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23. A 12 hour test conducted on a steam-generating plant with four of the boilers
in a operation. The data for the 12-hr test are as follows :
Proximate analysis of coal :

Moisture
Volatile matter
Fixed carbon
Ash(uncorrected)
Total

4,38%
29,93%
48,98%
16,71%
100,00%

Half of the sulfur of the coal appears in the volatile matter

Ultimate analysis of coal :

Carbon
65,93%
Avalaible hydrogen
Nitrogen
Sulfur
Combined water
Free moisture
Ash(correcte, sulfur free)
Total

Heating value of coal as fired ( total )

11670 btu/lb

Weight of coal fired

119000 lb

Temperature of coal

65oF

3,50%
1,3%
2,29%
6,31%
4,38%
15,59%
100,00%

Proximate analysis of refuse :

Flue gas :

CO2
O2
CO
N2
Total

11,66%
6,52%
0,04%
81,78%
100,0%

Moisture
Volatile matter
Fixed carbon
Ash(uncorrected)
Total

4,77%
2,68%
12,51%
80,64%
100,0%

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488oF

Temperature
Air :

Dry-bulb temperature 73oF

Wet-bulb temperature 59,4oF
Barometer
29,08 in.Hg
Steam :

Feed water
Water vaporated
Steam pressure
Quality

193oF
1038400 lb
137,4 psi gage
98,3%

Calculated the complete material and energy balance for the steam-generating
plant.
Penyelesaian :
Air

Boiler

Batubara

Steam

Furnace

Udara

Flue Gas

Refuse

a. Refuse
Total Kandungan Karbon Dalam Refuse
Abu : 16,71 %
Basis : 100 lb batubara
Berat abu BB =

x 100 lb = 16,71 lb

Total berat dalam refuse =

x 16,71 lb = 20,7217 lb

Rasio zat mudah terbakar pada BB =

= 2,6365

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VM dalam refuse =

x 20,7217 lb = 0,4310 lb

Total VM dalam refuse = 0,4310 lb x 2,6365 = 1,1363 lb

Fixed carbon direfuse = 20,7217 lb x

= 2,5923 lb

Total zat mudah terbakar dalam refuse = 0,4310 lb + 2,5923 lb = 3,0233 lb

Berat carbon = Total FC di refuse Total VM di refuse
= 2,5923 lb 1,1363 lb
= 1,456 lb
Total kandungan karbon batubara dari zat mudah terbakar
=

= 0,83551 x 100 = 83,551 %

Carbon batubara direfuse =

x 1,1363 lb = 0,9494 lb

Total carbon batubara direfuse = 1,456 lb + 0,9494 lb = 2,4054 lb

b. Menghitung Gas Produk
Neraca Karbon
C dalam BB =

x 100 lb = 65,93 lb

C refuse = 2,4054 lb
C flue gas

= 65,93 lb 2,4054 lb
= 63,5246 lb
= 5,2937 lbmol

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Bila lbmol gas terdapat

C

O2

CO

0,04 %

O2

CO2 11,66 %
11,70%

Total mol gas produser =

x 5,2937 lbmol = 45,2453 lbmol

Total udara kering :

CO2 = 45,2453 lbmol x

= 5,2485 lbmol x 44 lb/lbmol = 230,934 lb

CO = 45,2453 lbmol x

= 0,0181 lbmol x 28 lb/lbmol = 0,5068 lb

O2 = 45,2453 lbmol x

= 2,9952 lbmol x 32 lb/lbmol = 95,8464 lb

N2 = 45,2453 lbmol x

= 37,0016 lbmol x 28,21 lb/lbmol = 1043,44512 lb

Total

= 1370,73232 lb

c. Menghitung Berat Udara yang Disupplai

Neraca Nitrogen
N2 dalam Flue gas = 37,0016 lbmol
N2 Batubara =
N2 Udara

= 0,0461 lbmol
= 37,0016 lbmol 0,0461 lbmol
= 36,9555 lbmol
= 1042,1451 lb

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Udara kering yang disuplay =

x 36,9555 lbmol

= 46,7791 lbmol x 29 lb/lbmol

= 1356,5939 lb
O2 dari udara = 46,7791 lbmol 36,9555 lbmol
= 9,8236 lbmol x 32 lb/lbmol
= 314,3552 lb
Massa udara kering

= Berat O2 + Berat N2 dari udara

= 314,3552 lb + 1042,1451 lb
= 1356,5003 lb

Mol humidity = 0,012

T dry bulb =79 o F
T wet bulb = 59,4 oF
H2O dari udara = Molal humidity x Massa udara kering
= 0,012 x 1356,5003 lb
=
= 0,9044 lbmol
Total udara basah = 1356,5003 lb + 16,278 lb = 1372,7783 lb
d. Hidrogen dalam Batubara
Neraca Oksigen
O2 Batubara = O2 Combined water + O2 Free moisture
Moisture =
H2 +

O2

H2O

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4,38 lb = 0,2433 lbmol

O2

= 0,2433 lbmol x
= 0,12165 lbmol
= 3,8928 lb

Combine water =
H2 + O2

H2O
6,31 lb = 0,3505 lbmol

O2

= 0,3505 lbmol x
= 0,17525 lbmol

O2 Batubara

= O2 Combined water + O2 Free moisture

= 0,17525 lbmol + 0,12165 lbmol
= 0,2969 lbmol

O2 dari Udara = 9,8236 lbmol

O2 Flue gas =
C

O2

CO

0,00905
C

0,0181

O2

lbmol

CO2

5,2485

5,2485

lbmol

O2 bebas = 2,9952 lbmol

O2 Flue gas

= 0,00905 lbmol + 5,2485 lbmol + 2,9952 lbmol

= 8,2575 lbmol

O2 dalam Moisture Flue gas = O2 Batubara + O2 dari udara O2 flue gas

= (0,2969 + 9,8236 8,25275 ) lbmol
= 1,86775 lbmol
H2O dalam Flue gas

= 1,86775 lbmol x 2
= 3,7355 lbmol
= 67,239 lb

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e. Menghitung H2 dalam produk gas

Neraca Hidrogen
Hidrogen batubara = Net H + Combined Water + Free moisture
Net H =

x 100 lb = 3,50 lb

Combined Water & Free Moisture

=
= 0,5939 lbmol x 2 lb/lbmol
= 1,1878 lb

Hidrogen Batubara = 3,50 lb + 1,1878 lb = 4,6878 lb

Hidrogen dari udara = 0,9044 lbmol = 16,278 lb
Total hidrogen = Hidrogen Batubara + Hidrogen dari Udara
= 4,6878 lb + 16,278 lb
= 20,9658 lb
Hidrogen dalam dry flue gas :
H2

= 3,7355 lbmol x 2 lb/lbmol

= 7,471 lb

Hidrogen dalam moisture flue gas :

= Total Hidrogen Hidrogen dalam Flue gas
= 20,9658 lb 7,471 lb
= 13,4948 lb
= 6,7474 lbmol

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Neraca Massa
INPUT
Batubara
100 lb
Udara Kering
1356,5003 lb
H2O dari Udara
16,276 lb
Total
1472,7783 lb

OUTPUT
Dry Flue Gas
1370,73232 lb
H2O
67,329 lb
Refuse
20,7217 lb
Total
1472,7783 lb

Neraca Energi
INPUT
HV Batubara
1167000 Btu
Entalpi Batubara
0
Entalpi Udara
Kering
Entalpi H2O
Penguapan
Total

0
1751,042 Btu
1184151,042 Btu

OUTPUT
Entalpi Refuse
1977,8863 Btu
HV di Refuse
62737,643 Btu
Sensible Dry Gas
138456,1191 Btu
Sensible H2O dalam
234471,0243 Btu
Flue Gas
HV Stack Gas
889200 Btu
Heat Loss
142691,6307 Btu
Total
1184151,042 Btu