Yellow stemborer(Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker)) [Lepidoptera: Pyralidae] ( ig! "#) "$!

White stemborer (Scirpophaga innotata (Walker)) [Lepidoptera: Pyralidae] ( ig! "$) %&! Pink stemborer (Sesamia in'erens (Walker)) [Lepidoptera: (octuidae] ( ig! %&) %"! Striped stemborer ()hilo suppressalis (Walker)) [Lepidoptera: Pyralidae] ( ig! %") %%! *old+'ringed stemborer ()hilo auricilius ,udgeon) [Lepidoptera: Pyralidae] ( ig! %%) %-! ,ark+headed stemborer ()hilo polychrysus (.eyrick)) [Lepidoptera: Pyralidae] ( ig! %-)

18 - yellow stem borer yellow withblack spot in the middle o' each'orewing ('emale)

19 - white stem borer 20 - pink stem borer white without black spot pale yellow to dark on each'orewing brown markings/ white band near wing tips0 thick hair tu't near head

21 - striped stem borer straw color to light brown with black spots at tip o' 'orewings

22 - dark-headed 23 - gold-fringed stem borer stem borer light yellow with dark similar to dark+headed markings near the center o' 'ront wings

1ggs o' stemborers are laid mostly on the lea' blades e2cept 'or pink which is hidden on the inner side o' the lea'sheath!

yellow and white stem borer eggs co3ered with pale orange+brown hairs/ o3al shape 4&+%&& eggs

striped, gold-fringed and dark-headed stem borer eggs unco3ered/ scale+like %&+"4& eggs whitish when young and turn purplish near hatching

pink stem borer eggs bead+like -&+"&& eggs in rows white when young

Lar3ae o' the stem borers can be di''erentiated by their color and appearance as shown below:

yellow stem borer larva head + yellow brown and smaller than the body body + pale yellow

white stem borer larva head + same as yellow body 5 white

pink stem borer larva head + orange red body + purplish+pink dorsally/ white 3entrally

dark-headed & gold-fringed stem borer larva head + black capsule

striped stem borer larva head + yellowish brown body + with 4 brown stripes

body + same as striped

(- dorsal/ % lateral)

Lar3ae bore into and 'eed within the rice stem that results to typical damage called 6deadheart7 at the 3egetati3e stage and 6whitehead7 at the reproducti3e stage!

deadheart

whitehead

0.08%ethyl parathion and 0.03% diazinon. http://crri.nic.in/Research/Divisions/Entomology.htm Ugni molinae - Chilean guava -This attractive small leafed plant is an excellent container plant, cutting grown. http://members.cox.net/ onv!/poirier.html
Root feeders: soil+inhabiting insects (partly or totally) that 'eed on underground parts!8oot pests are 'a3ored by well+drained and un'looded rice soils! inds of root feeders %9! :riental mole cricket (Gryllotalpa orientalis ;urmeister) [:rthoptera: *ryllotalpidae] <dults ( ig! %9a) and nymphs ha3e enlarged and spade+like 'ront legs =unnel in the soil with its enlarged 'ront legs! <dults and nymphs 'eed on sown seeds and roots! Young plants can die 'rom root loss producing bare spots and missing plant stand in the 'ield ( ig! %9b)!

%9a

%9b

%4! White grubs [Leucopholis irrorata ()he3rolat) [)oleoptera: Scarabaeidae] <dults are gray brown with stout and smooth bodies ( ig! %4a) Lar3ae are white with large yellow brown heads ( ig! %4b)! =hey 'eed on the root mass trimming the roots! Young lar3ae roll into ) shape when disturbed while older lar3ae ha3e an enlarged area at the tip o' the abdomen! Lea3es o' damage plants turn orange+yellow/ wither and die due to root loss!

%4a

%4b

!ap-feeders: suck the sap or >uice o' the plant with their piercing+sucking mouthparts!=hey are also known as sucking insects! "ypes of sap-feeders #$ %lant sap-feeders "%! *reen lea'hoppers ((ephotetti2 spp!) [?emiptera: )icadellidae] *reen lea'hoppers are the most common lea'hoppers in the rice plant!

our species transmit 3irus and mycoplasma+like diseases o' rice such as tungro/ yellow dwar'/ waika/ transitory yellowing/ gall dwar'/ and dwar'! Lea'hoppers can be distinguished by the shape o' the head and the presence or absence o' black lines or bands between the eyes! or instance/ the temperate species/ (! cincticeps (@hler) ( ig! "%a) has bluntly rounded head and without central black spots on the 'orewings! =he tropical <sian species (! nigropictus (Stal) has a trans3erse black band on the head and central black spots on the 'orewings ( ig! "%b)! :n the other hand/ (! 3irescens (,istant) has a pointed head without black bands ( ig! "%c)! ;oth nymphs and adults 'eed by e2tracting plant sap with their needle+ shaped mouthparts!

N.cincticeps "%a

N. nigropictus "%b

N. virescens "%c

"-! AigBag lea'hopper (Recilia dorsalis (.otschulsky)) [?emiptera: )icadellidae] =he BigBag lea'hopper can be readily recogniBed by the brownish BigBag pattern on its wings ( ig! "-)! Ct 'eeds well on rice and some grassy weeds/ and is an important 3ector o' 3iral diseases!

""9! ;rown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens (Stal)) [?emiptera: ,elphacidae]

=he adult brown planthopper is light to dark brown! =he male is distinctly smaller than the 'emale! =he adult planthoppers occur in both the short+ and long+ winged 'orms ( ig! "9a)! =he eggs/ characteriBed by broad 'lat egg caps/ are laid in batches in the lea' sheath or midrib o' the lea3es! =here are 'i3e nymphal instars! (ewly emerged nymphs are white/ but later turn brown! 8emo3al o' plant sap and blockage o' 3ascular bundles by 'eeding sheaths cause the plant to wilt and die! =his condition is re'erred to as hopperburn ( ig!"9b)! ;rown planthopper transmits grassy stunt and ragged stunt!

"9a

"9b

"4! White+backed planthopper (Sogatella furcifera (?or3ath) [?emiptera: ,elphacidae] =he adult white+backed planthopper has a prominent white band on its thora2 ( ig! "4) .ale occurs only in long+winged 'orm while 'emale can either be short or long+winged! 1ggs are laid in rice stem or lea' sheaths! (ewly emerged nymphs are white but show coloration as they mature! eeds eDually on some grasses as well as on rice!

"4 ,e'oliators: insects that 'eed on plant lea3es! < portion or the whole lea' blade may be consumed early/ late/ or at all stages o' the crop growth! "ypes of &efoliators #$ !eedling to 'egetative "! 8ice whorl maggot (Hydrellia philippina erino) [,iptera: 1phydridae]

Whorl maggot is a small gray 'ly ( ig! "a) with strong pre'erence to young transplanted rice plants! =he whorl maggot causes damage during the tillering stage o' rice/ 'or about 9& days a'ter transplanting/ but therea'ter little damage occurs! ,amage symptoms are 3isible when the lea' grows out o' the whorl! =he edge o' the lea' is discolored/ whitish or yellowish ( ig! "b)! =he e2tent o' damage 3aries 'rom slight 'eeding causing a 6pinched7 or narrow area or pinholes to a se3erely damaged lea' which is completely broken due to e2treme 'eeding across the entire width o' the lea' ( ig! "c)!

"a

"b

"c

%! 8ice caseworm (Nymphula depunctalis (*uenee)) [Lepidoptera: Pyralidae] .oth is immaculate white with light brown and black spots on the wings ( ig! %a) 1ggs are pale/ yellowish green/ laid in one or two long rows on under sur'aces o' lea3es drooping into the water! Lar3ae are yellowish green/ translucent with threadlike gills on body ( ig! %b! =he 'reshly hatched lar3ae 'eed on the sur'ace o' the tender lea3es but later instar lar3ae/ with their heads and thoraces protruding 'rom within the case/ 'eed on the sur'ace o' the older lea3es ( ig! %c)! =he lar3a consumes the green lea' tissue/ lea3ing only the papery upper epidermis ( ig! %d)! reDuently se3eral lar3a attack a plant and cut o'' most o' the lea' tips 'or making cases and may consume the remaining lea3es! @neaten lea3es can be seen 'loating on the paddy water sur'ace!

%a

%b

%c

%d

-! 8ice green hairy caterpillar (Rivula atimeta (Swinhoe)) [Lepidoptera: (octuidae]

.oth is triangular/ cream colored/ and land on lea' sur'ace with its head pointing downward ( ig! -a) Lar3ae are green with pair o' white line running along dorsal side o' the hairy body ( ig! -b)! Young lar3ae scrape tissue 'rom lea' blades lea3ing only the lower white sur'ace! :lder lar3ae cut out section o' lea' blades ( ig! -b)!

-a

-b

9! 8ice green semilooper (Naranga aenescens (.oore)) [Lepidoptera: (octuidae] <dult is yellow orange with two diagonal/ dark red bands on each 'ront wings ( ig! 9a)! Lar3ae are similar in siBe to that o' rice green hairy caterpillar e2cept 'or the looping mo3ement and absence o' long body hairs ( ig! 9b)! =he damage is identical to that o' the green hairy caterpillar ( ig! 9b)!

9a

9b

4! <sian rice gall midge (Orseolia oryzae (Wood+.ason)) [,iptera: )ecidomyiidae] =he orange red 'ly is mosDuito+like with long/ slender legs and bead+ like antennae ( ig! 4a)! =his insect is nocturnal and is attracted to light! 1ggs are shiny white with pinkish/ red or yellow shading and are laid openly on lea' blades! Soon a'ter hatching/ the lar3a mo3es down between the lea' sheath and the stem until it reaches the growing point o' the apical or side buds and 'eeds at the base o' the growing plant! < gall begins to 'orm and e3entually results in the de3elopment o' a tubular gall or 6onion lea'7 ( ig! 4b)! Plant damage is caused by the trans'ormation o' tillers into tubular galls which do not bear panicles!1arly in'estation also causes e2cessi3e

tillering but these new tillers o'ten become in'ested and 'ew bear panicles!

4a

4b

($ )eneral defoliators E! 8ice hispa (Dicladispa armigera (:li3ier)) [)oleoptera: )hrysomelidae] <dult beetle is small/ metallic blue+black and co3ered with short and long spines in the thora2 and 'orewings ( ig!Ea)! ;oth adults and lar3ae 'eed on the lea' tissue between the epidermal membranes! =he adults scrape the upper sur'ace/ lea3ing only the lower epidermis! <dult 'eeding damage shows white streaks along the long a2is o' the lea' ( ig! Eb)! Lar3ae produce irregular longitudinal white mines as they tunnel between the epidermal layers! <''ected lea3es may wither and die/ gi3ing the 'ield a burnt appearance

Ea

Eb

F! 8ice lea''olders (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (*uenee)/ arasmia e!igua (;utler)/ arasmia patnalis ;radley) [Lepidoptera: Pyralidae] =he moths o' the - species: C. medinalis ( ig! Fa)/ . patnalis ( ig! Fb) and . e!igua ( ig! Fc) are yellow brown which can be di''erentiated with dark line markings on their wings! ,amage to the rice plant is caused by the caterpillars which 'old the lea' blades into tubular structures and 'eed on the green lea' tissues! =he a''ected lea3es dry up gi3ing seriously in'ected 'ields a scorched appearance ( ig! Fd)!

=he discoloration and 'olding o' the lea3es a''ects the general 3igor o' the rice plants and reduces their photosynthetic ability! =he damaged lea3es also ser3e as an a3enue 'or 'ungal and bacterial in'ection!

Fa

Fb

Fc

Fd

#! 8ice thrips (Stenchaetothrips "iformis (;agnall)) [=hysanoptera: =hripidae] 8ice thrips are minute/ so't+bodied/ elongated insects ha3ing narrow wings with long marginal hair and asymmetrical rasping and piercing mouthparts ( ig! #a)! <dults and nymphs ( ig! #b) pre'er to 'eed on young plants and seedlings! ,amaged lea3es show 'ine white to sil3ery scraped areas ( ig! #c le't)! ,ue to se3ere rasping/ the lea3es roll and may e3en wither ( ig! #c right)! Lea' damage increases in dry weather/ particularly when there is drought stress! @pland rice being prone to drought commonly su''er 'rom thrips in'estation!

#a

#b

#c

$! 8ice green+horned caterpillar ( elanitis leda ismene )ramer/ .ycalesis sp!) [Lepidoptera: Satyridae] =he drab/ dark brown butter'ly has round spots on the wings ( ig! $a)! =he large/ light green lar3a blends into rice 'oliage but is easily recogniBed by the two prominent horns pro>ecting 'rom the 'lat Duadrangular head and 'rom the tip o' its abdomen ( ig! $b)! =he green+horned caterpillar damages rice during the lar3al stage through de'oliation! 1ach lar3a is capable o' de'oliating a great Duantity o' lea' tissue during its -+week lar3al period!

$a

$b

"&! 8ice skippers (#elopidas mathias ( abricius)/ #arnara guttata ;remer and *rey) [Lepidoptera: ?esperiidae] .oths o' rice skippers skippers/ namely/ #. mathias ( abricius) and #. guttata ;remer and *rey are brown in color with transparent white marks on the 'orewings and their antennae ha3e hook+like tips! =he hind wings o' #. mathias ha3e no transparent spots ( ig! "&a) but #. guttata bear 'our white transparent spots ( ig! "&b)! =he head o' #. mathias lar3a has red obliDue bands on each side ( ig! "&c) while #. guttata lar3a has a brownish 'rontal W+band on its head ( ig! "&d) =he lar3ae o' two species o' rice skippers ha3e similar 'eeding habits! =hey skeletoniBe the lea' by eating the entire lea' margins and lea3e the midrib uneaten!

"&a

"&b

"&c

"&d

""! 8ice short+horned grasshoppers (O!ya sp! and $crida sp![:rthoptera: <crididae]/ $tractomorpha sp! [:rthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae]) Se3eral genera and species o' short+horned grasshoppers o' 3arying shapes are attacking the rice plants! =he common genera are easily identi'ied! O!ya and $crida species ha3e no deep 'urrow along midline o' head but present in $tractomorpha. O!ya ( ig! ""a) ha3e large rounded eyes with bold heads while $crida ( ig! ""b) and $tractomorpha ( ig! ""c) ha3e small elongate eyes and strongly slanted 'aces! ;oth nymphs and adults 'eed on lea' tissue consuming large sections 'rom the edges o' the lea' blades!

""a! O!ya sp!

""b! $crida sp!

""c! $tractomorpha