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Contents 1 Backgro n! an! " #$%cat%on 1&1 Ins"%rat%on 'or c(aracter ) P$ot s **ar+ , S+*#o$%s* o' c(aracter - L%terar+ s%gn%'%cance an! cr%t%c%s* . A/ar!s an! no*%nat%ons

T(e O$! Man an! t(e Sea

& T(e O$! Man an! t(e Sea

T(e O$! Man an! t(e Sea %s a no0e$$a 1#+ Ernest He*%ng/a+2 /r%tten %n C #a %n 13.1 an! " #$%s(e! %n 13.)& It /as t(e $ast *a4or /ork o' '%ct%on to #e "ro! ce! #+ He*%ng/a+ an! " #$%s(e! %n (%s $%'et%*e& One o' (%s *ost 'a*o s /orks2 %t centers "on Sant%ago2 an ag%ng C #an '%s(er*an /(o str gg$es /%t( a g%ant *ar$%n 'ar o t %n t(e G $' Strea*& It %s note/ort(+ %n t/ent%et( cent r+ '%ct%on2 rea''%r*%ng He*%ng/a+5s /or$!/%!e $%terar+ "ro*%nence as /e$$ as #e%ng a s%gn%'%cant 'actor %n (%s se$ect%on 'or t(e No#e$ Pr%6e %n L%terat re %n 13.-& Backgro n! an! " #$%cat%on Most "eo"$e *a%nta%n t(at t(e +ears 'o$$o/%ng He*%ng/a+5s " #$%cat%on o' For 7(o* t(e Be$$ To$$s %n 13-8 nt%$ 13.) /ere t(e #$eakest %n (%s $%terar+ career& T(e no0e$ Across t(e R%0er an! Into t(e Trees 113.89 /as a$*ost nan%*o s$+ !%s"arage! #+ cr%t%cs as se$':"aro!+& E0%!ent$+ (%s "art%c%"at%on as an A$$%e! corres"on!ent %n 7or$! 7ar II !%! not +%e$! 'r %ts e; %0a$ent to t(ose /ro g(t o' (%s e<"er%ences %n 7or$! 7ar I 1A Fare/e$$ to Ar*s2 13)39 or t(e S"an%s( C%0%$ 7ar 1For 7(o* t(e Be$$ To$$s9&He*%ng/a+ (a! %n%t%a$$+ "$anne! to se Sant%ago5s stor+2 /(%c( #eca*e T(e O$! Man an! t(e

Sea2 as "art o' a ran!o* %nt%*ac+ #et/een *ot(er an! son an! a$so t(e 'act o' re$at%ons(%"s t(at co0er *ost o' t(e #ook re$ate to t(e B%#$e2 /(%c( (e re'erre! to as =T(e Sea Book&= 1He a$so re'erre! to t(e B%#$e as t(e =Sea o' >no/$e!ge= an! ot(er s c( t(%ngs&9 So*e as"ects o' %t !%! a""ear %n t(e "ost( *o s$+ " #$%s(e! Is$an!s %n t(e Strea*& Pos%t%0e 'ee!#ack (e rece%0e! 'or On t(e B$ e 7ater 1Es; %re2 A"r%$ 13,?9 $e! (%* to re/r%te %t as an %n!e"en!ent /ork& T(e #ook %s a no0e$$a #eca se %t (as no c(a"ters or "arts an! %s s$%g(t$+ $onger t(an a s(ort stor+&T(e no0e$$a '%rst a""eare!2 %n %ts )?2.88:/or! ent%ret+2 as "art o' t(e Se"te*#er 12 13.) e!%t%on o' L%'e *aga6%ne& .&, *%$$%on co"%es o' t(at %ss e /ere so$! /%t(%n t/o !a+s& T(e *a4or%t+ o' conc rrent cr%t%c%s* /as "os%t%0e2 a$t(o g( so*e !%ssent%ng cr%t%c%s* (as s%nce e*erge!& T(e t%t$e /as *%s"r%nte! on t(e co0er o' an ear$+ e!%t%on as T(e O$! Men an! t(e Sea&

Inspiration for character

Gregor%o F entes %s one "oss%#$e *o!e$ 'or He*%ng/a+5s e"on+*o s =O$! Man=& 7(%$e He*%ng/a+ /as $%0%ng %n C #a #eg%nn%ng %n 13-8 /%t( (%s t(%r! /%'e Mart(a Ge$$(orn2 one o' (%s 'a0or%te "ast%*es /as to sa%$ an! '%s( %n (%s #oat2 na*e! t(e P%$ar& Genera$ #%ogra"(%ca$ consens s (o$!s t(at t(e *o!e$ 'or Sant%ago %n T(e O$! Man an! t(e Sea /as2 at $east %n "art2 t(e C #an '%s(er*an Gregor%o F entes& F entes2 a$so kno/n as Go+o to (%s 'r%en!s2 /as #orn %n 1@3A on Lan6arote %n t(e Canar+ Is$an!s2 *%grate! to C #a /(en (e /as s%< +ears o$! an! *et He*%ng/a+ t(ere %n 13)@& In t(e 13,8s2 He*%ng/a+ (%re! (%* to $ook a'ter (%s #oat& B r%ng He*%ng/a+5s C #an +ears a strong 'r%en!s(%" 'or*e! #et/een He*%ng/a+ an! F entes&

For a$*ost t(%rt+ +ears2 F entes ser0e! as t(e ca"ta%n o' t(e P%$arC t(%s %nc$ !e! t%*e ! r%ng /(%c( He*%ng/a+ !%! not $%0e %n C #a& F entes at t%*es /o $! a!*%t t(at t(e stor+ /as not e<act$+ a#o t (%*& He re$ate! t(at t(e tr e %ns"%rat%on o' t(e o$! *an an! t(e #o+ !%! e<%st # t t(e+ ne0er kne/ /(o t(e+ /ere& T(e stor+ goes t(at %n t(e $ate 13-8s2 "on ret rn 'ro* an ear$+ *orn%ng '%s(%ng tr%"2 F entes an! He*%ng/a+ sa/ a s*a$$ ro/#oat 18 *%$es o t to sea& He*%ng/a+ aske! F entes to a""roac( t(e 0esse$ to see %' t(e+ nee!e! (e$"& Ins%!e t(e #oat /as an o$! *an an! a #o+& As t(e 0esse$s c$ose! %n t(e o$! *an #egan +e$$%ng at t(e* /%t( %ns $ts %nc$ !%ng te$$%ng t(e* to go to (e$$2 %n!%cat%ng t(at t(e+ (a! scare! a/a+ t(e '%s(& Accor!%ng to F entes2 (e an! He*%ng/a+ $ooke! at eac( ot(er %n s r"r%se& D st t(e sa*e2 He*%ng/a+ aske! F entes to $o/er t(e* so*e 'oo! an! !r%nks /(%$e t(e o$! *an an! #o+ g$are! at t(e*& 7%t(o t anot(er /or! e<c(ange!2 t(e t/o #oats "arte! /a+s& Accor!%ng to F entes2 He*%ng/a+ #egan %**e!%ate$+ to /r%te %n (%s note#ook an! $ater aske! (%* to '%n! t(e o$! *an& Accor!%ng to F entes2 (e ne0er /as a#$e to '%n! t(e '%s(er*an t(at (a! *a!e s c( an %*"ress%on on He*%ng/a+& F entes reco nts t(at t(%s /as t(e rea$ or%g%n o' t(e $ore& A 'e/ +ears a'ter T(e O$! Man an! t(e Sea /as " #$%s(e!2 res%!ents o' Co4%*ar #e$%e0e! t(at t(e o$! '%s(er*an t(at F entes an! He*%ng/a+ ran %nto at sea /as a ( *#$e $oca$ '%s(er*an t(e+ ca$$e! e$ 0%e4o M%g e$C so*e !escr%#e! (%s "(+s%ca$ a""earance as a /%r+ S"encer Trac+&F entes2 s ''er%ng 'ro* cancer2 !%e! %n )88)C (e /as 18- +ears o$!& Pr%or to (%s !eat(2 (e !onate! He*%ng/a+5s P%$ar to t(e C #an go0ern*ent P$ot s **ar+ T(e O$! Man an! t(e Sea reco nts an e"%c #att$e #et/een an o$!2 e<"er%ence! '%s(er*an an! a g%ant *ar$%n sa%! to #e t(e $argest catc( o' (%s $%'e& It o"ens #+ e<"$a%n%ng t(at t(e '%s(er*an2 /(o %s na*e! Sant%ago2 (as gone @- !a+s /%t(o t catc(%ng an+ '%s( at a$$& He %s a""arent$+ so n$ ck+ t(at (%s +o ng a""rent%ce2 Mano$%n2 (as #een 'or#%!!en #+ (%s "arents to sa%$ /%t( t(e o$! *an an! #een or!ere! to '%s( /%t( *ore s ccess' $ '%s(er*en& St%$$ !e!%cate! to t(e o$! *an2 (o/e0er2 t(e #o+ 0%s%ts Sant%ago5s s(ack eac( n%g(t2 (a $%ng #ack (%s '%s(%ng gear2 'ee!%ng (%* an! !%sc ss%ng A*er%can #ase#a$$ E *ost nota#$+ Sant%ago5s %!o$2 Doe B%Magg%o& Sant%ago te$$s Mano$%n t(at on t(e ne<t !a+2 (e /%$$ 0ent re 'ar o t %nto t(e G $' to '%s(2 con'%!ent t(at (%s n$ ck+ streak %s near %ts en!& T( s on t(e e%g(t+:'%'t( !a+2 Sant%ago sets o t a$one2 tak%ng (%s sk%'' 'ar %nto t(e G $'& He sets (%s $%nes an!2 #+ noon o' t(e '%rst !a+2 a #%g '%s( t(at (e %s s re %s a *ar$%n takes (%s #a%t& Una#$e to " $$ %n t(e great *ar$%n2 Sant%ago %nstea! '%n!s t(e '%s(

" $$%ng (%s sk%''& T/o !a+s an! t/o n%g(ts "ass %n t(%s *anner2 ! r%ng /(%c( t(e o$! *an #ears t(e tens%on o' t(e $%ne /%t( (%s #o!+& T(o g( (e %s /o n!e! #+ t(e str gg$e an! %n "a%n2 Sant%ago e<"resses a co*"ass%onate a""rec%at%on 'or (%s a!0ersar+2 o'ten re'err%ng to (%* as a #rot(er& He a$so !eter*%nes t(at #eca se o' t(e '%s(5s great !%gn%t+2 no one /%$$ #e /ort(+ o' eat%ng t(e *ar$%n&On t(e t(%r! !a+ o' t(e or!ea$2 t(e '%s( #eg%ns to c%rc$e t(e sk%''2 %n!%cat%ng (%s t%re!ness to t(e o$! *an& Sant%ago2 no/ co*"$ete$+ /orn o t an! a$*ost %n !e$%r% *2 ses a$$ t(e strengt( (e (as $e't %n (%* to " $$ t(e '%s( onto %ts s%!e an! sta# t(e *ar$%n /%t( a (ar"oon2 t(ere#+ en!%ng t(e $ong #att$e #et/een t(e o$! *an an! t(e tenac%o s '%s(& Sant%ago stra"s t(e *ar$%n to (%s sk%'' an! (ea!s (o*e2 t(%nk%ng a#o t t(e (%g( "r%ce t(e '%s( /%$$ #r%ng (%* at t(e *arket an! (o/ *an+ "eo"$e (e /%$$ 'ee!& 7(%$e Sant%ago cont%n es (%s 4o rne+ #ack to t(e s(ore2 s(arks are attracte! to t(e tra%$ o' #$oo! $e't #+ t(e *ar$%n %n t(e /ater& T(e '%rst2 a great *ako s(ark2 Sant%ago k%$$s /%t( (%s (ar"oon2 $os%ng t(at /ea"on %n t(e "rocess& He *akes a ne/ (ar"oon #+ stra""%ng (%s kn%'e to t(e en! o' an oar to (e$" /ar! o'' t(e ne<t $%ne o' s(arksC %n tota$2 '%0e s(arks are s$a%n an! *an+ ot(ers are !r%0en a/a+& B t #+ n%g(t2 t(e s(arks (a0e a$*ost !e0o re! t(e *ar$%n5s ent%re carcass2 $ea0%ng a ske$eton cons%st%ng *ost$+ o' %ts #ack#one2 %ts ta%$ an! %ts (ea!2 t(e $atter st%$$ #ear%ng t(e g%ant s"ear& T(e o$! *an cast%gates (%*se$' 'or sacr%'%c%ng t(e *ar$%n& F%na$$+ reac(%ng t(e s(ore #e'ore !a/n on t(e ne<t !a+2 (e str gg$es on t(e /a+ to (%s s(ack2 carr+%ng t(e (ea0+ *ast on (%s s(o $!er& Once (o*e2 (e s$ *"s onto (%s #e! an! enters a 0er+ !ee" s$ee"& A gro " o' '%s(er*en gat(er t(e ne<t !a+ aro n! t(e #oat /(ere t(e '%s(5s ske$eton %s st%$$ attac(e!& One o' t(e '%s(er*en *eas res %t to #e e%g(teen 'eet 'ro* nose to ta%$& To r%sts at t(e near#+ ca'F *%staken$+ take %t 'or a s(ark& Mano$%n2 /orr%e! ! r%ng t(e o$! *an5s en!ea0or2 cr%es "on '%n!%ng (%* sa'e as$ee"& T(e #o+ #r%ngs (%* ne/s"a"ers an! co''ee& 7(en t(e o$! *an /akes2 t(e+ "ro*%se to '%s( toget(er once aga%n& U"on (%s ret rn to s$ee"2 Sant%ago !rea*s o' $%ons on t(e A'r%can #eac(&

Symbolism of character
T(e O$! Man an! t(e Sea a$$o/s 0ar%o s %nter"retat%ons& He*%ng/a+ e*"(as%6es t(at No goo! #ook (as e0er #een /r%tten t(at (as %n %t s+*#o$s arr%0e! at #e'ore(an! an! st ck %n& &&& I tr%e! to *ake a rea$ o$! *an2 a rea$ #o+2 a rea$ sea an! a rea$ '%s( an! rea$ s(arks& B t %' I *a!e t(e* goo! an!

tr e eno g( t(e+ /o $! *ean *an+ t(%ngs& T(e st+$e o' t(e /ork2 t(e s%*"$%c%t+ an! t(e concreteness o' %ts !escr%"t%ons2 "ro0%!es a r%c( o""ort n%t+ 'or s+*#o$%c %nter"retat%ons& So*e %ns%g(ts 'o$$o/& Sant%ago re"resents C(r%st s ''er%ng& He*%ng/a+ co*"ares (%* to Des s C(r%st on se0era$ occas%ons& He !escr%#es Sant%ago5s cr+ as a =&&&a no%se s c( as a *an *%g(t *ake2 %n0o$ ntar%$+2 'ee$%ng t(e na%$ go t(ro g( (%s (an! an! %nto t(e /oo!= 118A9& Sant%ago a$so =&&&"%cke! t(e *ast " an! " t %t on (%s s(o $!er an! starte! " t(e roa!& He&&&GsatH !o/n '%0e t%*es #e'ore (e reac(e! (%s s(ack= 11)19 * c( $%ke Des s !%! on t(e 4o rne+ to (%s cr c%'%<%on2 carr+%ng t(e cross& Later Sant%ago s$ee"s =&&&'ace !o/n &&& /%t( (%s ar*s o t stra%g(t an! t(e "a$*s o' (%s (an!s "= 11))92 t(e "os%t%on o' Des s on t(e cross& A$$ t(ro g(o t t(e #ook t(e o$! *an /%s(es 'or sa$t2 a sta"$e season%ng %n t(e ( *an !%et& He %s a '%s(er*an2 s%*%$ar to C(r%st5s !%sc%"$es& It %s a$so ; %te %ron%c t(at (e %s $ong%ng 'or sa$t %n t(e en0%ron*ent t(at a#o n!s %n #es%!es o"en s"ace2 sa$t+ sea /ater& I %te $%ke t(e "re!%ca*ent o' *an2 (e 'ee$s (e %s s rro n!e! #+ =%t= +et %t %s "rec%se$+ =%t= t(at (e $ongs 'or& He /%s(es t(e !%sso$0e! sa$t 1%t9 co $! cr+sta$$%6e an! #e %nte$$%g%#$e to (%*& T(e *ar$%n re"resents /(at *an %s searc(%ng 'or /(et(er %t *a+ #e goo! or #a!& So*e *en $o0e t(e%r go!s2 # t (e (ates t(e '%s( as *en (ate t(e%r go!s& T(e '%s( /as 0er+ #ea t%' $ an! ( ge an! Sant%ago 'e$t a connect%on /%t( %t2 cons%!er%ng %t (%s #rot(er& He*%ng/a+ sa+s t(at Sant%ago %s not a re$%g%o s *an2 # t (e see*s to (a0e so*e 'a%t( as s(o/n #+ (%s o''ers to sa+ (%s =Ha%$ Mar+s= an! "ra%ses %' (e catc(es t(e *ar$%n&

Literary significance and criticism

T(e O$! Man an! t(e Sea ser0e! to re%n0%gorate He*%ng/a+5s $%terar+ re" tat%on an! "ro*"te! a ree<a*%nat%on o' (%s ent%re #o!+ o' /ork& T(e no0e$$a /as %n%t%a$$+ rece%0e! /%t( * c( "o" $ar%t+C %t restore! *an+ rea!ers5 con'%!ence %n He*%ng/a+5s ca"a#%$%t+ as an a t(or& Its " #$%s(er2 Scr%#ner5s2 on an ear$+ ! st 4acket2 ca$$e! t(e no0e$$a a =ne/ c$ass%c2= an! *an+ cr%t%cs 'a0ora#$+ co*"are! %t /%t( s c( /orks as 7%$$%a* Fa $kner5s =T(e Bear= an! Her*an Me$0%$$e5s Mo#+:B%ck& Fo$$o/%ng s c( acc$a%*2 (o/e0er2 a sc(oo$ o' cr%t%cs e*erge! t(at %nter"rete! t(e no0e$$a as a !%sa""o%nt%ng *%nor /ork& For e<a*"$e2 cr%t%c P(%$%" Yo ng "ro0%!e! an a!*%r%ng re0%e/ %n 13.)2 4 st 'o$$o/%ng T(e O$! Man an! t(e Sea5s " #$%cat%on2 %n /(%c( (e state! t(at %t /as t(e #ook =%n /(%c( He*%ng/a+ sa%! t(e '%nest s%ng$e t(%ng (e e0er (a! to sa+ as /e$$ as (e co $! e0er (o"e

to sa+ %t&= Ho/e0er2 %n 13??2 Yo ng c$a%*e! t(at t(e ='a%$e! no0e$= too o'ten =/ent /a+ o t&= T(ese se$':contra!%ctor+ 0%e/s s(o/ t(at cr%t%ca$ react%on range! 'ro* a!orat%on o' t(e #ook5s *+t(%ca$2 "se !o:re$%g%o s %ntonat%ons to '$%""ant !%s*%ssa$ as " re 'aker+& T(e $atter %s 'o n!e! %n t(e not%on t(at He*%ng/a+2 once a !e0ote! st !ent o' rea$%s*2 'a%$e! %n (%s !e"%ct%on o' Sant%ago as a s "ernat ra$2 c$a%r0o+ant %*"oss%#%$%t+& Dose"( 7a$!*e%r5s essa+ ent%t$e! =Con'%teor Ho*%ne*J Ernest He*%ng/a+5s Re$%g%on o' Man= %s one o' t(e *ost 'a*e! 'a0ora#$e cr%t%ca$ rea!%ngs o' t(e no0e$$aEan! one /(%c( (as !e'%ne! ana$+t%ca$ cons%!erat%ons s%nce& Per(a"s t(e *ost *e*ora#$e c$a%* t(ere%n %s 7a$!*e%r5s ans/er to t(e D st /(at %s t(e #ook5s *essageK T(e ans/er ass *es a t(%r! $e0e$ on /(%c( T(e O$! Man an! t(e Sea * st #e rea!Eas a sort o' a$$egor%ca$ co**entar+ on a$$ (%s "re0%o s /ork2 #+ *eans o' /(%c( %t *a+ #e esta#$%s(e! t(at t(e re$%g%o s o0ertones o' T(e O$! Man an! t(e Sea are not "ec $%ar to t(at #ook a*ong He*%ng/a+5s /orks2 an! t(at He*%ng/a+ (as '%na$$+ taken t(e !ec%s%0e ste" %n e$e0at%ng /(at *%g(t #e ca$$e! (%s "(%$oso"(+ o' Man(oo! to t(e $e0e$ o' a re$%g%on& As o' )88?2 t(e c rrent co0er 'or t(e C(ar$es Scr%#ner5s Sons e!%t%on o' t(e no0e$$a 7a$!*e%r /as one o' t(e *ost "ro*%nent cr%t%cs to /(o$$+ cons%!er t(e ' nct%on o' t(e no0e$$a5s C(r%st%an %*ager+2 *a!e *ost e0%!ent t(ro g( Sant%ago5s #$atant re'erence to t(e cr c%'%<%on 'o$$o/%ng (%s s%g(t%ng o' t(e s(arks t(at rea!sJ A+2 (e sa%! a$o !& T(ere %s no trans$at%on 'or t(%s /or! an! "er(a"s %t %s 4 st a no%se s c( as a *an *%g(t *ake2 %n0o$ ntar%$+2 'ee$%ng t(e na%$ go t(ro g( (%s (an!s an! %nto t(e /oo!& 7a$!*e%r5s ana$+s%s o' t(%s $%ne2 s ""$e*ente! /%t( ot(er %nstances o' s%*%$ar s+*#o$%s*2 ca se! (%* to c$a%* t(at T(e O$! Man an! t(e Sea /as a se*%na$ /ork %n ra%s%ng He*%ng/a+5s ="(%$oso"(+ o' Man(oo!= to a re$%g%o s $e0e$& T(%s (a$$*ark cr%t%c%s* stan!s as one o' t(e *ost ! ra#$e2 "os%t%0e treat*ents o' t(e no0e$$a& On t(e ot(er (an!2 one o' t(e *ost o ts"oken cr%t%cs o' T(e O$! Man an! t(e Sea %s Ro#ert P& 7eeks& H%s 13?) "%ece =Faker+ %n T(e O$! Man an! t(e Sea= "resents (%s c$a%* t(at t(e no0e$$a %s a /eak an! ne<"ecte! !%0ergence 'ro* t(e t+"%ca$2 rea$%st%c He*%ng/a+ 1re'err%ng to t(e rest o' He*%ng/a+5s

#o!+ o' /ork as =ear$%er g$or%es=9& In 4 <ta"os%ng t(%s no0e$$a aga%nst He*%ng/a+5s "re0%o s /orks2 7eeks e<"$a%ns t(at T(e !%''erence2 (o/e0er2 %n t(e e''ect%0eness /%t( /(%c( He*%ng/a+ e*"$o+s t(%s c(aracter%st%c !e0%ce %n (%s #est /ork an! %n T(e O$! Man an! t(e Sea %s %$$ *%nat%ng& T(e /ork o' '%ct%on %n /(%c( He*%ng/a+ !e0ote! t(e *ost attent%on to nat ra$ o#4ects2 T(e O$! Man an! t(e Sea2 %s "%ece! o t /%t( an e<traor!%nar+ ; ant%t+ o' 'aker+2 e<traor!%nar+ #eca se one /o $! e<"ect to '%n! no %ne<actness2 no ro*ant%c%6%ng o' nat ra$ o#4ects %n a /r%ter /(o $oat(e! 7&H& H !son2 co $! not rea! T(orea 2 !e"$ore! Me$0%$$e5s r(etor%c %n Mo#+ B%ck2 an! /(o /as (%*se$' cr%t%c%6e! #+ ot(er /r%ters2 nota#$+ Fa $kner2 'or (%s !e0ot%on to t(e 'acts an! (%s n/%$$%ngness to =%n0ent&=

A/ar!s an! no*%nat%ons

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Pop culture references

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