ESc201:IntroductiontoElectronics

CircuitFundamentals quick ARecap R

Dr.K.V.Srivastava Dept.ofElectricalEngineering IITKanpur K
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Concepts
Charge,Current Charge Current,Voltage Voltage,Power Power,andEnergy OhmsLaw KCL C KVL

Electrical Current
Th time The ti rate t of f flow fl of f electrical l t i l charge h The units are amperes p ( (A), ) which are equivalent q to coulombs per second (C/s)

Andr-Marie Ampre 1775-1836

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Flow of electrons through a wire or other electrical conductor gives i rise i t to current t Electrons are negatively g y charged g particles The charge per electron is -1.60210-19 C

1016 electrons flow p per second How much current flows? Q 1.6 1019 1016 I= = = 1.6 103 A t 1

Current has a magnitude and a direction I

1016 electrons flow per second Direction of current flow is opposite to direction of electron flow Large number of electrons have to flow for appreciable current

Exercise 1: For q(t) = 2 - 2e-100t, t > 0 and q(t) = 0 for t < 0, fi d i(t) find
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Direct Current (DC) & Alternating Current (AC)

When current is constant with time time, we say that we have direct current, abbreviated as DC.

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On the O th other th hand, h d a current t that th t varies i with ith ti time, reversing i di direction ti periodically, is called alternating current, abbreviated as AC
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Voltage
Voltage difference is a Source of current flow Units of Voltage: Volts (V)

Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta 1745-1827

12V

12V

0V

12V
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Voltage Sources

DC and AC voltages

V + V = 1 2V

Electrical Systems are made of Voltage sources, wires and a variety of electrical elements

Resistor

Capacitor

Inductor

Diode Transistor Transformer

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Current flows in a loop

El t i l systems Electrical t are called ll d electrical l t i l circuits i it

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Electrical Circuit
Connection of several circuit elements in closed paths by conductors

Before we learn how to analyze and design circuits, we must become familiar with some basic circuit elements.
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Resistance

v (t ) = R i (t )
Ohms Ohm s law The constant, constant R, R is called the resistance of the component and is measured in units of Ohm ()

Resistor Symbol:
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Conductance

v (t ) = R i (t )
v (t ) i (t ) = = G v (t ) R
G = 1/R is called conductance and its unit is Siemens (S)
Ernst Werner von Siemens 1816-1892 1816 1892
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v R= i i G= v

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Resistance Related to Physical Parameters

L R= A
Resistance is affected by the dimensions and geometry of the resistor as well as the particular material used is the resistivity of the material in ohm meters [-m] m] Conductors (Aluminum, Carbon, Copper, Gold) Insulators (Glass, Teflon) Semiconductors (Silicon)
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Any electrical element which obeys ohms law can be modeled as a resistor

Can we model an electric bulb as a resistor?

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Electrical Bulb

Even though g characteristics are non-linear, over a certain range, the bulb can be thought of as a resistor
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Power and Energy

12V Q X

0V

The charge loses energy = Q x 12 Joules

This energy is taken from the voltage source and delivered t the to th circuit i it element l t
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12V

I
X

Q I= t

Q =It

0V

In 1 second second, charge equal to Q = I flows through the element X

Every time a charge q goes from 12V to 0V it transfers energy qx12 J to the element X Total Energy transferred in 1 second = I x 12 J P = I x 12 Watts Power = Energy/time Joules/second = watts P=IxV
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A charge of 1 coulomb receives or delivers an energy of 1j joule in moving g through g a voltage g of 1 volt.

dw v= dq

dq d i= dt

dw dw dq P(t ) = = = v(t ) i (t ) d dt dq d dt d
dw P (t ) = dt
t2

w=

t1
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p (t ) d t

Power
V1 I X

P = (V 1 V 2 ) I

V2 If V1 > V2 then P is positive and it means that power is being delivered to the electrical element X If V1 < V2 then P is negative and it means that power is being extracted from the electrical element X. X is a source of power !
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Note on direction of current

2A

-2A

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Examples
12V 1A X 6V 12V
1A

P= ?

P = (V 1 V 2 ) I = ( (1 2 6 ) 1 = 6 W
P= ?

P = (V 1 V 2 ) I
X

= (1 2 6 ) 1 = 6 W
Power is supplied by element X instead of dissipation
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6V

6V

P= ? 1A
X

P = (V 1 V 2 ) I = (6 1 2 ) 1 = 6 W

12V power is being delivered to the electrical element X

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There is only one battery in the circuit. Can you find which element is a battery? y

A battery is a source of power, so Power dissipated is negative Answer is C

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Power dissipated in a Resistor

+ v -

i
R

v=i R P =vi

v i= R

P =i R
2

v P= R

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Circuit Analysis

R1 VS R2

R3 R4 IX

What is current in R2 ? Procedure: Use Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL) and Kirchhoff's Current law (KCL) ( ) to transform the circuit into a set of equations q whose solution gives the required voltage or current value
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Engineering Analysis
Real-life Real life System

Abstract Model

Mathematical problem

v2 v2 P= + R1 R 2

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Nodes and loops

Node: A point where 2 or more circuit elements are connected.

R1 VS R2

R3 R4 IX

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A loop is formed by tracing a closed path through circuit elements without p passing g through g any y intermediate node more than once

R1 VS R2

R3 R4 IX

This is not a valid loop !

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Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)

Sum of currents entering a node is equal to sum of currents leaving a node

i1 + i 2 = i3
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Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)

Net current entering a node is zero

i
1

= 0

Current entering a node is considered positive and current leaving a node is considered as negative

i1 + i 2 i3 = 0
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i3 = i 4

1 + 3 ia = 0

1 + 3 + ib 2 = 0

ia = 4 A

ib = 2 A

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1 + 3 + ic + 4 = 0

ic = 8 A
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Example

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KCL: More general formulation

The sum of currents entering/leaving a closed surface is zero. zero
i1 i2

R1 VS R2

R3 R4 IX

i3

i4

i1 + i 2 + i3 i 4 = 0

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Series Circuit
Two elements are connected in series if there is no other element connected to the node joining them

A, B and C are in series

The elements have the same current going through them

i a = ib = i c

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A and B are in series

E, F and G are in series

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Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)

The algebraic Th l b i sum of f the th voltages lt equals l zero f for any closed path (loop) in an electrical circuit

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Example

L o o p 3 : ve + vd vb + va = 0
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KVL and Conservation of Energy

V1 Q

Th charge The h l loses energy = Q x (V1-V V2) Joules J l

V2

Energy gained

Energy lost
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KVL: law of conservation of Energy

Parallel Circuits
Two elements are connected in p parallel if both ends of one element are connected directly to corresponding ends of the other

A and B are connected in parallel D E and F are connected in parallel D,

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The voltage g across p parallel elements are equal q ( (both magnitude and polarity)

va = vb = vc
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Example

3 5 + v c = 0 v c = 8V

v c ( 1 0 ) + v e = 0 v e = 2V
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Use KVL , KCL and Ohms law to solve the given problem

+ i1

v1

+ V2 i2 -

v x + v1 + v 2 = 0 v x = v1 + v 2

v1 = i1 5

v 2 = i2 1 0
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Next Problem: Find currents i1 and i2

i1

v x = v1 + v 2 v1 = i1 5
i2

v 2 = i2 1 0

v x = ( i1 + 2 i 2 ) 5

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Use ohms law : v = I x R

I1 = ? + 0.5A 5V 1A 5V +

+ 5V -

Apply KCL at the indicated node

i1 0 .5 1 1 = 0 i1 = 2 .5 A

v1 = i1 5 = 1 2 .5V

v x = v1 + v 2 = 1 2 .5 + 5 = 1 7 .5V
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Independent Sources

12V

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Dependent (Controlled) Voltage Sources

2Vx + Voltage-controlled Voltage source + Vx 3Ix + -

Ix

Current-controlled Voltage source Very useful in constructing circuit models for real-world devices such as transistors and amplifiers For a voltage controlled source: V = K1Vx , K1 is i a gain i parameter t with ith no units it For a current controlled source: V = K2Ix, K2 is a gain parameter with units [V/A]
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Dependent (Controlled ) Current Sources

+ Vx -

2Vx Voltage-controlled current source

Ix

3Ix

Current-controlled current source Very useful in constructing circuit models for real-world devices such as transistors and amplifiers f g controlled source: I = K3Vx, For a voltage K3 is a gain parameter with units [A/V] For a current controlled source: I = K4Ix, K4 is a gain parameter with no units
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Summary
Current: The time rate of flow of electrical charge g The units are amperes (A), which are equivalent to coulombs per second (C/s) )
Direction of current flow is opposite to direction of electron flow Voltage difference is the Source of current flow Units of Voltage: Volts (V)

Power

V1

I
X

P = (V 1 V 2 ) I
dw P (t ) = dt
t2

w=

Ohms law

V2

t1

p (t ) d t

v (t ) = R i (t )
i (t ) = v (t ) = G v (t ) R

Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)

+ v -

P = i2 R
i
R

Sum of currents entering a node is equal to sum of currents leaving a node

v2 P= R

i1 + i 2 = i3
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) The algebraic sum of the voltages equals zero for any closed path (loop) in an electrical circuit

Two elements are connected in series if there is no other element connected to the node joining them. Same current flows
Two elements are connected in parallel if both ends of one element are connected directly to corresponding ends of the other. Same voltage

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