Vishnu: OK y . -
urgent
o.
Kesav:
ANSWERS:
1) Purnima: I want/ need advice
a) Advice. a piece of advice -a. A few
(an advice).
pieces of advice E
Preethi: What about?
Eg: 1) Let me give you advice/ Let me
Purnima: I want to do business
2) I want a piece of advice from you.

3) He had two or three pieces of
advice for students in his speech.
b) bread.
Uncountable.
C p
E
'breads'
).
plural
a lot of.. some

Gowri:
That's from the horse's mouth,
Gowtham: OK. I have work. I am off.

(
C. h.)
I'm (I am) off= -ho.
Conversation .
\ . news, information,
work A/ An --, news,
information, workN English uncountables. O plurals . O- A/
An .
h -*-: - j E
countables news (h/
h) information (-- );
work (E/ ). h--. News,
information, work- uncountables. -
A/ An -. plurals -.
Eo uncountables... advice, bread, business, furniture, luggage, paper, soap.
News, information, work
Fo
- A/ An .
O plurals. J conversations OE
uncountables - --L.
a) F -h = good news for you/
uncountables-
I have good news for you

(A good news/ I have a
good news for you )
letter u-i - C.
= The letters has important information.
(... has an important information -)
c) u-i E C =
b)
I have urgent work.

(I have an urgent work
).
CE English practice .
1) Purnima : L.
Preethi : E J*?
Purnima: u -- -o.
Preethi: u?
2) Krishna: o -E --C.
s L.
Kesav:
y --- ---o?
C.
-x--- 36
Preethi: What business?
2) Krishna: I want to have a bath/ I feel like
having a bath. I want soap.
(a soap ?)
Kesav: Are you going out?
Krishna: Yes, Do you want anything?
Kesav: I want paper. A Quire
(Papers ?)
Krishna: I'll (= I will) get it.
3) Brahmam: That old woman is carrying a
lot of luggage. Let us help
her.
(a Luggage/ many luggages ).
Vishnu: OK. Let's hurry up. I have two or
three urgent jobs attend to.
(a work/ works ?)
-E- . j- Plural
. A/ An -. - English
usage Fo uncountables.
Uncountables - hair (Vd).
hairs (v- n)
English
loaf
of bread.
(A loaf of
bread
or
three
M. SURESAN
loaves of
milk
a litre/ 2 or 3 litres of
milk) bread
slices
Govind: What did you have for breakfast?

(Break Fast
Ao)
Gopal: I had two slices of bread and

omlet
c) Business -
n 1) E 2) u,
n- x Business
uncountable. ( A business/ businesses )
Seenu: Hi, long since we met. what are

you and where are you?
( Q, -C.
h-o (u)? \
o?)
Srikanth: I am doing business
(u ho)
Seenu:
She has fine dark / luxuriant hair.
What Business?
( u?)
Vd x _ - C.
Srikanth: I have two or three lines

(
u-
u p-,
lines of business . -F
Businesses )
Business
-.
(Eo E)
p ----o.
Advice, advise ..
business.
C d?
Advice, advise C d vo -C ---o.

Advice . He gives advice - * h.
Her advice is always good - p -C.
Advise= y C verb
NvA B---E F h-o= I advise you to take rest.
dx NvA B---Lq-C h-o =
O u?
= What's your
business? what is your
line?
business shop/ company n

C. p-C countable.
a) - stationary shop C.
He has a stationary business.
b) x
d F C.
They have a cloth business.

(very important:
j pFo spoken
u-i -s-. j -
B--d Englisha, C
a-a).
j p uncountable Eo,
\- E p--E a lot of, -E
some -a.
A lot of/ some advice, bread, business,
information, news etc.
bread.
* Vd C.
She has black smooth hair.
(A Hair/ Hairs )
p--- Eo Uncountables
Eo- Specific
u---o.
English
bakery
you know
[C ( h) - -x _-- *
*aC.Horse's mouth = ----C
p--L-T x h. Municipal polls date
u-vA v-h C, from the horse's
mouth; college Principal v-h
C from horse's mouth].
Tatas
The Tatas have a number of lines of
give you a piece of advice.
(E J*, E N?)
'What about' spoken English
--- expression. - .
(a business
-a.
Doctors advise her to take rest.

DE English p: -J y
Ans: a) I don't give advice to anybody
b) I don't advise anybody
j ---E -a --- -u a) advice=
- -u b) advise = y.
Advise: present tense - advise; past tense and past participle = advised.
He, She it subjects advises.
Now practice the following conversation

in English:
a) Sandhya:
F Vd !
{u C.
({u--=envy)
Swathi: soap . 'Darksilk'
shampoo -. C
* Vd ---E --C.
Sandhya: Eo s .
L .
Swathi:
s
b) Pramod: Hi Prasanth, h-- -
o?
Prasanth: u v-G---o.
Pramod: u? (Line )
Prasanth: u- Eg---.
C) Vikram: Breakfast B--o?
Vikranth: v, x
Vikram: v B--o?
Vikranth: slices, .
vo: Princess
Apostrophe 's'
-E
E a-
N L? Princess's ring
E -a? v qE
N- L-----.
.-E-, y-, t >x.
Princess
Apostrophe s =
Princess's. Princess's ring d. - lesson L. '\
n Apostrophe s v o ,
- v . v-E --i . - of
. Eg: The Pages of the book.
---
Vinod: When did you get the letter? What's
the news?
( --*aC? -?)
Vijai: Important news. My uncle is moving

into his new home by the month end.
He has given me an important job to
do.
(u-i h. -J h --o.
u-i E p--p.)
Vinod: What is it? (C?)
Vijai: I have to buy furniture here and send
it to him.
(\ Jo- E - -L.)
Vinod: How much?

- furniture uncountable)
Vijai: It's a tall order. At least 8 to 9 items.
(?
( \. F E-NC, NtC
h-)
(tall order= \. -j --* E \ --E a tall order . O
conversation DEo practice .)
- -E-. furniture
uncountable E ---o
? furniture specific u
p- an item/ items of; a piece/ pieces
of furniture -a. An item/ items of furniture C shops , official language
. conversational a piece of/ pieces of
furniture .
Customer:
I want some furniture.
Shop keeper: What are the items, Sir, and
how many?
Customer:
Just a few items
business language
item
\
(= h) -o.
Ramana: Look at that sofa there and the

dining table.
( , jE )
Raghav: Yes, what about them?
(, N?)
Ramana: Those two pieces of furniture

have been with us for the past
twenty years.
( _ 20 x o.)
- business/ official
informal d a piece of /
pieces of furniture .
-- Vijai o?
He has given me an important job to do
E . 'work' uncountable. -E E/ E p--E job/ jobs

-a. (Job n u.
job E = work n C.
'work' uncountable; 'job' countable.)
Vittal: Why are you in such a hurry?
( -?)
Vikram: I have two or three urgent jobs to

do before 3 in the afternoon.
( uo
Lq C.)
Vittal: I have a job to do too. Mom wants

me to take her shopping.
( E C. t
B--xC.)
Soap uncountable. Eo u p- _--o.
Kiran: How much soap do you use a

month?
Practice the following aloud in English:
-F ----L-h-o,
C ?
( O s -?)
I am giving you a hundred rupees. Will

that do?
Kashyap: Depends. In summer at least 5 to

6 cakes of soap. In winter, two
or three.
C . - \ L.
That will not (won't) do. I need more

than that.
(-N - s Gx,
Q- .)
1) Madan:
s
-t?
)
Mother: v-V h s Bo. C -?
Madan: ---C. p s
L.
(Mom
a piece of/ pieces..

Hemanth: You waste a
lot of paper.
-x--- 37
C.
let me
have soap/ a piece of soap/ some soap
(pronunciation- cake
news, information
a piece of good/ bad news;
a piece of information/ some pieces of
information
a) He has leaked out an important piece of
information.
x L --E
= )
N.
- C.
(u-i - ---d.)
b) A piece of news is missing in this letter.
( L. F _-?)
( _ x v o.)
Hari: One sheet will do for me.
( .)
will do = . C conversational.
O spoken English ' - .
u p !
E L ?
. \--,
: 1) Suneetha is like her sister,
Suneetha looks like her sister correct.

Suneetha is like her sister.
y n-
Suneetha looks like her sister.
Dn \ L- v (--E).
2) Ramu and his brother are alike in their

appearance
are
verb
He went out an hour ago.
went
use
Went (Past doing
word)
She has gone out just a minute ago.
has gone
\ L- d O
E p.
d. J
u L-. F
.
Fo
v-h---Lq
*o-*o .
p- T- % .
He has written his address on a slip of

paper and given it to me.
v C. \ T \
.
The floor is clean, not a piece of paper
anywhere.
E O
a?
(Past Participle) use
. - . X, j--
: She has gone out just a minute ago. \ just
a minute ago p n B---F,
j p-x . just x n
hC. American usage p--p
complete - Past Doing Word
(past simple) .
He has gone out just a minute ago.
just
has gone outbetter, British usage
time
past
action
Past Doing Word
correct.
'could'
'mould'
F d C L-,
x, -- E.
C d.
. d d .
sheets of paper;
a slip of/ slips of paper;
a piece of paper/ pieces of paper
Spoken English
v T \ O
-a.
Hemanth: I have only two sheets.
L !
( y. M. SURESAN
- o.)
--E, printing
paper p uncountable.
n papers E-F, a paper E-F .
u-- --- a sheet of/
He has already wasted four sheets of

paper.
( - - .)
Hari: I want paper. Have you any?
Suneetha looks like her sister

2) Ramu and his brother alike in appearance
Ramu and his brother are
alike in appearance
(y
% h.)
Hari: Let me have just

one sheet. I am in
a hurry
shop
a cake/ cakes of soap
vo: 1) Suneetha is like her sister p ?
vo:
--- 23 -d 2005
vu d
v.
p
v h---L.
p
-
vo: Tx
E ' E,
E 'f E
--? C Tx- ?
. B--f, N--
: English pronunciation system o x
- h. English
pronunciation E origin d C.
E -Eo-d. C a English ,
* *a Eo d
C. d Dictionery E pronunciation
-- _. -? vo
- -.
Mother:
s K \ --o.
t -C vh!
Madan: \ s -.
Mother: -h C. Vx
s --d-.
2) Prasanth: y - Eo- -?(when ... go to bed
).
Pramod: - vA 10. F
V
u
o.
u-i --o.
N y -.
Prasanth: -x? x
u-i E C?
B--o. j--
L. T B--o.
Pramod: N ?
Answers:
1) Madan: I want soap/ some soap, mom.

Mother: You took a new cake of soap
just two days ago. Have you
done with it?
(have done with =
conversational. 'Have you used it
up?'
bookish.
'Have you used it up?'
spoken form- Have you done with it?/ Are
you done with it.
Madan: Yes, mom. I am done with it. I
want soap now.
Mother: You are using too much of soap,
boy. It dries up your skin, be
careful.
Madan: I use very little soap.
Mother: I know. That's why you have
used up a whole cake in just four
days.
2) Prasanth: When do you go to bed usually?
sleep =
(go to bed =
h
C
-a. F C
u-J-
E
Ev v-N-,
EvC- !)
Pramod: Usually at 10. I shall be late

today. I have two or three jobs
to do. I will go to bed only after
finishing them.
Prasanth: Shall I go then? I have important work at home too. Shall I
take some paper? I have an
assignment to do. I am taking
four sheets.
Pramod: Will that (they) do?
---
Jagadeesh: I came for you yesterday. You
were out.
- 25 -d 2005
verbs verb form: was + ing / Were

+ ing.
(Eo F a.
Nyx )
You were out = y x .
Were you in? = Nyx -o?
. in, out, be forms *o conversation --a. *o*o --i - spoken english x- C - E-hC. *o --
Eo - --- conversation
u.
Jayanth: I was at Sekhar's. I was playing
chess with him.
Singular subjects (I, he, she, it, they)

was + ing
. Plural subjects (we, you,

were + ing -C.
(English you = y / O; n
C plural verb )
Was + ing / were + ing form verb, past
continuous tense C.
C sentences .
a) -L *a--p h -o = I was reading a book when he
they)
came in.
b)
- *a--p - C =
The sun was shining when we went out.
( Rxx o. -
--o)
While the teacher was teaching the
Pradeep: TV
hC.
hoE O--J L?
Pradeep: h-o-E . F
E s B--h-ox
L-.
pupils were talking
Pratap:
u teacher teach , x
x- Continuous past
actions ! -E was + ing / were + ing.
You were out
ANSWERS:
a) I saw her when she was going out.
b) He was studying while she was cooking.
c) Venkat: What were you doing when all
this happen?
Vinai: I was reading the newspaper.
Sekhar's
; Sekhar's
Sekhar's place Lq E-
home,
-x--- 38
Jagadeesh: On my way home I saw your

father and his friend. They
were taking a walk.
c) Warden
L-*ap x (pupils)
----o = The pupils were studying when the Warden came in.
d)
( --a?)
Jagadeesh: I was just going this way. I
e)
(y *a--p brother, sister

x ?)
call = -, call at = -- x.
Eo O -a = I called at your place
uncle
Jagadeesh: They were, of course. They

were watching the T.V.
j -- verbs -E-.
Verbs
j x
-L *a--p h -- continuing past action d
- *a--p
continuing action in the past, d was
shining (was + ing)
c) warden
He often calls at his uncle's =
-L--*a--p x (pupils)
--- - a continuous past action
- d were studying (were + ing)
d) { Eo --- C
a continuing past action d was raining (was +ing)
Forms
- -h-- a continuing past action

d was having (was + ing)
C- .
Teacher h--p x x---o
e)
1. Was playing - was +...ing

2. Were taking - were+... ing
3. Was going - was+... ing
4. Were watching - were+...ing
( --op Nu-n
dance h-o)
Venkat: He stole the watch while you
M. SURESAN
vo: 1) I am having lunch
What were you doing when he knocked
vo:
Present perfect tense, present perfect
They have lived here for 10 years.
having a lesson d
better.
. 'He has a les-
bringing money.
Important:
-u C verbs
was + ing/ were + ing form .
C verbs . Was see-
(-sEo d Eo verb forms )

a) - -o-p -
.
b) --- hC.
c) Venkat: J-T--p y ho?
Vinai: news paper ---o.
Venkat: Table Oo watch E -E-?
Vinai: p news paper --o
Venkat: y news paper ---op watch T-L-.
(T-L- = steal)
d) Pradeep: --- --p -x
---o.
Pratap: O t- h-o?
They have been living here for 10 years,
a bath d. 'He is having a lesson' is
Pradeep: We knew that he was coming,

but we didn't know he was
4) He is having a lesson
having lunch, are having juice, is having
Didn't (Did not) any of you

know that he was coming?
(q --o-p -)
3) She is having a bath
O N d, N . N-J---.
.N.---- -, t---,
>x
: O u- am
Pratap:
The boy jumped from the bus while it
continuous tense
playing
was moving
2) They are having juice
son'
were reading the newspaper.

d) Pradeep: I was studying while they were
Now, Practice the following in English
h.
was reading (was + ing)

b)
I've (I have) told you/ I told you,

I was reading the newspaper.
Pradeep: She was watching the TV
/ were + ing form
spoken english expression.
Vinai:
( d--p y h-o?)
\ h-o continuous past
action d 'were you doing?'
actions over a duration in the past) was + ing
yesterday.
practice.
table?
students
l l NE--*--p -ho =
-E- j ux -
o - (Continuous actions in the past-
a)
not)
Pratap: What was your mother doing?
noise.
called?
you
at the door?
special.
and sister at home when you
Eo { h C = It was rainI was having my meal when I heard that
Jayanth: Weren't (were not) my brother
her
(Did
ing the whole of yesterday.
thought of seeing you. Nothing
( J h-o. Eo l--o. vu--i l- )
She was singing

while
you
observe the watch on the
were dancing
( -x J O o-,
o-o . x -h-o)
Jayanth: Why did you come for me?
Venkat: Didn't
---x p
'while' .
u N?
NJ---.
x- --, ---,
N--- >x
: a) Present Perfect tense -
v--i--p--- J-T -
. Present Perfect Continuous
Tense - v-i
--o - .
ing/ were seeing; was noticing/ were noticing; (h-
J*)was smelling/ were
smelling; was believing/ were believing; was

knowing/ were knowing; was understanding/
were understanding; was wanting/ were
wanting; was loving/ were loving; was hating/
were hating; was containing/ were containing; was consisting/ were consisting; was
possessing/ were possessing etc.
O-Eo
past doing words.
eg: He loved her.

(He was loving her
She understood his point.

(She was understanding his point
) N--- .
( ~ t Present perfect - p---, Present

p-o ). O
-- \ -- p-a. - lessons O J* Ja--o.
perfect continuous -
b) They have been living here for 10 years 10 x \ -o p-

\ o
They have lived here for 10 years 10
x x \ o. p--- o.
p--o, N
Sentence -p.
---
Bharat:
You were reading a book yesterday. Whose book was that?
(Eo y h ---o.
C J h?)
Bhargav: My book of course. I lent you a

book last week. I want it back this
evening. If your assignment is
complete, let me have it. It is not
mine.
( h-. - F h
a. v C L.
E F E - a. C
C )
(Lent - Lend Past doing word. Lend-N-y)
Bharat:
Not yours? Whose is it then?
(FC ? --JC?)
Bhargav: I got it from Ramu. It is his book.

This note book is his too.
Bharat:
11. ours
12. their
13. theirs
C
J, x
JC, xC, JN, xN
j -Fo -J C---E
(Possessions) --. English
u spoken english simple ,
--E O --- u.
Prakash: Whose idea is this?

(C J idea?)
Prasad: My idea. Why? Is it not so good
as your idea?
( idea. ? F idea ?)
Prakash: It is certainly better than my idea.
Only, I thought it was your dad's
(his) idea.
(. idea o C.
C O o-J idea -
o)
Prakash: No. My mom thinks better than
(C _ * B-o. C E h-. note

book -E)
I attended your sister's dance

programme the other day. It was
really good. Who is her dance
teacher?
(V O sister u v-z
. C. dance
teacher ?)
Bhargav: Our family friend Mrs. Nrityasri.
The Choreography was completely hers. The Singer is also a
friend of ours.
(N family friend. %u
z-y
(Choreography)
(Pronunciation J--v)
N-. --N friend)
Bharat: Does Mrs. Nrityasri run a school?
(. , h -
--o. o school. E--xE
p dancers -C x
Nu-n)
famous - =o, v -Cl-
dancers - q
j -- underline -
-E-.
n
1. Whose (book)? J (h)? / -JC?
2. My (book)
(h)
3. Mine
C
4. Your (book)
O / F (h)
5. Yours
OC / FC
6. his (book)
(h)
7. his
-C
8. her
(\ dance teacher)
9. hers
C
10. our
(family friend)
a)
C J h? = whose book is this?

-N-,
h -JC? = Whose is this book?
b) I) C h= That is my book
ii) h C = That book is mine
c) i) C F = This is your advice
ii) F? = Is this advice yours?
Kasim:
F bike B--x?
C . C bike.
D, D .
C C.
3) Avinash: x S h-o? C
OC ?
Alankar: C .
Krishna: C
Whose is it?
d) i)
-x--- 39
my dad. It is her idea.
(. o t
-*-hC. C idea)
Prasad: Any way, it is for our good. Their

interest is our success.
(--, C * .
x-\---C N-)
( \ --?)
run -/Ey--
Bhargav: Yes, She and her husband. Their
school is famous. Some of great
movie dancers were students of
theirs.
--C- 28 -d 2005
Prakash: OK, then. When shall we begin?
(, p v-Gl?)
Prasad: Depends on money. Its availability is everything.
( s O -- C.
E availability (u) )
j ---E possessives C-- possessives a.
1. Whose? (J?)
Whose? (-JC? / -JN?)
2. my ()
mine (C / N)
3. your (F / O)
yours (FC, OC / FN, ON)
4. his ()
his (-C / -N)
5. her (\) hers (C / N)
6. our ( / ) -
ours (C / N,
C / N)
7. their (x, ) theirs (xN, C /
xN, N)
8. its (E) its (EC / EN)
vo: -- ---u -spoken
english
spoken english
-a--o-.
-
--- tenses --u-?

--- - ---L?
..----v, o
: Tenses a-- u. --
vocabulary (, n, N
--- -). W English
Newspaper n , -- -.
vd --x L C. u lessons simple present, N tense N-
N-J. -.
vo: -C u- Tx- L-----.
1. O x ?
2. -E -@ Jp-
3. -u- x- --h-o
4. Eo E- B---
5. - j \ Jp-
6. -E ---d
Avinash:
C (\)
<? = Is this her
-JC?
Uncle C
Avinash: - C xC?
Alankar: x Grand father's time *
x.
4) Prameela: Eo J necklace C?
O d a--?
x? (d: relatives)
Laxmi: C x-C-. x -Fo v
o.
Alankar:
sari?
ii) < C =
This sari is not hers
e) i) teacher =
She is our teacher
ii) p C
M. SURESAN
-C? = How
is this fault ours?
f) i) C watch = This is his watch
ii) watch -C ? = Isn't (Is not)
this watch his?
g) i) C x h = This is their property
ii) C x h -C? = How is
this property theirs?
h) i) x.. J-- d
= I like the
house and its surroundings
ii) v EN =The wheels are its.
Very important: E, EE -Eo its
. \ S apostrophe (')
. Apostrophe It's It is E.
Apostrophe (') l --
ANSWERS:
1) Is this your car? / Is this car yours? where
are its keys?
2) Kasim: Who came yesterday? / Who
was it that came yesterday?
Krishna: My friend / A friend of mine
( expression conversation
\ -)
Kasim: Did he take your bike?
Krishna: That was not mine. That was
his bike. Mine and his look the
same / look alike only, mine is
Eo -hC)
Eg: 1) This car and its wheels=
slightly older than his.
, E
v.
2) It's my car = It is my car. (C
)
Now practice the following aloud in

English: (j possessive )
1) F? E -N?
2) Kasim: Eo *a--?
Krishna: o- (my, mine
)
7. o -- al
8.Sir, Madam E E-~--u- -a?
9. S.C., S.T. d-- L?
>. N, -Lx
: 1. Is your tap off? / Have you turned off your tap?
/ Has your tap been turned off?

2. I have admitted him in college
3. The teachers are making the students sweep
the class rooms / The teachers are getting the
students to sweep the rooms / The teachers
have the students sweep the rooms.
4. I will take you to the movie
5. I taught him cycling
6. I put him to bed
7. Don't compare me with others / Don't compare
me to others- -s-Eo-d
8. -J-j Sir / Madam E -a.
9. S.C.s and S.T.s
-E- C the
E short farm- DE
n '\ N N- / --N simple ' E. slightly=
Cl.
conversational bits.
\
'only'
only things
3) Avinash: Why are you vacating the

house? Is it not yours? / Don't
you own it?
(Vacate pronunciation:
- /
-- \ -L n S- (x N)
Alankar: No, it's (it is) not ours.
Avinash: Whose is it, then?
Alankar: Our uncle's
Avinash: How long has it been theirs?
Alankar: (It has been theirs) since their
grandfather's time.
4) Prameela: Whose necklace was lost /
was
missing
yesterday?
You had relatives yesterday,

was it theirs?
Laxmi: No, not theirs; their ornaments /
jewels are all safe.
---
Srilekha: Did you meet them yesterday?
(Eo y x ---o?)
Surekha: Whom do you mean?
(y-C J J*?)
Srilekha: Savithri and her husband
(NvA, h J*)
Surekha: I met her, but not him
( ---o, E -E
---)
Srilekha: Did you show her the letter?
letter
-?)
Surekha: Yes, I Showed it to her. She will

show it to him today.
(- -.
- -hC)
Srilekha: Did she enquire about me?
--- 30 -d 2005
Supriya:
y - ---? -E y d---?
Suchithra: O v o--! -E d--?
(- F-d -)
Supriya: Brother, sister -J-- d- N
Suchithra: v- --O vl
. o worry hC.
(neglect )
Supriya: v - trouble
y. t o ---. x- v-h
---. C -o
B--h. q tLo
much. He gives him
()
whatever he wants. only, he asks

him to study well (him=E)
Supriya: By the by, our teacher gave us an
- n
-
- L
-
.h ..
-x---
asked me to give you her best

wishes. She wants us to visit her
40
soon. She likes to give us a dinner.
( Eo ----C. Eo-T-x p-C. Lo Rx---J

tC. dinner y---C.)
Srilekha: That's fine. Let's go to them
tomorrow in my car. I will show
them my new car.
(C. x
_- . h x
-h.)
-- them, whom, her, him,
you, us, me -E-.
English conversation natural ,
simple --- O n, OE Eo
- -sx C ---
u. *o-*o - o --E nFo -- simple conversation --- --a. lesson
J* --.
I =
me = o;
we =
us = t-, / -,
you = y / O
you = Eo, Nt-- / F, O
he =
him = -E, -
she =
her = , ( \)
it = C
it = EE, E
they = x, N
them = x, E/ x,
who =
whom = -JE/ -J.
n- - d-E *a
Surekha, Srilekha dialogue G_- -J
-.
Practice the following aloud in English.
Suchithra: brother

h. o d---.
(like )
(-- --o
topic a-p 'by the by'- -
'C- . us =
). When did he ask
us (Lo) to complete
Ny-h.
Suchithra: brother
---. Eo t
y doctor _-
B--}. o v
d. -C -o
h.- --E v
-.
Supriya: C-, Eo assignment a . Jh---o Lo?
Suchithra: a E- -.
--V ?
Supriya: p E? -o--
y?
conver-
Answers:
Suchithra: My brother helps me a lot ()
He likes me very much
Supriya: Do you help him too? Do you like
Suchithra: You have a brother too.

also
too better.)
Don't you (=Do you not) like him?
(o)
Supriya: Nothing surprising a brother and a

sister liking each other.
Suchithra: But my brother neglects studies. That worries me.
(o)
Supriya: My brother doesn't (does not) give

me that kind of trouble/ such trouble. (such=that kind=)
He helps my parents too a lot. He
takes
But
good
care
of
them.
(Them=x)
He gets us what we want
().
He makes us laugh with his jokes

Suchithra: My brother helps us too. My
mother had a fever yesterday
and he took her to doctor.
(English
fever, countable,
p -
Hari: (over phone) Hello, who is it please?
Supriya: Who told you so?/ Who told you

that? Whom did you ask?
[[[[[
a) y Eo -JE ---o? = Whom
did you meet yesterday? L. Jo = whom. - spoken English whom who -ho. C d spoken English.
Who did you meet yesterday?
C u formal
( p ).
written English
C spoken form, conversational.

b) y Eo -J x---o?
(Spoken) Who (Whom )
Were you talking to yesterday?
, To whom
E .)
\ -E--Lq N: Preposition
'to'- sentence . sentence 'to' begin h whom L.
(-,
(?)
formal
were you talking yesterday?
-v-o:
(,
-)
Hari: That's nice, hearing your voice... after
a long time.
( , y F
N)
Hemanth: Was that your brother who
appeared in the TV serial yesterday?
(Eo TV serial E--*C O
brother ?)
Hari: Yes, it's (= it is) him (, ) and
the little girl he was walking with... do
you know who she is? ( -ho
*o- F ?)
Hemanth: Wasn't it (was it not) your
youngest sister?
Hari: Yes, it's her.
j -- -E-: It's me, it's him,
It's her. - , It is I, It is he, It is
she -E
-. F spoken
English It's me, It's her, It's him -
d.
1. Shop closed
- u Negative.
J---?
3. Not shop closed n?
4. School going children. DEE Negative N- L?
5. World's largest selling Newspaper. DEE Negative - -
---.
. , j-
2. Shop n't closed
---: 1, 2, 3
Shop closed - DE shop not closed. Shopn't closed - n't

- x . an, is, are... v . Not
shop closed j English . \ shop not closed
'shop open' better . 4. Non school going children C
school going children negative. 5. The world's largest selling
News paper negative - not the world's largest selling newspaper
-a.
form
(tLo)
Who are you talking about? (whom )

d) -J x-C?
Who did he quarrel with?
e) -JE Eo?
Who (Whom ) did you see yesterday.
f) Jo Rx - M
I do not know who she married
( sentences whom
. Who common, spoken
English)
Hemanth: It's (it is) me, Hemanth
Who did you meet yesterday?
him too?
(-; -E: Do you also help him?

o Do you help him too- \- -
Spoken English)
(-- p-x
M. SURESAN
-JE J* x---o?
isn't it (= is it not) a holiday for

us? (us =
formal writ-
Who are you writing (letters) to ?

c)
Suchithra: The coming

think.
Jo -----o?
) do you want to see?
-J h- h-o?
it.?
Saturday, I
writing,
ing h.
Spoken form v, 'to' - sentence
* hC. sentence 'whom' ,
who v-Gh. 'who' (whom -Lq
x) questions v-G-- spoken
English d.
Who (whom
sation
Surekha: She wishes to see you. She
My father likes my brother very
assignment yesterday.
( J* T?)
(to whom were you talking?)
'a fever', her=)
[Radha: Hi Roja, how are you? long since we

met.
(
past participle (pp)

a)
I have met (have + pp) him.
Roja: Fine thank you. How are you?
\[ , j ( V, , ,
etc.) ---oD L-----[ x
have met- have + pp [-o.
o? L
V-jC.)
( o. y o?)
Radha: Fine to. Thanks. How about going to
the movie Black?
(o! x E -?)
Roja:
I've (I have) seen it. Think of some

other movie.
(C . E j p)
Radha: I haven't (I have not) seen it so far.
so far=
(p C [-].
p)
Roja: That's surprising. It has run for three

weeks now, and you haven't seen it!
[.
E ---o.
b) I met him yesterday.

yesterday
Past Doing Word
c) He has gone out.
time
- has + pp
d) He went out an hour ago.
(
went- Past Doing Word)
e) She has bought a car.
\[
x
E j L--[
[-o)
L--[ ]. d has gone
v E j L--[ x
( oC.)
(au ! C [ -
[-C. y [-?)
Radha: How about some coffee before going
to a movie?
(E-x ] h -?)
1 d 2005
f) She bought it last week.
( EE ] oC)
-E-
- j LE Past Actions
(for the past / for the last ten years =

-x x v # p)
2) --x Tx C.
(p)
He has taught English for the past/ for the
last four years
III) have + pp/ has + pp, just, just now
p--
p h- - [.
a) x p v--iC.
The class has just begun.
b)
Rx-p a.
They have just arrived.
.
3) p 100 #vx -#C.
She has acted in 100 movies so far.
4) ].
He has not come yet/ so far.
j L..?
Roja: I have just had coffee. I don't feel like

drink any more.
(p . Sx -E ].)
-- -E--Lq N
have + past participle (have + pp) / has + pp
I, We, You and They
have +
pp
He, She, It
has + pp
present perfect tense
form verb
-.
[.
[. DEo
.
J-Eo ---
a) My father (he) has gone out.
( o x)
b) My mother has bought a saree for my sister.
( -) have/ has + pp .
JT j L Past Actions Past
Doing Words [.
d have + pp/ has + pp d--] Past actions, time not stated (j
L--E, J-T) - [.
eg: 1) y E-- -?
Have you seen the movie?
2) [ a?
Has he come?
3) F #a?
( t d- < oC.)
c) My friends (they) have left for Hyderabad.
(
d) Tendulkar has scored thirty five centuries
so far.
x 26
vq j]-- x.)
([-\ 35 -K d[.)
e) The class has just begun.
Have you received the invitation?
4) \- RxC?
Where has she gone?
(x p viC)
f) We haven't (have not) read the report yet.
( p Jd ]--])
p[ v-h E-
I) ] --o past actions,
time stated ( JT, j L -)
Past Doing Words (came, sang, liked, knew
verbs)
[.
1) JT j L-E, L--E have + past participle (pp)/ has +
5) p [ x a[.
He has already (p-) changed two
cars.
II) have + pp/ has + pp

vi p J-T/
-o (p-[-p[) have +
pp/ has + pp [.
1) \[ x o.
I have lived here for the past/ for the last
ten years.
(p ] -[
p J-TC).
(yet = ; so far = p)
\[ -E-.
have been/ has been- N forms.
] -o.
p # p
[-Eo 'have been/
has been' L--h.
C u-
J-Q-L-.
a) He has been a
teacher of English for
the past two years.
teacher here from 2001 to 2003'
E . - verb- pres past tense

C -d N-J-.
uh A [ 'Ah
J# p--p[
be form verb -T-L? Question tag Am I/
Are I, Amn't I/ Aren't I C
--T-L?
XA o-v--]-, --[
: - p[ o o[,
C . C past E, present
ent tense, English
M. SURESAN
b) He has taught English for the past two

years.
( -x Tx C- p
.)
c) He has been an English teacher.
C - [[.
(C action) English for the
d) He has taught
past two years.
sentences
Eo [ N-
state of being
action
vo: ux [ 2001 # E.
2003 \[ - o[
uEo Tx- 'He was a
c)
( x Tx
o[.)
j[
English v p[
[[, p[ [Eo p--E
am, is, are; ox p--E
was, were --Th.
2001 # 2003 (past)
d, He was a teacher here from
2001 to 2003 d.
- uh A o-p[
'Ah past was, present is,
future will be/ shall be -T-L.
([[),
(E) L---h-o.
Aren't I L.
vo: p Tx- active voice
passive voice N?
. -u, -
Am I- not
: verb 'be' form + past participte

(PP)
C passive voice. N
forms C active. Passive voice
verb [ n -
hC.
Shops are closed on sundays.
Manmohan Singh was a Finance
(verb- are closed- are (beform) + closed
Minister
(PP), verb- passive) -
()
Manmohan Singh is Prime Minister
(vh)
Manmohan Singh will be the PM for
some time to come (future)
How about going to the movie Black?
C-- shops --[-.

- passive [. English
\
simple - C.
EN v RxC.
She has gone out just a minute ago.
sentences
just
past action time not stated
They have just gone.
]--. p[
-C.
Rx-p x.
They have gone.
x x.
C u- English G_- practice
.
1) [-\ 15 -q-- v
[.
2) Rx-\[ E--? ( How
long [)
3) p -].
4) x - h -].
5) E p viC.
6) x h C-?
7) y-p-[o ?
8) \ V # L ]-o. (since our school days [).
9) \[ E ?
10) Rx ].
Answers:
1) Tendulkar has played cricket for the past
fifteen years.
2) How long have they worked here?
3) She has not taken/ has not had tea so far.
4) They haven't (have not) written a letter to
me for the past four months.
5) The movie has just begun.
6) Have they read the book?
7) Have you ever helped me?
8) We have studied together since our school
days (since =
9) How long have you worked here?
10) They have not come so far.
#).
---
Sukanya: Hi Sumithra? I saw you at Sell All
Super Market yesterday. Busy
buying things?
(Eo Eo Sell All Super Market _
. -?)
Sumithra: Mom was inside. She was buying
provisions. I was waiting outside.
By the by, you know we have
moved. We now live in Gandhi
Nagar.
(tC - .
wait ho. ... od,
x . p D---
o.)
- x, -Eo shift
. move - d.
x -o
We are moving to a new house tomorrow
Shift
Sukanya: My uncle is in Gandhi Nagar too.
Where exactly is your home
there?
( uncle x D----
. O x correct \?)
Sumithra: At 12-14-16 on Nehru Street. It is
to the right of make Money Bank
Ltd., if you stand in front of it. We
live on the ground floor.
(Nehru Street Door No. 12-14-16 .
Make Money Bank - E- E
-j).
Sukanya: Hei, your place is just under my
uncle's. He lives on the first floor.
(O-C uncle x . OC
ground floor, xC I floor).
Sumithra: Happy to know that they are on
the 1st floor just above us. Just
across the road is an ice cream
shop. I think it was your uncle's
son sitting at the back of the shop
and enjoying an ice cream.
(x-\ j -{-- - C. ice cream

shop C. O uncle J s , ice cream shop aE ice
cream A-o)
\ prepositions -E-:
Eox preposition ,
. Eg: at the back of.
-- conversation prepositions:
at, inside, outside, in, to the right of, on,
under, above, across, at the back of.
-O--E position (-- h/ E
) ---E ----E --C-- --o. -p- J-Eo N-:

at: -d . in =
1. I saw you at the Super Market
Super Market _
-d Super Market _- ().
In the Super Market = Super Market
I was at the Super Market from 5 p.m. to
6 p.m.
The goods in the Super Market are
expensive.
j ux at , in -E-.
5 * 6 Super Market
o, h- .
Goods in the Super Market
Super Market E h-.
x School o
The children are at school.
x x Class o
The children are in class.
--C 4 -d- 2005
There are four hundred pupils in the school

school - --- C x--o.
2. inside o in o .
inside v-- - n
hC. in E n.
Pranav: Where are your friends?
Prabhat: They are in the car. Look inside
and you will see them. They were
outside the car till ten minutes ago.
(Car o. , x
-Eh.C EN- -- x
-o)
3. above = j.
The government has the duty to see that
every person has a roof above their
head.
vA-Jj p x
vy NC
(vA--J E Lp--)
-u j po -x --E,
-.
a) O x a?
'by'
Did you come by car?

b) bus -- a-. He came by bus
by train, by plane, by ship
c) - K a
-.. move
The goods came
by lorry.
Top (p)
E
-x--- 42
The fan is just above you
Fan correct - -F j C.
'above' h-/ E-
above your head - , fan
j. fan
S
E. --Ej - S C 'above'.
--E-j -E , C
'on'.
Pen, table O C
the pen is on the table.
Table O lamp C
There is a lamp above the table.
( table O light -x lamp table
j C).
'On' J* u-i N. n j, O -- -Eo- 'on'
--. , n 'in' -.
English - , --E
-sx 'on' hC.
eg:
a) d-- Eo train ---o
I first met him on a train. (In a train )
b) G- -
His name is not on the list.
c) team o? Is he on the team?
d) x x C The house is on fire.
e) Plane 50 C v---o
There are fifty passengers on the plane.
f) d =
His name is not on the row.
N spoken English vh -LqN.
-v-o:
Have
form
- -
'on' hC.
on
cycle,
on
scooter, on bike,
on camel, on elephant on horseback.
4. under, below:
M. SURESAN
- n C.
x d a-o
They sat under a tree.
( d t x-j o)
From the helicopter, the minister saw
below him the areas under water
Helicopter * vA- h Fx-C
v- -E-.
Correct E- - under.
-E -\-- below.
From the window of the II Floor, he saw
below a man or the road.
Road E-o Correct
- . - \ level h
.
C :
The ground floor is under the first floor.
(ground floor h - C)
5. Across = --L-.
My home is across the road from the bank
Bank * road --L- -x.
C- --L -j = across the river.
- -j * -j =
across the sky.
ing form C . Has ing

?
d -J --%g, j--
----: Has C He, She, It
(L-T--, A,
n). Have C Verb form.
E v ing hC. Has
. - He, She, It
Speak verb speaks C. p ing form speak
v . Speaks
speaking . Have
He, She, It has .
Speaks ing a-d has
ing a. talk. Talk- He,
She, It talks -C. ing form
talk hF talks a .
-v-o:
----:
The plane flew at great speed across the

sky
plane - -j *
-j -R}C.
6. at the back of = --j
(back side -, backside
n -,
E)
--p-
class j a-
He always sits at the back of the class.
Bus ao v -
~ --o.
The passenger at the back of the bus were
safe.
at the back of the room = C -
behind the room = C
some one at the back of the hall was
shouting
Hall - -h-o.
There is a tap behind the hall
Hall - C. ( Hall )
Practice the following aloud in English.
a) Stella: O Eo Card B-?
Nikhila: Eo - } . j---
o.
Stella: O-\--?
Nikhila: -o---, M- O-C .
Stella: O - road --L-j
-School C-?
Nikhila: . E - x.
Stella: O application O
d. Yours faithfully
E-. Application -j.
ANSWERS:
Stella: Didn't you (Did you not) take your
ration card yesterday?
Nikhila: I was out of town yesterday
(Out of station ).
I was in Hyderabad.
Stella: Where do you live?
Nikhila: In Governorpeta; in / on Alibaig
Street
(Road , Street in, on j)
Stella: Isn't there a School across the
road from your place?
Nikhila: Yes. My home is just opposite
the school.
Stella: Please sign on this application,
below the 'yours faithfully' line. on
the right side.
'Over', 'above'
u N? -s C L?
-.-.- -v-, -l-, -Pa----J ->-x
Prepositions Over, above - F j n -a.
1) Our class room is above / over your class room.

b) My father wants to have two roomed portion above / over the first floor.
-x above, over j -a.
ii) He is over 35 years of age but looks younger.
( q 35 }- \--, *o -Eh.)
\ over v . Above .
iii) -L j o-p Over .
He jumped over the wall. ( OC . \ above )
iv) u, s, time -o \ E p--E over .
The book costs over Rs. 300 = h K . 300o \.
He waited over three hours = --o \ wait .
There are over 30 students = 30 students o \ o.
---
Rama Rao: What are your College hours?
College
Prakash: Our College works from 9 to 3.30.
We go for lunch between 12.30
and 1.30
College 9
(O
E-- ?)
(
* 3.30
E--hC. 12.30, 1.30 u
h)
Rama Rao: When do you usually start for

college?
college
(O *
p ----?)
Prakash: Because our Classes begin at

9.00 in the morning, I usually start
about 8.30, as it takes around half
an hour for me to reach college. I
am at college by 8.55. But why
are you asking me all the these
questions?
(Classes 9
v -
d, - 8.30
v ----. College
--E _ _ - C. -i 8.55 xcollege . vo-Fo
---o?)
Rama Rao: I am from the RTC. We are

gathering information to plan
our bus services to suit students needs. When does the
college usually reopen after
summer vacation?
RTC
(
* h-o.
Nu-n --- --
Bus services
---E
- -J-ho. N
yCollege
p -h?
Prabhakar: Usually in June, on the 3rd

Monday
June
(-
-)
Rama Rao: For howmany days does the

college work in a year?
College
( -q-,
V E--hC?)
Eo
Paul: For about 180 days, without counting

exam days
(exams
V
180 V)
j ---E Prepositions -E-.
from, to, between, about, around, by, at

after, in, on, for.
Prepositions
Time
Prepositions
Time
O -E j
Fo
(--E) -C-*
E. jFo
,
V, , -q, uC L
h-o !
at (9.00 in the morning), about (8.30),
around (half an hour), after (summer vacation), in (June), on (the 3rd Monday), in (a
year), for (howmany days) brackets
time expressions
prepositions of place and position -
\
! -E O-
oN
Eo-E
vo: what does he think of himself? E a.

about himself
--?
v-- E/ h- o-x LN .
J-Eo prepositions of time l.
Naresh: what is the last date for the submission of application?
(Application submit
-Lq *-J-
C C?)
Narayana: On or before the 15th of next
month. we issue applications
upto the 28th of this month.
Applications will be available
even after that date till the 30th
of this month, but we charge a
late fee of Rs 5 per day. We
have been selling applications
since the 5th. Our Office is open

from 10 AM to 5 PM, and applications are issued during that
time.
Prepositions of time
before (the 15th), upto (the 28th of this
month), till (the 30th), Since (the 5th), during
(that time).
Prepositions of time
---E
(E-. last week exam first

mark *aC. ---C o-\
\ --J)
(
\- h.
AJ-T-h)
l
uC h-u-- n
.
-x--- 43
p
l?
1. at: Our classes begin at 9

classes
(9
v-)
*a- j E --o-p
time at hC.
There are 30/ 31

days in a month.
( 30/
V)
EN,
EN- y F _-)
31
There are only 28/ 29

days in February.
(February
28/ 29
V .)
He came back in ten minutes.
10 EN-- (C EN--
) AJT a.
It'll be ready in a week's time.
M. SURESAN
At 4 PM, at 9.30, at half past ten (10.30), etc.

days
2. on: On
dates
p,
V) ,
.
( x,
(D)
uC
The Government came to power in 2004.
preposition
J* -N--J--
N.--- - V, j--
He agreed to stay for another day
V---E p--o.
She agreed to the proposal
vA-- p-C.
I agree with you that he is the best player
E U--J-h-o/ F --N-h-o.
There are 12 months in a year
C -E ( V C) j C.
'in'
The police were able to catch the killer in a

day
just a week
(Teacher h chapter
Jh)
u-C N, -
J -- \ -sx
Manoj: Why are you so happy, Mohan?
(, - o
?)
Mohan: Why not? I got the first mark in last
week's exam. The first time I
iv) Join a college/ a group/ a course join

preposition
v) attend =
attend college/ class/ marriage etc.
attend to =
My Father is attending to the repairs of our house.
- -sx
.
--
j u- .
( E ---o)
attend on = -, A-- -u
a) Please attend on the guests
(Gusets
b) When I was ill my sister attend on me.
sister
Letter writing
"Thanking you"
Thank you
-)
vo:
F,
F .
scored so high in a year.
(-h-E M- \--V d---L-.)
(-q-),
hC.
)
Important: every, next, last, that, this

in
on
Shops are closed every Sunday
(on every Sunday
He comes here next Monday
(on next Monday
He was here last Saturday
(on last Saturday
I'll begin it this Monday
(On this Monday
He didn't see her that day (on that day
in
The tournaments will begin next June
(in next June
)
She met him last December
(in last December
They go to Kashmir every May
(in every May
Vocabulary
(Pronunciation)
1) Charming =
(-q- 12 --)
uC(Period of time) *---E
.
(-, Eo--V?)
what does he think
The teacher finished the whole chapter in
Suseela: When are you leaving for

Hyderabad?
Suguna: On Sunday, that is, on the 4th.
Suseela: When is the interview?
Suguna: On Monday. I will be back here
on the 6th, that is, on Tuesday
3. in: Months
years
(duration)
IN
Pranav: I will be in Kashmir in June.
(June Kashmir
Paul: For how long?
(),
My sister was born in 1999. (1999

(2004
IN
Kumar: (Over to phone) Where are you

Krishna? I am waiting for you
Krishna: Sorry, I'll be with you in five minutes.
(sorry,
Our College closes for the day at 4
(-T- college --C.)

\ -E-. l, v
time E *---E spoken English,
Conversation AM, PM .
conversation in the morning, in the evening etc., . Purely official spoken/ written form v AM,
PM.
-sx of, about -E

-a. Think of, think about correct.
ii) Prepositions J* N-Jh-o.
iii) agree with = uh --N-.
agree to = E-j p--
best player
Pranav: My friend will join me there in July.

Together we will return in August.
friend
July
August
AM, PM -p-?..
i)
-- 6 -d- 2005
( ---p
-C)
*
. C j,
N-J---.
N.%-g-Jh, N--
: j correspondence , letter * thanking you/ Thank you
--. E C h-- C -
JC. British correspondence Thanking you .
)
C
.
Fo - L-N.
N = -{---i
C - a; v-h a;
E-, h- -a.
a) She is very Charming in that dress.
dress
b) He was Charming towards us
-{-- C)
( x--- o)
() = - -.
2) Chase
a) The tiger chased the deer.
(L > --C)
b) The police were chasing the thief.
(--M- -- f)
(v \ 'v,
Bank ba -L)=
3) Drag
i) He dragged the boy into the room
(C- )
ii) She dragged him into the quarrel
-E x TC.
iii) The movie dragged on
E -D-
---
Ravi: Hi Rahul, going somewhere?
(
- - , -\-j- -o-?)
Rahul: I am on my way to class.

(Class
Ravi: So early?
(
Rahul: Yes. Our Classes are in the morning
from 7.
Classes
Ravi: But I saw you at the temple on the
morning of the 15th.
(15
--o)
l-o?)
(
-)
K l Eo
J)
8 -d- 2005
a) We have classes in the morning everyday

except on the morning of Sunday.
b) The accident took place in the evening, it
was on the evening of last Saturday, the
29th.
Kumar: How do I go to Learnwell College
from here?
Learnwell College
(\--*
}L?
Kamala: You have been here for the past 15

days. Strange that you don't know
the way yet.
15
(y V- \-o ?
J L---- N*-v)
c) During this period he has changed a lot

Officer:
When did you take your degree?
-V- -- in.. on
Rahul: Yes. The 15th was a Saturday. We

did not have classes on the morning
of Saturday.
(15
classes
Ravi: You were planning to go home,
when are you leaving?
Officer:
( }----o , p
--o?)
Rahul: Yes, on the evening of the 25th
(, 25 v)
Ravi:
How do you spend your evenings?
(F -v h?)
Rahul: Usually I go for a long walk in the
evening
(v u - -)
\ Prepositions -E. in (the
morning), on (the morning of saturday), in
(the evening), on the (the evening of the
25th) etc.
lesson
Prepositions of time.
1) at,
time
2) on, days and dates
C
-- --*a
E L
oC..
,
;
3) in, months and years E. 4) in,
uC (a period of time) L
.
'In' (Parts of the day)
.
In the morning, in the evening, in the
after noon, in the night or at night.
Krishna: When do you get up?
(F p Ev h?)
Kesav: At 5 in the morning
( C-)
Krishna: When do you usually have lunch?
(Lunch
Kesav: In the afternoon between 1.00 and
1.30
p h?)
(uo 1, 1.30 u)
-E-. (Parts of the day)
in - , morning, evening
etc., 'the' p hC. (In the morning, in the evening etc.)
lesson
conversation
a) In the morning; On the morning of
Saturday
b) In the evening; on the evening of the 25th.
morning, evening
parts of the
day
in
morning,
evening
on
-E-.
hC. V
D
op hC.
--
V-
*
Vx
hC.
(C V-)
* E.
*)
a) India has been independent for the past
58 years.
b) India has been independent since 1947
a) b)
a)
u- n .
o-x yv-- o
-C.
b) p--* y-v o
-C .
Period of time 'for',
point of time ( */ V */
-q *) o-p since L.
Since the vedic times ( *)
x)
*-
----J-
a) I have not met him for the past/ the last

four years and ten months
--x C- -E ---.
b) I have not met him since January 2000
January 2000
* --E ---.
2002 x
E--C.
teacher
She worked as a teacher for about/

around two years till 2002.
c) We reached home (at) about 1.30
(2002 -x- teacher

o. p--* Software
Programmer o (p-
--/ )
During your period as Software
Bhaskar: How long were you there yester-
Programmer what computer
day?
skills have you used?
(Eo y \ ---o?)
(Software Programmer
o ,
computer skills O ?)
for, since, during prepositions of
time -. u since --p
p verb, have been/ has
Bhavan: For over an hour (= for more than

an hour =
--j).
Bhaskar: When did he come?
( p--a?)
Bhavan: It was over five when he came.
been; have + past participle/ has + Past par-
( a--J 5 C.)
ticiple form
. -
j * p-----F, EF n
d.
a) Delhi has been the capital of India since
the time of the Pandavas
Corrections:
:
Spoken English 43

Column
line
prepositions of place and position-
(- * - Mx --E
C E .)
b) India was under the British rule during the
( o --p*).
( -E
---o.)
b)
1.30 .
j expression- 6 O' Clock, 5.30, 2.00
(AM/ PM)- O- time E
p--E at about . at C-
about -.
period of time 'over' h j
E n.
Software Programmer.
(J --Vx y N?)
(v 6.30, v)
Since then I have been a
Kumar: During these five days I have been

busy buying books, clothes etc.
prepositions of time: for,
since, during.
for the past 15 days - 15
Since last Sunday - last sunday
During these 5 days 'for'
period of time
for an
hour, for a day, for 10 days
.
since
since 1999 (1999
since he last saw me
for the past last five thousand years

(5000
I met him last in 2000 Jan
2000
What have you been doing
upto 2002.
Kamala: And what have you been doing

during the 5 days?
C?)
I was there for about half an hour.
(p * Since then
O h-o?)
Officer:
begin
(p T-C?)
Koushik: Around 8. (8, v)
About, Around, prepositions of
time, , n time L - .
a) \ - o
Candidate: I was a teacher for two years
(.
\ M. SURESAN
C-
oC. 5 V)
Kushal: When did it end?
since then?
-x--- 44
Kumar: No, not 15
days. I have
been here only
since
last
Sunday. Only
5 days.
(Meeting
Koushik: (At) about 6.30 in the evening
(O vU p B--o?)
Candidate: In April 2000 (April 2000
D E-. --V l
)
Kushal: When did the meeting begin?
( -x- J--)
18th, 19th and part of the 20th Centuries
(18, 19
-l, 20 l --
British - C.
- about, around, prepositions of
time - o.
(6.9.2005 -*)
*, *J
''O-EoF
v-- E/ h- o x
L-N E *aC.
''O-Eo-E Prepositions of time E
---L.
Last Column 5 j Kumar: (Over to
Phone) (Over Phone) E L.
C Vocabulary o Line
''Fo - L-N ''O
No. 1) Eo, No. 2) and 3) -
LN E ---L.
vo: Active Voice, Passive -C* doubt C. I shall do my

home work
passive
Passive voice
C. E I shall go to market..
. N? N-J-.
N.-N, -Lx, K-- >x
: I shall go to market- verbs (go - \ shall go) passive
. verb -JE, EE E vo - - a
-s- v passive C.
Shall go- \ go } -JE }, EE } E vo
- - . d passive .
'do' EE - C d E passive
C.
vo: Tx- j p--p O' clock E . d Clock v --a-!
.x, Cl-
: O' Clock of the clock. Of the clock E C* p, - O' clock. \
apostrophe (') C- lEo *-hC. d clock n . h- -
v O' clock . 7.25 O' clock .
u-
---
Subhash: Hi pranav, How are you getting
along?
Pranav:
O fine. How is it with you?
Subhash: Fine too, thanks. Where in the

work have you been? Ages since
we met.
(- \--o. -E ----xC).
-Fo vo.
Pranav: I was in Bangalore for a month
from Aug. 1st to/ till Aug 31st, and
then in Chennai from Sept. 1st to/
till Sept 6 th, and since then here.
(Bangalore
-, Chennai
Sept. 6 th . p--* \)
Subhash: Happy you are back, and in a

good shape too. You remember
--C 11 -d- 2005
Pratibha: When is he here everyday?

Prabha: He is here from morning 9 till
evening 5.
Pratibha: Is he here upto 5?
(5 ?)
Prabha: He is here until 5 everyday.
(vA-W 5 --\)
' n to, upto, till, until Fo
. spoken English to, till
\.
Sriram: Raghu, for how long has your sister
been here?
Raghu: for the past five days, since the 4th of
this month.
from , since : 'from' -u
* ,
expressions . since
p--- prepositions
position and time --o.
ANSWERS:
of place,
a) Our office is on the 2nd floor. It is just
Now practice the following sentences/

conversation aloud in English.
a) Office -h C. C
-h-E fancy shop j C.
above the fancy shop on the first floor.

b) Sunil: Where is the book?
Anil: In the shelf.
Sunil: I thought it was in the box. I
my cousin Harsha? He is here

now. He has been here since the
last Saturday. He will be here
upto the end of this month.
(y u AJT *a--
. - ->- { h-o-?
---Ep- -\- --o- -- --E --*. - --- -
---)
till.. until..
searched inside the box.
b) Sunil:
Pranav: What does he do here until then?
(-- \ h?)
-x--- 45
Subhash: He is attending coaching classes

for ICET.
(\ ICET Coaching B--o)

Conversation E prepositions: of,
from, to, since, till, until, upto.
--J from '*

* F, to
E.
'from-to' h---
n: / V/ / / q * (from) / V/ /
/ -q (to) E.
Sukanya:
What are your college hours?
(O
College
--N-?)
Ramakanth: Our College works from 9 am
He was teacher here from 2003 to 2004

( past)
b) \ -Lq period 2004 * 2006
to 4 pm.
( College 9 *
E--hC)
Sukanya:
-. / K/ /
/ -q * p- - - , n . * -
,
* present (v h- ) - - ,
* future
- j , future *
- j from v to .
a) 2003* 2004 \ teacher
o.
Do you have classes upto?
(-O
?)
Classes
Ramakanth: Except on Saturdays when the

College works until 2 pm.
(\ E-p V 2)
--: from time/ day/
week/ years etc., --* --E. To
time/ day/ week/ years etc., - E.
p--p to , till
-, n.
Her period/ tenure here is from 2004 to

2006.
(from the past to the future)
c) Cricket matches 2005 December *
2006 January .
The Cricket matches are from Dec 2005 to
January 2006. (Both future)
Since: Past time * (from some time
- - - --E in the past) p
LqC Since v . from - .
My sister has been here since 2004 February.
(2004 February * sister \ C)
- She has been here from 2004
-v-o: 1. O
A, An J* *a N- Jh .
- -Eo -s-x capital letters *a--p a -. : A Union, A European, A
One-way traffic etc.,

2. Mother loves her child wrong
widest sense
article
beautiful
All Roses
rose
o. E
. : Rose is
o-p
E n. A rose

-C ! -p- Eo Roses
-i-N E n-. DE J* Jh N-
--y-.
3. Water uncountable plural - s
o. E hC. Deep waters, Troubled
waters E ! N-J-.
4. I get up at 6 a.m. o-p Everyday E \--. C habitual everyday E -. N--J--.
-N.-N.-..-, -N---o
h \C?
Anil: shelf
Sunil: d
--o.
-
-A.
M. SURESAN
Anil: shelf F
note book O C.
Sunil: Eo--* E- -A.
c) Prabhat: match \ J-TC?
Prakash: college play grounds
Prabhat: p J-TC?
Prakash: Eo l - j NtC- --C.
Prabhat: Sunday morning Match
?
Prakash: Matches Fo mornings J-.
Sunday morning J-T match
interesting C.
d) Suseela: E-\ 2003 * o. \J v Charminar j
x. CT a-p
--.
Sucharita: F , F
Eo---E?
Suseela: v \ j C.
Sulekha C.
control -o.
Sucharita: -p J-TC?
Suseela: January v.
C-.
---: 1. A, An J* -N--J-*- -s- \

Capital letters
a/ an ---E-F,
EF .
2. countable, singular \ o E a/ anF,
-sEo d 'The' F ---. Mother loves her
Child p. 'mother' countable singular .
A/ an ' n , 'any' E, 'all' F
no . Generalise --p A mother
loves her child . E n every mother E, - 'any mother' E. -F mother E .
'A dog is a faithful animal' o-p A dog = all animals of the species ( A n hC). O-ox,
Countable singular, Widest sence A/ an EC \
'Man' N-- . eg: Man is mortal: Man proposes,
God disposes. Nx *a article
-Lq . 'Rose' is beautiful - p. A rose
(any rose/ every rose) is beautiful - correct. 'A/
(search for =
-)
I looked for it inside the box.

Anil: It is on the notebook in the shelf.
Sunil: I have searched for it since yesterday.
c) Prabhat: Where did the match take
place?
(take place =
--)
Prakash: On our college playgrounds.

Prabhat: When?
Prakash: It began at 7 in the morning
yesterday and was over by 9
Prabhat: Was there a match on Sunday
morning too?
Prakash: All matches were in the morning. But the match on Sunday
morning was very interesting.
d) Suseela: I have been here since 2003
but
have
been
up
the
Charminar only once. While

coming down I almost fell.
(almost =
Sucharita: Was there none before you

and behind you to stop you?
Suseela: Supriya was far above me,
and sulekha far below me. I
controlled myself somehow.
(far =
(\) )
Sucharita: When did this happen?

Suseela:
On a January evening, on a
Sunday.
an'
The rose (all flowers of the rose species)
is beautiful
'Rose' is beautiful
Rose
Oxford/
longman's/ Collins Dictionary/ any standard grammar book.
plural form
3. Waters
(Eg: The waters of the Krishna (river).
Water
Water dissolves salt.
Waters
uncountable.
4. I get up at 6 AM
every day
-,
j L.
d
--C -t j p. (.
n C-/ -v-E
Fx E.
F} -J-* x---p
.
-p-
.
C p
o-p
-\--. d.
F - p .
'How often do you go there?' o vo vA-W
h E -.
I go there every day. \ everyday p .
I go to bed at 10 every night. \ every night
---E, p.
---
Janaki: Jamuna, Who are you looking at?
---- 13 -d- 2005
Jumping into the river

Walk into my place at midnight and I shall be
happy to invite you with a cup of coffee or tea
C- =
(, -JE/ -J-j h-o?)
Jamuna: The man walking across the road
and turning towards the bank
building. He is going into the bank
now.
(Road bank building j
-ho -E. -E-p bank
h-o)
Janaki: He is turning to the left in the bank
now. Is that the man? Why are you
interested in him?
(p-- u --j A--o. -? J* -

h?)
Jamuna: Don't you remember? The other
day he jumped into the river to
save my drowning cousin, that five
year old Ramesh
y l--v- -. p -F -F F y -!
-J-j %---y- ''F
--- Eq-- a -E
.
Into - j E---Eo *hC. C u -- hC.
He is into business
u h-o
software (computers) E--hC
She is into software.
-q u v-G. p ho L-
He was into dairy last year. No idea what he
is now.
into
opposite.
4. Out of: C
E - .
prepositions -.
past uh-E-E, v-EoE
}, \*/ -j *
}.
post office x
\
past, off
He is now past the post office.
p \-*/ o x
He has just walked past me.
take off your...

(h-? V cousin, x
v E-T-- C-
~-)
(' -* n
C)
-x--- 46
Janaki: Yes, I remember. Really brave
( h-*aC. E ju-h)
Jamuna: I wish to go to him and thank him
( _--R} thanks p--C)
Janaki: He is out of the bank now and walking away very fast.
( bank --*a, y
h-o)
Janaki: He is already past the 'tiffin centre'.
We shall not be able to reach him. It
is too late. And walking through this
crowd will delay us.
(p- centre Rx--
. -E -- d .
p- u C. -*
- u -C)
---E prepositions: at, across,
towards, into, to, outof, past, through
prepositions Eo-F prepositions of
direction . OE directions
(C\) -- .
1. across:
-- lessons across the road

-sx 'across' -, --Lj E --o. \ across
(walking across o-p) f E.
f , -E K C
While he was walking across the road, a
lorry knocked him down
(while crossing the road E -a)
Sailing across the sea in a rudderless boat is
foolish
(\E E -vEo N-)

(rudder = \E)
2. Towards/ to:
police j
h-o,
C
The policeman is coming towards to me. I'm
(I am) afraid
\ to = towards = J/ v j
Walk across the sands towards the shore,
you will find the blue water of the sea
B-j R F -vE FL-Fx

E--h.
The arrow points to the north
h h C\ -hC.
3. Into: Into - E.
Bank h-o
He is walking into the bank.
Ramesh: Have you seen Manyam?
(u o E-- F?)
Naresh: I saw him coming out of the home
and getting into an auto. Perhaps
he has gone to the doctor. (
* *a Auto
x . doctor _-
x-?
Ramesh: Why doctor?
(Doctor _ ?)
Naresh: Don't you know? He isn't (is not) yet
out of his fever. Add to that his boss
is troubling him a lot.
(O L-? - y *
----. E (Add to
that) x boss -E sC
--o)
Ramesh: Why doesn't he get out of the job?
( job * -----/ C-
L--d--?)
N 'out of' n, ---.
5. Past - }.
Anwar: I saw you hurrying past our shop
this morning. Where were you
going?
(--y l -N-
* /shop }
. \- h-o?)
Aswin: My uncle was coming by the 7 AM
train- I was rushing to the station to
receive him.
( uncle 7 AM train h-o.
o receive ---E station
-N- })
Anwar: Is he here now?
( p\-o?)
Aswin: No, he got off the train, and drove to
the college. He is delivering a lecture
there.
( train CT \ college R}-. -\-- lecture h-
o)
Anwar: You are still on your bike. Get off it
and have some tea with me.
(--y bike O o. CT
h tea )
By the time he joined us,

we were past our school
L---p-
school R}.
6. Off:
preposition M. SURESAN
n - *
CL R}--.
Sankar: (On the bus = bus) Hi Sanjeev,
where are you going?
Sanjeev: To Nampalli station, where are you
going?
Sankar: I am getting off the bus at Abids. I
am going my aunt's, half a kilometre off Tilak Road.
( G-q CT--o. \-* Tilak Road -O-

o Aunt
ho.)
(off \ away from E).
Sanjeev: Your top shirt button has come off
your shirt.
(F shirt button, shirt *
a-C)
Off uses .
a) Take off your feet from on the table
Table O-* F (x) B.
b) Police driving license B-o
The police have taken off his driving
license.
c) -\ p team
Tendulkar is off the team.
d) E-x villain v ,
*-
Though he acts the roles of villain on the
screen, he is a fine gentleman off the
screen
e)
Off the screen she is not so glamourous, I

mean off her make up (Make up )
- x off = away from ( -
* ) E.
7. Through: n '
a) Bhaskar: Where is the manager's
room, please?
Receptionist: Please pass through
the door on the left and
then turn left
(-- y
Rx Sx left A-)
b) As the train went through the tunnel, it

became suddenly dark
Train /* x-p,
\--J <-j--C.
c) Chandan: Did you get your favourite
hero's autograph yesterday?
(--E-o O G- autograph B-o?)
Chandra: No, It was impossible to push
my way through the crowd to
get to him
(* -E _ x- u )
d) Please pass the thread through the eye
of the needle.
( C- \-.
Eye of the needle= C- )
e) Bhagavan: When am I getting the
money?
( s-p- --hC?)
Brahman: Tomorrow. I will send it
through Vishnu.
( Ng y -h)
Bhagwan: Why through Vishnu? You
yourself give if to me.
(Ng y/ - ?y
y)
Now practice the following in English:
Prabhakar: \-o* h-o?
Pramod: p train C. Chennai *
h-o.
Prabhakar: v C?
Pramod: v - v.
v Ev----. Ev -J train L C.
Answers:
Prabhakar: Where are you coming from?
Pramod: I have got off the train just now;
from Chennai.
Prabhakar: How was the journey?
Pramod: The Journey the whole night was
through rain. I slept through the
journey. The train was past Tenali
When I got up.
-v-o: Says
Rakhi, designer, "since I was

walking on footpath the offender could
not get too close to me. So he caught
hold of my duppatta and almost choked
me. The incident left an ugly scar on my
neck.
eve teasers
English daily
since
example sentence
h
J*
*a-C.
n, -
p.
y.
-.--, ----T-J, --_- ->-x
---:
i) \ since because (-x). since

I was walking on the foot path - foot
path O -ho--x E. (Since it is
raining, I want an umbrella- {- -h-o--
x L.)
-j- N foot path, platform
. C j English . Road
-j- N Pavements. American
English sidewalk.
iii) Eve teasers - English .
ii) Road
---
Murali: Hi! Manoj, what brings you to this
15 -d- 2005
Doesn't he (does he not) appear to be
office again?
above 40?
(- --- , Sx
--a?)
office
c)
Manoj: I've (I have) come for my service cer-
35 x l-x Government jobs

|--
Those above 35 years of age are not
tificate.
qualified for govt. jobs
( service certificate a.)
-x
-a.
Murali: How long did you work here?
(y E---N-\?)
Manoj: I joined here at the
age of 20 and
above
over
Those above 35 = Those over 35

3.
left at the age of 23. That means 3

years. To be exact it is a little over
three years.
- \ = below
i) x \ -- -o x-
v h
We give this medicine only to children
(E-\ 20 . 23 -R}-. x. correct

x Cl j)
below the age two.

ii) -
(Sorry, , Nt-x q, I Class * V Class C

x v)
! Prepositions of age:
a) at the age of/ at a young age/ at an old
q 20 x- \
age/ at the proper age
He is below 20
b) Jagdeesh: F
_ | ?
(| = eligible,
_- = participate/ take part,
= competition/ contest)
Suma: 20, 30 x u x v C.
Jagadeesh: F | C ?
Murali: Murthy has also left us. isn't he (is he

not) the same age as you?
He left school at..
(Jh office CL
Rx. F
?)
Manoj: No, I am 23 now, and he is above 24.
He is atleast a year older than I.
What about you?
(. -j-x. - -j
---x \. F -N-?)
iii) -
--q
20 x-
Murali: I am under twenty one. I am slight-
business
Suma:
-v-G-*--p
-x--- 47
He was below twenty (years of age)
ly, that is, just a few months over 20.
when he started his business.
(-j--\-x- \. 20 x
Eo \)
\ prepositions : at (the age of),
above (24), under (20), over (20) ---E-
. prepositions Fo- -q
-C-* -sx . d OE
prepositions of Age .
iv)
\ below under -a.

(below = under \)
v) 14 x- \ -- x- - x-d---.
- -q-/ --- --p/ o--/-o-x-p O- C p-o

- at .
a) 16 x school C-L--d.
4.
- u =
age
-- --q j
(-x more
between
ANSWERS
Parent: Will you let my daughter participate in the competition
she in?
she got married at 22/ at the age of 22
(-?
class
-a).
c) below/ under
- .
)
d) between = -q- u.
(Less than/ lower than
( tE -_E-h?)
22 -}-C.
NOW PRACTICE THE FOLLOWING:

a) Pavan: y
C?)
at a young age/ at an old age/ at the

proper age
2.
- j = above
a) 60 x j--- ---x senior citizens
people above 60 years of age are
senior citizens.
class.
(-x-o \. - --A
----C)
(above ten/ over ten/ ten plus)
Teacher: I'm sorry. This competition is
nine years of age, that is, for
pupils of I class to V class.
--?
-v-o: 1) I' asked him not to N?Sentence * not to

-s ?
2) What the postman must do is provide the address-
- n-N-?
do - is -s hC?
-G.--, -Nu--, --_- ->-x
---: 1) 'I asked him not to' -j j h-E
, l E n.
A: He said he would complain to the police.
B: I asked him/ told him not to.
( Police complaint y--lE p, E)
2) What the postman must do is Postman -
E n. What the Postman must do is provide the
address = Postman -Lq-- address y-. D
Dn. C -s do is hC.
What you must do (now) is, study well and get good marks
Ny-p- -Lq-x CN marks a---.
-v-o:
Ravikanth: To my uncle.
Pavan: Your uncle? He appears to be
below 25 years. Is he older than
you by two or three years only?
x---o
Ravikanth: Don't be silly. I am 20 years
-u
Pavan: O u? 25 x- ---
-Eh-o-. F x
l?
Ravikanth: *a--*a x-.
j. 35 - \.
Pavan: ----ox --.
Ravikanth: *o---- foreign
x. Last week AJ--a.
Pavan: He doesn't (does not) look his
-J
Old. He is above 35.
Ravikanth:
for children between five and
40 x- l-- -E--
a) Pavan: Who were you talking to?
()
Parent: She is ten plus. she is in VI
l/- -j
M. SURESAN
than so many years
Teacher: How old is she? which class is
at 16 years of age.
b) -
b) above/ over a certain
boys or girls under 14
He left school at 16/ at the age of 16/
c) *o/
-q-/ ,
*o/ --l/ --j
-.
Nobody shall appoint for any work
1. at (the age of)
b)
15 x x- D E
This movie is not for those below 15
30 x -E p--E
---o?
Jagadeesh: Sorry, F 30 x- o.
c) Naresh: Hi, Ajitha, -?
Ajitha: - .
Naresh: u! -q?
Ajitha: l---- E--.
E . - 78
x. d--p- - 55
xj. t-t 50 .
Naresh: --
-- o !
age
Ravikanth: He went abroad at a very
young age. He returned only
last week.
b) Jagadeesh: Are you eligible to participate in the competition?
Suma: It is only for those between 20 and
30 (years of age)
Jagadeesh: Then you are eligible
I Know her (A.V.)

She is Known by me (P.V.)
She is known to me (P.V.)
A.V. P.V.
Suma: Do you want to make me say that

I am above 30
or
j u-- E --Jh u
-?-N--J--.
N
Jagadeesh: Sorry, I thought you were

Correct?
The Water fills the tank (A.V.)

The tank is filled by the water (P.V.)
(or)
The tank is filled with the water (P.V.)
P.V.
Correct?
- -t -- --p-,
---, -N---o ->-x
---: Passive , know -N----, fill -N----
by -. is known to, is filled with E hC.
'fill' N- fill E p--E by hC.
The tank is filled with water by Ram.
under thirty.
c) Naresh: Hi Ajitha, how is every body?
Ajitha: My grandfather died a week ago
(Week back
Naresh: Sorry to hear that. What was his

age? / How old was he?
Ajitha: He died at an old age. We do
miss him, of course. He was 78.
When I was born he was above/
over 55. Grand mother was
below/ under 50.
Naresh: Even at such an age he was
healthy.
---
Kranthi: Hi Karuna, How are you?
Karuna: Fine. Thank you. How are you?
Kranthi: Fine too. How is your new job?
(F h job C?)
Karuna: Absolutely no complaints. None
above me. I am the boss.
( . Jh C. j
. boss .)
absolute = Jh
Kranthi: How many are there in all?
(O office h C?)
(in all = h)
Karuna: There are five under me. My position is below that of the Area
Manager.
( --- -E-ho.
Area Manager -y-
n-
o)
Kranthi: How many branches has your
Company?
--C 18 -d- 2005
2. Between: u
a) MRO Collector u Sub-collector
.
The Sub collector is between the MRO
and the collector in rank and power.
prepositions -J-* v-:
a) above/ over= j/ \--/ N*
/ u
/ \-- / T_
/ u
c) between = u (/ u)
b) below/ under =

1) Bharani: Hi Dharani, o?
Dharani: -, o F birthday
party --C a?
Bharani: -d \--d-. 35, 40
Dharani:
u --*a--d-o.
C Officers *a-d-o?
Dharani: Some Officers were also there, I

think.
Bharani: They are all my dad's colleagues. Two or three of them
are above the rank of marketing
Managers.
Dharani: Are they above your dad?
Bharani: Most of them are below/ under
The pen is mine

Karuna: Between 12 and 14.
(12, 14 u. branches u)
Kranthi: Is the work heavy?
(- -)
heavy \- (\)
Karuna: No. Not above 15 files a day. On
Saturday it is even below 7 or 8.
(V
15 files
.
Saturday 7, 8 o \)
Kranthi: How Hours at office?
(V Eo ?)
Karuna: Not so rigid. We are there between
10 AM and 6 PM for above six to
six and a half hours.
( *a--i - . C J- u 6, 6 1/2
)
---E prepositions -E- :
above, below, under, between.
1. 'Above' -o Eo -- - lesson --o. \
'above' - -l.
Karuna: None above me. I am the boss.
office j .
C--JE.
C--, -J-j - -Eo
'above' . 'there are five under
me' \ under C--,
.
Home Minister Chief Minister
o \
The rank of the Home Minister is below that
of the Chief minister. The Home Minister
under the Chief Minister in power and rank.
(\ -E--Lq . o
\-/ --J = below.
J = under . 'Officers
below/ under the rank of the district collector
sentences below, under
-a)
a) VEO j o officers v
jeep ---T- | C. Those /
officers above the rank of the VEO are eligible for jeeps. (eligible= | L-T)
b) Collector \ C---
C-
Those below/ under the rank/ position of
the Collector do not have this power.
c) vA CC-j Supervisor
Office
There is a supervisor over/ above every
ten workers.
-x rank , position, level,
designation --E -a. '- n.
Bharani:
x o
Colleagues
(-u). x l
_
-x--- 48
Marketing
Manager
j M. SURESAN
x.
Dharani: O oJ jx?
Bharani: -C oJ- Cx. -J-l o- \
o-x.
2) Chandra: Hi Surya, come in. Eo \-o?
Surya: , Classmates Picnic
x. -- CC-N.
Chandra: ?
Surya: , Eo x--- C.
g-v 25 vU o \.
x C. -\ j -.
Cake a. -
o \ -C.
Chandra: \-\-J -a-C?
Surya:
250, 300 - u.
ANSWERS
1) Bharani: Hi Dharani, how are you?
Dharani: Fine, By the by, how many
attended your birthday party the
day before (yesterday)?
Bharani: I didn't count exactly. There
were between 35 and 40
(The people present were
between 35 and 40)
my dad. one or two of them are

above my dad.
2) Chandra: Hi, Surya, come in. Where
were you yesterday.
Surya : My classmates and I went for a
picnic. We were about ten.
Chandra: Did you enjoy yourselves?/ Did
you enjoy the day (Picnic)? /
Had a good time?
Surya: Yesterday was very pleasant.
The temperature was below 20
degrees. cool and pleasant. We
were there for over six hours.
one of us brought a Cake. It was
above 2 Kgs.
Chandra: How much did each spend?
Surya: Between Rs 250 and 300 each.
Dharmendra: We are all going on a Picnic.

Wont you join us?
( Picnic ho.
y -?)
Damodar:
When is the Picnic?

(Picnic p?)
Dharmendra: On Sunday. It is a nice spot.
(Sunday ho. o x
v -C.)
Damodar:
Where is the spot?
( \?)
-v-o: 1) Where did you go?
Where have you went?

2) It is time we left
It is high time we left.
O---u -- -N--J---.
3) No, ifs and buts, young man, you
must speak out your mind.
u-E n N?
4) I want to ask him for help
-E --E
---o.
-E --E
---o ().
-D-E-E English -- ---L?
-.--, --.--E-, --x-,
-p---J ->-x.
Dharmendra: It is on the riverside. Far off

from the town. A lonely spot.
It is an ideal spot for a picnic.
(C f J .
-i . Picnic j ).
--- a, an, the - J-Q-Ll. --C- a/ an - --o .
1) Countable singulars (\-d -- Eo v p--p-) A/ An
hC. ( l, , , , , , ,
, , , v u English
An, N A E
.)
2) Uncountables (\--dE A/ An
. p 'The' l.
A) 'The' pronunciation:
l ', , , , , , ., , ,
v u English
, 'C ----.
The order (C ), The egg (C ),
The industry (C )Z , The Owl (C
), The honour (C ) etc. a
bank, ant L---p 'C
. The ant (C ant), the (C) hour,
etc. N l- , ' --.
The () book, the () tree, the ()
University etc.
B) Countables, uncountables, singulars,
plurals- OE - J-* -- E
vu- p--p 'The' .
A book is there. (\ h C).
The book is my borther's
(C brotherC).
\ A, the a. /
n 'A' . sentence
( ) n 'The' . d
countables (singular &
plural), uncountables (singular and plural)
the , L.
(u-i : Eox p -sEo,

nFod English A F, An F, the F
nouns Eo -Lq)
Sx h--: / n
A/ An . - 'The' .
a) A pen is for writing (pen -E)
(- A/ An _d .)
b) The pen in your pocket is mine.
(F o pen --C).
\ The --E rule. -C? E vo
- - -, A/ An .
--- h 'The' .
---: 1) Where did you go?
y-\---x? E.
Where did you went? Correct .

Did y go hC; went .
2) It is time we left. It is high time we left-
O n p -}--LqC, E.
}-Lq Time ---E.
3) - -u-E -n -, T- E ----- -l, F -
p E. @N- --x JT /--JT - -u E ---. J-T-/- --\-
---E ---. -s- 'ifs and buts'
. If ; but --p-.
If Gandhi had been alive... -D A ...
but he is not... , ...
no ifs and buts - N ---- E-n E.
4) I used to think of asking him for help
--E --E ---o.

(I used to feel like asking him for help)
---
Gowtham: Hi Gambhir, I saw a bike in front
of the bank by your home.
(O \ bank
bike ---)
Gambhir: Wasn't it (was it not) yesterday? I
saw the bike too. Really stunning.
(Eo ? - bike .
C.
Stunning = au L ()
Gowtham: (Do you) know the owner?
3) Robert: Where is Vijayawada?
(N-- \-C)
Guide: About 300 kms to the South East
of Hyderabad. On the banks of
the Krishna.
(Hyderabad jA -C-- ,
300 kms %g
f --C)
Robert: I have heard of Rajahmundry.
Where is it?
(--J ?)
conversations spoken form
(Do you) N C- know him?
questions h -C.Practice .
Gambhir: Yes. It is the bank manager's
(. C bank manager C)
Gowtham: Perhaps you have an account
with the bank. A big account,
( bank F account --
. l h--?)
-- 20 -d- 2005
(-v -J-*
-\ ---C?)
No.
Guide: A
little
distance
from
Vijayawada. It is
on the
Godavari. Where are you coming from?
(N-- --. -J
f. O-\---* h-o?)
Robert: From Goa. The beaches of the
Arabian sea are really grand. How
2) Pranav: Where is Vijayawada?

Prakash: About 40 kms off the sea coast.
(\ about = , off =
prepositions
-E-)
Pranav: Is the Krishna a big river?
Prakash: Yes. It is a very big river. One of
the twelve major rivers in India.

rate.. at, price.. for

1) last lesson 'The' E
-o-C: 'The'
far
is
Vijayawada
from the Bay
of Bengal?
-J-* -, --l -E ---- '-?/

which? o question --E --E h The --L.
a) He bought a book yesterday.
Eo- h -o-. h which

book? (o) question , no
answer. So 'a book' in the sentence.
b) The book there is mine.
\-o h --C. ' h/ which
book?' question , The book there
\-o h E answer hC d.
2) l _ x----o- x--J
L- N The hC. j - . The bank by your home,
the bike, the owner, the bank manager.
\ O-Eo 'The' hC.
-F?--Fo
x---o
d.
vh- x L- N- -E.
Gowtham, Gambhir l-J

Bank, bike, owner, bank manager
Pavan: Where are the books?
( -h---\?)
Ravi:
Can't you see? They are on the

table.
(-E-- ? table O-o.)
Pavan: And where's (where is) the pen?
Ravi: There too. On the table.
(\. table O)
Pavan: Where is the paper for me to write
(-E paper C?)
Ravi: You find a lot of paper in the shelf
there.
( shelf ---- paper C)
\ The books, The table, The pen,
The shelf o. - Ravi, Pavan
vh-N-ho books, table, pen, shelf Rx-l-J
L---. -E \- 'The' ----o.
-x--- 49
( *.
\ -G
-v -B-
-- -- M. SURESAN
--o. N- Bay of Bengal *
?)
Guide: About 40 kms
-- 'The' -- :
To the Southeast, The Krishna, The
Godavari, The Arabia Sea, The Bay of
Bengal. x, --v- x- *a- the -Lq. C\-
*--E (to the southeast) .
1) Ram: \ library \?
Raghu: Cl h -j -R}, ---j
A-. library -EhC.
Ram: - library l-? (Is begin
L)
Raghu: GLf *o. h- v -o.
2) Pranav: N-- \?
Prakash: vB-E 40 km
C.
Pranav: %-g -l ---?
Prakash: - l C. -- E 12 l
x C .
ANSWERS:
1) Ram: Where is the library here?
Raghu: Walk a little to the north and turn
(to the) left. You see the library.
Ram: Is the library big/ a big one?
Raghu: The building is small, but the
books are many.
-v-o: 1) O Q&A QJ{-
- vo ----Nh...
- J
h--o. --
''regular
actions
present passive
''A lecturer is appointed by the committee"
text book
regular
actions
present passive
simple future passive
"In every business
enterprise, the accounts will be classified on
the basis of one key factor. That key factor is
debit and credit.
Debit, Credit
accounts are classified
-
- uEo --. F
-- J

--T-. :
- uEo. ' -
-- K_--J-h . C
p J .
E -? Ba--.
2)
Khalid: The mangoes are good. How much

did you buy them for?
( N--x -o. o?)

Kesav: At Rs. 80 a dozen. I bought all these
for Rs. 160/-. There was a better
variety, but the price I felt was too
high. I was not prepared to buy them
at that price.
(Dozen 80 --- -p- -o.-
O- 160 ---C. -o
*- C. F K
\ -E--*C. l )
\ 'at' 'for' prepositions -
l. Rate dozen , ,
O at .
1) Gu 20 . -p- o
I bought this rice at Rs 20 a Kg.
2) She bought her dress material at Rs. 300
a metre.
(-- -v ---J-- O 300 . p

-oC)
When we say we bought mangoes at Rs.80
a dozen, ( dozen 80. v o)
, C Rate. d E- at.
N p--p h Eo x o,
h D -L-.
He bought these mangoes for Rs.200
-x h .200 d--o.
(C price; rate , d for)
h Gu 1600 ---C
I bought this bag of rice for Rs. 1600/-
C situation u-Eo present passive

-T---, perfect passive --T---?
--C d?
Input:- "A computer accepts data which is provided

by means of a input device like mouse, or key board"
(Input device
"input"
'data'
"A computer accepts
data which has been provided by means of input
device like a mouse or key board"
-j- f, - u- h--Eo
y-J--Eo
). v u-E
n h ' u- O
C-* y-
C y-J-C. d --
---:
E p-a?
.--.--, --
1) \
--
The accounts are classified

correct, will be classified C
(C price, rate .
unit E v.)
Rate
PRACTICE THE FOLLOWING:

Vinai: x O -?
(Do begin )
Vijai: . o- x
- 11
~- o.
Vinai: x curtains Fo -o. curtain f o? Fo f\?
Vijai: . O .320 v o.
h 4500 C.
Vinai: chairs ?
Vijai: chairs, sofa, table Fo--L
12000 C.
ANSWER:
Vinai: Do you own this house ?
Vijai: Yes. My father bought it for Rs.11 lakh
two years ago.
Vinai: The curtains are really nice. How
much did you buy the curtain cloth
for? Are all of them the pieces of the
same cloth?
Vijai: Yes. We bought it at Rs.320 a metre.
We bought the whole cloth for about
Rs.4500 (The whole thing cost us
about Rs.4500)
Vinai: What about these chairs?
Vijai: These (the) chairs, that (the) sofa,
that (the) table - we bought all of them
together for Rs.12000/- (All these cost
us Rs.12000/-)
p Vocabulary items .
1) E---}- = go to a movie/ film/ picture.
2) --N f--
serve a meal/ food/ lunch/ dinner
3) , --N *a x--y-
offer tea/ coffee/ a drink/ a seat
4)
(-E -p-)
coffee a E B-
He offered me coffee but I didn't take it.
5)
--E coffee *a O x
B-
I offered him coffee, but because he was

angry with me, he refused it/ to take it.
refuse= A- \-J--, p-----
6) y-J-- = accept
E-*a B
He did not accept my gift
- - y-J
(B)
He doesn't (does not) accept gifts.
not accept = reject
He rejected my gift =
He did not accept my gift.
future J EE *-hC.
2) Which is provided C correct. - p
J--..? Mouse, keyboard input
devices data C-h. EE computer
B-C. OJ-*a sentence
N--d. -C?
1) An input device like a mouse or keyboard provides the data.
2) The computer accepts it. p sentence no.1
passive Ja --E L is provides
d E -hC . . data,
- plural. Computer J-- v
singular .
[Ganesh: Hi Harish, pleasure seeing you

here. Welcome. Do come in.
(, K! Eo \[ [[/
y \- [ -
C. -L !) Do come in = L E d p[.
O conversation practise .
Harish: Pleasure is equally mine/ Pleasure
is mine too. So this is your new
home. Really splendid. The furniture
is elegant too.
( C. ]-o O h x. C. O
Jo- W- C.)
'pleasure' -expressions Fo conversational bits. O conversation [
[.
Splendid = excellent
Elegant =
W-j
22 d 2005
j --- made (make) #a prepositions -E made of, made from,

made out of.
1) All the furniture is made of teak.
Jo- .
h E -Eo
. `of' \[ p-E-J.
made of
We make tables of wood.
( tables (-q) \ h.)

a) Vx Et----- ,
\ j- ] d xd-
j- [-o.
Nowadays we are using pipes made of
(pipes of) hard plastic instead of pipes
made of iron and steel for construction purposes.
(finished product)
made of
-j h
E
j Eh p[
.
This Table is made of wood- o-p[ \
pieces.
curtain
b) She made a beautiful figure out of the
pieces of coloured paper.
( < \-
C.)
( T- \- t
C).
D made of, made from, made out of ]u.
?
[ d v ? d-[-?
sweat- y
Suseela: ]. \-- ?
Suguna:
Answers:
1. Raghu: What do you want, sir?
of... from... out of

made of.
2) The sweet is made from flour and milk.
E-h C. d
( y , h (--[-C)).
\[ made y from hC ! ,
(from flour and milk) o-p[ \[
-j h (finished product) -n-
x 50
Your drink is good. How did you make it?

Ganesh: Thank you. The furniture is all
made of teak. Dad got the wood
specially from Bhadrachalam
forests. How about having this
sweet? It's vilakand. Mom's (Mom
has) made it.
(Jo- .
o- v- [ #
p-. y B. C N. t C.)
Harish: (After taking a bite) It's delicious!
What's the stuff it is made of?
(( AE) # C. E
h DEo?)
stuff = n
Ganesh: It's a new variety. It is made from a
mix of rice and wheat flour, milk,
ghee etc.
(Gu-p, ]--, , u
L h.)
: N- y - Lp#C
v. -] v-Ao--.
(flour = , pronunciation- x, flour, flower
- pronunciation)
Harish: That flower vase stand over there,
that particularly attracts me. Is it very
expensive?
(\ x d C.
C K?)
flower vase= V/ v
vase- pronunciation- British - ,
American - -/--)
Ganesh: No. Our carpenter made it out of
the wooden pieces left over.
(]. NT-L-- \-\-

v[T Eo [.)
left over = NT-L---C.
eg. She gave the left overs to the beggar.
( NT-L-- E Ga-- #aC.)
(raw material - --/ -)

j E-]. d made from.
Made of , made from -E.
-- [, [ h- --
-j--p[ from --T-L.
a) T-Eo h (#) h.
Paper is made from waste material.
Paper
`from'.
b)
The doctor made this medicine from some
herbs.
herbs)
3) Our carpenter made it out of the wooden
pieces.
h E-] d
d ] Eo L-- .
(L-=
( v[T DEo NT-L-- \--\-

---[.)
\[ out of [-o. Eo h-- \ EN p[ `make out of'
.
a) She made the curtain out of the sari
Now practise the following aloud in English.

1) Raghu:
Ram:
- O?
x, Ka #--o o ho.
Raghu: x, Ka [.
Ram:
N xd-
N .
#
N
L.
Raghu: N \-[o. #
, NN] M. SURESAN
j-x.
Ram:
N o. Eo
-, C[x L.
Raghu: \-[-o [. -N
sC . h
p sponge, rubberized -j-N.
(= coir)
Ram: C . ] x o?
2) Suguna: Ny-#a v C.
?
Suseela: v, --, Cl x, - -, NJ-- L- Nv-.
(-E: C u . vo
-.)
Suguna: C. v?
Suseela: h d C
vo: An awareness programme will be held at kurnool on saturday. u

future tense
a) An amount of Rs. 104 crores would be paid in Rajampet constituency of Cuddapah district on Saturday.
Indirect Speech
past tense
refer
]E . u [.
u
?
h? x - -- [s J-Tx x?
b) 'Dr YSR is sure that availability of funds would not be a hindrance'-
u Indirect Speech - YSR was sure E L ! F
] News paper is sure E ? - is sure E Lq
h will be hindrance E L ! N-J---.
N FL, x-
I am looking for good tables and

chairs.
Raghu: How about these tables and
chairs, sir?
Ram:
They are made of plastic. I want
tables and chairs made of good
teak.
Raghu: There they are sir. Of good teak
and in a variety of designs.
Ram:
They're (they are) OK. I need
some mattresses and pillows too.
mattress
bed =
Raghu: Here are they sir. Made from
Sponge, rubberized coir- no problem in summer as they are not
made only of sponge.
Ram:
That's OK. How much are they?
2) Suguna: Your drink is good. How did you
make it?
Suseela: From a mix of grape juice,
orange juice, ginger extract,
sugar, and a little pepper powder.
(ginger =
extract =
Suguna: Really fine. How about this
dress of yours?
Suseela: It is made of pure silk. Is it good?
Suguna: How are you able to wear it in
such hot sun? Don't you sweat?
Suseela: No. I am most of the time in our
air conditioned office.
Ram:
=
- o
x,
B )
p[ O sentence DE continuation
d. an amount of
Rs. 104 Crore would be paid... C
independent sentence \[
would be paid d ]. \[ Lq verb will be paid. d. O
C--- --x. Future
--C E n.
b) Dr YSR is sure that the availability
of funds would not be a hindrancemain clause verb
sub-ordinate clause verb
Dr YSR is sure
report
will not be
sentence
correct form.
Dr
report
YSR was sure
YSR
report
was) would not
be- correct.
p[
d
-J-L.
E
h\[
L.
-p[
: a) An amount of Rs. 104 d v p-. ]

crores would be paid in Rajampet con- u ]-- The Minister
E
h (]said that money would be disbursed to
stituency of Cuddapah district on
o nAE p[
Saturday- u Indirect Speech the deserving (|-j J [s yho d

C, ] uEo -[-C.) sentence ]
---
Radhika: Hi Rama, (are you) in a hurry?
- o?
Rama:
You bet I am. I am on my way to

class. I'm afraid I shall be late. It's
already 7.50 and the class is at 8
(O' clock)
you bet I am bet
-*a-. (
- o-E y
a. *a- E .)
class ho. Late --.
p- 7.50 C. x 8 )
Radhika: Shall I see you in the evening

then?
Eo v --?
Rama:
I'm afraid it's a bit early. Make it

quarter past five. Past that will be
too late again.
British English
etc.,
Quarter past, half past

\- -. N -
- p-a.
02.10- Ten minutes past two
(-
Two ten),
02.50- Ten (minutes) to three
(- Two fifty)
past n: ' E.
(Past - pronunciation = d)
lessons , nEo
-}- past. He is past the building.
- = Past the age.
j
expressions
Kapil Dev is past the age of playing cricket.

cricket
--C.

Saikiran:
Hi Lakshman, where are you

coming from?
Lakshman: (I am) returning from a party.

Saikiran:
-x--- 51
Where?
Lakshman: At the wine n' dine Hotel.

Saikiran:
Where is it?
the Krishna Studio.
Saikiran:
6) Before 'of' phrases, if 'of' comes after a

plural (plural form
of phrases
plural form
The
7) Before the names of famous buildings, of
historical buildings, of big hotels, of monuments, etc.
Pavithra: Hi, Puneetha, did you see the
professor?
y
h
--).
v-- ?
Lakshman: Don't you know? It's near the
C .
(\ I'm afraid = I am afraid
-Eo --; j o
u- --.
--C 25 -d- 2005
A nice place, isn't it? What about

the Shelton Hotel near the
Charminar?
Puneetha: No, she left for the US yesterday.

No idea when she will be back.
On her way back she is going to
spend a week in the UK. She will
return home by the UAE.
Pavithra: I think she is the first in her
department to be invited to so
many countries.
India.. The US..

eg: I'm afraid it is not possible for
me to give it =
C y----
y E u- p-.) 5-15
. (Make it -E-.
5.15 ad -E) -C --
Sx -u---C.
Radhika: That suits me fine.
ok
conversation
lessons
dialogues
Spoken English forms.
practise
conversation
time expressions
7.50, 8 (O' clock), half past five,
quarter past 5, past that.
( E)

C

p---
Fo NN -sx
OE l _
h x--L
-- -d--C
. O
j ---E
E-.
-C-- ---o : - j
E *a- p--L-T--p at .
At 3 pm, at 4.15 etc.
English conversation
-C
?
_ Shelton Hotel
C?
Charminar
Laxman: Don't know much about it. By the

by I am leaving for Delhi tonight. I
am going to stop for two days at
Agra to see my uncle
--E -J-* - --L--.

C F, --- vA Mx o. J v-V v
uncle x
Saikiran: You will sure see the Taj, Won't
you?
-- p h ?
Laxman: And also the Rashtrapathi
Bhavan in New Delhi.
Mx -ZA h.
j -- 'The' -E-:
The Wine n' Dine Hotel, The Krishna Studio,
The Charminar, The Taj, The Rashtrapathi
Bhavan.
hotels
(monuments/ memorials)
The
Hotel
Hotels
The
At the
Centurian, at the Krishna Oberoi
at the Hotel Sheraton
At the Sheraton
Hotel
- 15 EN, 30 EN, 45
EN N- -.
h- p vl -
, p p
, J-v d c *o-
.
v
u
x
. F
.
d.
p--- ---oC.
The -s.
1) - E L- - ( ?/ which
- questions answer a x)
2) x--o x--J L- N-
3) , -q, -v, -v
x
4) y h (mountain ranges) x
, ( y The )
02.15 - Two fifteen/ Quarter past two

(Quarter = 1/4 hour)
02.30 - Two thirty/ Half past two
02.45 - Two forty five/ Quarter to three
5) Before the names of groups of islands

but not
before the name of a single island
The
AM, PM (AM = Ante Meridian, PM = Post

Meridian)
formal
conversation
. --pF,
v- a--pF .
hop -sEod l,
u-o C --h C .
*a- ---Lq h p in
the morning, in the evening etc .
h- - v O' clock
. O' clock = of the clock. f the
omit h d O \ apostrophe (')
. N -Eo L N:
10.00 AM/ PM - 10 O' clock - Ten O' Clock
10.40 AM/ PM - Ten forty
04.20 - four twenty
(D - x )
Dy
The Professor, The US,

The UK, The UAE.
(designations),
'The'
The District Collector, The Prime Minister of
India, etc.
(a) The
Prime
Minister of India,
Mr
Manmohan
Singh
(b) Mr
Manmohan
Singh,
Prime
Minister of India.
j --:
-v---, -
-
hC.
, M. SURESAN
N h - /
--N 'The'
hC (a) - -. - uh , y
/ --Nh E 'The' (b)
--. C u. -u , N
(designation, office - office \-
u- , N --E n) The
-.
Eo Z - pf
'the' . --: The US (The
United states of America - C Eo Z
), the UK (The United Kingdom England, Scotland, Wales and Northern
Ireland
The UAE (The
United Arab Emirates Gulf countries
Dubai
Abudabhi,
Sharja
The India
L pf u),
-
F,
F,
E ). ---
Z , J
.
o Eo Z- N->.
The US, The UK N-x, Z,
v- p-f. India N-
, Indian Union E u--J-*--p The
Indian Union .
Prabhat: What movie did you go to,
Yesterday?
Prakash: The Ten Commandments. An Old
one
Prabhat: Isnt it an episode from the Bible?
Bible
Episode
Prakash: Yes. From the old testament in the

Bible.
Bible
old testament
Prabhat: Just as Maya Bazar is an episode
from the Mahabharatam
-EC
------E - ---Eo - E -B--x

Prakash: But I Doubt if Maya Bazar is from
the Original Mahabharatam
-- --- -- --E - ----.

--, p p v, Nv
v x 'the' p -.
This is the Telugu translation of the koran.
C -.
the Grandhsahib etc. - x y v x 'the' .
Valmiki's Ramayanam, Vyasa's Maha
bharatam etc.
Practise the following aloud in English.
Karuna: Hi Kranthi,
-Rd ?
E-u-- u--vA h -Eo
v--.
Kranthi: ?
Karuna: 22* 32u - \---J
E-u -%A h
(Lp C -- ---)
Kranthi: ? -J (US) , Britain
(UK) ---
x C ?
Karuna: . -x -C \
u---- UAE, US, UK
Rx -o. -Z -A --l-
- -N-- (brain drain)
-J-* o -u- --
- uh--J- .
Kranthi: ou Maldives
Lecturer Post Apply . h
Rx--. Job h --
\- -o.
Answer:
Karuna: Did you see/ go through the
Eenadu Today ? The Chief Minister
has announced a new scheme for
the benefit of the unemployed people.
Kranthi: What's (What is) the scheme?
Karuna: All the unemployed persons
between the age of 22 and 32 will
get unemployment allowance
Kranthi: Is it so? This has been in force in
the US and the UK
in force Karuna: Yes. A good number of our people
are leaving for the UAE, the US
and the UK. All because of there
are no employment opportunities.
The President of India, Mr Abdul
Kalam expressed concern over this
brain drain in his speech the day
before yesterday.
Kranthi: My brother too has applied for a
lecturers job in the maldives. If he
gets it he will go. He says getting a
job will make him as happy as if he
had climbed up the Himalayas.
x)
---
Deepak: Hi Dheeraj, do come in.
Pavan: Who was the boy with you yesterday?
Dheeraj: You had a book with you yesterday. What was it?
Ravi: The boy with a bundle of books?
(Eo F _ h C .
h C?)
Pavan: Yes, he had also with him a cell
(h- d o?)
(-E (_) Cell phone
C)
phone.
Deepak: You mean the book with the green

cover?
(Green cover
o
-J- F--C?)
book
Ravi: That's my cousin Raghu. He has

come down with his mother to spend
a few days with us.
Dheeraj: Yes, Isn't it a novel?
(C
novel
(Cl--V ---E ---

x-t a)
\ with ' n .
?)
Deepak: Yes, it is. (Do) you want it?
(. F ?)
Dheeraj: Yes, I am leaving this afternoon for
Mumbai. I want to take it with me,
to read it during the journey.
(---. - --uo --
-- ----o-. B-}----o-. v- ---E)
-x---
Here are
52
Bhaskar: Here is a mango. Very tempting.
(\ N C. -JhC)
Deepak: First let's have some hot idlis
( x A .)
Bhanu:
Let's eat it. Cut it with this knife.
they and here's the spoon to eat

them with
--- 27 -d- 2005
--d-
--d-).
\.
( u)
(N x. E A-
Ravali: I am busy with the exams.

Ramya: Are you studying alone, or with
some one else?
Ravali: Alone.
Ramya: Your dress is nice. Where did
you buy it?
Ravali: At Wear n' See. A hot pack is free
with it.
b) Krishna: How were the police able to
catch the thieves so quickly?
Karim: With the help of their sniffer
dogs (sniffer dogssniffKrishna: Were they able to find the stolen
money with the thieves?
Bhaskar: Let's have some forks also to eat
spoon). Have some ghee
it with.
a)
v-E v-y-u-Eo--
A lC
India is the largest democracy in the

world. (largest - superlative)
b)
AP
Andhra Pradesh is the biggest state in the
South India.
c)
Mt
Everest. Mt Everest (Mt= mount =
is the highest peak
in the world.
Superlatives
'the'
first, second, third, fourth, etc. ordinals
'the'
1) Class
first mark
His is the first mark in the class.
~-C Zx
A lC
v- u-o y-P
y)
(P)
p-
.
OE
, O- .
-E
also. Ghees goes well with idlis,

doesn't it? (h u \, x-
u -C .) (go well
with = suit -)
j -- Preposition- 'with'
-E-. with - ' J--C.
The book with you = F o h F _o h; the book with the green cover =
green cover o- -h. with me = ;
a spoon to eat with = A- spoon. goes
well with = E L .
d with '- E.
I am with you..
forksBhanu: I bought these mangoes with the
money my uncle had given me.
uncle
'with'
instruments, tools, weapons
with a knife, with a pen, with
a gun, etc.
1)
He beat the snake with a stick
2)
Pen
He wrote/ noted down my address with
his pen.
3) The killer killed the girl with a gun
gun
4) Post office
Naxals bomb
They blasted the post office with a bomb.
With
troubles
I am with you in your troubles.
She is competing with her sister
sister
Practise the following:
a) Ramya: Hi Ravali,
(Eo
x-- v)
-v-o:
a) If I have money, I wish to buy this car.

b) If I had money. I would have spent It.
had, have
-\-
n a
o.- O- --u N- N-
L-----.
.-.y-N, -N---
---: have p j-
-.
I have a Car
(p) Car C.
had --j --
I had a car. -p Car C.
If I had money. I would have spent it -
sentence correct .
a) If I had money, I would spend it ---L,
-- (b) If I had had money, I would have
spent it L. -- n
C.
a) n, -_ p --s,
a -. d a d. (C
present situation) C -.
b) n _ s ,
a-d --. p _ -s
, a d- -.
c) If he studied well, he would pass. -p-
A C. --; ---
J-T --.
( present --EN.)
d) If he had studied well, he would have
passed
CN - (),
pass (--, fail
u).
a-
:
F - o-
No. One of them escaped with

the hot stuff.
)
(hot stuff =
-h
*a sh o)
- v d
v E
Karim:
-C.
Manoj:
Ravali: Exams
Ramya:
busy o.
y-\--E ---o? -J--- L ---o?
Ravali: \-o ---o.
Ramya: F dress C. \--o?
Ravali: Wear n' See shop . D-
hot pack free.
b) Krishna: ? -- --M-
- d--o?
Karim: x x \
d--o
Krishna: ---, x T-L-*
s d--o?
Karim: . x s
p---o.
ANSWERS:
a) Ramya: Hi, Ravali, not to be seen at all
(these days)?
Hi Mallesh, how goes life?
Mallesh: Getting on, Thanks; What's new?

Manoj: (Do you) know this, Chandra's
selection as
the
best
cadet of the
country?
best
cadet
(NCC)
(v-
M. SURESAN
-
?)
Mallesh: That's the happiest news I've had

in a month.
( No
happiest news
C.)
Manoj: Some thing more for you. Ours is the

first college in the state to win this
-E---
kind of award.
( ? Z
h - -\ a-o
College C)
\ 'The' -E-. The (best),
the (happiest), the (first) etc. superlative degree of the adjective - 'the'
; , first, second, third, etc.,
ordinals - L.
Superlative degree --: :
Largest, greatest, richest, tallest, most beautiful etc.
-- + st
F, adjective most EF h C
superlative degree. (Adjective - h-/
-E - L ; tall boy boy question tall answer
hC d, tall \ adjective). -
n 'u E.
Superlative degree of the adjective
'the' .
adjective
+ est
2) He is the fourth Prime Minister of India
- -- vE
(O o--J y o --N?, Dr
t--- -E o vE,
u--x 'o English
j . -C What is the
ordinal of Dr Manmohan Singh as PM?
expression J----. J n-yL ?)
y C .
Pranav: Who is that friend of yours that
was with you yesterday.
Prakash: He was my school mate. He was
one of my best friends at school.
We used to compete with each
other in the exams, and we have
always on top at school.
Pranav: Of you two, who was not better
better
comparative degree.
+er, 'r'
adjectives
more
adjectives
comparative
degree
Eg: Taller (tall+er),
braver (brave+r), more beautiful (more +
beautiful).
comparative
than
He is taller than his brother.
brother
Comparative
than
comparative
the
comparative
than
comparative
'the'
\
--C
-u
* a
--a
F
.
-
h,
-.
-,
hC.
F,
hC.
y
p
a) Suman is taller than Suseel

Suman
b) Of Suman and Suseel, Suman is the
taller.
a)
Comparative, taller
than
Comparative
'the'
b)
Comparative
taller
than
Comparative taller
'the'
(Q o
-)

y
C. d
. ,
y
y
, d,
hC.
---
Ram:
Raghu, how tall are you?
Salesperson: The price has gone up by Rs.

3000/-
(, y ?)
Raghu: I am 5'9". ( 5'9")
Does it mean you are taller than me
by an inch?
(Does it mean)
inch
Raghu: of course, and I weigh less than you
by 5 Kgs 5 Kg
( -
J-TC. - by Rs.
Ram:
( =
?)
y o
(*a-. Sx Fo
\)
Ram:
But the length of my shirt is more

than yours by atleast 4 Cms.
shirt
shirt
4 Cms
(
--\)
-F
29 -d- 2005
3000/-)
Practise the following in English:
1.
Priya:
Sekhar:
Priya:
Sekhar:
Priya:
Sekhar:
Priya:
y l--?
. F x (by ).
- Eo L-
Interview .
-N? 10 EN--.
Sreekanth p-- a--\-?
- .
Eo F - late
L- .
2.
Santosh:
-x--- 53
Raghu: That's because you are fatter than
me by 3 Cms
3 Cms
'by'
by
(y o
--d)
j -- -E- .
- u C C
y .
x F 50
-.
Sunil:
x C \ ?
Eo ?
Santosh: lC, *o--E-o 4 Kg -\.
Sunil:
C E- 50 - \.
ANSWERS
1.
Priya: Are you older than I/ me?
Sekhar: Yes, atleast by 2 years.
The Indian is not so hardworking as the

Japanese.
(the Indians)
(the
Japanese)
The cheetah ( all cheetahs is the
fastest of all animals.
-B-
x
d- E--.
*--L)

b) I weigh less than you by 5 kgs
5 Kg
c) by atleast 4 cms
4 Cms
d) fatter than I/ me by 3 cms = 3 Cms
Prakash: Congrats, Lakshman. That was
a marvellous game you played
yesterday (Lakshman, congrats
How
many points did you win the
match by?
I know you were winning and left before the end of
the match
Fo
F
Eo - ).
(Eo x
-L-?).
(y -h-E L
Rx--).
Lakshman: By nine points (9 points /
C-u-)
Prakash:
At the half time itself you were

leading by 4 points. (Half time
4 points
That's a
good lead.
p- y
C-u--/
-- -o)
(* C-u)
\ /--C-u C
'by' -h-o .
a) Lx- x lC
She is her sister's elder/ older than her sister by two years.
b)
necklace
necklace

---\.
This necklace is costlier than that by Rs.

2000/Salesperson: What do you want, please?
Customer:
How much is this wrist
watch?
watch
Salesperson: It's Rs. 2000/-
K-?)
(
-)
Customer:
But it was Rs 1700/- last

week.
(- 1700
o)
Is that why they called you earlier

for the interview?
Sekhar: How much earlier? Just by 10 minutes.
Priya: When did Sreekanth come here?
Sekhar: Half an hour earlier than I/ me
(Earlier than I by half an hour)
Priya: But they called him later than you
by just 15 minutes.
2.
Santosh: They differ in their prices by Rs
50/Sunil:
Which of the two is the heavier,
and by how many kgs?
Santosh: The bigger one is heavier than the
smaller by 4 kgs.
Sunil:
It costs less than that by Rs 50/-
The lotus is a lovely flower
y C (Eo
E).
-J C
The camel is the ship of the desert.
Kuntala: Your friend Kamala has failed
again
friend
fail
(O
C)
S}
Karuna: She is lazy. The lazy never succeed
( J. x N
Priya:
Anjan: Hi Arun, which is your most favourite

wild animal?
(N %- F-\ d-i--C?)
(L)
Arun: The tiger, of course

Anjan: Doesn't the lion look more majestic
than the tiger?
Amar:
(L-o
\ -Eh-C ?)
The elephant is my favourite (
favourite ). It looks grand and
is not at all ferocious like the tiger or
the lion.
grand
(-
-Eh-C.
L, - v-iC )
\, 'the' . The E \
countable singulars... lion, tiger, elephant
The tiger, the lion, the elephant.
The tiger is my favourite
the tiger
the lion, the elephant =
\
A C -Fo E.
, - E.
The dog is a faithful animal
\ (Eo \) Ny-- ()
AE h -J-* p- countable singular the J--C.
2.
Pramod:
Prasad:
Pramod:
(*--- Eo ---o N)
By nine points..
a) you are taller than (I)/ me by an inch
Sasikanth:
).
she
not
She is rich of course, so

does
care.
(x
sC,
-E
l d-)
Kuntala: But not all
the rich are
like
that.
uEo %d --E d- -
--x N u
> J---C ?
*L (Cheetah) > .
-v%-A- v- -\- E
---C ( v- =
Meek creatures). - v ~---?
ANSWERS
Sasikanth: Have you finished the assignment?

Srikanth: No. I will begin it in the evening.
Sasikanth: The lazy always postpone
Srikanth: Do the industrious always succeed?
Sasikanth: The industrious with a clear idea
of their goals always succeed.
2.
Pramod: Doesn't (Does not) the deer run
very fast?
Prasad:
The cheetah is faster than the
deer.
Pramod: The meek always are harmed/
always suffer in nature. Wonder
why God doesn't protect the
meek (Wonder = I wonder -
n
----E/ -Eo --)
from the ferocious.
-E: Comparative degree adjective

than y me or I? him or he? her or
she? them or they? - --C ----
hC .
M. SURESAN
( - )
Karuna: That's right. Among the hardworking, there are many who are rich.
(C E. d- E- x,
-C E- o)
\ : The rich, the lazy, the hardworking. rich (so, E--j), lazy (J
-), hardworking (industrious) = d-
O-Eo-F adjectives -
L -o . the
-x n hC. C
plural. Tall = -j, the tall = -x (plural); Fat = j, the fat = -x;
poor = H, the poor = H-x.
1) -x d-x -
Suman is taller than me/ taller than I.

correct? Grammatical
taller than I
correct.
modern
usage
taller/ stronger/ cleverer than
me/ him/ her/ them/ us
better. taller than I
--x C
- aC
C. -
h vC. p .
C u .
a) My friend likes the mango better than I
b) My friend likes the mango better than me.
Correct,
a)
mango
mango
b)
mango
clear
(a)
My friend likes
the mango better than I do
do
extra
\
y n-.
n.
d. d.
\ d.
n. d.
x o d x E.
L--
C
E
---Eo
-h.
The tall play better than the short.

2)
E- H-x L.
The rich should help the poor.
3)
E- \ E-----o. H-x
H--x---o
The rich are getting richer, the poor are
getting poorer.
4)
x j-
The lazy never prosper

1.
Sasikanth: Assignment
Sreekanth:
Sasikanth:
Sreekanth:
Jh---?
. vA v-Gh.
xp h-.
d- ---x- N -?
-v- o:
Did not he play cricket?

Interrogative negative
not he
- -u-
-
--
--*a-C. -E -Eo -s-x -vA-x, -q-
not he -y- -h-C. -- ---.
--: Did he not speak the truth?
-.-v--, ----y
----: (a) Did not he play cricket? o,
(b) Did he not play Cricket? o .
(b) \- - C. , contracted form --p, (a) hC.
Didn't (Did not he) he play cricket? C
spoken english \- .
---
Bhaskar: What are you looking at, Bhanu?
Bhanu: At the little boy there; He is sitting
on the arms of the chair. He may
fall down any moment.
( *o--xo. Ka --O
aE o. ~-j o --a)
Bhaskar: He is in real trouble. let's go to
him and put him down.
( E s-C o.
_ Rx C
)
Bhanu: That will save him from trouble.
(E sC * --C.)
Bhaskar: Surprising, no body to take care
of the child
( Gf v-h - Rx\ -- au C)
j -- - -E-. N...
at, on, of, in, to, from. --C
- prepositions .
English prepositions o vu
\. prepositions A, u
N C. preposition
- -iN Nh vu-.
Prepositions - -u ,
E -li N- --.
preposition, y preposition
L vo - .
-- English %- E--x
-p. English C-N- F N . --- y - p----a.
English prepositions Nh
vu----, - y a
vu---Fo English --h.
Sundar: He has come from Vijayawada.
( N-- * a)
, N-- * .
English
from Vijayawada
--E
C.
He will be here till 5'o clock.
(till 5'o clock = 5 )
Sukumar: When will he go back to
Vijayawada?
(N--- = to Vijayawada)
Sundar: He hasn't (has not) yet told me of
it.
(of it = E J* p-)
vo:
y
prepositions - ,
-, . i \ -.
prepositions ---T-- J* Eo
general principles ---- -u.
Spoken English Correct - N
- --.
English
(Eo h-o ?)
1. Discuss
1 -d- 2005
About
?
Explain
--
F --?
(Eg: , x)
DEE Tx- ---
3. ' O NE-h DEE Tx-
L?
4. 'Just' usage E p
---.
5. ' u o s ---E *-h-o DEE Tx- pL?
>.---yx, o, K-- >x
2.
1. Discuss, describe, mention, explain,

state, remark- O y about .
2. What is he to you?/ How is he related to
you?
3. I will give you a song/ Let me sing a song
to you.
4. Just= p, just= only, v
5. Of late he has been hesitating to ask me
for money.
1) Pavan: I wrote a letter to my sister yesterday

( sister Eo letter )
Ravikanth: Did you tell her about the
book exhibition here?
Suneetha: Is your home the one behind the

post office?
(O x Post office -?)
Supriya: No, it is by the Post office.
side of it (beside it/ by it/ near

to it) there is a book shop.
What books do you want to
buy at the shop?
- ---i- ----!
(\ h v-z J*
p?)
Pavan: Yes, I did. I wrote to her to start

by the 9 AM train which arrives
here at 5 PM.
(p. NtC train
-l--Lq-C . \--C 5
- -C)
-- to my sister, about the
book exhibition, by the 9 AM train, arrives
here at 5 PM - expressions to, about,
by, here prepositions Fo- sentence
o -Eo ---o .
- sister (to my sister), h
v-z J* (about the book exhibition), 9
train (by the 9 AM train), 5 -
(at 5 PM) Fo Nh vu-
h-o . C prepositions o ui v. Sentence u
.
-J? to my sister;
E J*?: about the book exhibition;
train ?: by 9 AM train;
Eo- : at 5 PM.
Fo English Nh %- -,
N x ----.
Prepositions -u \ ?
2) Ramana: These flowers are nice. Are
they from your garden?
( -o. O
--?)
-E- from- garden .
---j ' . ' y
aC.
Rahul: No. They were in the basket on
the table. I took them from the
basket.
(, Table Oo d
o. x* Bo)
\ -E- ? from, in, on
prepositions -C-*
.
3) Prathibha: Where are the flowers?
( \ o?)
Prabha: They are in the basket. The
basket is on the table. I bought
the flowers at the flower stall,
beside my uncle's place near
the Post office.
(in the basket= d , on the table=
table O; at the flower stall= --d ;
beside my uncle's place= --Rx
\; near the Post office= Post office _)
-Fo- in, on, at, beside, near- vEo L prepositions. - E p-E OE ? positions L Eo
prepositions l.
-x--- 41
(. \)
It is between the
Post office and the
Income Tax office
(Post
office,
Income Tax office
M. SURESAN
u)
j p prepositions Eo-, v- *N, positions L--N-
o ?
Practice the following aloud in English:
a) Karim: _- \-- Book shop
?
OC *
C. EE - book
shop C. book shop
h- -----o?
Karim: Eo computer books L.
N x ---.
Kamesh: , F -Lq q cinema hall o book stall
--. E _
book stall C. \
--.
b) Pranav: Eo y\o?
Pratap: friend x
Pranav: x-\?
Pratap: _. Rx-
u buildings
v o. Rx
l d C.
Pranav: \ bank C ?
Pratap: .
c) Sravanthi: h Eo table O
C. F bag
?
Swarna: . B-o.
- Lq
*aC.
Sravanthi: F bag table d-?
Swarna: Table O - d
Kamesh:
ANSWERS:
Karim: I want some Computer books.

They are not available in our
town.
Kamesh: Then you get the books you
want at the book stall behind
the theatre. Near that there is
another book stall too. You get
there the books you want.
(b) Pranav: Where were you yesterday?
Pratap: At my friend Tarun's
Pranav: Where is his home?
Pratap: Very near mine. Only three
buildings are there between
mine and his. There is a big
tree in front of it.
Pranav: Isn't there a bank beside his
home?
Pratap: Yes.
(c) Sravanthi: My book was on the table
yesterday. Why / How is it in
your bag today?
Swarna: Yes, I took it. I wanted some
information in it.
Sravanthi: Why did you keep your bag
under the table?
Swarna: Because there was no room
on the table.
(English --E - s place/ space j -. Room
L.
Bus jp C v C.
There is room in the bus only for 30 passengers)
p--- position L preposition
Eo-E --o. \? E vo-h

y-Lq ---E prepositions .
positions L JEo prepositions:
Sukumar: Why has the train stopped?
(Train TC)
Suman: There is flood water over the
bridge
(Bridge O F C)
The whole area on either side
of the track is under water.
(Bridge -j- o v- E-T--C= under
water =Fx )
Sukumar: Thank God, All the passengers in the train are safe
(F train E v---
~ o)
(a) Karim: Is there a book shop anywhere
near here?
Kamesh: At the end of the street there
is a medical shop. Just by the
Above, below, inside, outside, beyond positions L prepositions. OE
N
O ux .
---
Ram:
Hi Shyam and Prem, well met

You are talking
about the college day perhaps.
College Day
- well met
conversation
practise
Shyam: Yea, about the item we want to
present.
at: 'at'
---- -- --o-. p-C l.
(--- ).
(O
-J-* x= ----o-d-o?
- *--C.
)
Ram:
(. V v-Jz--
J*)
And what's that going to be? (
v-Jz----o?)
Prem: We are yet to take a decision about

it.
Ram:
(E -J-* Eg BLq C)
OK. O, that reminds me. There will

be a talk on 'Decision Making' by
Prof. Nischai tomorrow at 6 at college. Are you coming?
reminds me =
(, hh*a x*aC.
-p- ---- 'od h*aC, E E-C English. O conversation . J- 'Eg-v -J-* Prof. Ea-x----o college . -Oh-o?)
Sekhar: How good are you at Telugu?
(O - a?)
Sanjeev: Just give me some time. I will be

as good at it as you are.
time
(\h
y. F
x--)
I am poor at Hindi ( C )
Sekhar:
Sanjeev: I am quick at picking up languages
(- y h)
- -- -.
a) He is good at giving such talks.

b) Our Principal is good at picking such
experts.
good at
Poor at Maths Maths
Quick at understanding
j N L--.
.
y n ----. x
, u y 'at' .
a) - -- N- u h
He is slow at doing things.
(
.
- N--O
x-)
Just as our Principal is good at picking such experts.

Principal
Shyam: That's true.
Prem: You are right.
prepositions about, on, at
( E--
-
-)
j --
-E- . --C ,
about J* E. About the book =
h-Eo J*.
a) Eo - -J-* paper C
We read about him in the paper.
b)
school days
x -x
--o
J* x-
They talked about their school days.

c)
E -J--* h-
I do not remember any thing about it.

on:
on
He is going to talk on decision making
l, u N-- -J--*
-p- .
a)
Eg vv -J--*.
v-y--u-Eo -J--* u C
It is essay on our democracy.
b)
j t--u- -J--* E-C C
It is a report on farmers suicides.
-v-o: Direct -*
Indirect speech
Interoggative sentence
if
whether
if
whether
Synthesis of sentences (sothat/ neither nor, not only but also)
L?
----.
a--
hC. E p
p - L-
-T- -l-- -N--J---.

.--_-v-,
N--
---: Direct * Indirect speech
Ja--p, (Interrogative sentences
) if , whether .
Synthesis of sentences -J-*
N-Jh.
conversaSushma: Doesn't matter.

tions
I am at
pronunleisure. (at leisure
ciation:
measure
pleasure
What do you
want?
Sumana: You are good at English, Please
explain this lesson.
Sushma: I am good at English, but I am not
so good at explaining.
(D O
---)
-S;
-.
,
).
the temple supervising some repairs.
( - --}-. V v-
. vA v- h. x
Engineer friend \ o.)
Dad: Your mother needs some medicines.

Perhaps the shop is open now.
Shop
(t L.
-?)
Amar: That shop is my friends. He opens

shop quite early. I think it is open
talking about..
Shyam and
Prem:
Oh, sure. No missing it. Prof.
Nischai is very good at giving
such talks. We will certainly
make it.
miss
Ram:
--C 2 -d- 2005
-x--- 54
Maths
He is hopeless at Maths.
c)
grammar
He is bad at grammar.
d)
She is the best of all of us at singing.
Now practise the following aloud in
English:
Sushma: Hi, Sumana,
Sumana:
busy
Sushma:
b)
E--
--J Cd
a?
y
o-N-p?
y-. -S- o, L
p?
Sumana: F English -a . lesson h explain -.
Sushma: English --a. -E
Explain -- p-.
Sumana: n ----- h slow.
teacher - fast hC.
classmates --C y
a---.
Sushma: OK. v-Aoh. l
--.
b) Pavan: O -J-* F ?
Prakash: movie -J-* y--?
Pavan: -- p- ---o movie
J*
Prakash: C --- N-F-AE J*
-.
Pavan: p h-*aC. Eo paper
Eo -J--* l u
C. Eo lines
*vEo
-J--* --o.
Prakash: C u. E -
- Nx-- - L-N--. (Nx- analysis)
Pavan: u N--E-h, vA centre page articles Fo
. Fo -----J- .
Answers
Sushma: Hi Sumana, What brings you
here?
conversational expression.
conversation
(C
C O
)
Sumana: How busy are you now?
Sumana: I am a little
slow at understanding
things.
Our
teacher is fast.
Many of my
classmates
are quick at
M. SURESAN
learning.
Sushma: OK I'll try. Let us see how good I
am at it.
b) Pavan: What do you know about the
movie?
Prakash: What movie are you talking
about?
Pavan:
The one showing at Navrang.
(Showing
The movie is
now showing at the theatre.
'run'
The movie ran for a hundred days)
Prakash: I think its (it is) a movie about
corruption in politics.
Pavan:
Yes, that reminds me. I read an
article in the paper on the same
topic yesterday.
magazines
articles
There were some lines
in it about this movie.
Prakash: I read it too. The writer is very
clever at this kind of analysis.
Pavan:
Talking about articles,
talking about/ coming to) all
the centre page articles in the
paper are good. The trouble is, all
of them are on politics.
-.
E -
.
(vA--,
u-
)
(N--E-
Amar: Dad, I am starting for college. When

will you be there?
college
(
\?)
ho. O-p--
Dad: You mean, at the college?

college
You know, mother is
going to hospital. I am taking her
there; after coming back from the
hospital I will see you at the college.
hospital
Hospital
college
Where is Arun?
Amar: He has gone to temple. You know
today is friday. Every friday he goes
to temple. His engineer friend is at
(y--,
?)
(t
----C .
*
B---o.
-h.)
*a- y
( \?)
now.
( shop friend C.
y- Bh. p J --)
j -- -E-*C
, -s 'the' -,
-s 'the' ----. J-nA
u v- hC.
Eo v- vu- Eo ---
J-N- . School, college, institution N Nu-u--E, Nu -
(learning and teaching) J-N, vu.
hospital, clinic, nursing home N
ju -E, ju --E vu.
temples, churches, mosques (masjids)
N -, --, vn-- vu
v-. v-/ n vu --
vh-N-h-o-p 'the' .
I
A
Students/
lecturers/
professors...
go to
are at
B
school, college,
university etc.
A p x- B p x
vu - h d,
school, college, etc 'the' . N-x, schools, colleges, etc --
--Ex, go to/ are at the school/
college etc.
A student goes to college/ their parents go
to the college.
(to meet the principal, pay the fees, etc)
II
(devotees),
They go to temple/ to church/ to
mosque, etc.
the engineer is at the
temple to supervise some repairs
.
h
---.
- -vn- -n-
- --,
--o
(-\ -}- )
III Doctors, nurses, patients go to hospital.

hospital
hospital
'the'
Amar's
father, after returning from the hospital
patient
doctor
A patient is at hospital. Their friends and relatives go to the hospital to see.
business persons
open
shop, close shop, are at shop.
go to
the shop, are at the shop.
Karun: What's your brother, Kesav?
brother
Keshav: He goes to college.
college student
'He goes to college'
Ox--J
E d,
. - --
o . \-
-}--- E .
-
-N---
--j-
(O
h- --?)
( -
. D-E-
--E N p-).
o-
---
Aravind: When are you starting for college?
(College
-p- -l-
-o?)
Bhanu: Why, as usual at 9.
(? - Nt-C-)
Aravind: But yesterday you left even at 8.
(E Eo y E-N-C -l . Even at 8= at 8 itself =

E-N-C-)
Bhanu: No, I started at 8, but it was not for
college. I went to Suman's and
from there, we two set out for college at 8.45.
Praphul: Too many visitors for you
(F a-x K -\-)
3) For -l--, -}-, --- (prepare), - - (ready)
E -L verbs \ hC. j -
a) start for, leave for, set out for (Eo-
n -l-- -)
Delhi -l-- / --x
leave for Delhi (setout for Delhi)
b) prepare for the match; be ready for the
Aravind: Have you sent for Bharat yet?
( /
d?)
b) The names of things unique of their kind
match; practise for the match

4) Famous, well known, known,
(--C/
v-Cl--C, etc) y 'for' -h-C.
E-N-C- -l-JC, college

. . \-o* L
college -l)
set out= -l-- conversation
.
-- 4 -d- 2005
j- A C h
--)
c) The names of rivers, seas, oceans,
Notorious for.
ranges of mountains, groups of islands,
- thanks
countries formed by groups of states.
(for )
Subha: y N -x --.
\--* N?
[Imp: No 'the' before the name of a single
Subha: (over phone) Hi Sobha,

Sobha:
mountain/ single island]

d) Designations and offices (No 'the' before
What for?..
Bhanu : What for?
for what
Aravind : Have you forgotten? We have got
to practise for the match next
week.
Match practise
Bhanu : He is in Chennai for his cousin's
wedding. I'll (I will) call him today
and tell him that we should prepare for the match.
designations
(? -u
E )
(--*---? a-
-L ?)
(x cousin R} j o --}.
phone match ready
Lq E h)
Aravind: Tell him to start early. He is known
for his game but notorious for his
lack of time sense.
(y t. Game -E C. -- Time sense =

punctuality = - -- F
C.)
Notorious=-J- \---L
= - x, -
-. a notorious murderer=
C -. Famous actor =
v-l )
j -- for .
1) uC (period of
time) for hC for 10 minutes
(10 E-N-), for an hour (), for 3
years (-x) etc.
2) 'for' u -- , l-P-*
n-.
j --
a) Send for Bharat = -- /--
b) what for? = - /- -
c) for the match = match /match
(l)
N-- *. N-- v-Cl-

, T--Lx - (
varieties)
Delhi
Dad bought this dress for me in Delhi.
f)
/ - l-P-*)
h - =
o =
(
This book is for
Ramesh.
g) Praphul: some one has come for you.
(-F - a.)
Prasanth: for me? at this hour?
(-? -i?)
thereafter the name

of the person)
j--- --p ----o? (Start .)

Sobha: j--? ?
Subha: v-V---E.
Sobha: o vA h-o.
AJ--*a--y j--
A -*-h. (Leave ).
t -J C .
Subha: y h F V- --E J.
M. SURESAN
lowed by 'then'.
p -:
Manohar: Good morning Mahesh, why are
you up so early?
( y
Ev ? Up \ Ev---.
simple .
Conversation ).
Mahesh: I get up (am up) by this time
every day. I go for a morning walk
(-p time * -h).
Answer:
Shubha: (over phone) Hi Sobha, Thanks a
Manohar: Walking is good. The longer you

walk the stronger you are.
lot.
Shubha: For sending me mangoes. Where
Mahesh: That's true. But my classmate

Sudheer walks 6 kms every morn-
are they from?

Sobha: From
h )
Sobha: What for?
Vijayawada.
You
know
Vijayawada is famous for the two

varieties.
Rasaalu
and
Banginapalli.
Shubha: Then when are you starting for
Hyderabad?
Sobha: Hyderabad, what for?
Subha: To spend a few days with me/
Sobha: Dad is leaving for Mumbai tonight.
walk, the more active you are.

d)
h \--Dl L \ =
classmate
Sudheer W 6 Kms -h.
College N-)
Manohar: Why so? (-E?)
Mahesh: He is as tall as Amitab (N-
)
our College. (
No.2:
uh x , - h,
, x (proper nouns) , the .
\ The Amitab, The Sharook Khan
-o x-E u-i -J , x Jx*a, E 'the'
.
1) 21 -l D
p---\o?
- Hollywood -.
Krishna: Mumbai ?
Kumar: . \ -o--Dl -E--*C. Mumbai.
Krishna: v%A u (Beauty of Nature)
- Qt. C -
Switzerland C. \ Dal q Boat trip -C.
\ --o ---E-hC.
b) Prabhat: Hi Prakash, C-
o?
Prakash: u a. family E -.
Prabhat: t-_?
Prakash: x -J-* -\
x- *C.
ANSWERS:
a) krishna: Hi Kumar, Where have you
been?
Kumar: I was in the Hollywood of india
Krishna: You mean Mumbai?
Kumar: Yes, the more I stayed there, the
more/ the longer I wanted to stay.
How beautiful Mumbai is.
Krishna: If you talk of the beauty of nature,
Manohar: And who is the Sharook Khan of
nothing to beat Kashmir (Kashmir
your class?
(O
class Sharook Khan
dC .
?)
Subha: If you come I want you to be here

for a week.
Mahesh: I haven't (have not) thought of it
of India. The boat trip in the Dal
(E -J-* ---*--)
- -Eo-x 'The' !
Khan.
-p-- Eo lessons 'the'

-J-* a-o N- v-:
We use the before
a) The names of great and holy books (The
Ramayanam, etc.)
lake is very pleasant. There too

the more you stay, the more you
The longer you walk, The stronger you are.

The Amitab of the College; The Sharook
Sobha: Ok.
No. 1:
h *C.
u- English p-p Comparatives
. -- -- 'the' p L.
a) E -F Dl --E--hC.
The more you see it, the more you wish to
see it.
Nothing to beat
Kashmir). That is the Switzerland
Only after he returns, do I think of

Hyderabad.
The higher
you climb, the colder it.
ing. And really he is the Amitab of
for spending a few days with me.
The more you
Kumar:
g) the comparative degree, when it is not fol-
Sobha: OK.
-*--Dl _ =
a) Krishna: Hi Kumar
singular, to talk of the

whole class
c)
Now Practise the Following:
of the adjective,
Subha:
d) for his cousin's marriage = cousin
Rx--/- -Rx
e) o v
and
f) the superlative degree
The more we eat,
He is the Gandhi of the 20th C.
e) before a countable
Sobha:
Ao-Dl -\ =
the fatter we become.
( D-J x -
o. DE ----h- E)
2) He is the Bhima of class - - class
H.
offices if you mention
-x--- 55
b)
(Unique =
want to stay.
b) Prabhat: Hi Prakash, you look sad
Prakash:
My Uncle has come he is the

Sakuni of our Family
Prabhat:
Is he so bad?
Prakash:
The less we talk about such

people, the better for us.
---
Charan: Hi Chandra, how are you?
Chandra: Fine Thanks, how are you?
Charan: Same here. Thanks. Congrats.
(Congrats = Congratulations
-vu----q -- -\ -- =
--G----)
Chandra: What on? (?)
Charan: On your fine performance in the
play yesterday.
(y Eo - -
-*--)
Performance - ---q - \-- = j, u
u-i N-Eo -
Performance in a play/ movie/
game/ as a leader =
performance
play=
-/ E/ -- J
J Ey-/ E-B.
x = - --;
n - C.
a)
F * \ a-o G-- = congratulations/ congrats on your
good marks.
Congratulations =
-j --j- -C-*-p-
-p-C. --E --- thanks h.
b) y Eo-j-- Congrats
Congrats on your election.

congrats
Congrats on your excellent action/ performance.
d) Congress
congrats. Congrats to congress on its excellent performance in the elections.
(Performance
2) Comment on: Comment
Comment
'on'.
a)
He always on comments on others.
make comments/ pass comments
c)
-*--
L*--
-E-)
uu
-/--G-v- L--a-.
y
p --- -J-* =
E
uu - n.
Chandra: Thank you.

Charan: Every one was commenting on
your action only. They were all
praise for you
Chandra: Oh, that's (that was nothing).
Thanks any way. How's your
practice of cricket going? Hope
you will be on the college team for
the finals. (
thanks.
cricket practice
College finals team
-----.
F
C?
y---E P-ho)
(-x ---o?)
Charan: (I am going to) spend some time
on bowling practice. (I) need to
improve my bowling.
bowling practice
bowling
(
L.
-----Lq - C)
Chandra: Ok, then. Good luck, bye.
(, F %d --E J,
h-J)
Charan: Bye
j -- preposition 'on'
-E-.
1)
Congratulations
p--p,
v: What on?
: On your fine performance.
2)
3)
4)
5)
commenting on
on the college team
depends on
spend time on
preposition 'on'
1) Congratulations (Congrats
On.
Eo -s.
E
) y p
-x--- 56
b)
----p- -- -J-* uu-E--
He never comments/ makes comments/

passes comments on others.
c)
performance
-
-J-* uu -. -E - -E - h -C vo.
It's (It is) easy to comment/ pass comments/ make comments on others' performance but how well we do a thing is the
question.
3) On the team. team
(in
English
on
on the list;
on the rolls,
on the premises;
on the campus, etc.
a)
team
We do not take you on the team.
b)
His name is first on the list.
c)
I do not allow such things on my premises.
d)
College
It did not happen on the campus.
4) Depend on =
common.
depend =
. -- n)
-o. - '
hC. G-
--x
d =
=
--=
Nu- - =
Eo
a
G- -- -C
-- E--N t-A-
- --
C
----. C
E/ JO ----
. English . Depend
y p 'on'.
-v-o: Home, House, Residence - Home, house nx --N? OE p-p --T- N-J---.
-C v-tu,
*-M-o
----: I. Home- ,
u- E x home. -j
J Lx--v-, o--t, \--x-x C
home. -u home
- -sx my,
your, his, her, etc. --\-.
I am going home
(to my home
He went home an hour ago
(His home
--h-o.
v --x.
--N- -?
J E -J-* x-o x x,
home.
Home
My home is Nellore.
He left his books at home
books
3) Home =
His home is England.
4) Home =
Minister for home affairs.
yn n - C.
yn x.
() -x C--.
.
Q.
(Q -_ u- vA)
5) at home and abroad = y-, N-x.
6) Old age Home, Home for the blind-
x 'v.
II. House = -j house .
He bought a house last year
-\--)
vA--E x \ O ----
He depends on his sister for every thing.
b)
{Eo d
Crops depend on rains.

c)
Fo s--d ?
Everything depends on money.

d)
N v d ---C
Success depends on hard work.
5) Spend on:
a)
Mohan:
- -x d O \
s, \ time % h. - \ time --.
Girija and
Sailaja:
b) Lakshman:
Madhu:
y O comments h-od.
p -l-?
F O -- -C.
y-p ready p.
on the campus..
Charan: Not so bad. Every thing depends

on my game in the first two
matches.
Chandra: And what are you going to do during the vacation?
--C 9 -d- 2005
-q x o.
Lakshman:
u.
Spend =
a--d-.
-- (V,
)
a) -O
a d
M. SURESAN
He has spent a lot

(of money) on the house.
b)
W u h
I spend two hours (every day) on exercise.
c)
practice
He spent the whole of last week on practice.

d)
E p d- \ a -
Anil spends a lot (of money) on clothes.
Spend
on.
e) TV
on
time
waste
% h
He wastes time on the TV/watching the TV.

f)
friends
time
% h
He wastes time/ a lot of time on friends.

Now practise the following in English:
a) Girija:
dress d o?
)
Sailaja: 2500 -. hC ?
Girija: F 400 - E O %
-. - 2000 -- d.
Sailaja: F dC selection . (spend, I )
y
(Spend
She has two houses in Hyderabad, and one

in Vijayawada =
But She lives in
Guntur. Her home there is very close to the station =
Guntur
House
business house,
The House of Tatas-
j--- x, N-- x -o.
C v
. x
,
(E) x.
-sx u
E n .
III. Residence: C - formal. Phone
numbers, address N p--p
. Residence phone no; Residential
address (office phone no; office address
Go). \- home phone no.,/ address
-a.
- uh E-- Residence
The Prime Minister's residence,
The governor's residence, etc.
late y--.
x G- * o.
x L--p- .
Madhu:
--E
--h-o?
Lakshman: F -*a. E congrats.
J - A M.
Lakshmi: selections \ -- o?
Lakshman: College campus .
Answers:
a) Girija: How much did you spend on the
dress?
Sailaja: I spent Rs. 2500/- on it. Isn't (is not)
it worth so much?
(worth =
is worth =
N;
N -
- N - / ---- = Worth/ not worth. The movie
is not worth half the price of the ticket =
E ticket d s- -
. Waste.
Girija: I think you wasted at least Rs. 400.

I won't (will not) spend more than
Rs. 2000/- on it.
Sailaja: I spent at least two hours on that
selection.
Mohan: Generally women waste a lot (of
money), a lot more of time, on
dresses, and still more on make up
(still =
Girija and
Sailaja: Just as you are commenting on us.
b) Lakshman: When shall we start?
Madhu:
(Everything) depends on you,
whenever you are ready.
Lakshman: Doesn't matter if we are late.
Doesn't (does not) matter =
Conversation
practise
Our names are the last on the
list. We shall be able to reach by
the time our turn comes.
Madhu:
Who else
is coming to
be on the team?
Lakshman: Your selection is definite
Congrats on that. I
don't know about my position
(position =
Lakshmi: Where are the selections?
Lakshman: On our college campus.
).
y-.
.
(-)
(*a).
J-n-A/ --A)
---
Sheriff: Peter, Who are you waiting for?
His parents are waiting for their daugh-
J h-o?
ter's marriage. Once that is over, they will
Peter: For sagar. I've (I have) asked him

for some information and a few
books.
marry him off.

d)
. o -,
Eo h- -.
Sheriff: You have waited for an hour now.
He hasn't even phoned you.
y E h-o
. F Phone - J.
Peter: I am sure he will come. Any way,
let's hope for the best. I need the
books badly.
h- t. -i
Pl. h-
-.
(need badly = -)
-- 11 -d- 2005
--hC. --E wait

-.
I'm (I am) very hungry. I am not able to
wait for the meal any more.
Wait for = await.
await
vC. conversation wait for .
2) Ask for: -J-j j -
a) o -. -.
a) I am looking for a good book on Spoken
I asked (him) for his help. But he did not
Spoken English O * h
h-o. ---o.
help me.
b)
o Eo h- -TC
b) What are you looking for?
-x--- 57
-- h? p-
C ?
E- h-o/ ---o?
c) -- \ E. C
College } time
No use looking for him here. It's the time
for his college.
Have you a pen?

Peter: I told him to be here for dinner. So
I'm sure he will come in a few minutes. Ah, look, here he comes. Hi,
Sagar, why the delay?
--E t-o E. d q- a-h- t C.

C -x a-. ,
--u?
Sagar: Looking for an auto took all my time.
h-o--x -u-iC.
j -- preposition 'for' E-.1) Waiting for 2) asked for 3) hope for
4) time for 5) look for. --C-- for -o
n, -- Eo .
English \ o prepositions
for . -E E -- J -E conversation conversation effective C.
1. Wait for: J , h, -
* .
Wait for me, please
She asked her friend to

wait
M. SURESAN
-E -TC.
They asked me why I was there
-\ --o-E x o--.
j -sx ask y for .
3) hope for: E-j- P--. hope y
for -.
a) * --- Pl. let's (let us)
hope for the best.
b) They hope for an early appointment.
y u h-E P-h-o.
hope y 'that' begin u
h for .
4) time for:
---E
We are waiting for the train
c)
Eo vo -.
c) He hopes that he will get the job
h ?
a) Train ho
b) Exams
questions
Common.
E-j
time for
time
a-C/C
. C
a) It's time for dinner (Dinner time
C)
Let's wait for the exams to be over
b) Time has come for us to leave
(Let's wait till the exams are over)
-l--Lq time C
time for breakfast, for dinner, etc.
5) Look for: --
Lx--v x-t Rx E o. - -h.
-v-o: Below, beneath J-i n- L,
E -s-; -- Famous,
Popular J-i n- L, E
-s- N-J-.
.-Q-%g, -, - ->-x
---: Below, beneath -y- N-Jh.
Famous v -Cl--\, vuA C.
v-F- -C L-, --C NE o
E.
Abdul Kalam is a famous scientist = v Cl
C Y-h --C, Y --E
x - ---- -J-* -J-* NE
o E.
-J- h-o?
Suresh: College bus .
Suman: Ng h-o.
o s -.
Suresh: -\ -Lq time C.
h- EN--.
Suman: x o Vx
s h-o. (Wait
)
Suresh: job apply --d-o.
Next week orders h-E P-ho.
Answer:
Suman: Who are you waiting for?
Charan: Assignment?
Chakri:
Charan:
. Physics chapter O.
\ pen -. \ shop
j refill a---a/ ---C.
- thanks.
Answers:
a) Sarat: Have you read the book on the
table?
Samrat: What's the book on?
Sarat:
It's (It is) on an important event/

episode in World War II. This is one
of the best books on the subject.
Samrat: Who is the Writer?

Sarat:
He was also a soldier. Name, John

stall.
Samrat: Is it such a great book?

Sarat:
The more you read it, the more you

feel like reading it. Reading it is a
Suresh: For the college bus.

Suman: I am waiting for Vishnu. He has
asked me for some money.
Suresh: (It is) time for him to be here.
Perhaps he will be here in a few
minutes.
Suman: He is waiting for the money his dad
will send him in two or three days.
Suresh: He has applied for a job. He hopes
for the orders next week.
2)
CN a/ an, the -C-*-N.

Practise .
a) Sarat: table O o h C-?
Samrat: E -C-* h C?
Sarat: v l- E u-i
- J*. O h- C best.
Famous.. Popular..
John stall.
E p h?
Sarat: FC C-N--Dl ---E--hC.
Eo -- - -j -
(-j = rare)
b) Chakri: F _ pen ?
Charan: C. F ?
Chakri:
pen refill --C.
Assignment complete - .
Chakri:
Suman:
vo -
n, E n ask y
for .
--: I asked him a few
Sarat:
- ?
(- = author/ writer)
- jE-. -
Samrat:
She asked him for some books.
Sheriff: How long more are you going to

wait? It's already time for dinner.
Samrat:
English
--?
popular v-G- E. famous op L, NE --E vu \. 'popular' -*---JE _-E C-* v G--E--, d---. v-Cl--\-x/ x d-E-, p,
\. Popular uh- d--,
x- -J-* x L----a
A famous movie star - v -Cl--\ E-- E-- -J-* L-E/ interest E x
-/- - -J-* .
rare experience.
b) Chakri: Have you a pen?
Charan: I have. Do you want it?
Chakri: My refill is/ has gone dry (has run
out of ink - is dry/ has gone dry -
ink
--C =
run out of
ink). I have not (haven't) completed

my assignment.
Charan: Assignment?
Chakri: Yes. It's on a chapter in Physics.
Charan: I need the pen too. You get a refill
in any of the shops here. (Refills
are available in any of the shops
here.)
Chakri: Thank you for the advice.
A popular movie star- v-G- C

E-- -J-* L---x, E- x d- .
cinema star, famous, popular a.
- *v p actor -J-* Lh
x famous. *v p--,
G--E--x popular stars.
A famous song - a- .
A popular song- G--E, Cl
'mass' song E.
Tendulkar is a famous cricketer- \ popular
.
---
Anil:
Hi, Trishal, where were you last

evening?
(Eo v \--o?)
Trishal: Most of the time at home.
(Eo \ x o)
Why, what's the matter?
But Sunil told me he had seen you
going somewhere
(
E
-y-\-
p)
:
b) By the time I reached the station, the train
had left.
station
train
Train
station
the train had left.
--J,
R}-R}--- ,
C.
- y, d
c) My uncle too had waited for me for ten

minutes -
( N?)
Anil:
h---
Sunil
Trishal: He seen me on my way to the station to receive my uncle. But by the

time I reached the station the train
had left. My uncle too had waited for
me for 10 minutes. Seeing that I
had not come, he started for home
on his own.
( uncle station ho-p . station

--}-J train --*a --R}--C.
uncle 10 EN-
-l-)
10 EN- , y
-l-, had waited - had + pp
d) Seeing that I had not come -E
, he started for home. ---,
earlier past action, d had come - had
+ past participle.
-L---h-C .J-T
\- -o u N:
had + past participle always expresses the

earlier of two past actions.
I wanted that book on computers

from you.
( _ C-p, v-V E o library -a.)

j ---E verbs: had seen, had left,
had waited, had come, had kept Fo
had + past participle form o .
-- form of verb lessons -. verb form: had + past
participle. Do past perfect tense .
DE --- l:
a) Sunil told me he had seen you. \ two
past actions ( J-T --
Sunil Eo -, N
p-) o. ,
y. Sunil, Trishal --
, N Anil p y
. \ J-T E Sunil,
Trishal -, had seen had + past
participle form - -E- L
. past actions
, y J-T, J-T
past action p had + past participle
form C.
-J- --
--- - L-.
,
--,
-
- C).
o
verbs: had been (be

form -
computer book
Trishal: I am sorry, I don't have it. I had kept

it for only two days till the day
before when I returned it to the
library.
a) The Moghuls had ruled India before the

British ruled it (British
had ruled,
ruled).
b) India had been under Moghul rule before
it was under British rule (British
Moghul
lesson
-x--- 58
a)
pass
u-E p.
He told me that he had passed. (pass
- , p- y . d
J past action, had + passed (had +
pp)
N--
o N-Eo
hC), had + pp
(action - JT x
EE -L- M. SURESAN
)
a) u v-G-- teacher
- = He had been a teacher before
-C-* 'be' form had been.

--, 'be' form p --Eo
-C.
C - a:
he started business.
b) Lawyer
practice
railways
He had worked/ He
had been
in the railways before
he started practising as a lawyer.
c)
sisters
unmarried
He had been unmarried
until his sisters got married.
a) NTR had acted in movies before he
Now practise the following in English.
b)
R}
teacher
E--C.
She had worked as teacher before she

got married.
had + pp
entered politics (politics
- v-P
, E-x -. -- -C
action (u). J-T past action
d, had acted - had + past participle)
b) NTR had been an actor before he was a
CM (CM
, actor o).
\- verbs had been, was.
'be' forms . -, he was a CM (-p) CM (p -).
-- actor - d had been an
actor.
v-G- -
E =
(o)
x
R} u---
o =
a) Lakshmi: Hi Ajitha
p AJ--a? O
Eo phone h O
t Ny -E pC.
Ajitha:
. y phone -
y .
N?
Lakshmi: M j * Eo < aE pC Eo. Rx
l?
Ajitha:
p- - a--E o
pC .
-v-o: 1) Would you come please?
tense
- N? would - past tense of will

-. \ would, could --T-?
2) Could
2) Sell this vehicle off (Active Voice),

What does she want (Active Voice).
-O-E Passive Voice

N- N-J---.
3) The function went off well n L--h, went off
n \, h----x --- L----.
-u,
-.
---:
-J-* y ---. could

C, 'would you come please' o
\ u * request. would you come,
Pratap:
Pramod:
-J?

exchange
bike h bike
o-E p.
Answers:
a) Lakshmi: Hi Ajitha, when did you return?
When I phoned yesterday your
mother told me you had not
returned yet.
Ajitha:
That's right. I arrived half an hour
after you had phone. What's the
matter?
Lakshmi: Leela told me yesterday she had
brought some sarees from
Mumbai. How about seeing
them?
Ajitha:
She told me the day before she
had given away most of them.
Lakshmi: Still some more are there. Let's go
and see.
b) Pratap: Prasanth told me that you had
bought a bike. I think, the day
before (yesterday).
Pramod: Not yet. I think of buying one.
Pratap: (Are you) buying your cousin's
bike?
Pramod: No. Only yesterday I came to know
he had sold it off.
Pratap: Who to?
Pramod: He told me he had exchanged his
old bike for a new one.
-v-o: English Newspapers Headlines -Fo simple present
Could you come please?
1) would, should, could

you come please?
Eo o. -R}
l .
b) Pratap: Hi Pramod, y bike o-E
Prasanth p , o-.
Pramod: -. -E --o.
Pratap: O cousin bike -o?
Pramod: .
Eo L- C, C
t--E.
He had been an actor
But why did you want to see me?
(F _ *
B----o)
Lakshmi:
C a:
e) I had kept it for two days... when I

returned it to the library.
had
kept had + past participle (pp)
past action
( y o- ----o?)
Anil:
--C 16 -d- 2005
please
? C more formal (\ --v,

could ). -- J- E, -N
uh- request.
2) sell this vehicle off. DE passive voice Let this vehicle
be sold off.
What does she want
passive what is wanted by her.

Eo -s-x- p - sentences active
natural C.
3) went off well - J-TC E. - phrases
n oxford/ longman's * dictionaries , 'go'
.
---:
1)
h-E?--Fo J-T-- N- !
would difference --N-? ---E --
-sx use -a?
.--, --.
- --* question. English -o vu ~, historic

present. J-T--- present tense (simple) -. C newspaper headlines \.
Prime Minister Inaugurates the conference.
\ Inaugurates h-o-F , ---o-F

. --E. C English p-.
Here was I already late to the station. Just then my brother
comes with the news that I have forgotten my ticket.
comes
p-. effect -.
2) could, would -J-* N-- ---.
---
c) His mother told me that some one had
Sivaram: Hi Unni, what's new?
(--J --C.
Practice it in
your conversation)
Unni:
Have you seen Kiran of late?
- u o ?
(of late = lately = u)
Sivaram: No, yesterday I did go to Kiran's.
But by the time I reached there, he
had gone out. I missed him by
minutes.
. Eo R}- }. F
}-p- - -
R}-. --E -Eo -E-N-- -- miss u.
Unni:
stolen them.
T-L-- , p- y d
had stolen (had + pp)
d) She was sure that they had gone for
good.
N ----F - ---- -----E

t- C. - , d
had gone (had + pp)
had + pp
N- -E--Lq -ui
N- -o.
Why did you want to see him?
-x--- 59
--} -R}-?
Sivaram: He had promised to lend me the
CDs of some latest movies. So I
went to him to get them.
\Eo E- CDs h--o.

N a---E x.
Unni:
-- 18 -d- 2005
Let's go now and get them now.
p-R} a-- E?
a) had + pp
-, -
JT, x ,
y J-T--p v.
b) J-T EE vh-N---p
had + pp - .
Krishna: That means you applied for it last
Gopal:
y . --
-R}--.
Krishna: \ watchman ?
Gopal: - p Principal uo
classes Fo cancel -F, R}--E.
Krishna: y TC (Transfer certificate)
apply --p?
Gopal: Apply - E y p--E
.
Krishna: y last saturday apply
--o-.
Saturday
b) Sarat: Who are the police searching for?
(Police
x (Plural). Police = a
Policemen/
Police persons a.)
Police man. Plural
Karim: For the chitfund company director

Sarat: What happened?
Karim: He had collected money from all and
disappeared/ left town
Sarat: When did people know he had disappeared?
Karim: Just Yesterday. He had run the company for two years when he ran
They had gone for..
away. He had collected by then

Rs. 2 crore.
Sarat: When do people learn? A number of
chitfund companies had closed
shops even before this (happened).
Practise the following also:
Sivaram: No chance. His mom told me yesterday that some one had stolen
the suit case with the CDs in it. It
was to the police that he had gone
when I went there. He wanted to
report it to the police.
CDs
suit
case
- .
o
T-L- -E Eo
xt pC. Eoo \ R}--p R}C police
report y--E.
Unni:
Does he hope to get them back?
N ---
-?
Sivaram: I don't know. His mother was however sure that they had gone for
good.
J. xt v - t- C.
(For good = permanently = Jh/
y-. Practise it in your conversation)
Unni:
Really unfortunate.
Anil: I saw the movie, 'Nenodda Neeku?' on

the TV last night.
(Eo vA
'l F? E )
TV
Krishna: I have seen it too. What a bore!
( x. N!)
I saw it last Saturday, I think.
Anil
E
Eo-vA C
b) Sarat:
J o police
x?
Karim: Chit Company director .
Sarat: J-TC?
Karim: J _ s B-E J--
(J--= disappeared/ left
town)
Sarat:
past action, time

known saw
(past doing word)
Krishna
-E

E --o
C past action, time
not known - -E
M. SURESAN
\ have + pp. S}
last Saturday E time h-o d saw.
independent, single past actions
E , had+pp p- . j
L- past actions - past doing word; time
pE past action have+ pp/ has + pp.
-sEo d related past
actions, N sentences h p
had + pp -a.
- J---E p LC?
Karim: Eo. J----p- company
x -. p- x
- collect .
(Collect= )
Sarat: p - a-- ?
DE Chit Fund
Companies --f .
ANSWERS:
one there when you went there?

None. People (Every one) had left
the place.
Krishna: Wasn't (was not) the watchman
there?
Gopal:
He told me that the principal had
E -%-d- .
j -- --T-* verbs sets
: a) reached- had gone out; b) had
I went there at 4 PM. He had already gone.
cancelled all afternoon classes.

That was why all of them had gone
promised- went; c) told- had stolen; d) had
-\- --v -- -- }.
p- - R}--.
Practise the following aloud in English:
Krishna: When did you apply for the TC?
a) Krishna:
Gopal:
gone, went; d) was- had gone.
j verbs vA lesson
had + participle form o
verbs o . a) had gone out, b) had
promised, c) had stolen, d) had gone.
--J had + past

o verb p, the
earlier of two past actions ( J-T
- --x J-T Eo) h-E.
p j -- J-Eo ---:
participle (PP) form
a) By the time I reached his place he had

gone out.
\- --J - --R}--.
b) He had promised the CDs and I went
there to get them.
CD h--- , -}-
y d had promised.
Eo y-\-
j o?
-}-p-
p \-C?
(= Vehicle)
Kumar: Eo B-}.
Prasad: Mechanic - -Eo- p- Jh
repair ?
Kumar: Eo repairs Jh . p
* condition C.
Prasad: --o Eo-p?
Kumar: xo. - o salesman u *aC.
Prasad: -- -?
Kumar: Student. - job a time
h--.
Answer:
Prasad: Where is the vehicle (now)?
Kumar: Kiran has taken it home.
a) Krishna: Was there any one/ Was any

Gopal:
Prasad:
away.
I had applied for it before you told
me to.
Prasad: When did the mechanic complete

the repairs?
Kumar: Yesterday. It is now in good condition.
Prasad: Who is using it now?
Kumar: Kiran's elder brother. He got the job
of a salesman just the day before
(yesterday).
Prasad: What was he before that?
Kumar: He was a student. But he had not
completed his studies when he got
the job.
-v-o: "General" - DE pronunciation -- Dictionary *a Phonetic symbols d,

- make a mark / distinguish
! -- "G" - "e" ~ TV English News Caste , NE --(oneself).
h EE ' - --. --J --.
-v-o: 1) She goes to her friend's on sundays
"Get" pronunciation - -- ' -v-o: 1) "Would" Present , Past
2) She goes her friends on sundays.
?
Future -- .
- --- --C j--C?
. -, *o--x-f, j---
- -C* usage Jh
-v-o- -s-x -When, Why, What,
---.
---:
How - ---T----?
'g' y 'e' h ' --E
2) u-, -, -
---, x
rule O
. English
- -Tx-- ---? ' -
--:
-E J-i -Tx- C?
Pronunciation
p
-- -u-x 1- ) Correct; 2) Wrong.
-- rules \.
.v-u, -
English Questions: i) 'Wh' words
G y e h ' -,
--:
(What, When, Where, etc.,) -u
' - C,
1) Would - y- ---.
vo, ii) N E vo. 'Wh' -u
-* English *a--2) u- Warmth/ affection;
vox 'Wh' word - L.
Eo
d
C.
- affection; - attachment.
---
Pavan: How long can we be here?
Ravi:
---\ -?
Why? There's no hurry. We can be

here as long as we like. What's the
matter?
? - ---
- -. N?
Pavan: Then let's listen to this man. He is

saying some thing in Tamil. Can you
understand what he says?
Ravi:
h-oC N. N h-o. pC
y n ---?
I can, but only a little. He says he is a
palmist. He can read our palms and
tell us of our future.
(n --).
Palmist - h---vC-
- 20 -d- 2005
Mohan: He says you will soon be a minister

Ravi:
I, A minister!! It's sheer nonsense.
How can I be a Minister
vA!! - n E
N .
j -- look at the expressions- can
be, can understand, can read, can't (Cannot)

speak, cannot follow, can translate etc.
can
verbs
two
forms
1) can bebe form 2) can understand, can read, can speak, etc.
can + 1st Regular Doing Word (1st
RDW) form.
(Actions)
1. Can:
(ability)
verb.
(present)
(Future)
can
a) He can be here in ten minutes.
Fo

. N
( -) o ?
C
-Eo C.
Fo
N -
*-h.
--C -n uEo
L
vh
F, N-u
F --, -.
E p-
10 EN---x \ --.
(can be - be form --- ---C)
-x--- 60
e)
Prabha:
\p
She can't (cannot) come here now.

f)
*o N n -?
Can't you (can you not) understand this

simple thing?
Prabha:
CM
(become
-L-T-...)
Prasanthi: . y CM --?
Prabha:
-- F t?
I can speak..
Come, Prasanthi, how can you

be so harsh/ unkind to me?
Prasanthi: How can you talk so much nonsense?
day to day situations
ulary/ expressions practise
Pronunciation)
vocab: (Prn:
1. get up -
Ev---
a F C h u)
o .
o , v o
o-p- Do- p .
-- -v-o a swim in
(wakeup
2. have/ take a bath (bathe -
the sea)
3. have/ take breakfast (Prn:
-v-d) -l
--.
u p-. h
N-u p----o--.
(Read the palm
h--)
Pavan: But how can we understand him? He

can't (can not) speak Telugu and we
can't follow his Tamil.
Ravi:
- --- n --C? - x--. E

Tamil n -. ?
Ah, here comes Mohan. He can
speak Tamil.
Mohan
Tamil
h-o. -
x--
-.
Mohan: What's going on?

Ravi:
Here's a Tamil Palmist. Can you
translate his tamil for us?
Tamil palmist.
Tamil
( --C?)
---
pC - p--?
Mohan: That's OK. Go on then.

(The Palmist studies Ravi's palm
and says some thing in Tamil Tamil
h)
b)
F-- - - E-\ -
I can be here as long as you like/ want.

c)
He cannot be (can't be) here for more than

an hour.
d)
President
-B --
-
Any Indian citizen can be the president.

e)
(- |)
F t y CM -
You cannot (can't) be a CM for your life
Fo (can be) be forms- --Eo -L--h.

2. can + 1st RDW - action.
a)
I can speak Hindi well.
b)
Tendulkar
Can he play like Tendulkar?
c)
subjects
What subjects can you teach?
d)
English
How well can you speak English?
C x---
--?
C---?
modal verbs Eo u A-
--o. - -u-x --- -N--J---.
1) a) They have to have gone there
b) They should have gone there
2) a) They have to have been there
b) They should have been there
3) a) The book was to have been sent to Madras
b) The book should been sent to Madras
4) a) You have to have your car painted green
b) You should have painted your car green
5) a) She was to have taken that bus
b) She must/ should have taken that bus
x---?
v
x--.
Prabha:
y M. SURESAN
N-
J --? (harsh/
unkind - J--i)
Prasanthi: y nonsense
x---?
Answer:
Prabha: If I can become the C.M..
Prasanthi: Wait. How can you become the
CM?
Prabha:
Are you sure (that) I can't (cannot) be the CM?
Prasanthi: I don't (do not) know if you can
become the CM or not; but you
can certainly talk a lot of nonsense.
3 a) Book, Madras
--Lq-.
(F - -L)
C clear --L- sentence .
b) - should been sent , should have been sent
- correct. p n. h ---Lq F
---.
4 a) O car green paint * -LqC.
( - , sentence clear -)
b) O car green paint -LqC.
( -, O. colour paint )
.
.----, o
1 a) They have to have gone there
x\ R} -LqC, } -L-.
b) They should have gone there
x-\- --}-LqC, F }-.

*
.
. E
n- J--C.
DE ---- J--C. \
-
n Rx-\ -LqC ().

C.
(F o -L-). DEo
p.
b) -D-n: Rx-\ -LqC, F .
Sentence 1) a
construction
have to have
gone
expressions, usage
They had to go there
simple
2 a)
1a)
sentence
They had to be there,
simpler
direct
sentence
sentence clear
5 a)
bus \ -LqC.
(\ , sentence x
) J-T--/---
-,
) --N
Ep O a. Bread h
d Bread : Bakery (--J)
Snacks/ refreshments/ eats -
- -- - correct English
. English .
7. pastime: - ~--E N.
8. lunch: -/ --uo .
9. Dinner: () vA . (prn: '
E \---.) V
u-i . -s
Dinner vA - -C. L--x
uo a.
10. Supper: (prn: \ -)
V *J vA-W -E
. u .
breakfast, lunch, dinner, supper -
W j O , A/ An, The .
-v-o: -Tx- commands, orders ---E () Conditions
NC---E Should must . F

text book h be forms is, are .
-?
1) u- . C N * -L
-- text book To be an agricultural income... The
revenue is derived from land E - \-o. -
The revenue should be derived.. E a .
2) vd o -* N-- -
C --q -N- j -L -; text
book The trust should be registered with the commissioner of I.T E , text The trust is registered
with commissioner of I.T as per the provision of 12A E C. J \- is registered should be registered u
? - u - nEo hC?
u -?
b , -
---:
clear
b) She must have taken that bus.

bus
1) 'The revenue should be derived'
-L-)
*a-
\ C.
( , \C)
She should have taken that bus.
bus
bus

(-
4. boil: (prn:
5. fry:
6. bake: (prn:
y CM
-,
F,
nonsense
-\ - -
-v-o: Infinitive ,
---:
Prasanthi:
\Lq C, F \-.
\C).
- correct,
O--ox.
2) C , The trust should be registered correct.
O n --o-x, is derived, is registered
- J-C E. rule p-
should be derived, should be registered correct.
---
Mahesh: Hi Ramesh, you can sing, can't you?
problem?
cousins weekend \
Ramesh: Of course I can. Why, what's the mat.
ter?
Kishore: x t.
. -----o?
Kumar: x . Rx-\- - interview -
Mahesh: You can participate in the singing
-ho. x-- interview C.
competition at college next week.
Kishore: --y -- -- picnic enjoy --a- - -- _--a.
-. --y-j- ---E -v--Ao-.
Ramesh: Oh, no. I can sing but not in a com- Kumar: cousins \--o-p ? l. x , x
petition.
phone h. correct p--h?
. -- F x
Eo-d F h.
v .
Mahesh: O come Ramesh. Tell yourself you Kishore: y o E----- (disappoint)
---o. y - p
can, and you will.
-. - _ C .
, N. y ---E
Kumar: F picnic postpone
--?
F y p, ---.
Picnic miss - - d .
Ramesh: I am not so sure. (- -t
)
--, y -- ?
Kishore:
Kumar:
Mahesh: You can try at least, Keep telling yourself you can, and you will be able to
do it.
-x--- 61
--, --, E p (-) . y --.

(keep telling - h---- continue
E h
v-Ao-h.
j -- o
-E-
.
-o n
\
. ' n
n u
L----
.
-
--
- y---E
E Jh ,
J--C. ---
. Jh
.
(?)
F p- -L---?
xn -. --, E
.
? Spoken English can, can't
(can not) - J ability (-n u) -J-*
--- - --a.
Now, Practise the following aloud in English.

a) Kumar: Hi Kishore,
Kishore:
picnic
weekend
Kumar:
N-?

h?
C--CN ho.
-? -.
-v-o:
Kishore:
-Eo -p-x --. - -- postpone ------?

Kumar: Ok. \-V . h N.
Kishore: y p- h-o.
b) Bhavan: Hi, congrats Bhaskar.
Bhaskar:
Bhavan:
prize
E?
F
*a-E Eo
o.
Bhaskar: . - l N .
college x u-h u-E
prize *aC.
Bhavan: y ---E
. F prize *a N
-- p-- -L-. ho .
F -. -J
G---.
Bhaskar: y o K T--h-o. Thank
you. F cricket practice C?
Bhavan: V- practice ho.
tournaments - --V
C. fielding ----Lq
- C. team finals - t C.
Bhaskar: jv-- tournaments.
O-p \ 1st match?
Bhavan: 22 K-. 1st match t
team .
Bhaskar: OK. J time C. --}-L.
All the best.
Bhavan: Thank you.
1) Rajani has to work along with Ravi

Rajani is to work along with Ravi
2) They have to hold the programme
They are to hold the programme
3) The SP, Naveen Chand who was to
attend as a chief guest in this programme was not / had not/ did not come
yesterday.
is/ has to, how to/ are to, was/ had
j u-xE
--- d-?-N--J--.
l , C--\
not
---:
1) Rajani has to work along with Ravi

Rajani has to
Answers:
a) Kumar: Hi Kishore, What news?
Kishore: How about coming for a picnic / joining a picnic this weekend? will you
come for/ will you join a picnic this
weekend? Ten of us are going.
Kumar: This weekend? I'm (I am) afraid I can't
(cannot) come.
Kishore: What's (What is) the problem?
Kumar: My cousins will be here this weekend.
Kishore: Ask them to join us too.
b) Bhavan: Hi Bhaskar, Congrats.

Bhaskar: What on?
Bhavan: Sekhar told me yesterday (that) you
had got/ won a prize.
Bhaskar: O, That's nothing. I got that prize for
the best essay in the essay writing
competition.
Bhavan: I Know you can write very well/ I know
you are very / quiet good at writing.
But I didn't know that you had got/
won the prize until sekhar told me. let
How can we..
telling. keep doing something / continue to do some thing -
Ramesh: Ok, I'll try.

can
verbs
lesson
can
(ability)
can
response (reply)
Ramesh: Of
course, I can. conversation
can you do
something?
question
I can do it,
I can
I
can't (cannot)
sentence
Bhaskar: I can play cricket very well. In fact I
can play better than some of the
players in the Indian team.
Bhavan: Oh, can you?
Bhaskar: You think I can't (cannot) ?
Bhavan: (Do) You mean the selectors don't
know your greatness?
selectors
Bhaskar: They can't. Moreover, I can, but I
don't play.
--C- 23 -d- 2005
E N E---L/-E
E L. -J? -Lq C. \
*a c-x/ -o ---x/ J-n- vs--x --
E--x-j N E---L/ --Lq hC E. has to he,
she, it . have to I, We, You and they .
Kumar: They can't (can

not). They are
coming here
for an interview.
They
have an interview that day.
Kishore: I can't (can not)
M. SURESAN
enjoy the picnic
without you. Do try to come/ try to
come. (Do try -
d p--E -
Kumar: How can I come when my cousins are

here? Let's (let us) see. They will
phone/ call / ring me tomorrow or the
day after, when they will be/ will come
here exactly. Depending on that I'll (I
will) let you know.
Kishore: I'm (I am) sure you will not disappoint
me. If you want you can come. Where
there is a will there is a way, you
know. (you know Kumar: Why don't you postpone your picnic?
Kishore: We have made all arrangements.
How can we postpone it?
Kumar: Wait for a day I'll let you know tomorrow.
Kishore: You are coming definitely.
(Definitely) certainly -
-)
me tell you. I can't (cannot) write so

well as you. congrats again.
Bhaskar: O, You're praising me too much/
that's praising too much. How is your
cricket practice?/ How is your cricket
practice going on?
(That's praising too much- spoken
English
Bhavan: We have been practising for the past
one week. only four days are left
for the tournament.
My Fielding needs some improvement. I am sure our team will make it/
reach the finals.
(make it Bhaskar: Isn't' (Is not) the tourney (tournament
in Hyderabad?/ the
tourney is in hyderabad, isn't it? when
will you be there for the first match?
Bhavan: On the 22nd. Our first match is with
the khammam team/ the team from
khammam.
Bhaskar: Ok It's time for me to leave. All the
best.
Bhavan: Thank you.
Vocabulary / Expressions:
(Prn- Pronunciation)
1. Attend (Prn:
attend/ school/ college/ place of work
\)
(NTL o)
(j) ---)
-)
-\---) - --
( %Ah/ NC Ey- x }-/
We have to start now to meet him - --E ----E p
----)/ Marriage/ meeting/ dinner/ party/
---L C --Eo/ J-n- -Ah-E *-hC.
celebrations etc. O-Eo- ---,
She has to stay at office from 10 to 4.
-, -}- n- come, go, be
Office 10 * 4 L NC.
present attend \ .
She has to take care of her child, so she is unable to come.
a) Eo- School -.
J-nA (Gf --) E-y-.He didn't (did not) attend school yesterday.
You have to be here at 10 OJ-\ 10 L C c.
b) O -R}-- ?
2) Rajani is to work along with Ravi Rajani Ravi -L E---L/
didn't you (did you not) attend the mar-----C/ --hC \ C ----Eo -J-* ----C. C Why
riage?
J - *a. -- o p--xF,
Rajani, Ravi *a cxE x --L E---o/ h c) --C a.
E. have to/ has to L h, -L-. am to/ is to/ A large number (of people) attended the
meeting.
are to/ was to/ were to N- L, -
d)
dinner h-o?
\, - --C.
Will you/ are you going to, attend the dinner
3) u--AC O-- -- C/ --Lq--, F , E DE
. n correct a-x p sentence- The SP, Navin tomorrow? / Are you attending the dinner
*a-).
Chand who was to have attended as the chief guest did not come yesterday. was not comeEnglish
had not come
\ J-.
tomorrow?
---
Sridhar: Hi Neeraj, just how busy are you?
busy
busy
Tarun:
-F- , y
?/
o?
(\ just = . conversation
- 'J - just --.)
Not at all. What's the matter?
-- --. N?
Sridhar: I am in a hurry to get home. Can you

drive me home on your bike?
bike
y xL. F
- -B---?
Tarun:
O -o -
Drive you home? O no. You can take

my bike if you want. I am tired of driving for the day.
EEo- B-}--? x -. --. -- bike B-.
\- can - question form , permission

---E (--A- ---E) -o.
a) -S} p --- NtLo?
When can I see you again?
(asking for permission)
b)
E x?
Can I go now? (asking for permission)

c) Can I use your pen?
pen
(permission)
3. Question form
permission
can
statement form
permission
-?
-x,
y--E .
---E
a) You can keep the bike till 5'o clock.

bike
(giving permission)
b) You can take my bike.
bike
(giving permission)
c)
You can go now. (giving permission)
d)
-C-- --a.
B-a/ -B.
Ny -}a. -
-x--- 62
- 27 -d- 2005
y ----- \ a d-E -O-x-.
b) Question form
I/ we
-E .
c) Statement form
permission
request, permission
-y-
-E .
d) Statement form
possibility (u ---o -N---E) .

Kareem:
O (a few minutes) x-a? (see/ speak )

Kasyap: E N?
You can talk now

you cannot spend more than Rs. 100/-.
(you can spend = you have permission to
spend upto Rs. 100/-)
Sridhar: How long can I have it?

Tarun:
----?
Will three hours do?
?
.
(will do =
An income of Rs
10000/- a day will do for me. I don't
want more.
V C- -
. - l)
Sridhar: O that's fine. Thank you.

Tarun: You can keep the bike till 5 o'clock. Go
by the other road. The traffic along this
road at this hour can be heavy. Driving
in such traffic can be dangerous.
- 5 -. -f
- -}. road l. time
road traffic Dl \-
a. Driving -
v--- a.
j -- can o verbs .
1) Can you drive me home?
B-}--?
2) You can take my bike

3) How long can I have it?
bike
B-}.
------?
4) You can keep the bike till 5'o clock.

5) The traffic at this hour can be heavy.
6) Driving in such traffic can be dangerous.
can
can
ability
J* ---oN:
(-n uEo) ---E .
' ---, --- n-.
-- can -o J-Eo n,
-- l:
1. Can you drive me home? \ can drive,
ability ! \ Tarun request
-E Sudheer can --o
( B-}-? n). can
request (Nch) --E -a, question
form .
1) h -F pen -h-?
Can you give me your pen? / Can I have
your pen?
2)
O EN- x--a?
Can I speak to you/ see you for a few minutes?

3) Can you lend me some money?
h p-h?
-\- can question form requests --T-*--x ---h-C -! can
question form u you , I/ we
requests -a.
2. How long can I have it?

bike
- F
--a?
Kareem:
h u-i
N.
Kasyap: p
x4. D:
. BJa) Driving in such traffic can be dangerous.
_ o.
traffic drive - v-- Kareem: O friend coma/ C.
pany typist
\ can, possibility (u- --jobs
S M. SURESAN
-E-E) C . C can
o.
-.
apply . o- O
b) <x }l. --.
x
---o. job a- O
Don't go out in the dark. There can be
--?
snakes. (possibility)
Kasyap: O o---?
c) v -- -L-T---a.
Kareem: Syed Mustafa.
(- C)
Kasyap: - . friend O oThe journey can be very tiresome/ tiring.
-J . x--a
d) He can give you trouble. Be careful.
.
vh. F trouble h-/ y--
Kareem:
O- \ influence ---E.
(possibility / ability).
O can -o uses. v- 'can' Kasyap: Ny-\- -?
a) Question form u, I/ we Kareem: p-. -p ?
REQUESTS .
Kasyap: v j .
vo: O Spoken English QJ{- ' u- Practice
E noun form --o.

' practise E verb form --T- j--C !
XE-, -t, ..->x
---: Practice, Practise - advice ,
advise - . Practice u;
practise- u- --.
a) I have the practice - u-/-- C. Practice makes us
perfect - u x J--g hC.
b) We practise the game everyday - W
u-h (). -E \ practise u
n - practice L .
vo: 1) Seventh class English Reader (Mother tongue) page No 52
When evening changes into night, and when

'Trees' Poem
a moon floats on the sky. They hum a drowsy lullaby.
the
moon
a moon
2) Are you studying in Seventh Class?
\
- L-----.
DE -- -p--a?
-v -, ---o
---: 1) 'a moon' line a p (printer's error). The moon
---L.
--L -.
2) Yes, I am.
vo: How about you? What about you n

--T-- N? --T-----o-p
- j -a? - ---. I haven't
money / I have no money n -, --x- E
--T-L? ---.
Q, j--
Answer:
Kareem: Can I see you/ speak to you for a few
minutes?
kasyap: What about?
Kareem: It's a bit important.
kasyap: You can talk now. I am at leisure.
Kareem: There are a few vacancies for typists
jobs in your friend's company. I've
(have) applied for one of them. Can
you help me to get the job? My father
told me to talk to you.
Kasyap: Who is your father?
Kareem: Syed Mustafa.
kasyap: O, I know him well. Your father knows
my friend too. Your father can talk to
him.
Kareem: You can influence him better.
Kasyap: Can you come here tomorrow?
Kareem: Certainly- when shall I come?
Kasyap: (At) this time tomorrow.
Vocabulary/ Expressions
(prn=pronunciation)
tnap =
(After lunch, he usually
has a nap)
tCut it out =
Ev/ Ev---; u uo
y
. d-d
(-j -- N--- N-Th
cut it out, come to the point )
tClass _-d = bunk;
ts *, class, E _-d = malinger
(prn: L; 'L \ -),
= malingerer.
t/ J~/ q N - (-\-,
--}-) = take an auto/ rickshaw/ taxi, etc.
You take bus no.7 to go to the station.
(7 number bus
t
soiled clothes
His clothes are soiled.
trags =
The beggar is in rags
\)
J d =
E d J--u
L-.
d- *J-T fx o.
---: 1) What about you? C How about you? -.

l . C L C p-j -sEo d O
-hC.
2) I haven't money E -u . I haven't any money
EF, I haven't the money E-E . I have no money
-d --i-C I haven't any money.
I haven't the money n, E ( ----E) --
s _ E.
'Are you buying a car?/ Why don't you buy a car?'
'I'd like to, but I haven't the money/ but I don't have the
money.' (the money = car
vo: May can --o. May I help you - can I

- s)
help you
may
E h-o. Can C Natural ability -C-*--

can use L? can E Natural ability
Eo N- use -a.
.---, --
---: Can, natural ability E L---hC, correct ' n.
He can do it, C --. can --o
J-Eo --- offer . - -\
x j y--/---. E can question form
, may .
May I help you? = O -?/- --o O
-----? C offer. C formal -
J- E x offer.
Can I help you? Dn O/ -F -?/
-O-/ -F N --? E informal
, J- o x offer. May I help
you? - formal offer. Can I help you? - less formal/ informal
offer.
---
Pooja: Hi Raasi, what a surprise! you, here!
Q, -Ny-\! N?
Raasi: I am on my way to the spoken English

Institution near here. You know it. The
4th building from your place.
spoken English Institution
\ _x
h-o. F -. O -*
- building.
(I am on my way to -\- ho.
On the way J)
Pooja: Come, Raasi, you go there everyday,

and you can't find the time to drop in at
my place.
j -- -E , can a
-. -- --- .
verbs
1. You can't (cannot) find the time
F BJ-- --- --o-.
(ability)
2. Can you do me a favour?
--?
(Can - request)
3. Can you let me spend...
O x -?
(Permission/ request)
4. I can neither go home...
E- x , (ability)
ya, p-
W \ h-o, ---E
(can permission/ request)
v -B-J ---o !
6. I can't (cannot) give y-. (ability)
Raasi: I joined there only a week ago. I had
5. You can, by all means
been thinking of seeing you and we met.

Can you do me a favour?
-x--- 63
-\ J - --C. O
-----o, --o.
*o - --d--- ?
(Do a favour -)
F - E -.
p.
O x -a.
u
C. x , ---\
- .
Pooja: You can, by all means. Only I can't be

there at the time. I am sorry I can't give
you company. I go for my dance classes
at the time. Don't worry. You can have
my sister Pallavi's company.
time
company
time
dance
p-, ,
x
- -. F
y-.

x---h.--. Lx xN F ---.
F company C.
(By all means p-, EoN)
Raasi: Thank you.
Bhavani:
p--.
b) Prakash: Sekhar -J-* F G-v
N?
Vinai: -----o?
Prakash: * player team
B---E.
C. Possibility -.
Fo p--- --o 'can'
--.
7. You can have
Now Practise the following aloud in English.

(Use all that you have learnt so far)
a) Bhavani:
birthday. OJ-l p
h ?
Sucharitha: O
x p-
tLo?
Chandra:
Cake p h?
Bhavani:
Correct v 5.30.
Sucharitha: --,. C- -\
.
Chandra:
5 class C. 5.30
-. - late h.
Vinai:

--. E--
Concentration -.
Prakash:
Eo
Ba . M. SURESAN
Vinai: - -E
N -p? match p d?
Prakash: F M. a Sunday ?
-L team -* players
o. x- --L-T x.
Vinai: . x
matches . , x
-L-.
-v-o: ' < C ? uEo O -Tx- ''Isn't

o. u -q
E -Tx- aJ --q C. uEo
''Is that sari nice/ beautiful?" --?
- --@-Fo, --%--
---: A very good question. - negative sense -L
-o-p-, ' negative tone hC
. Is that sari beautiful n--N? <
? E . ' < ? ---E, ' <
C ? --E English p-, 'Isn't
that sari beautiful?' E-F, 'That sari is beautiful, isn't
it?' E-F p, -- E C ? n
. -E-.
-v-o: -- -u- English Translation p-.
1. \- h-E O ---o?
2. J* -E O ---o?
3. o N-\--o.
-vQ-E-, -A-A
1. Where, do you think, I am going/ I will go tomorrow?
2. What do you think she thinks of me?
3. He feels vexed with me.
Man of the match
''to be given''
''to be solemnised by (some
body)''
to be
will be
To be + PP
''I could have found the way all right''.
-v-o: 1. v-
a--p
. R} f-
E h.
a !
p -?
2.
-E -J-* Ja-h-o O?
Rajeev: --, - E.
(Whether - begin )
Manoj: - N?
Raghav: j--- Cricket Match tickets
L . - cricket board
u n N? C q -C?
-.--, --
---: To be given, to be seen N passive infinitives.
1) To be given y---/ --y----E/ y---
- y-, y---E, a-
. Man of the match award to be given to Man of the
match -\ x y y----C n hC;
l _ . -E -o p------E.
Manoj: -- F . -p
-J . ---
---.
Rajeev: C E-- -L-T- -N--.
Raghav: worry . -- p-----
.
d) Nagaraj: Ny-p- time waste
o }F.
Prahlad: S} -p --. Eo?
Nagaraj: time -j-.
Prahlad: ---. examC.
N F --.
Nagaraj: x -?
Prahlad: p-.
-v-o: I saw a devil, I happend to see a devil -
that sari nice/ beautiful"?
---:
c) Manoj:
I can't give..
Pooja: Doing you a favour! That will be a real

pleasure for me. What's it?
Raasi: Can you let me spend the lunch break in

your home? We have two sessions with
a break of an hour in between.
I can neither go home nor stay at the
institution.
lunch break
classes
break
--- 31 -d- 2005
x, y
Will be
given
Man of the match
award to be given
(wedding) to be solemnized by x
(by somebody),
somebody (x), to solemnize the wedding
To be solemnized correct
is to be solemnized
is, omit
to be solemnized
Will be solemnized
-
y--o-E n hC.
E -a. -
\.
-. \ Nv
-
u Ey-------oC
( Nv
-
uEo Ey----o E).

E L.
C .
E
-a u Et-Eo d.
b) To be + past participle u passive construction. He is
to do it (active) - It is to be done by him.

- to be done - to be + pp)
I am to take them home (active) - They are to be taken (to
be + pp) home by me.
2) I could have found the way all right - Past tense.
Parts of speech
Preposition
The
Tenses,
direct & indirect speech
J ----L
(E, ---)
-v-o:
\ ,
\ L---. O
-J-* -N--J--.
-.-- -, --
---: Parts of speech prepositions -J-* lessons
N-Jh-o. tenses J* --- NJ, tenses x p-. English
x-- tenses + x ----Lq ---.
verb form u C N-J. papers .
n, uEo . E verbs p *aC.

Model auxiliary verbs \ have been h n
E hC? could be E Eo n- a-x
--T--a. - ---.
XE---, d
---: I saw a devil- devil /devil --C.
I happend to see a devil- devil - n*C/ devil -- -n-*C. I happened to --/ ---E -- -J-* h.
I bought it in that shop C shop o.
I happened to buy it in that shop C shop
J-TC ( shop - -E -- F
\ o).
-v-o: -- --o u- pa? He is thinking by walking (--h ---*h--o-). Gita is singing by
working ( E-----C).
XE-, --t-, ..->x.
---: O j--N -. Ist sentence: D-E-
- u- p ---o---. p (is
thinking correct ). He thinks as he is walking/ He
thinks and is walking at the same time, -a.
h s-d Ep-ho d, He
thinks as he walks - better. \--J I/ II regular
doing word p J - d.
He thinks as he walks sentence -p-
E C (-p- h -*-h/ -*--p-
-h) n hC.
2nd sentence: Gita is singing and working at the same
time
J--C ( h-oC p-). E --p- -C ---

Gita sings as/while she works -a .
---
Kalyan:
Hi Sasikanth, good to see you

though after a long time. Where are
you and what are you?
--V y -
. \--o? -h-o?
Good to see you --J ;
(practise conversation)
Sasikanth: Equally
glad
to
see
you.
I am here very much. I am with a

tyre company now. I have had a
better offer from one of the leading
telecom company. I am leaving this
company.
-- C. E-\
o. -ix company E--ho. o telecom company
--o * - *aC.
job C--ho.
Kalyan:
- 3 --- 2005
1) When are you going to resign?

2) The company is going to open its branch
here.
3) I am going to be the first branch manager.
4) Is your salary going to be any the better?
5) There's going to be a difference.
6) I am going to buy a flat.
am going
to, is going to, are going to
expressions
j -E-E, ---o EE
-.
1) When are you going to resign?
p @- ---o?
2) The company is going to open its branch

here.
Company
--oC.
When are you going to resign this

Job?
d)
h u- --o.
\ *a-, --
.
\ v-G- \
? N
--? -a. p-. , will/ shall CM - ----/ ---
am/ is/ are going to o-p, E - ---o
--- *a, EE -J-* Eg---- I am going to meet the CM today.
--D, -- -- -- n party -C
is/ are going to o-p C h She is going to sing at the party.
-x--- 64 yhC.Jam/
x debate _---o
- \.
I am going to take a new job.
will/ shall
future
He is going to..
Sasikanth: In a week's time at the most. The
Telecom company is going to open
its branch here and I am going to be
the first branch manager.
Kalyan:
Glad to hear that. Congrats. Is your
salary going to be any the better?
congrats.
.
@ o
\- ?
Sasikanth: There's going to be a difference of

atleast Rs. 2000/Kalyan:
3) I am going to be the first branch manager.

first manager
4) Is your salary going to be any the better?
---o.
F @ _ --?
5) There's going to be a difference.
--C.
6) I am going to buy a flat.
flat
---o-.
future ---o ,
F 2000 -- -C. -E *a- - - am going to/
Very glad then. Hope you will call
me before you join. By the by, I am
going to buy a flat soon, that too, in
a week. I will move in soon after.
Here's the new address.
Phone
regular word (am going to/ is going to/ are going

to sing, talk, etc)
is going to/ are going to + 1st regular doing word
.
a) She is going to buy a new dress.
a) I will buy a car soon.

car
y
.
(Ea----o)
b) I am going to a buy a
car.
car
--o
(O-- y).
(C j--Eo \
*a)
M. SURESAN
c) He will join duty soon.

duty
d) He is going to join duty soon.
duty
will join
y-
---o.
They are going to participate in the debate.

Now practise the following aloud in English:
Sasikanth:
(Hurry
-N- h-o?
)
Ravikanth: bike -- -o. o
Selection t-o.
Sasikanth: ---o?
Ravikanth: . x o _ -*
DD -C. C B-E shop
_ h. -Eo shop
---o.
Sasikanth: y-p ---o bike ?
Ravikanth: Bike status K \.
Helicopter --o.
Answer:
Sasikanth: Why are you in a hurry?
Ravikanth: Pavan is going to buy a bike. He
wanted me to help him in the selection.
Sasikanth: Is he going to buy it today?
Ravikanth: Yes. He is going to get the DD from
his dad today. He will take it and
come to the shop. I am going to
meet him at the shop.
Sasikanth: When are you going to buy a bike?
Ravikanth: A bike is too low for my status. I am
going to buy a helicopter.
h dress --C. (- Ea y
--o
C.
o
\ *a)
(C
h -F -
b) -\ -- classes attend --- C y ---C. y C---.
h--E
--Ph-o. ox p
It is going to happen. Don't you worry.
o.
J (by the by) h flat -(-x 'you don't worry' 'Don't you
He
is
going
to
attend
classes
here
for
a
week.
o, -. -oworry'
--).
bank
*
s
B
.
c)
--. D h address.
p--- --o N: will/ shall
They are going to withdraw all the money
-- am going to, is going to, are
o am going to/ is going to/ are going to + 1st
from this bank.
going to expressions :
-v-o: Present Continuous tense -This land belongs -v-o: Having --Th A.Voice, P.Voice Eo ----v-o: 1) House l--o- x, Home x-!
to him (Correct). E This land is belonging to
2) --- House wife E L. Home wife E
Ly--. Having -s --Th? to have
him E ---? ---.
p?- - --Eo - --Tx- -a -%-d -B--R-
--Th Eo ----L-y-. -.--vQ-E-, -d
x , v--Lx- ---: Having AV hC. Passive . Passive
Homewife o- o. Homewife E ------E
---: Eo verbs, am+ing, is+ing, are+ing forms
N?
p past participle, E 'be' form h.
. x belong . am
House wife -h-o.
Having . Active voice having j o senbelonging/ is belonging/ are belonging
L------.
tences h. I am having coffee; My father is hav rule . C English
3) Communication skills ---ing a bath,etc. To have eg: I am happy to have a
~. verbs -J-* N-
E ----i- *
car. To have a car like this makes me happy.
J lessons Ja. .
h- p.
j o h.
-.--.-.--, o- -v-o: 1) I have to attend meeting
3) I ought to obey the order: c -- NC.
leave
this
place
2)
I
must
Ought to o E--L n hC.
---: House l x . -j, - E--- 3) I ought to obey the order
u DEo FA v, jA u- -J-*
-E-E (any building for people to live in) house , , l
The underlined words give same meaning. So
- ---.
vh .Home x -\--. l x-,
kindly explain, is there any difference in meanYou
ought
to respect elders lx -N- L.
---u- x, home. O j--- x
ing? In what context those words are to used?
l
-N-- C E-, d, -- c
, ox l x OJ- E , ox O-o-C
-.-s--, V-, .. >x
. jA-, FA v -N-L.
x, O home. Hyderabad x-o-p-, O-\ E ---: 1) I have to attend the meeting meeting
x ought to .
--- d you have a house in Hyderabad. Your home ox,
}L \ -}-- -- \.
a) She ought not to speak so rudely.
O-o x -j-, l-j.
- order x a F ---E
- x---.
2) Homewife - . Housewife correct.
\ vu -}-- d.
b) You ought not to waste money.
Housewife n home maker h -- ho. DE-
2) I must leave the place - \ - order x
s % --.
h u American usage, houseworker (=housewife/
-R}--Lq C , - x
Fo
-- -C-*-N, d- EN.
home maker).
-R}--L o \ pJ-hC.
You
ought
to have helped her
3) Communication skills ----E * English newspaper vA-W
I must do this. EC L, order x a, -
-LqC.
- a -- d a. must
- -. TV newscasts N. English story books *o-*o
x
should, must, have to/ has to .
C have to/ has to o h \ powerful.
- v-G* lN -.
---
Bhavan: I am going to apply for the job. What
about you?
job
apply
---o. F
Chalam: I have filled in the application. I will

post it as soon as I get my certificates.
Application
certificates
ready
post
Bhavan: Haven't you got them yet?
Jh .
-
h.
---E --a--?
Chalam: I am going to collect them from college

tomorrow. Nagaraj is going to apply
too.
college
certificates
Nagaraj
apply

-a---o.
---o.
Bhavan: Why? Isn't he happy with his present

job?
job
Chalam: They are going to transfer him to
Tamilnadu. His father is against it. So
once he gets this job he will resign the
present job. But if he doesn't get the
transfer he will continue in it.
future actions
future
will/
shall
am going to/ is going to/ are
going to + 1st Regular doing word
Shall/ Will, am going to/ is going to/ are going
to forms
future
? p-o
-Ed ?
j --
-TC ? Eo--sx
J-Eox
--C- 6 --- 2005
e) They are going to transfer him.

transfer
will transfer
are going
to transfer
f) Once he gets this job, he will resign the present job.
job
job
'will'
resign
job
x-Eo
---o. Eg -B
o. h. \
*a.
, p
-h.
- -E-; -
\
----C
- O --
C. Jh -- x . -E \
will.
g) If he doesn't get the transfer he will continue.

transfer
will.
will/ shall
going to + 1st RDW
spoken english
If, unless, suppose, in case
sentences
(If = in case = suppose =
going to
unless
when =
am/ is/ are
going to
- --- -- ---C
-,
----Eo d C -E
O
o .
-
-E* x--
u. -u
o
.
,
p;)
J-n-x;
-p n --p ,
.
Venkat:
Akhil:
Venkat:
-x--- 65
-J-
----E
*E t pC. h. --d application, D.D. Fo

B. h procedure -N
p? (*-V = Auspicious day)
p-. --
friend o ----o.
--E doctor _- B----.
---y BJ_ a-E
x---a.
p free ?
v -T- ?
( exercises Shall/ Will
am/ is/ are going to
-E-.)
Sankar: We will, if we get a good price.

Tarun: How long are you going to keep it
vacant?
Sankar: We are not in a hurry. We are going to
let it out. Whenever we get a good
price we will sell it (off)/ dispose it of.
Tarun: I will ask my father if he is interested.
The other day he was talking of buying
a house.
Sankar: No hurry at all. Find out from your
father if he is interested. We will
reduce the price if it is for you.
Tarun: I will let you know tomorrow.
-?
-F
--E .
C. ----
- u. lesson .
shall, will control E future .
When will you be free?
Am going to/ is going to/ are going to forms
- Eg O --
- - -.
a) I am going to apply for the job;
apply
job
---o. -
*a. Eg B-- J-TC.
b) I will post it as soon as I get my certificates.

certificates
post
application
post
certificates
Certificates
apply
condition
will post
I am going to
post
c) I am going to collect them from college
college
tomorrow.

h. \
-
a-- O -- C.
-
--E
d \
o. x
.
E
* a-. --R} --a---- -. C -C. DE conditions --O d am
going to collect. will collect -aF
n .
d) Nagaraj is going to apply too. -
apply ---o. h. He will apply
too force -. will apply ---C is going
to apply *a.

1) Sankar:
Tarun:
Sankar:
- h x --o.
po x t-h-o?
* h t-h---o
o.
Tarun: - E S --o? (S = vacant)
Sankar: . p Eo
l--y--o. p * -- h
p--th.
(ly- let out. in a hurry)
Tarun: o- --, o
h --E. -o-p x --
J* x-.
Sankar: . O oJ--o Interest
\. O t.
T_h.
Tarun: h N.
2) Akhil: Hi Venkat, --- a?
Venkat: Passport apply --o. h F
L.
Akhil:
p apply ---o?
-v-o: Contrary sense & positive sense - --N- N- ---.

Contrary sense
-o -u- -p --E Eo v h--x \o. --N -- d ---.

1. He should not have gone - - v- E -.
2. He might not have gone - - v- .
3. He must not have gone - - v- .
Mood and model verbs, subjunctive J* N- ---.
subjunctive usage, perfect subjunctive verbs J* --L----.
-.--Jq-f, j---
---: Positive sense - ', E
n -.
Contrary sense - uA--n -
1) He should not have gone.
R} --
(-}--LqC ) F -}.
\ 'He should not have gone' -E '} E uA--n hC,
d C contrary sense - C p . O C
mar book -.
gram-
Akhil:
3) Manoj: Hi Fareed,
Fareed:
bike
Manoj:
Fareed:
Manoj:
Fareed:
Manoj:
Fareed:
\--* h-o?
h trouble h, mechanic
--*a --ho.
F bike - trouble h-?
II hand bike - --
-.
-- --o Eo?
-x. -x repairs
- d.
J _ o Eo?
d *.
p . bike --lF p.
foolish o, \ hC
-E.
t--a ?
Manoj:
Answers:
Sankar: We are moving into the new home
tomorrow.
Tarun: Are you selling away/ going to sell the
house you are in?
2) He might not have gone -
}----a (}--a )
.
They might have seen you - Eo x -a (--
-a) No contrary sense - doubt.
3) He must not have gone - - . \ contrary sense
- , sentence p. (Dn R} *a }-)
\ a.
a) He should not have gone - } (contrary sense) - correct
b) He must not have gone - *a- R}
}- (C contrary sense - uA-n ) positive sense hC.
- - -u-- --La ---:
a) He should have gone - }--LqC } contrary sense.
b) He must have gone - } p-
} Positive sense.
- ---:
\
contrary sense
He must have passed the exam. Otherwise he would not have applied
They should not have talked like that.
for the job.
x--LqC (F x-) - contrary sense.
-- *a- pass . (pass u positive sense)

job apply ( contrary sense).
Subjunctive usage, etc., y N-Jh-.
They should have done that.
-x-C --LqC (F -)
- contrary sense.
2) Akhil: Hi
Venkat,
What brings
you here?
Venkat: I am going to
apply for a
passport.
I
need
your
help.
M. SURESAN
Akhil:
When are you
going to apply?
Venkat: Mom says/ has said that tomorrow is
an auspicious day. I will take the pass
port application, DD, etc., tomorrow.
won't you (will you not) let me know
the procedure?
Akhil: Sure. But in half an hour my friend/
a friend of mine is going to meet me.
I am going to take him to doctor. Once
that's over we can sit over your passport business at leisure.
Venkat: When will you be free then? Shall I
see you at 4 this evening?
Akhil:
That's OK
3) Manoj: Hi Fareed, where are you coming
from?
Fareed: My bike has had/ had some trouble. I
have left it at the mechanic's and am
on my way home/ am going home.
Manoj:
Why does your bike give trouble so
often?
Fareed: Buying a used bike (modern word for
II hand) is the mistake I made/ I made
a mistake - buying a used bike.
Manoj:
How long have you been using it?
Fareed: For two years now/ For the past two
years. I have spent Rs 2000/- on
repairs so far.
Manoj:
Who did you buy it from?
Fareed: From a distant relative of ours. I can't
(cannot) blame him. He told me not
to buy it/ He advised me/ warned me
against buying it. I bought it foolishly
because I got it cheap.
Manoj:
Why don't you sell it (off)?
---
Kapil: Hi Subhash, Well met. Any idea of how
many of us are going on the picnic next
weekend?
--- *--C(well met). a picnic CN -o?

Suhas: About 15 of us. C-----a.
Kapil: Does Rahul know about it?
?
Suhas: He does. I told him of it yesterday.
. - Eo -- --p.
Kapil: What did he say? Is he joining us?
-o. h-o?
Suhas: He said that he was not sure.
- - o.
Kapil: Didn't he (Did not he) tell you why he
--- 8 --- 2005
--J L- N say , tell

-sx n p-, - E.
O -- C. j
l.
A (tell)
i) I told him of it
B (say)
i) What did he say?
ii) He said that he was not sure.
iii) All that he said was ...
tell
The teacher told the students to sit down
--C-*- --J-Eo...
ii) Didn't he tell you
and to note down the points.
Why he was doubtful?
x say . (The teacher said

.)
d) say y thanks, good bye, hello, sorry, a
iii) ... tell him to come
to the pupils to sit down
was doubtful? Has he any other pro-
few words, a little/ little (about something/
gramme that day?
-x--- 66
- - F p--?-V - --i- --?
some one)
e) Tell
He
E -a. x tell .
to . He told to me to go/
told to her that he liked cricket
What did he say?

Suhas: I don't know. All that he said was he was
doubtful about coming. I was in a hurry.
I had no time to ask him.
-L--. p-x
- --E. -
o. -E -Eo-O --.
Kapil: OK. I'll call him and tell him to come
without fail. Without him the picnic can't
be fun.
! Phone p t-.
- picnic R}-d .
Suhas: That's true. Tell him not to disappoint
us. He makes jokes and tell stories too.
He is good at these. You had better call
him now itself.
Correct.
Lo E---a--lE p.
--, p--. y
--p *C.
{Had better do (some thing) =
*C. \ had o-p- C
Present N-o hC. You have
better buy that book = y h
- *C}
- -- say, tell -E-.
Jokes
(Say - past tense and past participle - said;

tell - past tense and past participle - told)
v-o:
iv) ... tell him not to disappoint us.

v) tell stories
A
tell
sentences
B
say
sentences
1) tell
Sentence V
sentences . \ tell \ to

, o
d.
a. --p- -E* . f) N : a) He told
y -J pD C *a
me why he was happy.
p) 'say'
hC (
b) He said to me why
\ J pD ---. ,
he was happy. \
M. SURESAN
tell , say . tell y -J pD
sentence (a) v
*a -Lq. say y \--. say
correct. (b) said p .
y -J pD -- to .
'wh' words begin u clause (verb o
a) He told her that he was busy,
)- Tell y v hC.
b) He said to her that he was busy.
C -J pD L---J-h. (a) Sx
- --- (b) o (a) \-
:
-. pC -J E
He told me why he was... (me ,
h-o-p-x 'tell' better.
2) p - x p--x, repeat
y why -v-u clause hC).
--p-, x - report -- Pranav: Did he attend class yesterday?
p, say .
Praveen: No, he didn't.
a) 'sit down', said the teacher/ the teacher said.
b) He said that he was happy.
sentences
c) 'sit down', said the teacher to the pupils.
'Note down the points'.
teacher
repeat
said
told
report
-E-: j
-J pD -L-- .
C
-
---
ho. \
. -
---. p
Indirect Speech
-J-* p-d --C. u

-J-Q-L-* -- -Ba-.
1) "An amount of Rs.104 Crores would be paid in Rajampet constituency of Cuddappah District on Saturday.
Indirect Speech
news paper
Fact
(will be paid
would paid
u-Eo
--?
- . u

()
) p--o?
s -/ --Lx J-T-x? ?
2) As the Offense was not cognisable a Magistrate

would carry out a investigation.
would carry
out
- --V
J-T - --V - *aC. - u
E --C. - v uh J-T---d? --- --?
-. FL, -x-
---: Sentence No 1 - C indirect speech C E
uEo d -hC. C Mr x said E , sentence E continuation , C indirect speech ,
would correct. sentence independent B \
would p; will correct -C.
Sentence No 2 - \ j rule Jh-hC. Independent sentence B will carry out, better. indirect speech
- would carry out o-p uh --- ox.
Pranav: Why?
Praveen: He did not tell me why he was absent
yesterday.
\ He did not say to me why... .

He never tells me where he goes, what he
does, when he studies or how he studies.
(\ -
say
).
-v-o: - Please clarify the difference between simple present

and present perfect tenses used in these sentences.
1) We are inside. We have been inside.
What's the difference?
2) We are behind them.
We have been behind them.
3) She is in town.
She has been in town.
4) I am uneasy about the situation.
I have been uneasy about the situation.
As per tense rule, I know the difference of above each
sentence which are in simple present as well as in present
perfect tense. But, what is/ may the meaning of above
sentences whether they are used in simple present or
present perfect? Please explain it in detail.
-O- n -N--J--.
---: 1) We are inside = we are inside NOW.
- ---Cl-, o-
o.
We have been inside.
-* p o.
Tell me why you have done it. (say to me why

you have done it
g)
Tell Story
Please tell a story.
old fashioned.
Tell, Say
Practice
a) Raghu:
Ram:
Raghu:
Ram:
Raghu:
Ram:
time
Raghu:
avoid
).
-JpD--
.
C
O
--C-*- N-. Fo
-, - x ---a.
N F --- p?
o -----J-* o p?
--D -p--.
--E\--o--E --p--?
p. o-\- t-o .
-- -p--.
o. a
--o-
h-o- --y-- -p---?
b) Pavan: Hi Ravi, Eo-\--o y?
Ravi: N p p-
Pavan: u?
Ravi: y h u E
Pavan: O-o---o p F?
Ravi: Eo-Ja?
Pavan: C p F. y F u
p. y h
Answers:
Raghu: Has Ravi told you why he is not coming?
Ram: No.
Raghu: Did he say anything about meeting me?
Ram: Not that either.
Raghu: Have you told him (that) I am here?
Ram: I did. I told him to come here too. He
said yes. He did not tell me the time of
his coming here
Raghu: Can you say why he is avoiding me?
b) Pavan: Hi Ravi, Where were you yesterday?
Ravi: I cannot tell you now about it. / I Can't
say anything about it now.
Pavan: What is so secret about it?
Ravi: I'll tell you later what the secret about it is.
Pavan: Did your father tell you anything?
Ravi: What about?
Pavan: I will not tell you that. First you tell me of
your secret. Then I will tell you of mine.
we were here some time ago, say 10 minutes ago/ an

hour ago, and since then, we have continued to be here
till now/ we are here even now.
\ v--, p---
J-T-C/ - --C, E.
Abdul Kalam is our President ( president --o N)
Abdul Kalam has been our president for the past two
and a half years=
president
-o--x
o. (-o-x v * p -/-)
N sentences :
2) i) We are behind them = x o (p)
ii) We have been behind them.
-- x o.
-- x C ()
-- x C.
3) She is in town =
She has been in town =
4) I am uneasy about the situation.
J-nA s-C C p.
I have been uneasy about the situation.
-- J-nA s-C C.
Please refer to the earlier lessons on 'be' forms for

more information.
---
Preethi: Mom, can I have some more milk?
t, h L .
Laxmi: Sorry child. You can't have anymore.
There is some milk left, of course, but
we need it for the payasam this
evening.
--t. Eo -o--F, N
v -E L.
Preethi: Can I have something to eat? I am
hungry.
Ai ? -L C.
Laxmi: There are plenty of biscuits in the
fridge. Have as many as you want.
There is bread too. Eat it if you like.
Fridge
---Eo / biscuits
o. F\-Eo A. bread
C. d A.
Preethi: I'll (I will) have bread then. Can I have

some jam or butter go with it?
bread Ax. E jam F

o-F i ?
(go with= n
n J--.Idli goes well with sambar x -C. We have only
chapathis, no kurma to go with it. -B
v o. E J- t )
j -- some, any -- -E.O n ? Some=

, Eo. some Countables
-a, uncountables -a. Some
milk = Cl-, Some books = Eo h-.
Any = j, j. DEo Countables ,
Uncountables - -a. Any
book = h--i; any milk = j .
Some, any - English
\. d conversation
-C. plenty = \ countables, uncountables - -a.
Plenty of milk = %-Cl ; plenty of time;
plenty of money, etc. Plenty of books =
h-; plenty of runs - -; plen-
ty of eggs, plenty of biscuits etc.

expressions
1) You can't have any more.
2) There's some milk left.
3) Can I have something to eat?
4) Can I have some jam or butter...?
5) No butter any more.
j -
-x--- 67
Laxmi: No butter any more for you. You put on

weight. Have jam.
Butter
10 --- 2005
Pranav: Can you lend me some money?

Can you lend me any money?
not
Prakash: I'm afraid, I haven't any.
I am afraid Pranav: Haven't you any. really?
Ratnakar:
Venkat:
. F --o ?
- o. x.
Ratnakar: Suman -F friend
o. Suman information y--.
E ?
2) Manoj: Botany O * h-
(\ not C d any)
L. O _--o o?
Prakash: I Have some money of course, but I
Shopkeeper: _ Eo * h--need it for paying fees. I shan't (shall
o.Botany O * h-not) have any left after that.
o p. C _
C. F C fees d--E
C.
L. C d y N-.
Manoj:
O
o x Eo-E p.
Not E- some hC. Not o-p any
Shopkeeper:
o ? list .
hC . C v-h h--L.
Eo h- x
2) No any E p .
o. \-o x j
No j . not any, contracted form* h-.
n't any j. -F no any .
--
- -p-y--? (-\- --)
_ .
N uh )
(
Have you any?
l. -\-.
Preethi: What about you? You haven't had anything since morning. Why don't you
have something to eat?
J O --N? l-o* A. j A--?

Laxmi: We are fasting today. You know today
is Karthika Somavaram.
OV -. Kh - .
-/ u - A , starve = A h-. -h-E u p I am starving. Let
(fast =
me have something to eat)

Preethi: Don't you eat anything then?
O A J?
Laxmi: Not until after the pooja after sunset.
<f y -u--- A.
Preethi: Why do people fast on Kartheeka
Somavaram?
Kh - -
?
Laxmi: Good question. But I haven't the time
now to tell you.
* vo. F -p p--E
.
time
-v-o: 1) Eo
---o.
I got/ had my hair cut yesterday.

2)
-
--.
I will get my hair cut tomorrow

3)
Eo o
.
we had/ got our house white wash yesterday

4)
we will get our house white wash tomorrow.
had
o h
-n-Eo -N--Jh, d -- ---.

-.--Q%-g, j---
---: Hair-cut (--) = -~-
6) You haven't had anything since the morning.

7) Don't you eat anything then?
- ---x - ---h-C?
i) not *a--p-x any hC. Not -p
some hC ? C important point.
ii) Questions . (not)
answer repeat --p question
any hC.
a) He has some money.

'not'
b) He hasn't any money.
not
He hasn't any money = He has no money.
conversation
He hasn't any money
more common.
Have you any money
answer
No, I haven't any
money
(repeat
No, I haven't
Questions
'not'
some
any
Not
some, any
C (\
() (\
C
C \- -. --
o-p
E
C-
-).
,
E ---a.

--o-p,
,
v hC.
-
a.
Eo
-o.
(barber
Got, had2) I will get my hair cut tomorrow

(Barber
(hair
cut
-J n hC.
~
) --.
,
) Dn O--od --o .
3) We had/ got our house white washed

(white wash
correct
\
)
o -.
4) We will have/ get our house white washed.

(White wash
tomorrow.
)
x h.
-E-.
I have a hair-cut once a month-
I will wash my clothes tomorrow.
--J ~-E h.
() yesterday
Eo ~--E x.
-\-.
He had a hair-cut
1) I got/ had my hair cut yesterday.

hair
cut
--
I will have/ get my clothes washed tomorrow.

have/ get
past participle
.
d A--h.
y
hC
3) Suseela: I have nothing to do today. (I
Answers:
Have you any novel that I can
1) Ratnakar: Have you /

Have You
had / Do
you have
any news
from
suman?
read?
E-. F _--o
y?
Chandana: There are some here. Take any of

them.
Suseela:
\ Eo o. j B.
Let me have some novel that I can

finish in a day.
novel
\V Jh-
y.
Chandana: I'm afraid that there aren't any

such. All of them are lengthy.
Suseela:
Manoj: Thank you.
haven't any thing to do today).
Venkat:
-x-o o?
\
Jh j n- .
d \
o
hC.
-/--j novel.
--j?
j
x-j o?
Any one/ anybody who can help me?
Some
-E-:
/
n -.
Some book was lying on the table.

table
I came here with the hope that some
teacher will help me.
teacher
O -- h C / C.
No. (I don't have / haven't had any.)

What about?
Ratnakar: Don't you remember? We asked

him for some information about a
job.
Venkat:
I haven't had any phone call from

him (No Phone call from him so
O . Fo l -.
Any by Chase?
Chase
any
not
any
i) Any novel =
novel
ii) Any by Chase = Chase
iii) Some novel =
novel.
M. SURESAN
far).
Isn't there anyone else who
can give us this information?

(Anyone=
-o,
Anyone else=
--o)
Ratnakar: None. (Do) you know anyone?
Venkat:
I know some one, but he is not in

town/ out of town (out of station
)
Ratnakar: Suman has some friend in the company. He can give suman any information he wants.
2) Manoj: I want some good books on Botany.
Do you have/ Have you any?
Shopkeeper: We do have some good books.
Name any good book on botany,
Now practise the following aloud in

English:
Manoj: Please let me know some of the good
1) Ratnakar:
Shopkeeper: Why only some? Please see go
/
h- a.
F-o news *a Suman

*?
Venkat: . E--J*?
Ratnakar: h-? Eo \ job
J* - .
Venkat: E _ * p
phone call . -
p-x - ?
and we have them.

books you have.
through this list. It has all the
titles. Any book on the list is a
good book (go through=
titles =
Manoj: Thank you.
-
h- x \)
---
Prabha: Hi Vineela, how was the movie yesterday? I am sure you enjoyed it.
movie
enjoy
Vineela: What a bore! I thought it would be fun
watching the movie, but it was thoroughly disappointing.
bore.
-N-F-, Eo
C?
---.
s
N- ---o. F EJ-*C.
Prabha: Thank god, I didn't go with you. I

thought I would, but fortunately my
music class came in the way.
A. F- --- *-uC. %-d- -h music class

f-*aC.
(Thank God - j v C
p-- 'Thank God' . -
'A--- --a)
- -C- 13 --- 2005
English usage
there are two
kinds of future:
a) Future from the present
b) Future from the past
1. Important:
i) will, shall
future from the present
v,
h.
ii) WOULD, SHOULD

future from the
past
2. Future from the present will
future
from the past
would, future from the present
shall
future from the past
should
would
verbs
sentences
3. a) He says (that) he will buy the book this
evening.
h.
. p j ---E
o
-E-. --
a.
C
p y x--F, tickets cancel h-E, s d----F.

Kumar: Rajkot - u o d
l---o. match N
----o?
Indians -h-E F, Sri Lanka
v h ---o C Krishna: Eo
N--x -----.
p. p present -o... Kumar: Tendulkar
Century ----E
v future -E. C pres
*
a
o. (sure )
ent * future d will buy.
Krishna: Sri Lanka C low score. H,
b) He told me yesterday that he would buy
---\ l (together)
the book soon.
score C-h---o.
-x--- 68
Krishna:
He would buy me a...

Vineela: You are right. When you told me you
would not come I felt sorry you were
going to miss a lot. But now I know I
am wrong.
right.
miss
y
y -o-p y
--E -f.
* E
E --E p -hC.
Prabha: Did Smitha accompany you?
past told
future
future, past
buy.
Eo p y
-E d would buy
\
* future d would
4.
S} a:
a) I think (that) he will help me.

b) I thought (that) he would help me.
[(a)
(b)
]
would
verbs
n h-E ---o. n h-E --o

Vineela: No. Smitha said she would accompa- -- o
ny me to the movie if her cousin came -E-: v, NF Eo N J*

along.
x---o-E h--.
--. x cousin h h-E 1) I thought (that) it would be fun: N-
pC .
-E -o. (--- E --}Prabha: By the way, what is your programme
- - past - - E -J-* t F *a?
(accompany = -}- -J--j)
this evening?
Vineela: My dad told me that he would buy me
a new dress for my birthday next
week. So I will go shopping.
Next week
birthday
dress
shopping
Prabha: All the best then. Bye.
would
verbs
1) I thought (that) it would be fun.
2) I thought (that) I would
3) You told me you would not come
4) Smitha said (that) she would accompany me.
5) Dad told me (that) he would buy me a new
dress.
1)
November Novemberpresent. December - future
o h
E-h--o. d v
ho.
future)
would be - 'be' form 2) I thought (that) I would (go to the movie)
would go - (future from the past)
3) You told me you would not come -
l-E
y -- E o.
4) Smitha said that she would accompany me.

Sunitha
5) Dad told me that he would buy a new dress.
dress
'would'
past
future
Kumar:
- Ny--
C \
Wicket
-h-E.
Krishna: Yuvraj -
----E
yo?
M. SURESAN
Kumar: Yuvraj Kaif
\ runs ----o. R.P. Singh
bowl h----.
2) Dayakar: Eo O -- a-o. Nyx
---o.
Prabhakar: y h-E -L- -.
y- Phone -.
Dayakar: y time - h---. time x
-?
Prabhakar: E---. E Eo --t
--- doctor _- B-}--C.
time y- -h-E ---.
Sorry.
-F, --o bike -E

--
*a
-E-.
p- -F?
h
-E o p.
Prabhakar: p-. -o?
-.
*
D
Dayakar: --E p. x
p--E --.
o s -h-E p-.
a) would be - be form -
Prabhakar: E %-d-- . o
b) would + 1st Regular Doing Word (would go,
v p- Eo *a-,
would come, would see, etc) - action (EE
-q bike -E.
C)

.
vh
(N-uh) . a i) -\ -E ---o
Answers:
I think he will be there
v-h -E-:
1) Krishna: Didn't you (Did you not) go to
ii) -\ -E --o
November *, present *,
Rajkot to see the cricket match?
I thought he would be there.
December future. future p-
Kumar: I thought I would, but dropped the
will, shall . [will, shall - future p- b i) I Class h-E ---o
idea. We would enjoy it better viewing
I think I will get a first class.
-E -- ---Th- lesit on the TV than watching it live.
ii)
I
Class
sons - N- --o]
(\ live = j vu-~)
I
thought
that
I
would
get
a
I
class.
2) August 2005 - C - Past.
Krishna: I told you, there wouldn't (would not)
September 2005 - C - past.
Now practise the following aloud in english:
be the replays, the slow motion views.
August 2005 * September 2005 1) Krishna: y Rajkot -}--,
Kumar:
You are right. My brother told me that
--C? Future (N-uh) ?
Cricket match ---E?
he would cancel the train tickets yesp--* August (past) * September Kumar: l- -o, E -o.
terday itself.
2005 future. August 2005 *,
vu-~ ---o, TV h
Krishna:
I
knew that you wouldn't be going,
past * September 2005 future -C.
enjoy - E.
that you would cancel the tickets and
d p --C:
Krishna: - p TV replays,
a) November 2005 * December 2005 that you would lose money.
slow motion view E, --y
Present * future.
Kumar: You know my uncle is in Rajkot. So I
N-.
b) August 2005 * September 2005 - Kumar: y right. Train tickets Eo thought I would go. So what do you
past * future.
v cancel h--o, -t.
think of the match?
h-E --C.
Krishna: I knew India would win but didn't

think/ never thought that Sri Lanka
would lose by so many wickets.
Kumar: I was sure that Tendulkar would score
another century.
Krishna: Sri Lanka's was a low score. I thought
Gambhir and Tendulkar together
would score all the runs needed for
the victory.
Kumar: I was confident too that they would
win without losing a single wicket.
Krishna: Did you think Yuvraj would play so
well?
Kumar: I thought Kaif would score more runs
than Yuvraj. I didn't think that RP
Singh would bowl so well/ I didn't
expect RP Singh to bowl so well.
2) Dayakar: I came to your place / for you yesterday.
Prabhakar: I didn't know you would come. Why
didn't you call me before coming?
Dayakar: I didn't think you would go out at
that time/ I didn't expect you to be
out at that time. Aren't you usually
at home at that time?
Prabhakar: That's true. But my mother wanted
me to take her to the doctor. I didn't think you would come. / I didn't
expect you at that time. sorry.
Dayakar: That's Ok. Did Sumanth tell you
that he would buy a bike?
Prabhakar: No. Is he buying one?
Dayakar: Yes. He said that he would be buying it this week. His father told him
that he would send the money
shortly.
Prabhakar: Luck fellow. Dad told me yesterday
very strongly / Dad made it clear
yesterday that he would not buy
me a bike for another year.
Dayakar:
v-o: To be Phrase - --Th v

Eo N- n h --L----.
happened + to + verb1;
sub+V2
--x- Eo u ---.
- -, --Jz
---: To be phrase N:
1) to be + ing form;
2) To be + Past participle.
O Eo u-- -a.
-..
1) to be + ing form
a) We expect him to be studying now
b) We found to be sleeping soundly, etc.
2) to be + pp
a) We ordered the work to be finished in
an hour
b) He wanted them to be seen there.
'to be...' phrases
subject
sentences
a) I wanted to see him (sub + vb2)
b) She tried to meet him (sub + v2)
c) They wished to succeed (sub + v2)
-..
[-
Spken English
15 2005
u x ...
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Dinesh: Hi Saleem, Welcom. Good to see
you though after a long time. Have a
seat. How about some Coffee?
( M! --V-jC L.
h B--?)
Saleem: No Coffee for me, Dinesh. Thanks
all the same.
( ]l q.)
--p- ( B-----p-).
all the same =
Dinesh: Would you fancy tea then?
( B--?)
-. T d#,
# --.)
Ground - C grind past tense.
grind = / [. grinder= /
machine C grind hC.
ground coffee = [.
Coffee seeds/ Coffee beans = T.
fresh = .
j -- would #a verbs -E.
1. Would you fancy?
2. Would you mind waiting for a while?
3. Would you move aside a little?
4. He would drink.
5. My dad would never drink.
please. Thanks.
(p . -]l. q.)
b) #a offer, accept x
English x ]lA v #a offer B-E op[, ---p[
Don't poke your nose in others' affairs.
responsesi) I don't mind (a little coffee/ tea), thanks.
(- u-- -]-a.)
-]--h. English x \
( o- -p[ v]
-[.
c) Mind your (own) business.
(F E y .)
h... B?
6. He would have the coffee ground.

lessons
'would' usewould expresses future from the past
past
future
would
-o
E,
[.
p-]
Ramana: He wrote to me that he would see

me last weekend. But he did not
turn up.
( ----E
[. F ].)
Would you care for some coffee?

fancy =
prefer
d--[[. \[ fancy ], like/

[-a.
#a x B-,
B-? E [-[, ]l- v
J u] [ ]-? , B#a #a---x B-.
English ]l- v Coffee/Tea B E [-[ p-]. A-] G---[- B E
L E T B-.
Saleem: I don't mind tea.
(
Mind =
Dinesh: Would you mind/ Mind waiting for a
while? I'll make the tea in no time.
u- ].)
u-.
( - ? #- h.)
/ #-)
In no time =
Saleem: Take your (own) time. No hurry.
(BJ_ u. ]--].)
F d #a
take your (own) time =
B.
Dinesh: Would you move aside a little? The
tea tin is in the shelf behind you.
(h \ --? [s F o p C.)
Saleem: Not at all.
( y-].)
Dinesh: So you like tea more than coffee.
(F - d o-)
Saleem: That's right. I think I got it from my
grandad. He would drink a lot of
tea, my dad often says.
(. --J # -#a-]C.
--E o
---p[.)
Dinesh: My dad would never drink tea. He
would always prefer coffee. He
would have the coffee ground fresh,
and make coffee for himself.
( o p[ .
x 69
Write =
turn up =
Kesav: He called me yesterday to tell me
that he would be very busy till next
week, so he wouldn't be able to
come until after next week.
[.
[/ --[.
(a--- G@ -E
Eo [. ]-x a
y--F --o[.)
\[ [. would past # future
[-o . past #, ]
J future would [.
p[ v-E would o
J Eo -- l.
Would you fancy = F d?
y B-? Do N]
Would you mind/ Would you like/ Would you
like to take/ Would you take/ Would you care
for some coffee?
Eo- n. O h B-/
B E.
would you question form
offer ( #a x, friends j
coffee N offer --E) [.
Would you like a little tea?
How about a little tea?
What about some tea?
offer
would
offer (present
offer
responses
offer
Fo
[.

).
-
l.
-
h, L ]l
/ N j
--E .
a) Offer ]l -
i) No, thanks
ii) Not now, please. Thanks all the same.
(pO B. q.)
iii) I have had some just now. No more
(... y y-].)
]ho-.
ii) That'd (that would) be welcome, thanks.

iii) That'd (that would) certainly be a pleasure, thank you.
iv) That's kind of you, thanks.
would
offers.
Would
Present
requests
]-sx
[.
Kumar: Can I see your

father?
Bhaskar: Please come
in. Have a seat.
Would
you
mind waiting
some
time?/
Would you wait
M. SURESAN
for some time?
Kumar: Not at all. I don't
mind waiting.
'would'
question from
you
request
a)
Would you accompany me?
b)
Would you let me sit here for a while?
would
Mind: Mind
1) Mind
questions
a) Do you mind waiting for some time?
wait
wait
request.)
Do you mind
Would you mind?
would you mind?
polite and formal
\[ [
[[
u
O h --h!
d) Mind you. Don't make any mistake.
(vh -x .)
Kishore:
y, y ? j
uC !
Swaroop: h?
[-\E h.
Kishore: F h [--E-h?
E t.
Swaroop: y F. E [-.
J E -.
Kishore: .
Answer
Kishore: Hi Swaroop, Are you ready? It's
time.
Swaroop: Would you wait for minutes? I will
wash my face and come.
Kishore: Mind my using your phone? I would
call Kumar and ask him to come.
Swaroop: Be quick. Tell him to be ready. We
can pick him up on our way.
Kishore: Ok
\[ a-a!
C
-.
n [
u- d[, u
[.
(
[ O-o u--?
h? E
\[
o
o .
C
J-
\
E x.
b) (Would you/ Do you) mind my sitting here?

conversation
Do you/
Would you
c) Mind my using your pen/ Mind if I use your
pen?
pen
mind
mind
'ing' form
mind if
d) Mind of I accompany you?
y x
C--h. D C.
(O
a.)
B:
y
F hC.
F/
(O a?)
Mind my accompanying you?
Mind
conversation
practice
2) Mind
manage
l
u--Eo -[.
.
[, j
a) Who minds the office here?
( --?
b) My brother minds the office when my
father is away.
vo:
tell, say...
OE ]-sx -T-L?c -Eo Eo-x E

Eo-x E --Th .
]-s -Eo a-JL?
N--, -[
: Usually
when the letter 'c' is fol-
lowed by 'e', or i, it is pronounced as s, as

certificate, or as in cinema. In most other
cases it is pronounced as k. So rule about it.
only the dictionary can help us.
vo:
I don't think you should buy it
n N?
t-E O -- - Tx- -L?
O-], -
: ] u-E n O Eo E ]/ O Eo E []. uEo Tx- -a
I cannot send my daughter to your school.
---
Anand: Janaki, how about giving us a song?
--, ?
(give a song = )
Janaki: Me? giving a song? Are you Joking?

Joke
Bhanu: Oh. Can Janaki sing? This is news to
me.
? ---?
h-o?
, --? C h
N.
(news to me = -- -L--E
-N- p Lh, This is news to
me . conversation )
Anand: O, She would sing for hours when we

were at school. That too very well.
School
- 17 --- 2005
teacher time o-p-x E--d-E NC.

-sx 'would' past habit/
habitual action in the past --C ?
j v--pE E
would .
d) *o-p v-A- a-.
As a child he would cry a lot at night.
e)
- --.
He would walk for long distances.

'would'
English
Would
Do
begin
tions would
begin
would
mal.
O
J-Eo --. -u--J-
-
h-C.
u quesE

.
-sx for
J-Eo N- -y- l!
-
o-p -
C, -D -- -.
Now Practise the following aloud in English:
(That too = C )
(O--Eox 'would' )
a) Jayanthi: Function
----o. F
Necklace h h?
(lend = -N-y)
Suguna: C tC. t p-.
-x--- 70
- F chain h. d-?
Suguna: It is my mother's. She wouldn't

(would not) let me lend it. If you want
I can lend you my chain. Would you
like it? / Do you like it?
Jayanthi: That'd be (That would be) fine.
Thank you. When shall I take it?
Suguna: When is the function? Isn't it the day
after (tomorrow)? I'd very much like
to give you the chain. You look beautiful/ splendid/ gorgeous with it
around your neck.
Jayanthi: Really I don't / wouldn't like to borrow
it. All my Jewels are in the bank locker. The keys are with my father. He'll
Wouldn't you sing?

Bhanu: Janaki, wouldn't you sing for us now?
just one song.
D C. Thanks. p
B\?
--, - ? \-J.
Suguna: p function? x ?
Janaki: Would you stop bothering me, please?
v h? F-y
h o trouble -?
E -. chain
Anand: She would sing on. I mean, at school
y .
even if none were there to listen to her.
Jayanthi: E B\ d-. --Fo
My English teacher would, when she
bank locker o. ohad the time make it a point to listen to
x
E . locker
her sweet songs.
-o. \ x N--x- -- -E
p- o-.
C. p--p English Teacher E- Suguna: -?
Eo ----?
-d-E Janaki NC.
ho . .
Janaki: Ok. I am going to sing just to please
Jayanthi: Thank you.
you.
b) Brahmam: Sekhar
O -- --o.
\ would *a verbs -J-* ---, would -J-* -- --o
N- l.
1) 'I thought he would help me' -
- h---o.
\ 'would help' - future from the past
--C.
2) Would you like some tea?

tea
'would' offer
you
question form
3) Would you wait for a while?
wait
you
question form
request
lesson
'would'
a) She would sing for hours when we were at
School.
School
b) She would sing on =
c) My English teacher would, when she had the
time, make it a point...
h B-?
--
x
.
h?
\ u
.
v-E --
p
- l.
Jayanthi:
Vx - C.
--C.
-v-o: -- -Tx--
O- -o?
(-o = Stay on)
Damodar: F p? meeting
begin -C. h chairs
stage O --?
(d= put/ place/ keep)
Brahmam: o-- E p-.
Damodar: o p -E.
table h stage O d--E
h?
Brahmam: -. N h
clear p? \-h-E
C.
Damodar: - x--E -- F?
*o-p -. \
x-- . p -J
aE -*h -. - x L--.
Brahmam: Jv p -? F
-\--o h?
Damodar: Sorry, M.
Answers:
a) Jayanthi: I am attending a function. Would
you lend me your necklace?
Grammatical mistakes
---x---. Spoken English, Grammar -p
Institutes -\--o? -q -- --, u-x
------ --o-?
-.-y, --x
---: Spoken English Institutes - -o vA
-l-x. -\- h--C ----L. CD,
Casettes - Spoken English -C-*-N
o. CIEFL- Central Institute of English and Foreign

Languages J casettes, CDs l x --.
O-Eo-- O TV English news channels regular
watch . O N - .
be back only
the day after
(tomorrow). He
wouldn't/ doesn't allow us to
keep even a
single
ornaM. SURESAN
ment at home.
Suguna: Would
you
stop it? No more words please. I am
giving it to you willingly. Come tomorrow and take it.
Jayanthi: Thank you.
b) Brahmam: Is Sekhar staying on for the
meeting? / Would Sekhar stay
on for the meeting?
(Is Sekhar staying on...? better,
would Sekhar?
Damodar: What did he tell you? The meeting
will begin in an hour. Would you put
those chairs on the stage / dais?
Brahmam: I asked him but he wouldn't say
anything / didn't say anything.
(Wouldn't
d -
hC p--E d p--E)
Damodar: He told me he would stay on. Would

you help me place the table on the
stage?
Brahmam: With pleasure / that'd be a pleasure.
Would you mind telling me more
clearly about Sekhar? I have some
work with him.
Damodar: You know he doesn't talk much.
Even as a boy he was like that. He
wouldn't talk much. He would
always sit alone and think of something. He would not join others at
play.
-v-o: 'Do' -E -N-E--Th-op- 1st person example -
I know English,
We watch English movies
questions
2nd
person (you)
1st person
For example: Do I know English? Do we watch English movies
Do I go there every sunday?, Do we sing
well?
--. --
--E --a. -E
- --v
-- -- -v-Po----?
----? -O -Eo--x
--E --p. --C d ---.
---:
--- -, -vQ -
-- vPo---a.
English x--- 'Do I know English?' E -
?Do we watch English movies? p.
English movies h? E -T--p expect Answer
N? -, E, . -sEod Eg----a.
Ist person
Brahmam: Would you stop telling me of his history? Would you atleast tell me
where he is?
Damodar: I don't know.
Mounika:
Sarika:
Mounika:
o-x E--h-o-N-\?
-x.
y company v
* \ -o?
(Do you mean/ Does it mean )
Sarika:
v--* . v
Eo V*. .. v-
-- -a. Fo O-
-----o?
Mounika: friend u EoV-L-\
E-C. F-o ---E.
Sarika:
u? .
Mounika: p--\-C? --E
-x-C.
Sarika:
x--E -O --L-? Last
September . p India .
x husband states -R}-C.
Mounika: a ho. O _
address F, phone number F
. h h?
Sarika:
-.
Answer:
Mounika: How long have you worked/ have
you been working here?
Sarika:
For the past five years/ for the last
five years/ for five years now.
Mounika: (Do) you mean/ Does it mean that
you have been here since the beginning of the company?
Sarika:
Not right from the beginning. A few
days after the beginning. You can
say, almost from the beginning. But
why do you ask? / Why are you asking all this? (Almost =
Mounika: My friend Navya worked here for
some time. I was wondering if you
knew her.
wondering
'I was wondering'
Sarika:
(\
au . -
j J-T- E --)
(Do) you mean Navya? I know her

very well, of course.
Mounika: Where is she now? It is three years
since I met her/ I met her last three
years ago.
Sarika:
( xv --o)
Don't you know she has been / is

married? She got married last
September. She has with her husband for the states.
Mounika: I am going to the states too, next
month. Do you have / have you her
address or phone no.? would you
mind giving them to me if you have
them?
Sarika:
With pleasure.
- - - y- a - q - - - - G- L- - ---
1.c 2.a 3.c 4.a
11.b 12.d 13.b
19.c 20.a 21.c
27.c 28.c 29.b
35.b 36.a 37.c
43.a 44.a 45.b
51.c 52.b 53.b
59.b 60.c 61.a
5.a 6.b 7.d 8.a 9.b

14.b 15.b 16.a 17.d
22.d 23.c 24.a 25.a
30.b 31.d 32.a 33.b
38.a 39.a 40.b 41.d
46.c 47.a 48.a 49.d
54.d 55.a 56.d 57.c
62.b 63.b 64.c 65.d.
10.c
18.a
26.b
34.c
42.c
50.b
58.d
---
Sukumar: Hi Bhaskar, am I late?
-- \, ----o -u a?
Bhaskar: You are, of Course. But (that/ it)
doesn't matter. The function hasn't
yet begun.
late
function
Sukumar: Where is Shekhar? He always
claims that he is punctual.
punctual
F y--,
v ---.
? -p
E
-.
(punctual = time J )
Shekhar: I am here. I was here exactly at 4.30
-\--o-. -J_ 4.30 -x --a--.

Sukumar: I am just a few minutes late. A few
minutes' delay makes no difference.
Cl EN- u--u-. Cl
EN- u --.
Bhaskar: It makes little difference whether you
are a few minutes late or half an
hour late. You are late. That's the
point.
y Cl EN- -u-, -
-u- C u. y
u --.
Shekhar: Let's not talk any more of it. What
are there for the dinner after the
function?
Function
dinner
Sukumar: As for me so long as things are good
to eat, it makes no difference to me
what I eat.
English Conversation -Fo -

expressions. j--Eo- n,
Conversation '---/
--/ l -- -
. o l --d----
Doesn't matter = It does'nt matter .
a) Bhavan: Did he come here or did you go to
him?
-\- a, y-\- x?
Bhaskar: So long as the things are tasty, I

never mind what I eat.
A--E * -j y-
Shekhar: I'd have none of the hot stuff.
h- d/ B-
Bhaskar: Never mind. You have a variety of
things to eat.
Doesn't (Does not matter)

Makes no difference
Makes little difference
Never mind.
Krishna: Never mind how I got it. I have it.
( *a --. _Jp-
sC. D u)
c) It makes little difference/ It makes no difference whether you come at 10.30 or 11.00
when you do not come at 10.
a) What does it matter?
b) It matters little/ It matters nothing/ It doesn't

matter much
c) What difference does it make?/ It doesn't
make any difference/ It makes no/ Little difference
expressions n, --. OE Conversation . --

natural effective C.
d) Never mind
-v- o:
1) How to express the Telugu word

in English.
2) What can I do to get 'American Accent'
3) Why do we use the word 'spoken' in
"spoken English"?
''-
---: 1) - = catch word.
-- -, ---
2) You can get American accent by listening to

CNN news channels and also with the help
of Webster's dictionary. Other English dictionaries also give American spelling, pronunciation and accent. Watching Hollywood
movies will help.
3)
'spoken' is past participle and not past
tense. Past participle
spoken english
English
English
p '--o,
' n h.
x---/ ---o
E n.
.
- x
'The boy bitten by the snake,'
--f s. - .
J-* s .
Rekha: Never mind where I bought it. Is it really good?

Shriya: How much is it?
Rekha: It doesn't matter how much it is. Is it
good or not?
Shriya: It is really marvellous. I want to buy it
(one like that) too. Where did you buy it?
Rekha: At Vasthra Sagar. You can also get a
gift worth Rs. 200/3) Jagan: Will you be at home tomorrow at this
time?
Suman: What's the matter?
Jagan: I have some doubts in Physics. I feel
you can clear them.
Suman: Just what makes you think I can clear
them?
Jagan: Because you are better at Physics
correct)
than me (Than I
Suman: OK. I'll try. But don't be/ get disappointed if I cannot.
It doesn't matter
(y C- -p, y p--*a
y-/ C-o---*a , ----*a
y--. -- h---o
.)
A-.
-E-? ---Fo..
---E expressions -E-.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Shriya:
E C.
Sumanth: What does it matter? We met.
-\. \ o?
That's important.
Rekha: Y--- . F gift h, .
(It doesn't matter/ Doesn't matter
200/ N C.
whether he came here or I went to
3) Jagan: Oy time x -?
him. we met)
Suman: N?
C u p?/ -\- - Jagan: Physics Eo doubts o.
, -\- x- C ,
o Clear -----E?
u. --o. D Suman: F p---E y------os?
u.
Jagan: y Physics -E.
b) Santan: Have you the money?
Suman: , v-Aoh. p--- v y
(F _ -s?)
disappoint .
Krishna: Yes. I have it. (C)
Jagan:
disappoint - t C.
Santan: How did you get it? ( *aC?)
Suman: OK. Best of luck.
4) Pramod: Hi Venkat, College
?
Venkat: -. o -x .
-h. College
-x--- 71
x h.
N C--.
y
--o?
A--E * o
A--E ---C - u .
--C- 20 --- 2005

1) Mukund:
Shankar:
Phone
Mukund: Phone
l Station ?
j y--. y a-d-
.
-u- F
Ja---E.
Shankar: F. - R} - receive
. y E y --a.
Mukund: -DE o n ---lE --
p. -E -- y p -.
Shankar: y--. h y --E.
2) Shriya: Hi Rekha, \- --o F dress?
?
Rekha: \ o- N . E
?
Shriya: -u?
Rekha: N u . p. ,
?
Pramod:
Venkat:
group B--o?
MPC ----o.
o v BiPC -E
C. family -- doctors
. o d-- doctor -E C.
Pramod: u-J.
Venkat: F interest .Biology
x c --L.
d--d -.
Pramod: C d. Biology * c--h
-. O o -- a
p--?
Venkat: ap--? -*-ho.
5) Mohan: v-V h y--?
John: p-, B. E---E AJTy
Ja-.
Mohan: -- a-hx.
N - Eo? y-----.
John: C?
Mohan: y vA h . x Eo
-d--?
John: --- p? h l
F?
Answers:
1) Mukund: Shall I go to the station with you or
not?
Shankar: It makes no difference/ Little difference (Whether you go with me or
not). If you are coming just call me.
Mukund: I don't mind giving a call. But I'm
afraid I will forget.
Shankar: Doesn't matter. I will receive Anand
at the station. You can meet him later.
Mukund: Tell him not to misunderstand me. I
will meet him later, certainly.
Shankar: Never mind. I will tell him why you
aren't able to come.
2) Shriya: Hi Rekha, where did you buy your
(the/ this) dress. It's really fine/ fantastic/ gorgeous.
Jagan: I am sure I
shan't
(shall
not) be disappointed.
Suman: Then it's OK.
Best of luck.
4) Pramod: Hi Venkat,
M. SURESAN
have
you
joined any
college?
Venkat: Not yet. Dad is not in town. He will
come back tomorrow. I will talk to dad
what college I am going to join.
Pramod: What group are you going to take?
Venkat: I want to do MPC. But dad wants me
to do BiPC. There hasn't been a doctor in our family so far (No doctor so
far in my family). Dad wants me to be
the first doctor in the family.
Pramod: Go ahead then.
Venkat: But I am not so interested. A lot of
names to remember in biology. I am
poor at mugging.
(mugging =
d d)
Pramod: That's right. Biology needs good

memory. Then how can you convince
your dad? (convince =
ap)
Venkat: Yes, how can I? That's what I think of.

5) Mohan: Can you/ would you lend me the
book for two days?
John:
Certainly. Take it. Don't forget to return

it by saturday.
Mohan: I will return it even before that. Shall I

ask you one thing if you don't mind?
(don't mind =
John:
------)
What is it?
Mohan: You buy every book. How many of

them do you lose?
John:
Is that important now? Do you want

the book or not?
---
Sandhya: Where are you going so early,
-- 22 --- 2005
I hope I'll (I will) get a class.

I hope that I will get a class.
Shyam?
d-- lessons English

Question structure , statement structure o :
would go to Ram's today. I have
Statement p subject , E
some difficulty with Physics, and he
y verb -h-C.
said (that) he would help me.
Eo p--t, -R}- h- -- --a = He has come (sub + verb)
E. Physics d C. question :
1) verb + subject
--h-E p.
Is he here?
Sandhya: But Dad said (that) he would take
2) verb -, p
you to the eye specialist today. You
\ y h-o -u?
Shyam:
Mom, I told you yesterday (that) I
were
complaining
of
frequent
headaches.
o
Eo
doctor _-
Bho . y ,
--p--.
Shyam:
Not today. I have the Physics exam

tomorrow. I told dad (that) I would
not be able to go to the doctor today.
question structure:
1st word of the verb + subject + other word(s)
of the verb
Is he coming?
verb, Is coming-
(\
?)
3) 'wh' words
begin
questions
'wh' word + verb + sub.
where is he?
4) 'wh' question
verb
i)
-\--? = Where does he live?

-\-- F ?
Do you know where he lives?
(\ Do you know v question

- , -\-- question statement)
:
O o- \?
1) amuse = (u u \ -,
,
Ajitha: ---}.
size z ) y d-, N --LNaresh: \---}?
-:
T-.
'wh' word + 1st word of the verb + subject + Ajitha: --\----}-C p. p
He amuses us with his jokes.
other words of the verb.
AJ--h -L-.
(Jokes Ny-h)
where is he going?
The boy in the girl's dress amused us.
Naresh: - -E-o a-E p?
t
dress s y
-p--.
An amusing movie/ situation - N -LT-/- -u---i E-/- -J-nA.
2) annoy = ( ' \---)
N-T-; p-.
-x--- 72
1) Naresh: Hi Ajitha,
He said that..
. physics exam
C . o p -V
d _- x--E.
j N- O h-o--. p
sentence :
a) The way he talks annoys me
x B L-T-hC.
Ajitha:
. p. O---a -T ---o.
I know where he is
Naresh: F p--, -h.
-\--o .
Sandhya: That's OK. Would you promise me
2) Omkar: Hi Srikar, -y -p -- sentence statement. Question .
(that) you would go tomorrow? No
-o-?
'where' 'wh'
more postponement, understand? I
Srikar: -p ---- - --L--.
--x senwarn you (that) it will worsen if you
Venkat a--E-O ---tence question
neglect.
C.
E E--a. F
. h-E -h?
Omkar: -p--aC F phone -?
. C h state . y Eo -~Srikar: J-T -L--. - phone
ment. -E state*Dl \C.
- --L-- .
ment structure (sub(worsen- ~-)
Omkar: O train time -L-?
ject ,
verb
j--- that -E-:
Srikar: . p.
y
h)
1) I told you yesterday that I would go...
Omkar: C h-o. Worry .
v
C. M. SURESAN
2) he said that he would...
Srikar: -C ? late ?
sentences .
3) I told Dad that I wouldn't be...
Venkat: Traffic \- C. auto
Eo -E --E -
4) Would you promise me that you would...
u T--C.
I asked him why he was absent yesterday.
5) I warn you that it will worsen.
Srikar: \ _--\ phone ?
(why was he absent ?)
sentences that n 'E E. a) Where can I get some good tea?
Venkat: -E--. auto
N -o h, N 'that'
phone \- -L---.
(* tea \ --C?)
hC.
h-E o.
b) Tell me where I can get some good tea.

tea
sentence (a) question,
can I
get
sentence (b) statement; question
where I can get
c) where does he go every evening?
}-E o p.
d) Ask him where he goes every evening.
He told me that he would go.
h-E p-/- -o.
a) I told you yesterday that I would go
\- h-E Eo F o.
b) He said that he would help me

c) I told dad that I wouldn't be... (would not be)
d) Would you promise me that you would go
tomorrow?
e) I warn you that it would worsen
(*
I told you I would go.

I told you that I would go.
He said he would help me.
He said (that) he would help me.
She says she can't sing any more.
she says that she can't sing any more.
--E C.
\ -- p)
-E x
-E
(vA v \ h?)
(vA v \---h ---)

d where does
sentence (c) question

he go?
sentence (d) statement
goes.
English
h-E -h?
a-J-ho C \----E.
d j sentences Eo- that 'E.
conversations , writing
'that' C-- y---. .
p-.
j sentenses that n
.
Srikar: What happened / What has happened

Venkat? Why are you so late?
Venkat: The traffic was very heavy and the
auto broke down on the way.
Srikar: Didn't you find a phone any where
there?
Venkat: I didn't. Even the auto driver did not
know where a phone was.
d where he
C
- u-i .
e) -\ o h?
Where did he buy the book?

f) He did not tell me where he had bought the
book
h \ o p-.
(h , p y d
had bought)
g)
= Where has he gone?

(Question - So, has he gone?)
h) No one knows where he has gone
-\---}?
-\---} -J -L--.
(Statement; so - he has gone.
b) His silly jokes annoys us

silly jokes
c) Don't be annoyed =
tLo N-T-h.
p--/ --p--.
3) bitter= (G 'G \ -)
Coffee/ Tea without milk and sugar is bitter.
, - -E / .
: He is bitter that he did not get the promotion.
Promotion
bitter pill =
- o.
-v.
4) Chair () n Ka. F I want
him to chair the meeting sentence
chair u-~ - (
u-~ --E J-/ -----o)
5) Chase = b - -.
The tiger chased the deer - L > -C. , - n C.
Answers:
1) Naresh: Hi Ajitha, where is your father?

Ajitha: He has gone out.
Naresh: Where has he gone?
Ajitha: He doesn't tell me / He never tells me
where he goes. I do not know when he
will return / he will be back.
Naresh: Did you tell him / Have you told him
that I came for him yesterday?
Ajitha: I did / I have. He told me / wanted me
to find out why you had come.
Naresh: I can't tell you (of it). I'll (will) come
tomorrow.
2) Omkar: Hi Srikar, when are you starting?
do not know when I am
Srikar: I myself
going to start. (It) depends on when
Venkat comes here. / On venkat's coming here.
Omkar: Has'nt he phoned you when he is coming.
Srikar: I don't know what has happened. I
don't know either (not
either)
why he has'nt phoned.
Omkar: Doesn't he know the time of your train.
Srikar: He does / He knows. I told him too.
Omkar: There he is. Don't worry.
()
-v-o: I
am poor at spellings. Please, give

information
about
pronunciation
casettes and CDs.
---: A Number of Pronunciation casettes

--.--f, --
and CDs are available in leading

Book Shops. Pronunciation and
spelling casettes and CDs prepared
by Central Institute of English and
Foreign Languages are also available in Hyderabad. A number of foreign books on Conversation, pronunciation and spelling carry casettes
and CDs with them. Enquire for them
in the market.
-v-o: -- -- -u-- -- --d---Tutorials, tution centre, tuition centre

Asoka's tutorials, Asoka
tutorial's
o-. ----C
--E h-o. --C

d? --
--C --L?
-.-N.-- -, --Kq-o
---: Tuition C Correct spelling. Asoka
Tutorials correct. -x -E
Apostrope (') s ('s) .
---
spoken english
-- 24 --- 2005
-- -u- -x ---..
Raghav: Good morning Doctor
Doctor: Good morning. Come in. Name and
other things please.
Raghav: I am Raghav, aged 19, doing my 3rd
year degree.
rd year
degree
Doctor: Your complaint?
Raghav: I have had a fever since yesterday
and a headache since last night. I feel
rather weak too.
Doctor:
4) Doctor
(patient ): examination. A doctor examines a patient.
5)
Tests: Blood test, urine
test, motion
test, sputum
test, etc.
6) Diagnosis
Ey- K~
-----E K-~.
(v)
()
(
x
)
, 19 x, 3
(-o-) 'o \--- =
h-o.
E
g
= uC C E Eg--.
(-F ---N-?)
7) j p tests Fo diagnostic tests.
( uC --N- Eg--- K-~)
8) Prescription - Doctor a T.
- vv\-{ 'v\ \L)
Eo * y, vA * --p 9) (pronunciation
Prescribe: Doctor , ju
C. F C.
B-E p. Doctor -y.
(rather - h \-)
(Prescribe - vwj \ 'wj \ \ -)
You have a temperature of above 100.
10) treat - ju / *q
Well, take these tablets and have
11) treatment - ju/- *-q
complete rest. Avoid solids today.
12) A course of tablets/ injections - v,
Only liquids. That's my prescription.
u Doctor El---.
100 vUj temperature C. 13) injections
= to be under treat--V solids - ---n o

ment, to undergo treatment, to take treatN l. v n B.
ment.
( temperature - pronunciation - v
' \ -.
Prescription - Doctor a )
Raghav: What's the dosage doctor?
-----.
-.
y --o. -
_-- Eo K-~ l.
y--.
(y, temperature N _ =
come down)
j - s-, patients , doctors

-C* expressions -E-.
1) Complaint = Patient (T) , u.
2) English fever, headache, temperature Fo
countables. singular, plural numbers . Singular a/ an h.
a fever, a temperature, a headache.
3) Weak = (-J ) F .
F h \ V ---
= debility (Eq-h)
-v-o: 1) Cheer (n&v), cheerful (adj) and yacht

(n) pronunciation
2) 2X5 = 10.
two, five
---.
-D-Eo
'-u ten --E
-----. -E---?
3) Retired Retd. -- Rtd.-- j-
abbreviation --C?
-.-P-, --C-\
---:
1) Cheer- * (J- J-). cheerful:
*- ; yacht=/-. (
op, -- v Ap
-L E-y; o-
flat d)
2) 2$5=10 two five 'u ten p. DEo
--LqC, Two fives are ten E.
Pronunciation: jb- E; \- '- -h
size z -. Are E ' -;
*J 'r' silent. (Tu faivza : ten) - C English
pronunciation.
3) Retd
correct.
Doctor:
Ramesh:
Doctor: O.K.
-?
. L C.
b) Eo--- u - B-o
B. N
h.
I was on diet till yesterday.
c) h-, bread v B--o
Ramesh: u o --- - doctor?
He has been on diet of milk and bread for
Doctor: , bread v. Barley
the past four days/
B.
He has been taking only bread and milk for 2) Ramana: Hi Ravi, N-?
Ravi:
bad news. ~ t- -.
the past four days.
O doctors , medicines , patients
Ramana: . E C. Eo
-C-* conversational expressions. C
V- ----o?
-E-:
Ravi:
V- temperature
4) He is suffering from a feverC. -V Doctor p
C common -. C -
typhoid ~--E. 3 ju,
u. conversational (spoken form)
rest B--o.
Ramana: y ---E -.
(-- = recover)
a) He has a fever/ He is down with a fever.
b) She has been down with 'flu for the past 2
days.
'flu
v-V-
C.
Answers:
1) Doctor: How long have you had this fever?
Ramesh: For the past/ last two days.
He has a fever
--N V j
B-o y-. C vA --- . v S}
.
v u B--o
Prakash is on diet.
-x--- 73
v oEo p --L?
Doctor: The first one, three times a day, after

taking in something. The second one
at bed time. See me again tomorrow
evening.
Raghav: Hope it isn't any thing serious, doctor?

serious
Doctor
Doctor: I don't think so. Don't Worry. It's just
an ordinary fever. If it doesn't come
down by tomorrow, let's have some
tests done. Nothing to worry about.
Take complete rest.
Worry
3 a)
14) diet:
15) symptoms =
5) Doctor
The doctor's (the doctor has) advised her
complete rest (for a week/ ten days, etc.)
6)
illness/ ailment/ disease.
countables.
plurals illnesses,
ailments, diseases
singular
a/ an
a) He is very weak because of an illness/ an
ailment/ a disease.
Jh NvA B-
/ u
uC ~-
Look at the following :

(Read it aloud two or three times)
a) He had had a fever and (a) headache since
yesterday. The doctor examined him this
morning and prescribed some tablets. He
took the prescription to the medical shop and
bought the medicines. The doctor advised
him complete rest. The doctor put him on a
liquid diet. (Put this passage in Telugu)
s =
s-x F- o.
b) The doctor is unable to diagnose their diseases
x u--N El-J----o.
1 a) This doctor is treating my friend/ the

patient
doctor
friend/
b) My friend/ the patient is taking treatment
from this doctor
friend/
doctor
T ju h-o.
T
-o.
c) He has serious ailments

7)
O-Eo- n.
j
(,
(
p Eo--
.
2) We take treatment from a doctor for a disease.

a) He is taking treatment from Dr. Sankar for
Jaundice (Jaundice=
b) She is undergoing treatment for typhoid
(Typhoid
c) He has been under treatment for a week
now.
x)
ju ---C)
( *-q ----o)
- Bv-i s o.
uC E- = cure =
a) Doctor E s
The doctor has cured his disease/ cured

him.
b) The medicine is a good cure
_ *q -
c) My friend/ the patient is under this doctor's

treatment
My friend/ the patient is undergoing treatment.
My friend, patient
I, we, you, he,
she, they, any name, any relationship
(brother, cousin, uncle, etc)
sentences
times of action
future
practice
different tenses
Just one example:
Ramesh took/ has taken/ has been taking/
will take treatment from this doctorsentences
practice
N
)
--,
).

O
- o. OE

p ---Th.
Doctor: Why didn't

you come
earlier?
(early
=
earlier =
Ramesh: I took some medicine to bring

down the temperature.
Doctor: Did it cure you?
Ramesh: No. That's why I am here/ I came
to you.
Doctor: O.K. What are your complaints?
Ramesh: Temperature, headache and body
ache/ pains all over the body.
Doctor:
(Cold =
c) The medicine has cured him of his illness
E s C.
s = ill.
-E s C/- - s--f
He is ill. C - simple expression.
He has been ill for a week
--- - s o
He has been ailing for a week.

These are symptoms of Malaria
-J ~-.
Now Practise the following in English.
1) Doctor:
Ramesh:
Doctor:
Ramesh:
y F C?
v-V-
?
--, temperature
_-.
Doctor: F E-x --?
Ramesh: . O _--- a.
Doctor: , O- p.(complaint)
Ramesh: Temperature, headache, -x
p.
Have you/ Do you have a cold

too?
*C.
8)
M. SURESAN
countable)
Ramesh: Yes. And I fell very cold.

(feel cold Doctor:
L )
O.K. Take these medicines. They

will cure you.
Ramesh: What about the diet?

Doctor:
Just bread and milk. You can take

barley.
2) Ramana: Hi Ravi, what news?

Ravi:
A bit of bad news. Lakshman isn't

well/ Lakshman is ailing.
Ramana: I'm (I am) really sorry. How long

has he been suffering?/ How long
has he been down?
Ravi:
He has had a temperature for the

past four days. The doctor told him
that it is typhoid. He advised him
rest and treatment for three weeks.
Ramana: Let's wish him a speedy recovery.
---
Bhaskar: Hi Krishna, When are you leaving for
Delhi?
Delhi
Charan: On Sunday, by the AP Express.
AP Express
Next Sunday
'The'
Sunday next
sunday
The
Trains
'The
%-g,
p--h-o?
a C-,
-E-:
;
.
hC.
o-p
x
Bhaskar: Have you booked the ticket? /

reserve your ticket?
ticket reserve
(Ticket =
Charan: yes, yesterday. I am travelling II
sleeper class. There was no accommodation in the AC classes.
II sleeper
AC
Classes
Accommodation =
-F
--o-?
' \ -)
Charan: It arrives at 10 and departs at 10.10.

It reaches the destination next morning at 9.
10
Destination (=
Delhi)
hC, 1010 -l-hC.

u/ --- ,
\
yA lo 9 -
hC.
Bhaskar: Have you booked your return journey?

Reserve
Charan: I am not sure when I return. Depends
on what my uncle says.
A v--E
o?
p AJ--h *a- -L-.

uncle p Eo d C.
Bhaskar: OK then, see you tomorrow at station.

Station
Charan: Bye!
v.
l.
-.
-- ' -- *a v--E -C-*
(
\ -. -o '- . l.
n = , A)
1) Leaving - leave = -l-. x.
Bhaskar: Why didn't you go earlier?
( -}?)
I leave for college at 9 every day.

(leave - left - left)
leave for a place.
a)
Delhi
He left Chennai for Delhi yesterday.
b)
- x/ -l-
j o *
-x--- 74
--C- 27 --- 2005
Eo --x
Eo \ * RxC. \-
-L--.
High on the waitlist (wait list

low on the wait list (wait list
8) Make do with =
a)
-)
)
J--a--/ l---.
F - v y--.
l.
I can give you only Rs 100/-. Make do
with it.
b)
Nya l--.
I'll make do with whatever you give.

9) Catering service
(--J N) = ,
f.
Cater =
f-, u parties ,
Rxx j-- (cater = -)
catering = --J - --Eo --- ' \ --L.
caterers = -- = , fx (company/ restaurant, etc)
. --
Fo E---E
p.
-
34 ---o-.
Bhaskar: That's risky. You can't be sure of

accommodation when you are so low
on the wait(ing) list.
Waiting list
Charan: That's why I preferred II sleeper. And
I got the berth of my choice.
II Sleeper
berth
berth pronunciation 'ber', 'bird'
'bir'
'r' silent.
(of my choice =
of your choice
=
Bhaskar: What about your food on the journey? I suggest you take it from home.
The food on the train is expensive
and not so good.
34 - -d- .
-o. \-J-C.

\---.
F\---)
Charan:
She left here yesterday. No idea where for.

practice
(No Idea
2) Train
/bus
/plane
by train, by bus,
by plane.
AP express
By the AP express
3) Tickets reserve
book tickets. (book journey. buy tickets
Reservation
buy tickets in
advance)
Advance booking
current booking
[current =
]
4)
class
travel a class.
II sleeper
a)
He always travels II class sleeper
b)
I class
She is travelling I class
(by/ on/ in first class
5) Accommodation =
Train
(seat/ berth)
6) Wait (ing) list = Berths/ seats
wait
--
)
=
=
--/ ---\- =
-a.
( E --)
(pp -\-)
--o/ vh-
v-- =
p
v h
v--hC
A.
v- G. -j v x x v wait(ing) list
o x h.
v- -? y 7) Wait(ing) list o x seat/ berth - - confirmed.
* B-}-- *C.
My tickets/ accommodation has been con . Train t-C -\-
firmed.
-.
*a- - berth/ seat - C Mom is not in town. I am going to
uC.
make do with the food on the train.
I've (I have) heard that the catering
service on the AP Express isn't so
bad.
Train
AP Express
J; Departure = -l-. -
(arrival), (departure)
13) Destination = u, / ----- .
The destination of the AP express from

Hyderabad is New Delhi.
AP Express
New Delhi.
14) On the train/ on board the train = train
on the journey =
(during the
journey
on travel = while on travel =
travel =
Comfort =
Travel in comfort with less luggage
luggage
j-- * -l
u
,
v
E )
-v---
v, v-- (v);
/ --u
v--.

Gowtham:
Sekhar:
Gowtham:
Sekhar:
train
O v J-TC?
- - J-TC.
\ p ?
-Lq time 10.35 E 15
EN- -u--C.
Gowtham: p-h?
Sekhar:
, x- busy. y
V university C. V
10) See off = send off =
time h. p
O\-/-O-\
d .
y
Gowtham: y V a ?
a) friend
Sekhar:
V AJT Rx--o.
---E
Gowtham: V O train p? v
(O\ y--E
, x lunch .
C -
Sekhar:
V
N shopping xu, M. SURESAN
C.
x
Gowtham: V O tickets book u?

?) station ho
yA V x.
I am going to the station to see my friend
Sekhar:
.
-u. y V
off (to Delhi)/ to send off my friend (to
train S . O-Delhi)
V O -b) station y-x-p-?

E
v
-Ao-h. - --shall I see you off at the station.

l. -J *a--p O
c) Nu-n -C -
h.
O\-L-a (station )
Gowtham: o E -h-o. (disappoint)
A numbers of his students saw him off at
OK. V station
the station.
h O O-\-L-y--E. O
11) See off X receive
Receive j o B--- station
train A- food B E, bus stand F Rx.
h.
a) She has gone to the station to receive
Sekhar:
Station . E food l. train
her father
food -h -.
x o- B----E station Gowtham: o B---E-y-.
--R}-C.
.
How was your journey?

Charan: The booking clerk told me that by last
sunday itself the AC classes were
full. If I wanted AC, I would be 34 on
the wait list.
sunday AC classes
clerk
wait (waiting list)
12) arrival =
b) There was none to receive him at the

station
Sekhar:
OK.
-v-o: 1. Key words - --N-? -O--E -v- - -N- -Jh--L?
---- --, verb EE -L expression, phrasal

\ put out C Phrasal verb, p-
C phrasal verb.
n.
o verb. 'Buy' () DE object C
(Jo), Eo -Eo answer hC d
C transitive. 'see' () Jo (EE , Jo/
h- answer hC d C transitive verb.
ii) Intransitive verb: Jo, EE E vo - answer EC. He goes
The
important
task
before
any
government
is
to
provide
the
to Hyderabad every week. go = x Jo/ EE x
Delhi?
people
with
the
minimum
level
of
education.
sentence
answer
d, C intransitive.
F O\ y--E Station
key word - 'education' E -h-C -. sentence 3. She will be award - n . \ be form y --C past parh. Train -- times ?
Passage N-o Ja-h--o-.
ticiple awarded. It will be seen F, It will be see .
Delhi p h?
2.
Phrasal
verbs
verb
L
T
p
Phrasal
verb
.
v
A lessons six forms of the verb .
(see off = send off = O\-/-O-\ y)
-J-* --L----. i) Transitive, ii) intransitive

- -- -Jh--L?
t x-.
A-
-D-E-E She will be award ---a?
x
J--d--L.
- -, -l--x-f, -G o
y-- No.
:
1.
Key
words
passage
N- -J-* Ja-h L
Bhaskar: I wish to see you off at the station.
. Paragraph/ Passage C--p -hC.E
What are its times of arrival and
Jh-- vu--i l- -D--. C .
departure? When do you reach
spoken english
2. 'Phrasal verbs'
verbs
3. She will be awarded.
-- -u- -x ---..
verb. He put out the light take care of i) Transitive verb - object
---
Prahlad: Hi Nagaraj, where were you yesterday? you didn't turn up for the meeting.(E-o -\--o? meeting
?) turn up ---; turn up is
always followed by 'for'
Nagaraj: I was home all the day. I was busy
tidying up the place. I had thought it
doing two days before, but didn't find
the time ( x o. x l-
o.- -V l----o.
F time --.)
Prahlad: Why? was it so untidy?
( *---- ?)
Nagaraj: It was. The whole place was in a

mess. I had neglected for two weeks.
Nothing was in its proper place
(--x- --- -C. - -- --

-~-...-- D -Lq )
Prahlad: I'm afraid you are too worried about

tidiness (y x -J -J-* K
d------)
Nagaraj: No. My table was untidy, with a lot of
-x--- 75
--D N---Eo)
Nagaraj: I like the work. I can't bear to see a

thing out of place. I want the home
(-Lq h -
. bear to see = (h) J.) I didn't leave out even the attics
(- -x) What a lot of
dust! ( t) I had to throw
away a number of useless things. ( E h- ) I bundled
up all the newspapers. I will dispose

them of today.
( news papers -Fo d d.
F V t-h.Bundle = d;
d. dispose of = t-)
Prahlad: You appear to be a stickler for cleanliness (v - d- odC, F.stickler= j N-Eo
d d-- stickler for punctuality = --- d )
Nagaraj: You can say that. By the time I was
through it was 6 in the evening you
know mom will be pleasantly surprised to see the glittering stove, and
the utensils. t - J
stove v-
a-uC.utensils = vessels =
home
paper and books piled up or lying all
over. The front room was a chatter of
furniture. The TV stand-well, let me
not talk about all that. Now that I tided
up every thing I feel relieved. (h-
, -T--- - --- -- -*-- --C.Piled up = -

Chatter = furniture C * .
Prahlad: Was there none else at home to help

you?
(x --- -?)
Nagaraj: Mom and sister are out of town. Dad

is too old. I gave the toilet a good
wash. I cleaned up the cupboards and
reset all things. (t, Lx -- x.
o l-. Toilet T, cupboards h-Fo l-)
Prahlad: What a job! ( E--!)
Nagaraj: That wasn't all. I cleaned the cobwebs. I cleaned the kitchen, I made
up the beds. I washed the dishes.
(-. V L -x v
v--Fo -. \--Fo l)
Prahlad: My elder sister takes care of all these

things at home. ( x \u
-v-o -: -x---7- -- - -v --
--d. ---u-Eo... She likes this
dress --E --o.--- -- --d
-- -- p-J-- -- -! --x--- 8- ---yp- ---u - --u-Eo You do not come late --E --a.-- p- ---- p-d --. -N--J--.
.-. -v---Jz-E, --
---: -She likes this dress -- -u ---
She likes this dress a lot \very much --E --L.-You do not come late --You never
come late --E ----Lq-C.-- O -- --v-h
--E--*-- --u---. We appreciate it.
Keep it up.
Spoken English
--- 29 --- 2005
8) give a good wash = -

9) reset = -Lq Sx d
10) cobwebs = -x, V
11) make up bed = \ l
12) dirt = J, dust = t
13) attic = =
14) I was through = E Jh .
a) He is through with his homework =
Homework Jh .
b) Are you through? = F E h-?
15) Vessels = dishes = utensils = , f-
16) pan/ frying pan = /

17) ewer () =
18) front room = x C A--,
visitors a-d room - C drawing room -C.
place
19) Portico = l x x,
x x
-y
j -- -C-* -o o Covered area
20) Balcony = -O- . p E Jal.
* --E-
1) Home = } (members of our
S n
family) x l-j a, -i
21)
Ceiling = - -L
M. SURESAN
a). ---*a guest ? =
p, roof =jp.
Please feel at home. (O x - .)
2) Place = Eo -sx home ( o 22) Tiles = ; (Mosaic/ Floor tile)
x) place . -u my 23) bolt = -- , ---d.(latch E
)
home/our home E, I am going to my/our home
/it is at my/our home E . p my place. 24) Cupboard = -\--- t.
= come (down) to my place: 25) Oven = (-) u. oven fresh = p-p j (oven fresh Dosa)
come to my home E -u .
26)
Stale= d E-y -- (
3) tidy = (x, C, Office, etc) -Lq
-n-x-N) Stale food, Stale bread.
h- -J- .
(Stale joke )
His home is very tidy = x -J-
Now practise the following:
C. Tidy x untidy.
4) untidy = h--Fo order -*-- Koumudi: Hi Priya, -- ?
Priya : o --o. Eo
- .
u -x. x x lThe place is untidy= v / x *- - ---.
--- C.
Koumudi
: h- -a- y E
(*---- o Vd =untidy hair
p E. interior
>-G-> o = untidy writing)
Decoration (x L --)
He has a tidy appearance =neat E--h-o.
course u. -C---a.
5) tidy = -J- x--N l = \ Priya : E--hC... x *---Lq h -\- neat .
--- -E. x
a) Let me tidy up the home first = x
Ka C-L *_ C.
lF.
(* upset)
b) He tidied up the room yesterday = Eo
Koumudi
: tidy -- d--E,
l.
d . -y K \-!
c) We must keep our homes neat and tidy =
Priya : o . t-
x v (tidy) --L.
p-hC.Speck of dust = t6) Feel relived = CT--x--- when I
)
heard that I had passed I felt relieved = pass
Koumudi : FC -- -h-y.
u-E N- Nh L-T-C.
Once the exams are over, students feel relived Priya: y -o -.
= It is a great relief = Exams -- x Koumudi: K O E x Vd *----
o J-h-o?
Nh.
7) chatter = *--- (furniture - chairs, sofas Priya: t- o W ---?
p-t servant .
N *---- ,)
dishes = v
glitter = - )
f- -N
-- -u- -x ---..
Answers:
Koumudi: Hi Priya, You are not to be seen.
Priya: We met just the day (before). I went to
my uncle's yesterday. They were tidying
up their home. I lent a hand.
(lend a hand = --)
Koumudi: You are good at tidying up and
keeping things neat. You had better
do a course in interior decoration.
You can earn a lot (of money).
Priya: I just wonder how people can keep their
places untidy. Even a chair out of place
at home upsets me.
Koumudi: I like tidiness, but I am not very particular about it ( be particular =
d- ) You overdo things.
Priya: Call it what you like\ say whatever you
like. I am upset when I see even a speck
of dust.
Koumudi: Yours appears to be abnormal psychology.
Priya: I don't mind your saying so. (I don't mind
= y-)
Koumudi: How are you able to tolerate your
servant girl's untidy hair?
Priya: (Do) you want me to comb her hair (intoplait= ). Then I shall be her servant.
--C- -x---74-
--*a- -- --- --Tx-- -{-
Gowtham: How was your journey?
Sekhar: Very comfortable/quite comfortable
Gowtham: When did you arrive here?
Sekhar: The arrival times / time of arrival of the
train is 10.35. But it was late by 15 minutes.
Gowtham: when are you visiting me?/ when
are you calling at my place?/ when are you
coming to my place?/ when can I have the
formal.)
pleasure of your visit? (
Sekhar: I am busy with my work tomorrow and
the day after, the next day I have some work at
the university. If I have any time left that day, I will
go to your place. Otherwise, it is difficult to say
(If I can visit you or not)
Gowtham: You can come the day after that.
Sekhar: That's the day of my return (journey)
Gowtham: What is the time of departure of
your train that day? isn't it in the evening? you
can have lunch with us.
Sekhar: My wife wants to go shopping/
do some shopping that day
Gowtham: Have you booked tickets for that
day?
Sekhar: Yes. All trains are full the next three
days. I'll try my best to go to your place that
day. If I am not able to, don't misunderstand
me. When I come here next, I will certainly
come to your place.
Gowtham: You disappoint me / that's very
disappointing. I will come to the station that day
to see you off. I'll get you some food to eat on
the train.
Sekhar: Do come to the station, but don't
bother about the food. I'll manage (make do)
with the food on the train.
Gowtham: Let me get it. It is my pleasure.
Sekhar: OK
*-JC
[-
Spoken English
1 2005
u x ...
Bhanu: Ravi, you are late. But what's the
matter? You appear to be in a shock.
(N, y -u a.
A? o-x-o!)
Ravi: You can say that. Some thing terrible
happened.
(. J-T--C.)
terrible = ---i, -i
Bhanu: But what happened Ravi?
( J-TC?)
Ravi: Just wait. Let me recover.
(h . o -F)
recover = [, [
l.
Traffic accident
1)
-C#
hit, crash into, ram

a) The lorry hit the cyclist.
-[ =
(K jxd C.)
b) The truck crashed into the bus.
(v ]- ho/ o C.)
u ]- ho Eo [ E n.
crash
c) The truck rammed the bus.
d) With severe injuries he joined a hospital.
(Bv-i - p-vA [.)

e) severe injury = major injury (major '
x minor injury.
( v d C.)
6) die of an injury =
7) spilling of blood =
8) bleed =
JTC...!
Recover from fever.
d) The truck ran into the bus from behind/

rammed the bus from behind.
x E[
h #][
h [
y # [.
( v # C.)
recovery =
Wish you a speedy recovery.
e) The car crashed into a tree.
(y/ O y ---E / J)
f) The vehicle ran over the boy.
yn
Bhanu: OK OK. Take your time. Calm down.
( -!)
Ravi: The body is lying there in a pool of
blood. I was unable to bear the sight
any longer. I came away. Poor boy.
( h [ C.
[- a. !)
pool = [ (- Fx
)
bear = J[
any longer = v.
Bhanu: Let's go and see. Where exactly is it?
(Rx l ]. \[ J-TC?)
Ravi: I told you. At the cross roads. You go. I
am still in a shock. I can't bear to see it
again.
(p . v--q. yx.
E - o. Sx [-)
\ - traffic, traffic accidents J
. -C# , -
uncontrollable bleeding
=
Bleed- bled (past)- bled
(past participle)
They admitted him into
hospital with bleeding
injuries.
E # - [)
Kiran: The number of people dying in traffic

accidents is more in our country than
in many other countries.
-E h-v
( v O] # RxC.)
(. BJ-_ p. ] ]--[.)
Bhanu: How shocking!
h-
-o
( d C.)
Ravi: (After a few minutes) I was on my way

here on my bike. Just as I took the turn
at the last cross roads, I heard a loud
noise. I stopped and turned round to
see what it was. Oh, God! a lorry had
hit a boy on his cycle. Believe me, the
boy and his cycle flew into the air and
landed on the road. The boy hit the
ground head on. Blood spilled all over.
In no time a large crowd gathered. The
boy in no more. Spot dead, I am sure.
( j O] \[ ho. v-q
]_ A--o. ]l l. T
AJT . j O] o vE K
C. t... t- j
v[ j TJ ]--f[ [f
T. h #CC.
-u. v[ \---\ E[.)
spill = #][/ -[.
All over = d
In no time=
No more = E-[
spot dead = \---\, p---p
spot=
flew= T-[ (past tense of fly)
Head on= T N] (]--] ]-sx)
bleeding injuries =
lorry hit/ crashed. In another accident a lorry ran over a man, while
they were taking him to hospital,
with severe injuries, he died on the
way.
Venu: The other day I saw a man bleeding
from injuries. An auto hit him. While
he was crossing the road in peak
traffic, the auto knocked him down.
Kiran: Did he die? (Hope he did not die)
Venu: I don't know. But his injuries were
serious. It is difficult for any one to
survive such injuries.
(survive =
(- h -o M. SURESAN
E x p-vA
Jp-.)
Hospitalise = pvA Jp[
vo:
1. Where do we keep Quotation

marks at the end of the sentence?
after full stop or before full stop)
2. Kindly give a Pronunciation Guide
for all the typical words which we
use in regular English.
3. Tatas and Birlas are tycoons. Is this
correct to say the above sentence
as Both the Tatas and Birlas are
Tycoons
4. Kindly give some examples with the
operators must, need, dare, used
to, ought to (Positive
statement,
Negative, Yes-No Q, wh-Q)
5. Is it correct to say passive forms for
present
perfect continuous,
future continuous and future perfect
continuous tenses.
x 76
9) peak traffic =
10 cross roads =
11) overtake =
12) cross =
overtake x cross (opposites)
Oh, God! a lorry had hit a boy on his cycle

run over =
O] # x[ (passive
\- [).
The man was ran over by the car.
( O] # RxC.)
[.
g) knock down
The lorry knocked down the man.
(K E d-C.)
v-] E[
--E --u
--E J-B v]
2) die in an accident =
3) fatal =
fatal accident =
A fatal road accident- three died in a fatal
road accident.
(--E --i v] v] _ E--.)

' - ( \ -L)
fatal -
' J \ L) =
4) injury (
'
5) injure ( \L) =
[
a) People have/ suffer/ sustain injuries in
an accident.
(v-] v --[-)
b) The accident killed one and injured at
least five.
(v-] E--, F
-]- --f.)
c) severe (' N)/serious injury = Bv-i
u Dl o v
O] [L
]o -Eo --x[
--E ]-x[
Now practise the following in English

1) Kiran:
K, wjx p- -
!
Venu: A?
Kiran: u [. [ v. -x ]- ho
E o K. C-C -f. v-] E O]
# K RxC. -E
p-vA B-- ]u E-[.
Venu: o -[ -J Bv
j h [ . [
v \- o-p[ C.
Kiran: E--?
Venu: M]. F v
Bv-i-. iC.
-]l s- -[ d.
Kiran: v v-x E---J u
x -- \.
Answers
1) Kiran: These lorry, auto drivers never
learn.
Venu: What is the matter?
Kiran: See this newspaper. Two accidents. In one of the accidents, a
. @, E
1. If the whole sentence is to be placed in

quotations, they are placed after the full
stop\ question mark\ exclamation.
She said, I am no longer interested in it
He said, How can you do that?
The tourist said, How beautiful the Taj is
If a word or group of words is to be placed
in quotation the full stop comes after the
question.
The Minister wants this to be, Indiraraj
2. We will do it, in fact we are doing it.
3. Correct sentences:
a) The Tatas and the Birlas are tycoons.
b) Both the Tatas and the Birlas are
tycoons.
(a) is better than (b) 'Both is
unnecessary here as even without it the meaning is
clear.
4. We are going to discuss all these in the
coming lessons. please wait.
5. It is bookish. The best thing is to avoid
them totally.
.
!
---
I
Ramu: Hi Raghu, how was the debate yesterday?
debate
?
Raghu: Very exciting. We missed you very
much. Why didn't you come?
Eo
(- \
-) TC
- q- TC. y -- L-A E-*C. y-
?
Ramu: I had important work, but thought I

could finish it and be in time for the
debate. But there was some delay and
I couldn't be free until late in the
evening.
- u-i E, C Jh
E debate v--u-
-o. F -u--C. - free ---.
Raghu: We know that you had work, but
thought you could make it. We knew
too you could understand the importance of the debate.
Raghav: The first two prizes went to the teams

from other colleges. Our college was
able to get the III prize. The speech of
one of the judges at the end of the
debate was interesting. It seems he
could debate and win prizes even as
a school boy.
prizes
colleges
college III prize
Debate
judge
speech
interesting.
debates
prizes
v
x.
a---L-T-C.
*
-
*o - _E

a---L--.
j -- could o verbs -El.
1) could finish 2) couldn't be free 3) could make

it 4) could understand 5) couldnot have (the
benefit of) 6) could debate.
-- 'can' n, -- -o ? can -J-* L-C. 1) can

' E -n uEo ---C - in the
present or in the future. 2) permissions
3) requests 4) possibilities
in the present or in the future.
'could'
-n uEo ---E .
a) I can walk 6 kmph: 6 km -- (present or future)
1) 'could' is the past form of can.
-x--- 77
She could do it =
- past,
She couldn't (She could not) do it
- past
--LC
----C
3) I thought you could make it
y ----E -o
- past
4) You could understand its importance
E vu y n-L---N past
----. (past)
6) Could debate = debate x---L-.
cricket series -----C
5) Could not have =
India could not win the series.
--- N
--C- 4 -- 2005
Sachin could not play well

* ----.
boyhood (u) --L--E
I could play well in my boyhood.
you could make it

F E E ,
y ----- -o. E
vu y n ---- -o.
Ramu: It was some thing I couldn't help. I feel
sorry that I could not have the benefit of
such a good debate.
- -N--- -- -Eq---j---.
debate -d--o-
C.
-v-o: -u-
might have been able to + p.v.,

must have been able to + p.v., have been
able to + p.v. construction
6 km
I could walk 6 kmph:
(in the past Compare A and B below:
A) I can play cricket
cricket
now
B) My father could play cricket when he was
a boy
cricket
past
A) She can do any job
now or in the future
B) She could do any job
in the past
A) She can be here in an hour
-L--E
--
--
-- -o *op--
--L--
j --
j --LC
-
-L-.
She could do it if she

had the chance.
I could understand
Hindi well those days,
but now I cannot. I
have forgotten it
-Vx D - M. SURESAN
n -L-,
F p. -*-.
Now practise the following in English:
F text book \, Sudheer?

, Sir, --- h-----.
1) I have been able to get their permission
B) She could be here in
Teacher: F home work J? j ?
2) Haseena must have been able to per\ --L-TC - past
Sudheer: ----, Sir, Eo
suade him
can, could - -p.
3) Miss Savithri might have
n uEo (ability) . can, ability
Teacher: o-i A--L?
been able to solve Mr. Uma
in the present or in the future -L could
Sudheer: C v --L-.
Rao's problem. - ---uability in the past C.
Teacher: C --L-T-p, --- --- -s- --- could - 'be' form - -- (past)
-?
-n --L- ---a?
could + 1st RDW - could do, could sing, etc,.
Sudheer: A p T_, homework - , o >x action - E --.
----o.
Compare a) and b)
Teacher: A--L, F -----.
---:
a) I can be the CM if I want
*v. p.
Have been able to + p.v., might have been
- Chief Minister --.
a.
able to + p.v., must have been able to + p.v.
(now/ in the future)
2) Pramod: Cricket --?Pradeep?
-o F, -. have been able to/ b) I could be the CM if I wanted
Pradeep: --L--E, p--.
might have been able to/ must have been to
-E chief minister -u --Pramod: p -?
+ 1st RDW (go, solve, persuade etc.)
--E. (past)
h. Have been able to/ might have been
j (can be, could be) 'be' form. d
able to/ must have been able to y pas'- E n.
sive voice hC? y go, solve
a) I can sing better than any movie singer
etc., plain infinitives h. n:
- movie singer -o - ---- E- Gx Ky N- 14, 2006
1) I have been able to get their permission
Now / in the future
N Ky- (-v-L-N-K) K-~ Ey---C.
x -A a---L.
b) I could sing better than Ghantasala
2) Haseena must have been able to per - --L-E. (past) |-:
D 1st use of could - past ability -L-
suade him = --E p---L-T
d 1, 2006 --q 21 -q-L () p---L-TC E. --.
\- ----. 30 -x ----. q, d,
3) Miss Savithri might have been able to
*a -- 'could verbs' l.
--- -E----- N-- C.
solve Mr. Uma Rao's problem
1) I thought I could finish it
vU q- q |.
N-vA- -J -u J- \-J- Jh ---E -o (past)
x-- .20 Lx* -El-P- d-L-. ( J- \-J* a/ 2) I couldn't (could not) be free
* -a.
----a).
--S -.
--op-
-- -- -n -- ----a?
- \ --.
an hour - future ?
1) Teacher:
Sudheer:
-N- -Ky 2006
Spoken English
-- -u- -x ---..
Pradeep: No,
p-- regular practice

--L-E. p ---o, Office l 8 *
v 5 busy d.
Pramod: j l matches --L?
Pradeep: ---? college team ,
-- school team x --L.
Pramod: F job a--? Practice j
C---d job ?
Pradeep: p . , a -q.
Answers:
1) Teacher: Where is your text book, Sudheer?
Sudheer: (I) didn't get/ bring it, sir.
I could not (couldn't) remember to
get it.
Teacher: What about your home work? Did
you do atleast that?
Sudheer: I couldn't (could not) do it, Sir, My
right hand ached the whole of yesterday.
Teacher: Could you eat atleast?
Sudheer: I could (eat), sir.
Teacher: When you could eat, Why couldn't
you (could you not) do your home
work?
Sudheer: I thought if I ate I would have less
pain and then I could do the home
work.
Teacher: You could eat, but couldn't study.
Strange. Don't give me these
excuses tomorrow. Sit down
excuse).
2) Pramod: Pradeep, Can you play cricket?
Pradeep: I could (play cricket), but no longer
(conversation I could
I could play cricket
No
longer =
Pramod: Can't you play (now)?
Pradeep: Not any more
Conversational.
Those days I could practise regularly. Now I cannot/ am not able to,
because I am busy in office from 8
morning to 5 evening/morning 8 to
evening 5.
Pramod: Could you play in any big matches?
Pradeep: Why not? I could for my college
team and before that for my
school team a number of times.
Pramod: Why can't you (can you not)
change your job. Why can't you
look for a job which gives you time
for practice.
Pradeep: Not now. Next year perhaps.
(=
,
-\--.
/--p ).
(C
p-/ -- ).
.50 V v Jv-- d
y Lx-L.
x--x -Lq *J C: -J 2, 2006.
*-:
Secretary,
Union Public Service Commission,
Dholpur House, Shahjahan Road,
New Delhi 110069
--, -K~ -N--, --v-, -_-z-,

-- Jh N-- - D
x-- u -- - -
. website: http://www.upsc.gov.in
---
I
Snehitha: Hi Aneesha, when did you reach
home last night?
Eo Eo- -N-?
Aneesha: I couldn't reach home (could not
reach home) till 10
10 -----
Snehitha: O my! Aneesha, never be out so late
at night. It could be very dangerous
for girls to be out to be alone so late
out. Any thing could happen.
t! - vA- -J
. --x---
v.
Aneesha: But I have a cell, you know. So I was
in touch with home. My brother met
me half way on my way home. A cell
could be helpful that way.
Cell
Phone
Cell
E _
C.
h o. v
*a ---o.
N ----C.
could -n uEo ---E
lesson --o.
- sentences can, could h-o

. Possibility (J - C -, o N- )
L-- can, could, -o.
Cl C. could o can
Possibility J - C.
a) It can be dangerous to
weather
b) It could be dangerous to go out in such

weather
(a)
can, could
n . Sentence (a)
o \ Possibility J
- \ E *-hC.
p--- could -- .
DE n,
1) Ability in the Past, as the past form of can

2) Possibility or probability
(She can sing-)

c) When could you reach home?
j -- -o- Mr. E
-C----o . x
formal. -- Vinai BJ--E
expert. -s x could request
polite C. C present
.
-x--- 78
1) Could you help me get a seat, (please)

seat
2) Could you recommend my case to the
CM?
CM
could
Uday, Vinai
a) Could you have a look at the plan?
N- h h?
J N h?
-.
D
- , can, will, would,
-- .
( u-) x J h?
b) Could you also visit?
(site
please
c) Could you call tomorrow?
phone
request)
d) Could you make it at 10?
J
(,
p .
25 xp ---L--
-x --C-
--L-C
go out in such
- --- - x v
a.
a) He could walk very fast when he was twenty

five years old.
(Compare: He can walk fast)
b) She could sing better than most other
singers of her day.
--- 6 -- 2005
could
would
) -?
E)
-J
h?
(. E
C- -?
could
will
can
least formal
least polite
veryformal
and polite
slightly formal
and polite
-sEod N O
effective C.
politest
and formal
communication
Could you call tomorrow?
Eo Eo- --L-?
(When can you reach home?)
d) Couldn't you get better marks than that.
Can you get-
d could - u-i-C
-n uEo -. j -- .
1) I couldn't reach home
x -----.
2) When could you reach home last night?
F -vA p x ---L-?
Fo ability in the past
p- Could o - l.
j -- sentence -E-.
1) It could be dangerous for girls
--x- C v-- -.
2) A cell could be helpful that way
Cell
N ------.
j sentences 'could' N
u, -- n hC .
Possibility F Probability F --C. --- J - C E hC
Present
1) Sx - a, d v E-T-a.
There could be floods again, and the low
lying areas could be submerged.
(low lying areas =
Submerge
=
Present or future.
d v,
E-T--)
2) He could help you
F --
- C. (F ---a
- F J-nA - L-L. C
Present)
3)
It could take weeks for the work to be finished.
E h---E --?
-sx 'can' --E - lesson !

1) Lx _- x. C ----.
Don't go near the cat. It can get frightened/ it
could get frightened.
2)
s a--J d-a
It can take/ could take months for us to get
the money.
3)
x J-- --- --.

Some connections can be / could be useful.
Spoken English
Udai: Just how busy are you Mr.Vinai?

busy
Vinai: Why, What's the matter?
Udai: I want a favour from you, Mr.Vinai.
(make it =
He made it to the top
j E )
p?
( N?)
(O L)
Vinai: What's it, Mr Udai? ( p)
Udai: Could you have a look at the plan of the
house I want to built? You are an expert
in these matters and I want your suggestions and advice.
Plan
d--o x
J --.
N O --. O
-, - L.
{expert (q- , bird bir ir
-L, ' \ -L) = N-
vOu o x.
Site = x d- n / House site}
Vinai: Certainly. But today I am busy. I can do it

tomorrow. I am free.
Udai: Could you also visit the site, please?
nEo J --?
Vinai: No Problem. Could you call me tomorrow morning at 8? I'll let you know when
we can see the plan and also the site.
phone
Plan, site
O-\-J 8
.
p - h.
Udai: Could you make it at 10?

Vinai: That Shouldn't be a problem. Please do
call me at 8, and we can fix at.
Phone
u ---a. E-N-C-
. p --a
-- O -E
Eo-x question form .
could
a) Could you have a look at the plan...?

b) Could you also visit...?
c) Could you call tomorrow?
d) Could you make it at 10?
Sentences (a), (b), (c)

lessons
Sentence (d) 'Could'
--
Fo requests.
request
--C . the interesting thing
is, -T- vA--E, N--- -o. N Eo--i - subtle
(distinctions)
a) Can you lend me your bike?
request
polite,
informal.
form of request.
1) Can you buy the tickets for me?
tickets
2) Can you give me a lift?
question form
request, can
b) Will
polite,
formal.
N Eo-- \
L B--L-T x

o \
h
B--E, L----x
request.
1) Will you help me in the matter?
N h h?
2) Will you drop me at college on your way?
college
drop
c) 'would'
request
formal.
J
_ o
h?

Jh
-
j n o-x, B-E--x request - would.
1) Would you visit me once?
J --h?
j -sx Eox , could, you

questions form hC ? could
present formal, polite requests ,
u---, B--E
x (formal) j request ---
.
-- -u- -x ---..
u-o n --o.
--,
(u-)
--E
p-E-J.
Formal
polite
request
could
Compare:
a) Can you lend me your bike?
b) Will you lend me your bike?
c) Would you lend me your bike?
d) Could you lend me your bike?
2) Would you give us the pleasure of a

song?
O N ----Nh?
requests Eo forms u
u----i-C (Politest form of request),
formal . u- vu \.
d) Could
Now practise the

following:
Amar:
-O -
--?
Bhanu: C?
Amar: --V -O
o-- M. SURESAN
F-?
Bhanu: roommate -. -E
u- - --o.
- u?
Amar: d o mechanic sheds/
garages x - C. Room
a----o.
Bhanu: Ok. v J o
---?
. x Eo T_--E -?
Amar: \ x . Books,
clothes and bed p.
Bhanu: - wait --? -O
a-- Room l.
Answer:
Amar: Could you help me? / Could you do me
a favour?
Bhanu: What is it?
Amar: Could you let me stay in your room for
two days?
Bhanu: I will talk to my room mate. I don't think
he will have any objection. What's the
matter?
Amar: The garages around my room make a
lot of noise. I want to move.
Bhanu: OK. Could you meet me this evening?
Not much room in our place. Could you
make do with less luggage?
Amar: I don't have much luggage except my
books, clothes and bed.
Bhanu: Could you wait till tomorrow morning?
I'll tidy up the room before you move in.
---
I
Charan:
Could I speak to you for a few minutes?
O EN- x--a?
Damodar: What about? Go ahead.
E J*? x-.
E-y
y--E
--E,
vq----E )
8 -- 2005
3) Could we be disturbing you?

disturbance
disturb
4) Could I know?
5) Could we go ahead then?
(O-o
NtLo
-?/
-- ?)
(---a?)
(Go ahead =
- permission
expression; encourage
( d--a (meeting?)
O -E j -sx
could, I/ We question form .
Charan: A few of us want to have a short
could I/ We question form h
meeting this evening. Could we
polite permissions/ (-A)

have it on your terrace?
C.
3) How could he get the prize?
- *o meeting d- Fo polite permission v- uses of could in conversation:
How was he able to get the prize?
-----o. O O j
1. As the past form of can, to express a past
--o u.
prize --L-?
d--a?
ability.
a) Sx Nt-o-p ----?
(Terrace - pronunciation - J; ' \
Question
could, was/ were able o
2. To express a possibility in the present.
When could I see you again?
-; -E, E -o \ common. How could he come so
3. Expressing the politest form of request in the
- vE. coffee N , b) Could we wait for you here, in case you are
early? , How was he able to come so
present.
coming back?
aE BJ_ x p---E
early o \ - -, \
4. To ask for permissions in a very polite and a
O AJT a-x- --t-Lo \ wait v-- --T-h-. India
N--C .
very formal manner.
-?/ \ wait ?
\ n )
4 (a) Could they win the match?
Compare sentences (a) and (b) below:
c) order copy B--a?
Damodar: Oh, no problem. When exactly is it?
(b) Were they able to win the match?
(a) I could play very well when I was young.
Could I take a copy of the order with me?/ (b) I was able to play well when I was young.
d-. -d p?
(Match ---L?)
Could I take a copy of the order?
x , (b) (a) more common.

Meaning of (a): young o-p
(u superior status o-x permis- --L---E. (--L-T n u -C, O could o n, ---.
sion ---p)
Now practice the following in English.
E *a- L-)
d) Could you let me sit here for a while
Meaning of (b): young o-p Ramarao: h J -E-h?
Eo-\ h a-E-h?/ E-\ a? --L-. (- L- T- nu -C , ) Govind: wait h? h---E
-x--- 79
@--o.
Ramarao: O phone J -? important call L.
Govind: E-u--. F h low voice
x--?
Ramarao: NtLo disturb --.
Govind: --Ep h O-h, Sx a-h-?
Charan: About 5. Could we be disturbing
, could, I/ We question form (a) -n uEo v
Ramarao: -\-V wait --?
you? It won't be for more than hour.
h polite permission ---E --C; -n u
xy--.
(5, v. O disturbance
E J-T- --
.
Govind: OK.
?)
-- , can, shall I/ We L-.
Answers:
Damodar: No disturbance at all. Could I know
question form permission ---E (b) -n u E
Ramarao: Could you let me have a look at the
how many are attending the meet E. can, shall, could, I/ We C- J-TC.
book?
ing? Just to tell my servant to place
question form permission could , was
Govind: Could you wait a little? Two more
chairs there and keep some drinking
--p Ox vA--E N--- able to o , M. SURESAN
pages and I shall be through.
water ready.
Eo--i (subtle) o.
Ramarao: Could I use your phone once? I have
C.
--. -C h-o Look at the following diagram:
important call.
u 'not' , 'question'
meeting ? - E
Govind:
Go ahead, But could you speak low?
For permission in the question form with I/ We:
E--.
v- p Eo chairs *, Ramarao: Oh sure, I won't disturb you/ No dis1) He could not play well
could
-E F-x --p l-E.
turbing you.
When could I see you?
Charan:
Thank you, but don't bother. We will

arrange all those things ourselves.
Could we go ahead then?
\-x. - -. meeting d--a .

(Don't bother = N C--
d---. bother = = JE
N-T-. \ don't bother, don't bother
(your self) E. d----lE)
Damodar: Please do.
(E-y. u- )
Charan: Thanks a lot.
Damodar: You are welcome.
-- 'could' J* -- -oN:
1) 'Could' is the past form of can, and expresses ability in the past.
( n u
--C)
can past form
L----)
express =
uh---,
3) 'Could' with you in the question form express

a very polite and formal request. (you
could question form
request
observe the use of could in the
opening conversation:
1) Could I speak to you for a few minutes?
u-
--C)
( O x--a?)
(O
O d--a?)
Spoken English
He was not able to play well.
Formal
polite
n N-i ,
Informal
and
and
and casual
polite
very
formal
----C.
.
.
-v-o: Cast - -C phrasal verbs -- --- ---.

1) cast in eye -
- --x
(-- - --x. --- --x -o-C)2) cast of features - y. -K-A, -~-.
3) cast of mind - -- --.
--.--v-, --x
---: 1) cast in the eye - x n correct. F Old
Fashion. p - . E x-o --E
p -o squint.
cast in the eye --- ,
DE
modern - She has a squint/ She is squint eye.
He is born with a squint.

2) Cast of feautres- a) She has a wondeful/ beautiful/ fine cast of features b) Her cast of features is attractive/ Charming.
y o, \-B
3)
j n * C/ -i-C
o \B C.
Cast of mind - -
He has a gentle cast of mind - t--h.
- n- Eo N Parts of the body -h.
a) I like the beautiful cast of her nose - \ d
.
-C. (Cast of the mouth/ eyes etc.)
-- -u- -x ---..
Govind:
2) She could not sing well

She was not able to sing well.
forms
Questions
She/ he has a cast in the/ her eye.
(vh -E / J-nA u- J
--Eo L----hC)
2) Could we have it on your terrace?

terrace
very
can
2) 'Could' expresses a possibility in the present
shall
If/ suppose I give you the book now

When could I have it back? Could I
have it back tomorrow?
Ramarao: Could you wait for one more day,
that is till the day after (tomorrow)?
Govind: OK.
4) Cast (noun) - The group of actors in a drama or in a movie -
/ E -.
The cast of the movie includes several great actors.
(-C p --o E-)

, a (Mould).
N-NA V -d N-- t
h. oa?
A clay cast of Lord Vinayaka. Cast - a.
Plaster of Paris cast: -, x NJ-T (fracture ),
bandage.
5) Cast (noun) -
He is moving about with a plaster of paris cast around his

elbow.
Pop cast
6) Cast of a net.
A Single cast brought in a hundreds of fish -
A d
\E A---o.
N-
-J N-J -C f.
Cast of an eye - N-
A cast of her evil eye would make many shiver in fear -
\ -- v ---.
Cast (verb) = N- transitive - j o- N-
Cast a look = N-
Cast an eye over/ some thing = -E-j-o
Cast a spell = v--lLo
Cast a vote = .Cast light = v-J---.
(\-) n-E N-Eo N-J-... Cast
Phrasal verbs o.
---
I
Govind: Hi Venkat, when did you return from
Tirupati?
(A-A * p AJ--a?)
Venkat: How do you know I had been to
Tirupati?
Venkat: We visited Srikalahasti. We had the

rare
opportunity
of
watching
Mahabhishekam to lord Shiva. We
watched too offerings being made to
the god.
( A-Ax-E F ?)
(X--hx. -G-
-j - -L-TC. - ju
d )
Govind: You can't hide your tonsured head,

can you?
(F -- ?)
'- (' \ -)
(Tonsured =
Venkat: You are right. I returned last night.
correct.
Govind: How was the pilgrimage?
Pilgrimage =
(y
Govind: Didn't you go to Tiruchanur to have a

darsanam of goddess Padmavathi,
Lord Venkateswara's consort?
Eo v AJ--a)
(F v TC?
Bn-v)
Venkat: Not so bad, we had the help of a temple official, so we didn't wait long to
have the darshanam.
Govind: How was the rush of pilgrims? Was
the crowd very big?
(vA- C? \- o?)
(--y--yN u t-A t-JE --E A-- x-?)

Venkat: We did, of course. I forgot to tell you of
it.
(x. p J)
j - v- u-n-- C* E -h C .
conversation Fo u-n-- v -C-* vocabulary; --,
. N -- ---
English v -J-* p-a.
Venkat: O it was certainly a big crowd. Some

had to wait for 72 hours to get the
darshanam. But I told you, thanks to a
temple official, we had it easy.
( \. --- 72
* Lq *aC z--E.
p . Temple C-J -
- uC)
Govind: Did you have a dip in the Pushkarini
Dip =
( \-J o ?
x -)
Nv
Venkat: I very much wished to, but that day no

one was allowed to have the dip.
( --o F V -J-F
--A--)
Govind: So it all went off very well.
( Fo J---o-)
Venkat: Yea. We finished our ablutions the
temple by 9 and were out by 11. Again
thanks to the temple official.
(o-C--Fo E-N-C-----.
- Nt-C- x. --- ---a, temple C-J
-x)
Govind: Did you go to any other place on the
way or way back?
--}p--F, a-pF -\---

x?
-v-o: How did the marriage go off marriage J-TC E -O -. -E
h- The gun went off by itself E
--C. n hC. Go off
-sx - ---.
--, -J-x
---:
1) Go off =
How did the marriage go
off?
2) Go off = explode
J-TC C
n
.
() C
n.
The gun went off by itself.
-v-o: *-- E--h-o

- LC.
O He appears to be a good fellow E

a. F He is appears to be a good
fellow E --?
---.--E-, ---
---:
Thank you very much for your appreciation.

He is appears to be a good fellow.
sentence
is appears, verb
verb form
English
verb
spoken English old lessons
6 forms of the English verb
is appears form
is + appears = 'be' form + II Regular
doing word
verb
-
-.

.
-J-* N-o. .
.
Spoken English
--C 11 -- 2005
-x--- 80
5.
u-~-v-E -/- -
Deity/ Presiding Deity.
Goddess Kanaka Durga is the presiding
deity of Vijayawada.
N--E -/- -t --_.

Aiyyappa is the deity at Sabarimala.
Aiyyappa is the god at Sabarimala.
God:
God
(Capital G; no 'a/ the' before God.)
\ o -J-*
.
x---o-p, h-o-p,
NN x, - -J-*
x---o-p -sEo d A/ the god,
A/ the goddess -- 'g'
small 'g' , capital 'G' .
c) He believes his worship of SriSai gives him

peace of mind.
X - -z-A-E-h-E ---
t.
10. Nv=Idol/ Image (Idol: ; ' \.
Image = N ' \ -)
a) The temple has a gold idol (image of
Vishnu).
Nv (Ng-JhC) C.
Nv--- =
11. Idol worship =

Idolatry
Christianity and Islam are against idol worship.
vd--E, x- Nv--- El.

Idolatry is prohibited in christianity and Islam
a) The goddess at Basara is Saraswathi.

The deity at Basara is Saraswathi.
( x Nv--- )
Idolatry = (-v \ -)
How was the pilgrimage?

1. Pilgrimage (pron:
w-L_-N \ -)
u-n-- j--z-n v. Bn-v.
a) Q-v -- %h L-T-*C/
-v--iC.
My pilgrimage to Kasi was very fulfilling.
(Bn-v --ox %h
J-T = fulfilling)
b) --Vx Q-v L--- J-C.
A pilgrimage to Kasi in the older days used
to be on foot.
c)
-J--/- A--A v
Pilgrimage to Sabarimala/ Tirupati.

wish
Wish you a very fulfilling pilgrimage.
d) He makes a pilgrimage to Kasi every year
Bn--v- x--x
--- vA -q Q h.
vA- (u-n--)
-J- vA- x--d -.
2. Pilgrim =
a)
Pilgrims to Sabarimala wear black
clothes.
b) Pilgrims returning from Haj are called
'Hajis'.
* AJT a vA--
'->.
'pilgrimage' -- -B:
b) The god at Srikalahasti is Lord Shiva.

c) Lord Subrahmanya is a god in Hindu
Mythology.
Subrahmanya Swamy
( -
)
(Mythology = N->, ' \ -)
d) Lakshmi is also a goddess. ( )
e) Saraswathi is the goddess of knowledge.
(-yA - )
Compare (a) and (b)
(a) She felt that God was unkind to her.
-x *o- -E
N---C. (\ --\ )
(b) She felt that all gods were against her.
(-x- uA-- o--C. \ NN -- n d

'gods')
6. consort = wife of a god/ husband of a goddess.
English
wife and
husband
consort
a) Padmavati is the consort of Lord
Venkateswara.
b) Mallikarjuna
is
the
consort
of
Bhramaramba.
7. Dip/ bath =
a)
A dip in the Ganga washes away all our
sins.
b) A dip in the Krishna is an important part of
a pilgrimage to Kanakadurga.
(p-x V, , x, u-, h-
--.
--.)
12.
worship = offer worship.

(The CM offered
worship at the temple, and inaugurated
the Mandapam)
13. Tonsure =
-C- =
M. SURESAN
.
({ O stress \ -)
a) The barbers at kalyanakatta at Tirumala

tonsure us.
-u---d ~- h.
b) He had himself/ his head tonsured.
---o.
c) With tonsured heads pilgrims enter the
temple.
Tonsured head
clean shaven head
vA- x h.
E
-a.
The pilgrims with the shaven heads = The pilgrims with the tonsured heads
Now practice the following aloud in English:
Sudheer:
Eshwar:
O o- -o?
. Eo Q--v -lJ
c) A pilgrim is one who makes a pilgrimage/
u x o.
x.
who is on a pilgrimage
o
Sudheer: --h Sx.
Bn--v - vA-.
Eshwar: *a- -L--. J-y,
d) My father is on a pilgrimage.
--- o ,
o- Bn--v o.
AJT h--o.
He is making a pilgrimage.
Sudheer:
-- -q x ?
e) On my pilgrimage to Sabarimala, I visited
_-v %g o uiC.
Eshwar:
J
j--u . -- BJ.
Guruvayuru.
c) o = have a dip/ take a dip.
-J- v -- x.
v- time -----o.
d) He has a dip in the Ganga once a year
3. Rush of pilgrims = vA- Dl/- -.
Sudheer:
- -q --h
-q--E--J -o h.
a) The rush of pilgrims at Tirupati makes it
?
8. Ablutions = o-C-, -%-u u
impossible to see the lord even for a few
Eshwar:
.
\ vA- -
o (W h)
seconds
f . Q * AJ--a,
vA- x Eo x o \-- 9. Worship = -; -C-;
h---o. O~ t, >-.
z -.
J
Nv
u ----a)
We
worship
God/
b) There is always a huge rush of pilgrims at
PILGRIMS
to
Sabarimala
take
a
dip
in
the
o
.
Tirupati for the Brahmotsavams.
Pamba before worshipping lord Aiyyappa.
Sudheer: A-Ao x u?
vt-q-- A--A vA- Dl
b) I begin any work only after my worship.
\- C.
Eshwar: x- a-. --.
y j.
4. u- ~-v- = pilgrim centre.
-- -u- -x ---..
---
I
Venu: Hello Ratan, how is it I see you daily at
this time here?
time
( vA-W y
-Eh-o-?)
-\
Don't believe his pious talk
h N- E tl. C .
h-
h. n .
DE n -J--x-E, Nx
-E vl, v-N LT .
Devotion to duty = NC/ NC Ey- x vl
Devout =
3) Devotion =
Ratan: It just happens that way. I am here at

this time on my way to the temple near
here and you come out in the evening at
this time.
time
time
a) His devotion to duty leaves him little time

for his family.
( --C. --
\
_x o - , y
* - .)
NC x --o vl x -- --E
time -------o.
N-- BJ-- .
Venu: Why this piety all of a sudden? It is only

a week since I have been meeting you
on your way to temple.
sudden
b) Her devotion to the service of the poor is

really great.
13)
Wick.
14) halo =
Ah =
x -o vl, v pN.
(
h? Eo
--V- E-\ ho)
c) Gandhi's devotion to the cause of Indian

independence.
Ratan: It's all mother's doing. She's a devotee

of Sri Sai. Her devotion has impressed
me too.
Venu:
-- 13 -- 2005
yvu x D@ vl.
4) Devote: - h, vl, N x
-.
( t x. --h-.
a) The doctor devotes most of his time to his
h -j -v-- --C.)
patients.
That's very good indeed. Do you do
\ --h.
pooja at home?
b) Though very busy, he devotes a lot of time
( C. x --h?)
to his family.
BJ o -- -
--.
c) Freedom fighters devoted their whole life
to the cause of freedom.
-x--- 81
yvu @N-- --.
15)
--x, t-x x, -t
P-q d A .
hallowed = F--i.
Tirumala is the hallowed place of Lord
Venkateshwara.
--y--yN x A- F--iC.
N-v.
16) Sanctity =
a) Smoking and alcohol are banned in holy
places to preserve their sanctity.
u-n- N-v- -- \
---, u- E--C-h.
(Preserve = --, -- )
b) The Hindus attach great sanctity to the
Ganga
- --CE - N-v-i-C
N-h.
She is very devout

Ratan: No, mother does it. She is very devout.
Sun or rain she has a cold bath early in
the morning and sits for pooja.
( t hC. - h--C.
j j lo Fox o
a-C)
5) Devotee =
a)
devotees of Sri Venkateshwara.
b) Devotees can offer worship from 6 a.m. 12.00 noon and from 4 p.m. - 8 p.m. =
h-/ --h-
X ---y y-N h.
Venu: What about your father?
(O o-J A?)
Ratan: He is not particular. He is devoted to his
job. His devotion to duty doesn't let him
devote any time to worship.
(-- d . --p NC
Ey---x vl *a-h. x - a-, -- time
.)
6)
h 6 * 12 , v
4 * 8 z --a/ C--a.
Devout = pious = h-
O h--x- you are very
devout.
The devout old man spends most of his time
in the temple.
h- l- \-- -
.
Venu: Do you go to the Sai temple near our 7) ju d = offer, ju = offering.
8) p = Camphor ( , Cat
college too?
' )
( college _ h?)
9) v = Incense
Ratan: Rarely, devotees prefer this to that.
(Incense L-T- E ).
(-. h--,
10) ---h = Incense sticks.
d---)
lesson continuation j - 11) (v, etc.) J-/ Lx- =
Chant - chanting of mantras, vedas, etc.
h, -\-- -C-*-E
12)
vN = Censer (q ' \ -),
-hC . conversation
Censer v J E
-. Practice .
.
1) Piety = (' \----) = h
= devotion (-) ' \---.
a) My mother is a woman of piety.
vo: - 'o- -- '--o-- - --E
t h--C.
---T-x- j- - --N-? N--
b) O %g--x - h--C
--L----.
Meera had great piety for Lord Krishna.
J- -J, N--
2) pious = = h
: vo - --
a) She is a pious woman = h C.
-C
---o.
b) He is not so pious as his wife.
- u h .
'o English
'h 'devotion' E- .
j . 'O o-c) Thyagaraja and Bhaktha Ramadas had
tx O-o?
great devotion to Lord Rama.
vo English _-
--x Rx-l-J - h C.
'where do you come among
\ N pious h n.
your brothers and sisters?'
devotional = hL, h -C-*.
E -a. C devotional songs = h-U--/- - .
sEod v, O-o?
pious E h-E, h
n hC.
E n C.
Spoken English
-- -u- -x ---..
(string =
String of beads=
n = . Beads =
.
. Beads
o- n hC.
counting beads = --- )
Prasad: Yes,
Sukumar: Howmany times have you been
there so far? By bus or on foot?
Prasad: This is my fifth time. Walking.
Sukumar: I feel like coming too. How about
taking me/ will you take me next
time?
Prasad: With pleasure. Why not now?
Sukumar: Not now. I Think you are very pious/
devout.
Prasad: So are you. You make frequent pilgrimages to Shirdi. Every friday you
have a dip in the Krishna. You have
been to the Ganga twice I think, and
taken a dip there.
-- -*- --u-E ---:
Answer:
Sukumar: Hello, Prasad, Sabarimala (Going
to Sabarimala) again. I see you once
more/ once again in black clothes
and with a string of beads/ beads
around your neck.
Sudheer: Is your father in? / at home?

Eshwar: No, He left yesterday on a pilgrimage
for/ to Kasi.
Sudheer: When will he be back?/ When will he
return?/ When is he returning?/
When will he come back?
Eshwar: (I am) not sure. He said he would
have a dip in the Ganga at Haridwar
and Rishikesh and return.
Sudheer: Didn't he go last year too?/ He went
last year too, didn't he?
Eshwar: He is now retired you know. He has
plenty of/ a lot of leisure. He wants to
spend the rest of his life on pilgrimages.
Sudheer: I think even last year he offered worship/ performed pooja at Srikalahasti.
Eshwar: Yes. He had trouble because of the
rush of pilgrims there. After returning
from Kasi, he wants to go to
Madhurai. He is particular about the
image / idol of goddess Meenakshi.
Sudheer: Has be been to Tirupathi of late?
Eshwar: Yes last month. But he didn't have his
head tonsured/ he didn't have a tonsure.
a) Where is Dr. Manmohan Singh among/ on

the list of the PMs of India? -
vo: C u--x C d L-----?

Sukumar: Hello,
prasad,
Sx
-J--?
Sx x--dx,

-Eh-o-.
M. SURESAN
Prasad: .
Sukumar: OEox
x-J---? L---, Bus ?
Prasad: C 5 J, L---.
Sukumar: -C. a-JB--x?
Prasad: -. p a ?
Sukumar: -p- -. y - h------.
Prasad: y ? -x Kf v
h. --- -h-.
vA v- %g C o
h. -x E*ad-o-- .
C 'o
E A _.
b) What is the ordinal of Dr. Manmohan Singh
among the PMs of Inida?'
(ordinal= 1st, 2nd, 3rd etc) (a)
(b)
E -a, E
C u.
-sEod Eo -C. E n -L--x \.
vo: One and half year d? one
and half years ? C singular -T-? plural --T-?
-.-.-v---Jz-E, --
---: One and a half years correct.
DE - a verb v singular.
One and a half years is a long period.
Today all trains are running lately.

Today all trains are running by late.
Today all trains are running as late.
%, ---tR
sentences D d
---: O
Correct sentence: Today all

trains are running late.
1) Lately
late
.
,
n \
.
a) Lately
recently/ of late
I haven't seen him lately/ of late
u.
u E -.
-u, -u-i E.
-u a.
b) late
He has come late =
---
I
Sekhar: Hello Mahesh... any idea where
Jagadish is.
( , -D \--o
?)
Mahesh: He may be at home.
(x a)
Sekhar: May we expect him on time?
(--E J_ hE --a?)
Mahesh: I dont know. He said he would come,
but when, exactly, he was not clear.
(L. ho, F p *a p-.)

Sekhar: Until he comes we cannot start our
work.
( a E v-G J.)
Mahesh: How many charts are we going to
make for the exhibition?
( Tb-G- Eo d-
ho?)
Sekhar: Jagadish knows. They may be six or
seven.
Kousik: We may not meet each other then,

because this weekend I may leave for
Chennai. My sister is going abroad.
She may need my help in packing, etc.
( -----a, j o x-a,
d J -C. u - a.)
Fo a, a, ---a E
n h-o . @N-
C --C, ----a E
p d, because life is full
of uncertainties d, may, may not
\- C. Sx
.
Prasanth: How much money may you need?
( s - a?)
-x--- 82
(D .
-a.)
Sekhar: He knows it. He may not delay. Yes.

Here is he calling. He says he may be
here in 15 minutes.
( u ---a. ...
C * . C-
ENx \ a o.)
Mahesh: OK then. He may also bring the necessary material.
( ---i vT
a).
-E- . \ underline
verbs Fo may ho.
may be
may not delay
(V -. - --a.)
d May expresses probability in
-C may, present
E, future E j / J
--Eo L--hC probability
b) She may know this.
Suguna will buy this perhaps.
p
F, - F --a (*a )
- EE ( a ) L-hC.
- May be -a,
/ C, p F E n. May + 1st
RDW - May go - x-a h-/-h-C/--h n.
Kousik: When may you be here again?
(O Sx \ p a/
O Sx \ -
p?)
Mohan: I may come here again this weekend.
ANSWERS:
-a.
May be it will succeed.
(- h-o?)
Sasank: He may come, I am not sure.
(a. *a- p-).

Mahendra: Why do you doubt it?
(C N-- a.)
b) Sachin may score another century in this
series.
(* K- K -a.)
Mahendra: Then lets start. If we do not start

now the teacher may go away.
May be Sachin will score another century in

this series.
c) He may be coming
1. He has worked in Chennai since 1990 (present perfect) 1990 * p

E h? continue -?
2. V \- h-o ----Eo He is
coming here daily -- He
comes here daily
C d?
3. a) you shall finish all this
work and then only go
b) you must finish all this
work and then go
C d?
. XE- , ---x-Lx.
He has worked in
Perhaps he is coming
May be he is coming.
h -a.
Probably he is coming.
Knows?
---x Who
(-J / p--?)
Gowtham: You said you

M. SURESAN
would
be
buying car. When may you buy it?
Sunil:
Sunil:
Sunil:
Perhaps it will happen; Who knows?

Now practise the following:
Sunil:
-o ? p -o?
x. O-p -o.
Chennai since 1990 o-p --

n-E \ vu. -sEo
d h-o- n hC. 'I have
worked in this company since 2000 C o company houh o-p,
\ continue --o- ? have
worked , have been working
\. continuity vu y--
h have been + ing better
2.a) He is coming here daily - correct
b) He comes here daily - correct
a)
sentence modern English Usage x-x accept h-o W \- ho- n
I have just one worry. I am afraid

petrol and diesel prices may go up.
Gowtham: If you go on delaying /if you delay

further, you may not use a car at
low petrol prices. By the time you
buy the car, you may drive it at higher prices.
May be it will happen; Who knows?
Gowtham:
May be in a week or two. when may

you buy? What about you?
Gowtham: I may not buy at all. I have no plans

as yet
d) It may happen; Who knows?
b) She may get the prize.
--
may be
a) It may succeed.
L--hC.
Mahendra: Will he come this evening?
He will probably help you.
2) May + 1st Regular Doing Word (May go,

May come, May play etc.)- expresses a
probable/ likely action in the present or in
the future.
May + 1st RDW,
y -ho.
Vx O
loan a.
c) Suguna may buy this.
( -a)
may \-J
3)
-Eo
( -ll. p -lin the present, or in the future.

-- Rx--a)
May be - be form- expresses a probable
j -- may -Eo *state of being in the present or in the
hC.
future.
-E: 1) May probably d, may,
p--F N-u-h--F --Eo
probably \--\ .
L--hC. C EN-x Rx-\ x will -a.
a.
a) He may help you.
They may be here in ten minutes.
Ep ---a. ---
.
She will probably not like this.
Sunil:
v, > ---a
( Eo d-----a.)
C \ - .
2) may perhaps + will - Gowtham: O u Dl -a.
. O --p-
a) -h-!
\ -- --a.
He may come.
Sunil:
O pD E.
Perhaps he will come.
kx h. p h x
{ J d-a.
He will come perhaps.
Gowtham: d---a . p
He will perhaps come. (perhaps = )
the present or in the future. It

expresses doubt too-
(x-\u -E o.)
may bring
Gowtham:
She perhaps knows this.
Sasank: He was talking about going to his sisters place.
may have
1)
Dasarath: Just 5000 rupees a day. I may not

need more than that.
( ?)
may we expect him?
She will probably get the prize.

c) She may not like this.
...WHO KNOWS?
Mahesh: So many? Then we had better begin.

We do not have much time. We may
have at the most three or four days.
( o! j
\ . , V
\ ---a.)
--v 16 -- 2005
You are right. Today itself I will

apply for a Car loan. If I do it now,
it may be a week before they
process it and sanction the loan./
they may take a week to process it
and sanction the loan.
Gowtham: They may not take so long. Now a

days they are very quick. You may
get the loan in two or three days.
b)
sentence - v p- vA-V
\- h-E. -d p- sentence
(b) is better than sentence (a)
3. . shall,order -
-*-hC.Must Shall \ force
order v , --Eo
*-hC.you must have money if you
want to buy a Car -\ must, --Eo
(order ) *-hC ! y x--E
E Jh -Lq - C
n sentence (b) C. sentence
(a) E Jh L order - -C. d----\-.
( --E \ a.)
Spoken English
-- -u- -x ---..
---
II
Surekha: Hi Deepthi, come in. What a sight you
Deepthi: I had been on my daily morning walk
are! What's (what has) happened?
when this happened.
Why those mud splashes on your
morning
J-TC.
dress?
walk
-h-op- --C
-Dh, , , o? (What
a sight you are) - -Eh-o-,
J-TC? F dress O -F-x?
Surekha: But why a walk at all? It rained all
Deepthi: Sure, I'm in a terrible mess. I was
Deepthi: It's quite sultry. Please turn on the fan.
walking down the road. A car driving

over a puddle splashed the mud on
me. I felt terribly embarrassed with the
mud on my dress. Took an auto immediately and came down here. This is
the nearest I could think of.
E ---i-/ ----i Jn-A o. road h ---O car x-

Fx O *-t.
auto -B-E \---a, \- --C
A _ d)
(Terrible = ---i (J-nA)
mess = --, *---, \ trouble.
Puddle = Road
splash =
O Fx-.
Fx--N *t.. - *-Nt--p
- Fx.
-- 19 -- 2005
through the night.
v { Jh p
- E?
\-- C. h
fan
Surekha: It is sultry - that means it is going to
sweat = y
=- -, ---d.
Suman:
l { axC. 24 {
o-xC ?
a) we are sweating a lot here; let's sit out.
E- - C. -S}
\ - ---hC, a. Kalyan: d-. --*----h--o-.
--E. p- - --db) He is sweating all over
{-E ----E -C-*
o.
-E x -- -hC.
J-Eo l.
Suman:
Eo { h---o.T.V.
--a -C- = sweat it out
p. E Eo - \--
a) Chiranjeevi has sweated it out to become a
C. E--- -
top star -d
- (-a) h u.
(sweat y it -E-)
. --x- ---.
b) He sweated it out to educate his daughter
Kalyan: - C.
-x--- 84
s C.
Jo d- C-N-.
rain again.
I feel very sultry
embarrass =
-. -\---, _-x sC L_-,

embarrassed = s-C feel .
--Fx --o dress --
Deepthi
sC (embarrassing
C) !
The Son-in-law's behaviour embarrassed
the minister.
x v-h vA h sC L-T-*C.
- -C.
embarrassing = -- ' bank
ba )
Surekha: Sorry dear, come. Wash your face
and have a change of clothes. Here
you are. Take this dress of mine. I'll
have yours washed and sent home to
you in the evening.
-- C. -\E
d a. C (C) B =
Here you are. -- -F dress A-*
v O -.
Deepthi: Thank you.
Surekha: But why were you out so early in the
morning? It is not even 7 now.
lo ---a? p- 7 -.
puddle = roads
-v-o: 1) Thanks p--p q J AJT -G-yL?

2)
"sorry" p--p AJT N ---N-yL

(l-, x-, ---\-)?
3) Good heavens, Adit! You must have your shoes polished.

Good heavens, Adit! You must have polished your shoes.
N N n--E-h. u-
n --L? phonetics -J-< -N--J--.
-.--.--y-, --*-a-f--, --x ->-x
---: 1) q thanks p AJT a
, you are welcome/ welcome. h l--x, sir h.
2) Sorry It's all right, doesn't matter, .
l--x- sir, h.
3) a) Good heavens, Adit! you must have your shoes polished =
! F shoes polish -L y.
(, F shoes L dirty o-E)
Spoken English
c) How can you get any thing free? you sweat
Suman:

. -
*- j hC? E-j d- -L.
T---- sweat = ---.
o. -
a) He splashed water over my face
a) The sight of the police made him sweat.
j--
O Fx d.
police - -E ---dC.
M. SURESAN
b) splash of water = *Nt Fx

b) She sweats and shivers at his sight.
d.
c) a splash of water made him conscious
Eo - --d ---C.
Kalyan: Eox v j -Fx d- LN *a---E
(shiver = - = --)
o. - -J -, -J
d) Blood splashed all over the place as the
Vighnesh: Have you heard the news? We are
o.
lorry hit him.
in for another cyclone.
K - \- h *NtC.
No, Sx ---- ---\-Lq Answer:
Sultry = (--) \---/ ---
hC. (We are in = --N- Suman: Take/ Carry an umbrella. It is raining.
. He is in for trouble = -E Kalyan: It's only a drizzle/ It is just drizzling. An

a) I feel very sultry; could you turn on the fan?
umbrella is not necessary.
trouble -C.)
- --- C. h fan u?
Suman: It looks like heavy rain./ It appears to
Mahesh: Yea. Cyclone is forecast for another
sultry = stuffy. (-- stuffy - -v---E
rain heavily./ Heavy rain appears likely./
24 hours.
---.
It may rain heavily. Rain is forecast for
24 x cyclone --a -/b) The room is very stuffy. Please open the
another 24 hours.
--. (forecast = J - Kalyan: You may be right, but I may forget the
windows.
- )
--C. (L \- C)
umbrella somewhere. I have already
- B.
Now, practise the following aloud in English:
lost two umbrellas.
When the room is stuffy, you sweat
Suman: B\-x. {--hC.
Suman: The whole of yesterday I expected rain/
room -- -hC.
I thought it would rain the whole of yesKalyan: . --\-x--.
O { Fx-
Fx
,
- o
Fx ( v---n-i) *
puddle water =
mud =
muddy =
splash =
for it
terday. Even TV forecast it. But it was

b) Good heavens, Adit! you must have polished your shoes
F shoes polish L y
( polish . E-E-----o)
\ 'good heavens' J-.
Hi, -, It's great . 'Good heavens' j
J-T--. a Eo *-x phonetics N- C.
-v-o: Accused ud E Pro. ---o. Dictionaries
accuse u- Pro. uC. --x accused
u-f pronounce ? similarly, "learned" Jo
(l3:nid) pronounce C. Jo- -. 'ed' end -u
verb (for e.g., looked d, booked d pronouce -p) 't' end -- v Eo-x apply ?
-.-s-, --
---: Past tense form '-ed' Jh C p, k, s (z sound )
y v 't' -C. looked (lookt), peeped (peept),
chased (chaset) etc. Eo x C apply .
-- -u- -x ---..
sultry/ The whole day was sultry. further/ Besides there was no power for
some time. we were sweating a lot.
Kalyan: It was sultry/ stuffy; true. But the sky
was cloudy.
Suman: We had rain all through last week. All
the rivers are in floods/ spate. (All the
rivers are flooded.) Poor farmers! It has
caused damage to crops.
Kalyan: But the farmers in some areas are
happy. That's why they say, 'One man's
meat is another man's poison'.
--, -J -
(-J
English
proverb.)
The whole day
All day, All

through the day practise .
---
II
Anil: Hi Hari, we couldn't meet each other the
whole of yesterday.
- weather (--)
-C* --- C . Eo-F
-J l.
Eo ----.
Hari: Meet? In such a downpour? I didn't feel
like going out in such rain. No let up at all
till late in the night.
---? -? - x-E---. vA l- _-.

Downpour hC o-d
v-i - J -.
feel like hC ? E--.
I feel like going to a movie =
Downpour; let up; knee-deep; drains; wade

wind; blew off; hoardings; looks like rain;

drought; withered; on and off.

Down pour
knee deep wade; drain.
l-.
-L-.
a) Areena: Why don't you get me some chips to

eat?
(h
chips
*a--d?)
Amar: (Do you) want me go out in this downpour for your chips? I'll get drenched.
E---x--E--hC.
I don't feel like tea now =
--E-----C-p.
Let up = _, _- d; j
vo T_-. C - conversation practice .
There is no let up in her fever =
( --o ---x-- F
n. ---). The roads are
under kneedeep water. (Roads j
x- F-xo). I don't want to
wade through the water mixed with
the water from the drains. (--J
- Fx - Fx -
d ).
E \- , - d-d-
Eo wade through .
y _--.
We are not going to let up our efforts
v-o, v T_ -.
b) The officer wades through a lot of files
-x--- 85
-- 21 -- 2005
officer W -
.
files
h,
b)
- . { a-dC. h
d--.
Sathya:
_?
)
Vijaya: --V- { - C.
stand a cold
(withstand = d--, J-)
D K, 3, 4 x
c) Though it is just 3 o' clock in the afternoon, it
-p -.
is dark. The sky is cloudy. It is very likely to
Sathya: p- d v-Fo
--rain.
-u. TV - -Luo , <- C.
Fx Sx-a- -.
s-C. { ax --C. (a -
F} }- a-.
\- o).
Vijaya: vy - -CE -~ v--
drought: {-, -%-d --{ --
-L-*C. - u
wither = (x N) --
-dC.
When there is a drought the crops wither.
Sathya: o vA O* -i L x
{ -p --.
L--. -
-o Shed p T-J--C.
Vijaya: -J-j --u?
Sathya: , %-d-
-h.
I won't come. It looks like rain. I cannot with-
There was no let up
(let up
Answer:
Sathya: Will there be no let up in the rain?
Anil: Even in such rain, I went out for some

medicine for dad. My god! there was
knee-deep water on most roads, and I
waded through. The drains were overflowing.
c) We waded through a lot of portion for the last

week's examination.
- portion -C.
( time d E)
- o - - blow: L O, blow (present)- blew (past)
blown (past participle)
--}-. s! - roads -L Fx. Fx Sx-a- -. a) Strong winds blew as it rained cats and dogs
Knee deep = -L- . knee = .
- {, E-- -i
kneecap = -L-*p. wade = Fx Sx-aO.
-.
b) Though it isn't raining much, the wind is
Hari: Yes, it was that heavy.
Vijaya: It has been raining off and on since last

a)
Last week exam
ing
L - O*C.
hoardings, Eo sheds p, *--
L. F hoardings road
O- Fx .
Blew off= (L) - C.
Hoardings = shops O, road sides
v- (advertisement) boards.
Rooftops = p j.
Lakshmi: It's seven now cloudy, and a cot wind
is blowing. It looks like rain again any
moment.
c) The wind blew off several trees
3 or 4 years.
Sathya: Already the low lying areas are under
of
water. I saw on the TV, people wading
The crops
are withering because
M. SURESAN
it hasn't rained.
b)
number of people to safe places/
If the drought continues for/ lasts one more
safety. It has taken up relief measures
week, the crops are sure to wither/ will surec) On and off =
terday) blew off/ down/ uprooted a
a)
number of trees; They blews off as well
- = --.
-- h-.
He comes to me on and off for help.
the roof of an old shed some distance
trouble
from my home.
-/-N--T-.
Vijaya: Was anyone injured?

Sathya: No, fortunately.
CM
-h-/
phone h.
L D-o-p-C.
D --J--C.
f) The wind blew off the wooden structure.
-v-o: 1) Pending v N-J-. verb

simple, past, past participle
2) Who wrote Ramayana?
Who did write Ramayana?
There was no let up in the wind.
-- -u- -x ---..
b) Adjective: An enquiry is pending against

him.
-.
u- -J-* N-J-.
u-Lx u, -L--
b) F v-o Bv T_-
---: 1) Pending - C verb . d E,
past, past participle vo-.
Don't let up the seriousness of your
Pending, preposition attempts.
C j h-- o-p
-- -q -%-d/ {-- -x c) There has been no let up in the government's
n, - adjective
relief efforts, said the CM
-Fo --. -q A
C j h---E
vy - ux --- - -----E
%d. -Fo -. d vwait ho n.
Fo Fx E--.
u--vA --o.
a) Preposition: He is suspended pending
Drought = {-;
{ a-xC = It looks like rain =
enquiry.
on and off = = often/ frequently.
It may rain = It is very likely to rain.
N -Jh --- (N- -low lying areas = d v.
C
--d) -- suspend . \
a)
As
we
started
out
it
looked
like
rain
Lakshmi: Hope this would end with today.
pending
preposition.
C.
V C --E P-ho.
Spoken English
too.
Sathya: The strong winds the day before (yes-
ly wither.
c) The CM calls for my advice on and off.
L \ p a-C.
g) blew off the board = board x T-J--C.
-s C, L -L OhC.
let up _-/--T_-.
~-j o Sx { a-xC.
Looks like rain = It may rain = { a. a) L _-
Anil: We had severe drought last season. The

crops withered. This season we have too
much of rain on and off. The crops are
under water and the low lying areas are all
flooded.
water has entered houses too.
{- --- u.
-- o
d) The wind blew off the lamp
through kneedeep water. The rain

Vijaya: The government has moved a large
b) Don't trouble me on and off.
- x L -C
(L x L--)
e) The lamp blew off.
because
drought/
--l --.
{ ----, L v --
OhC.
blow off = L-x j *--. T-J-, - ----, (D N) J-, E p-.
now. I haven't seen such rain in the last
The crops are wither-
blowing strongly.
Anil: The wind was strong too. It blew off two or

three hoardings and the roof tops of some
sheds. I saw atleast two of the hoardings
lying in the water on the road.
week/ during the past week/ for a week
-- x
--o.
E O N- h--.
h---E wait ho.
\ 'pending' adjective.
2) a) Who wrote Ramayana?
b) Who did write Ramayana?
1) Ramayanam
'The'
2) The Ramayanam
sentence (a)
correct, sentence (b) wrong.
--u
*a- L.
E ,
Question form --p-, not - who

y 'do' 'does', 'did' . C \ who
N--, D '? n. -JE
-o n 'who' -. 'Who
did he meet?' sentences . p
who \ do, does, did h.
---
II
Kavitha: Hi Lakshmi, (It's) rather a cold
evening. How about munching something to keep ourselves warm?
Lakshmi: I am not going to have even a bite of

the bujji from that place.
Lakshmi: That's right. Let's have some hot

chips and then hot coffee. That's
make us comfy.
Hot chips, hot coffee
Munching; have; sipping; snack; crisp and

crunchy; hot; gulp & suck; chewing; swallowed;
have a bite.

daily situation
conversation
--v 23 -- 2005
Sx @b A.
v L C. j h
- A, --E -CNh a -.
*-E -h C ! \ l.
B-.
C.
(comfy = comfortable -E C
C. n = o)
A :
E
j A E F,
E F n \ ,
have, take, eat. Have Eo-- \-
.
Jeevan: I find you chewing killis all the time. It

is bad for your health and teeth.
L o v coffee p-Jh E o C?
Kavitha: Nothing like sipping a hot cup of cof, p Sx - E--h. C sip = p-Jh, x--x .
fee on a cold evening like this.
Anil: What do you usually have for breakfast?
-u-E, x *C .
a) It's very hot. Let's sip some soft drink?
L v
Breakfast y B--/ A Jagadish: I know that to chewing killis is not
/ C. j soft drink sip
.
-?
good. I will try to give it up.
l?
Lakshmi: Ok, then; here you are. Here's the Unni: Most of the days we have idli at home.
*-C--E , --E v-Aoh.
Soft drink = cool drink snack you are after.
\- x x B/ A. chew = -, - A. (u)
Eo -d soft drink L.
a) Doctors tell us to chew food well
. C y ---o A-Hard drinks, alcoholic drinks (beer,
-Eo NL A-Edoctors h.
.
whisky, etc)
b)
The
dog is trying to bite and chew the bone
(snack = A--! -
b) They are sipping coffee sitting in their gar \ - J --E v-Ao . You are after = y
den.
86
hC.
---o/ -o)
aE sip h-o.
Kavitha: Oh, these chips are crisp and
crunchy.
chips
Lakshmi: So do I find them too. Let's buy one
more packet.
packet
------o
, -o.
.
Kavitha: The other day Trishal bought some

mirchi bajjis for us. They were terribly
hot. We had to gulp down glasses of
water because of it.
They swallowed public money

Anil: We take idlis only one day a week. Each
day we take something different. I don't
like to eat idli everyday. I like to eat dosa
very much. I have coffee every morning
and tea every evening.
o V vA N-- @b
a. N -- o!
*-F} Lq *aC.
-V v x B. vA-V y A. W
x A d-. A d.
Lakshmi: I was there that day. Don't you
l , v tea B-.
remember? Thank God, we had
-? \- have, take, eat, A

some chocolates near by to snack
n . Drink
and feel relieved.
op-, E have/ take \-

-\ o, h-. \
chocolates p-J* T_-- . Eat, drink , A,
o.
vv- \.
(Thank God A--)
a) Eating too much is bad \ A, *-CKavitha: Trishal kept chewing something get
.
rid of the heat of the chilly, later he
\- eating having nEo y-had a stomach trouble too. He swal.
lowed some tablets to be relieved of
it.
Trishal
b) Drinking coffee so often upsets your health
- coffee -uEo - _--E hC.

- o. y -E -
\ having, taking -a, F drinking
trouble C. v x \ clarity C.
N.
--x p - have/ take
vo: Wedding card, marriage day \ -.
---? -- --? Karim: Here is coffee please have it.
u VLp- M, -
C, B
Ravi: I have had two cups of coffee already. I
a) Wedding , marriage Cl
C. v-- v
J Rx wedding. Marriage i x- Registered marriage
N a.
India v- v J RxE
marriage . America, Britain
wedding \ -, v--
v J-T.
b) Wedding Rx v J-N.
Marriage x--, Rx -A j @N . -E-:
i) It was a happy wedding
Rx - J-TC.
ii) Theirs has been a happy marriage
x Rx/ j- @N - -C.
Spoken English
don't wish to have any more.
c) He is chewing gum.
(chewing) gum
3) Prakash: Why don't you eat slowly? You are
swallowing food in a hurry.
-o.
t,
y-F t-C A--? -
?
N-h-o.
Leela:
p-
Pranav: I am in a hurry. No time to chew and
cups
swallow.
? M. SURESAN
NL N--E time .
L F?
- o.
Namrata: Ev-hC. exam.
Swallow = N.
h T -- -E.
a) Lord Siva swallowed poison, so his throat is
Leela:
.
black.
Namrata: j A---y?
P -Eo N. -E Leela: A--L-y? (A-- english .
.
)
b) The Tablets are bitter, so I swallow them.
Namrata: -- A- N-
tablets . -E E N-h.
Leela:
Coffee , tea . xq
c) He swallowed a lot of water
---o y?
Fx N.
Namrata: Eo tablets N-. x .
d) The minister swallowed a lot of public money
Leela:
F, .
vA v--Eo N-.
Namrata: D . \ h. l
4) srikanth: I am very thirsty. Can I have some
tablets -. E N
water, Ramesh?
.
C. * FRx-y?
Answer:
Ramesh: It's quite hot, isn't it? Here, take it.
/ C . C
B.
Srikanth: One glass won't do (will not do). I can
gulp down a whole jug of water.
glass
jug
Fx .
Fx -
C.
p- p .
(won't do = will not do = ; will do = .
d .
Rs 20000/- a day will do for me.
Karim: Have some milk then. ( B)
V 20000/ .
Ravi: I never take milk. ( - ).
gulp = \, gulp down = \ N-.
\ take drink -a. Have a) He
drank it in one gulp
?
\ \ .
I never have milk _ p
b) When the medicine is bitter we gulp it down
n hC d.
our throat
So, have, take, eat and drink OE
op, -E \
- A, n
\ Nh.
\- -.
5) Sita: How about some hot Coffee, Poorna?
2) A, - --o Poorna: Nothing like sipping hot coffee on a
. N l.
cold evening like this.
-- -u- -x ---..
Now practise the following aloud in english:

Namrata:
cup
coffee
Namrata: Mom, why don't you give me a cup of

coffee?
Leela:
You have already had two cups of
coffee. How much more do you want?
Namrata: I feel very sleepy. A little coffee will
keep me awake.
Leela:
Then take tea.
Namrata: Won't you give me something to eat?
Leela:
Shall I give you Jantikalu?
Namrata: I have been chewing/ munching only
jantikalu till now.
Leela:
You talk of coffee and tea, but are you
taking the tablets?
Namrata: I cannot swallow so many tablets.
Leela:
Atleast take the medicine/ syrup
syrup
Namrata: That's bitter too. I just gulp it down/
take it in a gulp. No, I'll take the
tablets. Swallowing them is easier
than taking the syrup.
---
II
Sravanthi: Come Pratibha, just munching zantikalu isn't going to help us. Let's
think of solving the problem.
(A- - x v-
. -u J-\ -*l)
Chandra: I enjoy it. Why don't you munch

some too.
( C -. y
Eo )
Bhaskar: Go on. Munch till your teeth ache.
Pratibha: (I) can't help it Sravanthi. They are so

crunchy and delicious. You have
them too. Here help yourself to
some.
You don't know how you irritate me.

Munch on and become fat.
(-A-, -A-, F x p d
. F - *- !
( - ---- *
u -- )
? y A. . h B)
irritate = J-- ' \ - =I can't help it = - -N--- -- ----.
*, p-.
(-p-)
n C munch Help yourself = (A-C/- ---j) B\.

. chew -o -
Sravanthi: I'd rather have crisp potato chips
v. Chew J (\,
than those zantikalu.
( A- --- potato chips
x) -, * --N-.
A--C)
a) \ ---o
Pratibha: Here are some but they have gone
soft.
He is chewing a bit/ piece of cane.

b)
toffee
E ---C.
She is chewing a toffee.
(\ Eo o, E N h---)
(toffee =
p-- Gx--C)
h --.
lick =
Munch
-x--- 87
--C 25 -- 2005
a) He is licking a cone of ice cream
ice cream cone
--o.
b) She committed suicide by consuming poi-
Vamsi:
N j o A. --
u N favourites.
-- -N- T t-u -C.
Dinesh: Doctors - A *c) Bhima consumed all the food that was meant
-. C Vitamin \.
for Bakasura.
Vamsi: V v - . *
-- --*a- H
--- potato chips Aa. E
A-.
-j - Aa.
d) He consumed a kilo of cake in 10 minutes
t --h-C-p.
cake () 10 EN-x A-.
Dinesh: -l . u
consume conversation
l -J * biscuits
- - . C u.
(American English- cookies) d-- d, ju (legal and medical)
-a. ------o! h
J--- \ -.
Ice cream Aa.
a) Doctors advised him against consuming fatty
Vamsi: Chewing gum a?
substance
Dinesh: -. N - N-L,
---E--hC.
Vamsi: V *- - ho. .
son.
She is biting a crisp apple
Answers:
Dinesh: This guava is crisp. How about a bite?/
Why don't you have/ take a bite?
Vamsi: I will eat any number of them (any
Sravanthi: In that case I'd (I would) like to have

an ice cream or some soft drink.
ice cream
soft drink)
soft drink = cola, orange
bottled
drinks cool drink
correct name soft drink;
hard drink (beer, whisky
A--C
- p
,
N)
uA-.
Pratibha: Don't you remember the warning

against consuming soft drinks? They
contain pesticides.
(E ---o a-J J*?

- --C.)
Sravanthi: But who cares? Moreover, haven't
you seen the recent ads that they
are safe?
(.. d----o? N v-O E u v-- -

y?)
(recent = u, ad = advertisement =
v-)
b) The cow is licking its calf
-C (calf = ) ()
O A-, -x .
p j -- N l.
Crunchy (v* ' \ -)
crisp = ---- fresh () o.
crunchy/ crisp biscuits = ----
o biscuits.
-, p- A-E d---p? N crunchy crisp o-p
? crunchy/ crisp appadalu or vadiyalu.
(O English )
Currency notes N h- , A --- T-L N crisp.
Potato chips crisps.
Apple x , juicy (
) , N crisp.
Sudha is biting a crisp apple
- o
apple
---C.
Here is a crisp guava; have a bite
Pratibha: OK then. No drinks now. Have the ice

cream and enjoy licking it.
drinks
Ice cream enjoy
licking =
lesson continuation
lesson
number=
j o).
y -n --lE
dx a.
b) The
post
showed
favourites.
mortem
that
Dinesh: Even doctors recommend consuming/
the
eating of guavas, They contain a lot of
deceased had consumed alcohol
Vitamin C.
M. SURESAN
-- -u- -x ---..
You can eat crisp/ crunchy potato

chips. Before that you can have/ enjoy
delicious gulab jam. My mother is making them now.
c) People who consume tobacco may get can-
Dinesh: Let's go to my place first. My uncle
cer
( A--x cancer a.)

, people who chew
tobacco .
-s-Eo-d O conversation
. -- effective C.
brought biscuits/ cookies from America

this morning. How crunchy/ crisp they
are! You can also eat/ lick some icecream.
Vamsi: Did he bring/ get chewing gum too?
Dinesh: A lot of it. The more you chew it, the
C, - C.
A? (bite )
-C, J .
Guava = y, y \ -, /(. p
.
-v-o: a) 'Shopping'
.)
-.
delicious= * o, -j.
N-s-N-*C?
--

a) N - * ---C.
b) Miss,
Mister,
Mrs.
A, - - -J-*
The Mango is very delicious.
- plural p.
---. Last lesson have/ take
(B-)/ eat (A)/ drink (); b) x * *-i- --- -f-h.
c) Come, Come on
The restaurant serves a very delicious food.
chew = -; swallow = N (s
n N?
), gulp = \, sip = p-Jh c) t * -C.
-Tx
My mother cooks very deliciously.
-J--* ---o.
.
1. C-,
p j -- : Munch; delicious- L- (L \ -).
2.
g
N
,
3.
u
,
4.
, 5. J,
consume = (-u u \ -)
crunch; delicious; crisp; consume; lick.
( n NE--T- - 6.TL, 7.--, 8.pJh.
Munch: (' \ -) =
>.v-, -b--- N consumer's court- NE---. l a-x.
---: a) Shopping. English j -E
- d)
Bhaskar: Could you stop munching those
'-ing' Jh u E n hC.
ground nuts? If you like to, keep the
consume A, E n
noise low.
C -- 'shop' --E -v-u -.
C.
( -- - -? -- a) He consumes a lot of alcohol
House, housing; book, booking, etc.,
-- l T_)
---.
- C .
Spoken English
Vamsi: You come to my home this evening.
E-- h
--F-- T-x --K-~ LC.
(Post mortem - d = --K~.)
Dinesh:
Guavas, especially
the crisp ones/ crisp guavas are my
more you feel like chewing it.

Vamsi: That's a good way of spending a holiday. Let's go.
b) Miss
plural
plural -. OE J*
JEo N- o lessons .
c) Come tE, come on
t, --d -.
---: 1) ---C- = flood victims 2)
g-N = fool moon; 3) -u = new
moon 4) English Coin box -a.
5) --J Correct English .
priest/ purohit -a F j n-.
6) TL = t spittle; -j A-o
TL left over. 7) :
N , English x = The
plural, misses, mister
messrs, Mrs
(four) elements (earth, air, fire and water)

8)
--pJh =
resourcefulness.
---
II
Ganesh: Would you have another idli?
-- 27 -- 2005
Krishna: Fancy some more upma/ another

dosa?
( x ?)
Harish: No, I am full.
(h t/ B-?)
Laxman: Sorry. I am full.
( A-. EC)
Ganesh: Just two idlis and you say you've (you
( A-. EC)
Manoj:
have) had enough.
(-A-oN - x. p -o)
Don't force us when we are full

please.
(tLo - , E--)
conversation full simple
that too with sambar. I can't eat
word x--a.
another thing.
Krishna:
Atleast some more tea? (h ?)
(y -p-C p. x,
Laxman:
Why the hell don't you listen? We
D Ao. A-.)
have had enough.
(That too = C )
(N? AoC . A)
Ganesh: Perhaps you are afraid you may put
(why the hell = N-, -.
on weight. Idlis or no idlis you gain
l-x, u- --Lq x weight if you don't have any exercise.
-)
I do eat a lot, but you can't say I am
Harish: You are wrong. I've taken four idlis,
d)
e)
f)
stomach.
( -u . EC
d A-)
another thing.
poor eater. I enjoy seeing Jayaram
( EC. -v A-)
Fo ' E x .
O - *o *o expressions conversation practise .
eat.
have eaten only four like me.
When you are on a full stomach, you nibble.
(O E- nibble h.
jj Cl--Cl - \ A-
)
(y l A-- . You nibble when you are not hungry.

L -p nibble h. TL
--y -- -- x AoC)
-. d nibble = -d A/
- lessons
TL
.
A, A--E -C-*-E h C -. -C A- [Suppose you eat too much, you may put on
-x-, -C AE x- weight = \ Ao---, O -a.
. J A ---x --C-*- suppose = -.
expressions Eo .
a) y -n AE - d .
1. I am full;
2. I have had enough;
put on weight.
b)
b)
c)
u - - -u.
of late he has put on a lot of weight.
c)
- =
He is over weight.
-v-o: -Eo verbs -y- off, away, up - -- ----L?--: go

-- --} --E -n. -- --R}-C ----E she went --
-J---C -. -- she went away --E --
---L?- -- peel -- -B---, ---T-- --E -n
-. -F - verbs -y- off -- - -- ---Lqh-C? "I will peel off you, if you do it again. Be careful" - -u- peel verb -y- 'off' --- -p-E?
- 'flung' verb -y- away -- - --? --R}-C
----E went, --h- ----E will peel --E, ---C
----E flung -- -- -- -n-Eo -%-d- -d-
d-?--- verbs -y- off, up, away -- -- -- --
N--J--.
-.-C-u, ---
---: - * vo. N h---L. p,
--j- -- n -C.
C.
She went o-p ' RxC n clear hC.
- (usage) she went away o-p force \.
Spoken English
b) Perhaps because of his fever he eats only a

little now. Even otherwise he is a poor eater.
She is not so fat; She is plump
p -L o-p
l.
L = hunger, -L o = hungry.
-J .
a) - -L C
He is very hungry (He is hunger E -.)
b) -L C = I am starving.
Starve n = A h E, -L C n
Starve , Conversation .
a) x -L o. x
L.
I don't like to eat fatty substances and gain/
3. Can't eat another thing.
expressions Fo E-,
v A-E J-n-x o-p
.
H --- v (A- --a)
- = He is stout.
Fat v, stout
h d .
, h l C.
(yx - \ A-o. y
-- l A- )
Ravikanth:
--hC. Hotel Rx
j A?
Prashanth: A--E- . --l
Krishna: I am on a full stomach too. I can't eat
finish off atleast 6 to 7 idlis. You are a
Harish: You are not a big eater either. You
-C.
N d A-
J ---E-.
She is plump
any more only because I am on a full
(- \- p- x
T---. y .
A-- a-hC)
A poor eater =
a) Bhima was a big eater.
Sx N--E-l.
E -x--p
.
-x--- 88
Harish: O stop lecturing. I don't want to eat
Ganesh: If only Jayaram were here he would
A big eater =
stout, plump.
She has became very fat.
fat.
(--y -\--E ----o.

j exercise - x Ao A--, -\---. \--
A, E o E )
(put on weight = - = -)
O , L- ; fat,
Ao.
l-Eo*
A-
.
E. BJ-- M. SURESAN
---C.
Prashanth: F Hotel --E u-
E EC.
-A---E.
Ravikanth: F company y, . A
.
The Children are starving. I must cook some
Prashanth:
-, - -L o-xC F?
thing for them first.
Ravikanth:
p-. l-Eo* S.
(\ x - -L o-E -n.
(
--o. Hotelh-o-E )
(
\ -) lodget, - --hC . o-d.
-t --. lodge
Mom, I am starving. Serve the food/ let me
----n, Fhave the food/ Give me something to eat.

Restaurant - Z--
j A--EhC.
-\ --.)
I feel like eating some thing.
Answer:
h j d .
Let me have some thing to eat.
O-od peel - (t N). \ peel

L-- (DE, - E -E-: L- d p E -hC .)
(usage) C Dictionary n-E-o, grammar rules o
\ h-. - - -, -o force E - went away, peel off, flung away
(flung- N--, flung away- N-J--- -hC .)
- verbs * h. N --x v- (standard)
-, N --- N -Eh-C.
Eo -s- up, away N a--x, n J--C--.
He has gone. He has gone up -hC .
- RxC --E, Rx--C --E
C. ----E *-\-d, ----E *-\-d- O C.
*-\-d- force \ . English .
They beat him. (x ----E d)
They beat him up. (x ----E d-).
off
-- -u- -x ---..
Heavy
breakfast
Ravikanth:
Ravikanth: I am very hungry/ am starving. How

about eating something in a restaurant?
restaurants
eateries/ fast food
joints
Prashanth: I don't feel like eating anything/ I
am full/ I am on a full stomach. (I)
had a heavy breakfast this morning.
Ravikanth: I haven't had anything to eat since
morning/ I have been on an empty
stomach since morning. Something
or the other kept me busy.
Prashanth: I don't mind going to the restaurant
with you. But I cannot eat a thing.
Ravikanth: Just give your company. I'll take
care of the eating part.
Prashanth: You appear to be starving.
Ravikanth: I told you. (I have) been on an
empty stomach since morning.
( u
E -o)
---
II
Naresh: Hi Ajitha, have you finished reading
the book?
(h - Jh?)
Ajitha: Yes, here it is.
(... --C--. -C, B)

Naresh: (It's) interesting, isn't it?
(Interesting
Ajitha: Quite. You buy such books quite often,
don't you?
books
C?)
(Jh.
- ?)
Quite = Jh. Conversation
one word responses, h sentence
reply y -
- C. -N practice
.
Naresh: That's right. I find them a good source

of general knowledge. You found this
book so, didn't you?
General Knowledge
(d. N
N . h
, ?)
source, j J
a--
-x--- 89
- 29 -- 2005
Eg:
vo N- u
. - u-E-j a vo
? ? ? ? -
-hC. *a --. F english C u.
sentence * a *o *o
Questions Question tags - C
C . question
tags - - frequent v
, u --i T--E-hC.
English Question tags correct form
h conversation -
-y a) ... isn't it? b) ... is it? c) ... doesn't he? d) ...
did she? e) ... don't you? f) ... can't I? h-o
hC.
. C p h--d--L.
Question Question tag :C sentence ... is it? quesQuestion C h sentence
tion tag -h. C J--E p -C.
o ?
Are you very busy?
p question tag form
(O busy o?)
l:
C h sentence.
question tag form Lq u,
Question tag , sentence *
Hyderabad is a beautiful city - -.
a sentence v. Sentence
Eo stem .
N , question tag
DE-E question tag form - ---...
n .
Eg: You are busy, aren't you?

busy
Aren't you? Question tag.
sentence
question tag
Aren't
you?
(O
\
o, ?)
n ?
1) Add a comma at the end of the stem:

Hyderabad is a beautiful city,
2) Note the verb.
verb, 'is'
comma
\
h:
? Eo
You like coffee, don't you?

Ajitha: Sure. It gives a lot of information. You
don't usually lend your books to others, do you?
information
(Correct.

C. - F h- --yJ y, ?)
Naresh: I don't. I gave one to you because I

know you are prompt in returning.
Once you lend a book you are not sure
?
- (? E ? ?
Ox j --) english Question
tag, vA sentence E verb d -C. C form a- ,
Eo question tags examples l.
a) India is a large democracy, isn't it?
( l v-yu --, ?)
b) English isn't difficult to learn, is it?
whether you get it back, are you?
(y. y -p- time AJTh

d F v a. -J h
h C AJT h- t ,
?)
prompt = time J_
Ajitha: You haven't lost books by lending,
English
a-- d , / -?)
c) He knows English, doesn't he?

English
d) She didn't sing well yesterday, did she?
(-E
, ?)
( Eo J -, ?)
e) You like coffee, don't you?
(F d ?)
have you?
(y
*a
d, ?)
Question tag form
h--L---
Naresh: I make sure that I get them back, if at

all I lend.
(AJ--ad -, y
J-T.)
If at all = j- -
-\- - \.
If at all I go = -x J-T.
conversation practice .
Ajitha: You appear to be busy. I am not keeping you from your work, am I?
(y busy o-d-o. O
?)
, j -- *o, *o vo -u sentence E . u *--
' E vo- - -E- ?
'? '? '! '? E *o
vo conversation , Ey, english E-y-, -, -.
Spoken English
f) I can bat as well as Tendulkar, Can't I?

bat
examples
English
Sentence
question tag
( -\-
-- ?)
j
-E- ? - Eo ? E h,
vA
*
, ...
vo:
a)
Hyderabad is a beautiful city, is

Sentence
stem
3)
not

-E-
u:
- stem not M. SURESAN
, question tag
not , stem not - tag not
*a- contracted form (C-* )
n't hC.
Hyderabad is a beautiful city. not -d,
Hyderabad is a beautiful city, is n't h.
4) *-J Hyderabad 'it' C aL. E
y question mark dL. p Jh
Sentence:
Hyderabad is a beautiful city, isn't it?
(j--- -i , ?)
Hyderabad is not bigger than Mumbai.

stem
Question tag
h?
c)
OEo --?
d, Eo
h:
Hyderabad is not bigger than Mumbai, is
not
tag
not
3) Stem
4)
tag
question mark
Sentence:
Hyderabad is not bigger than Mumbai, is it?
-C d,
*-J
y
p h
.
--.
-C.
(j-- lC , ?)
Sankar:
Tarun:
Sankar:
-\ p batsman, ?
E Dravid steady , ?
- *o-- test player
o ?
Tarun: -E--- Bharat team ,
y--- ?
Sankar: N. Tests highest number
of centuries d x l
Indians, ?
Tarun: Kapil Dev and Srinath p
bowlers x . X
p batsman ? --
bowler batsman p
, ?
Answer:
Sankar: Tendulkar is a great batsman, isn't he?
Tarun: But he is not as steady as Dravid is
he?
Sankar: He was a test player at a very young
age, wasn't he?
Tarun: A Player like him on the Indian team is
a matter of pride for India, isn't it?
Sankar: One more thing. The first two among
those who have scored the highest
number of test centuries are Indians,
aren't they?
Tarun: KapilDev and Srinath were great
bowlers, weren't they? Srinath wasn't
a great batsman, was he? Even Kapil
Dev wasn't as great a batsman as he
was a bowler, was he?
C p O.
I do not sleep at 11 PM
C p -O.
n *a- E. -j
o N-Eo U--J-h-o-p
.
'Isn't the movie good?' (E C .)
'Ofcourse it is' ( C/ )
3) 'Ofcourse not' - 'C E.
2) Ofcourse
period
sleep.
a) Sleep for 7 hours a day.
When do you sleep?
EvC
j u j-, ?
.u, j--
: -- (Ev) = go to bed
a) I go to bed at 11 PM = 11 --.
b) I do not go to bed at 11 PM.
c) When/ At what time do you go to bed?
go to bed
sleep
-J
,

N-J.
English sleep EvC- E. English
sleep p point of time -
--E Ev -v-N-, - -E Ev-- -E-.
-- -u- -x ---..
--:
1) Nothing but =
This is nothing but cheating.
I sleep at 11 PM
11 .. -
*,
11 .. --.
b)
1) Stem (Hyderabad is not bigger than Mumbai)

comma
Hyderabad is not bigger than Mumbai,
2) Verb, stem
is
comma
7 EvC-h = Ev .
EvC---E -- sleep.
C go to bed.
Ev-- = get up (from bed)
b) I go to bed at 11 and get up at 6.
I sleep at 11
I sleep from 11
PM to 6 AM
(\
-a.)
vo: 'Nothing but'- 'of course'- 'ofcourse not"

-
O n N? OE u-
--T-L? -N--J---.
, , j--
A: Is India a rich country?
( E ?)
B: 'Ofcourse not. It is infact a developing
country.
( . -G%Cl -o )
Of Course not - ---.
( OC L o-x).
---
II
Varun: Hi Anand, you are ready, aren't you?
(y l- o, ?)
Anand: I am ready, but you are not in a hurry,
are you?
ready
(
. E y - --
, ?)
(hurry= )
Varun: Not that I am in a hurry, but (I am) just

making sure we can start at any time.
Not that I want to trouble you, but can
you get me a ticket for the match
( - oE .
p --- p -l
E n. -E-o -v-- ----E -.
h -u- ticket *a-?)
Not that = - --E .- --C -- ---
- ---- -.
Anand: Once we start here we can reach there
in twenty minutes, Can't we?
They were here last night, weren't they?

tag
*a -- Question
o Sentences -E l.
1) You are ready, are n't you?

(Comma + Verb (are) + n't (no not in stem) +
subject (you) + question mark)
2) You are not in a hurry, are you?
(Comma+Verb (are) (no n't in the tag here
because there is 'not' in the stem) + Subject
(you) + Question Mark)
Stem
Verbs d Question tags -. C stem Question tag l.

David is coming. \ Verb 'is coming' -
am, is, are, was, were, will, would, shall,
should, can, could, may, might, must, need,
ought, have, has, had combinations
Verbs
tag
tag
o
h OE v B.
O y a / .
a) Madhu cannot ( = can't) sing, can he?

b) Bhaskar will not (= won't) come, will he?
c) Sheela shall not (=shan't) sing, shall she?
I regular doing words (come, go,
Stem
sing, etc), II regular doing words (come, go,
sing etc.), past doing words (came, went,
song etc.) question tags
form
Varun: Even earlier than that. But where is

Arun? He said he would be coming too,
didn't he?
Arun
Anand: He did of course. But we need not wait
for him, need we?
wait
(o--. F -E-
-\-x, ?)
Chitra sings well, doesn't she?

Stem not --. p does she E
v hC.
Chitra does not act, does she?
Now practise the following aloud in English.

Ravi:
---L next test --o,

?
L.
Aswini:
* n J.
[ Ist lessons spoken english a-oC h- --a-.
Ravi:
-x Kaif B- ?
a) Ist regular doing word not F ques(B- = drop. remove E -a)
tion F , do + I regular doing Aswini: Kaif . Eo
word -C. go (+ not / ?) = do (not) go
B- u ?
v-h
( \ -l-J 20 EN----\
-- ?)
( --. F
?
h-E p, ?)
--E 31 -- 2005
-x--- 90
You are ready, are n't you?
Varun: Let's go then, shall we?
( l?)
- *-
Question tags - ?
Question tag form --C -J
h--.
David is coming Combination
\ verb is coming. (Is

o verb C. tag is
v hC.)
a) David is coming, is n't he? (David 'he')
b) Geetha and sita are playing. stem
1) They are here, are n't they?
verb: are coming: tag are v hC
(Rx-\--o, ?)
? d question tag.
j Sentence 'They are here'- Eo
Geetha and Sita are playing, aren't they?
stem ; aren't they? (= ?)
(Geetha and Sita (x) they)
Eo Question tag .
2) Question tag form -p, stem \
j --- E sentence:
comma .
We can reach there in twenty minutes, can't
3) Stem Verb -E*, Eo comma
we? (cannot , can't) \ verb can
\ h.
reach, so tag v hC.
4) Stem not -, tag Verb n't
C :
-. n't .
Many heroes cannot sing.
5) Stem Subject a- -I/ we/ you/
C question tag
he/ she/ it/ they *-- --;
Many heroes cannot sing, can they?
6) Question mark (?) h.
(stem not C, tag not . Verb can
Example.
sing - tag can v hC)
They were here last night, - C stem
-E- -Lq-N.
DE Question tag:
Stem will + -, not -, question tag
1) Comma: They were here,
won't (will + not) hC. (d)
2) Comma y Verb- \ stem Verb,
b) 2nd Regular Doing word

not
Question
does + 1st
Regular Doing Word
goes (+
not \ ?) = does (not) go.
not
question
c) Past doing word
did + Ist regular doing word
went (+ not / ?) = did (not) go
1) Sehwag and Dravid play well.
verb play (1st regular doing word).
not
question
do play
Sehwag and Dravid play well
play = do
play.
question tag
do
n't
don't
Sehwag
and Dravid
they
sentence
Sehwag and Dravid play well, don't they?
Stem
not
tag
do
they
Laxman and Dravid don't (do not) bowl, do
they?
F
F ,
-C.
-F
F
C.
\
C /
-C .
d
, hC. E
L,
, E y
,
. d h
C ?
sleeps
Stem
II regular doing word (comes, goes,

does
not
does
n't
doesn't
N) *a--p
hC ?
L
a) Ganguly will play in Pak series, won't he?
'were' - They were here, were
.
?
b) Tarun will come with us, won't he?
3) Stem, 'they were here' not d, tag
(j sentences \-j will not a) Chitra sings well. \ verb... sings (2nd
verb n't (not) -.
regular doing word). C not / question
-Lq -h won't -C)
They were here weren't
does
sing -C . E n't L does
shall
not
L
qh
,
shan't
4) Stem Subject, \ 'they' tag *-n't (d size ) , E
-C, (d)
--: they were here, weren't they
y Chitra , she . p
5) Question mark h: Question tag can, will, shall stem not tag
h sentence C ?
can, will, shall not h.
Sentence C :
-v-o: Continuous tense - -passive voice -a-p- --v- b- eing --Th-E

--. -E -x-vA-x - -
---Th-o. B- eing -- -s-x
---Th ---.
-vQ-E--, -d
---: Active Voice E verb 'ing' form
passive voice being + past participle
hC.
eg: Active Voice: am/ is/ are + ing form
verb (p --o EE -LN)
I
am
He/ She
teaching
is
a lesson/
lessons
They are
Spoken English
Passive Voice:
A lesson is
\ being + past
participle -E-.
being taught by me
Lessons are
him/
A lesson is
Lessons are
her/
them
Active Voice:
I/he/she was
teaching a lesson
O n:
....... C-h-o
Eo
..... C-h-o -
....... C-hC
y ...... C-h-o
O, x ..... C-h-o
/- .... C-ho
-- -u- -x ---..
me
him/ her/
you/ us/ them
n:
We/you/they were
-p-
Passive:
being taught by
C-----o.
/
F/O//x
(- passive v- J- )
was teaching, were teaching
active forms was being/ were being +
taught h.
I/ he/ she was
We/ you/ they were
teaching
J Laxman
A ?
Aswini: .
Selection com-
*a---, p
v hC.
Ravi:
a lesson
lessons
mittee Laxman
-
bad treat
C ?
Ravi:
Selectors merit
M. SURESAN
vu y
?
Answer:
Ravi:
Sourabh is playing in the next test,

isn't he?
Aswini: Finally (at last) he has got a place on

the team.
Ravi:
Because of that they have dropped

Kaif, haven't they?
Aswini: Kaif plays well too, doesn't he?

Removing/ dropping him is unjust, isn't
it?
Ravi:
What about Laxman in the past?
Aswini: Yes, the selection committee has treat

Laxman badly, hasn't it?
(verb- has treated,
tag
Ravi:
has
v hC,
)
The selection do not give importance
to merit, do they?
C-h-o
C-h-o
C-h-C
y C-h-o
O/ x C-h-o
/ C-ho
O passive:
A lesson was
Lessons were
being taught by
Eo
-
me/ us/
him/ her/
you/ them
/ / t-/ / / O/ x
C-----C/ C----o ()
x being + PP form hC.

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[-

Well, I think. How did you do ?

do MCA. I am preparing for the

What group are going to study in

entrance tests and do MSc

Not sure yet, though dad wants me

No idea as yet. What's going to be

Kavita : Same here. Not decided yet.

---Fo -E- ...!

Well, You know I've taken the

CAT for joining in IIM. Waiting for

1. Vijayawada is on the banks of the Krishna

final degree exams are over. But

Suneetha : Not yet decided. What are your

the results. If I make it, I'll join

verb is, Sentence-2

[ Sentences N-Eo pN.

. (a), (b) (c),

Structure ) Subject + Verb

biggest state in south India.

Spoken English Grammar

Supriya : Hi, Suneetha, What a relief! The

entrance tests of all MCA

verb 'do speak', Sentence-3, 4

b) The Eenadu was published first from

Kavita: Not bad. I could have done better.

state in South India!

'She sings well'

Sentence 'She' Subject. 'Sings well'

Statement Subject ], Verb y

a) (Yes), They are students

b) (Yes), Rani is the leader

c) (No), I am not happy

d) (Yes), He was here last night -----?

Karuna: Yes. There was the first lesson in

Kranthi: Was anything important in it?

Karuna: Yes. Very important point was

parts of the human

Where are you?

3. They are happy

am, is, are p[ (now) vh

When are your classes every day?

When is the first show?

O-p-[- College (vA V)

\[ every day -- --].

]] itch () scratch (v\),

Answer: Why are you here at this time

My mother has a cold.

email: pratibha@ eenadu.net

Were you there yesterday?

Raghav: I was there, of course.

When were you there?

Raghav: I was there exactly at 6 when the

Who else was there yesterday?

Raghav: Anil, and Sunil were also there.

I was here yesterday

Why were you here yesterday?

sentences english practice

vo: Had, would short forms I had/would - I'd

B) I thought he'd do it.

Example: They'd done it.

bake, cake, case, date, face, game, hate,

[ phone, ringup, give a ring,

I will certainly call you.