SINIR TABAKA TEORS

Y.Do.Dr. Onur Tuner stanbul Teknik niversitesi

Boundary Layer (BL) Approximation

BL approximation bridges the gap between the Euler and NS equations, and between the slip and no-slip B at the wall! "randtl (#$%&) introdu'ed the BL approximation

Boundary Layer (BL) Approximation

Not to s'ale

(o s'ale

Boundary Layer (BL) Approximation

BL Equations) we restri't attention to steady, *+, laminar ,low (although method is ,ully appli'able to unsteady, -+, turbulent ,low) BL 'oordinate system
x ) tangential dire'tion y ) normal dire'tion

Boundary Layer (BL) Approximation

(o deri.e the equations, start with the steady nondimensional NS equations

/e'all de,initions Sin'e , Eu 0 # /e 11 #, Should we negle't .is'ous terms2 No3, be'ause we would end up with the Euler equation along with de,i'ien'ies already dis'ussed! an we negle't some o, the .is'ous terms2

Boundary Layer (BL) Approximation

(o answer question, we need to redo the nondimensionali4ation
5se L as length s'ale in streamwise dire'tion and ,or deri.ati.es o, .elo'ity and pressure with respe't to x! 5se (boundary layer thi'6ness) ,or distan'es and deri.ati.es in y! 5se lo'al outer (or edge) .elo'ity 5e!

Boundary Layer (BL) Approximation

7rders o, 8agnitude (78)

9hat about :2 5se 'ontinuity

Sin'e

Boundary Layer (BL) Approximation

Now, de,ine new nondimensional .ariables

All are order unity, there,ore normali4ed Apply to x- and y-'omponents o, NSE ;o through details o, deri.ation on bla'6board!

Boundary Layer (BL) Approximation

<n'ompressible Laminar Boundary Layer Equations
ontinuity =8omentum >8omentum

Boundary Layer "ro'edure

#! Sol.e ,or outer ,low, ignoring the BL! 5se potential ,low (irrotational approximation) or Euler equation Assume ?L @@ # (thin BL) Sol.e BLE
y A % no-slip, uA%, .A% y A 5 A 5e(x) x A x% u A u(x%), .A.(x%)

*! -!

#! *! -!

al'ulate , , B, w, +rag :eri,y ?L @@ # <, ?L is not @@ #, use B as body and goto step # and repeat

Boundary Layer "ro'edure

"ossible Limitations
#! /e is not large enough BL may be too thi'6 ,or thin BL assumption! 2. p?y % due to wall 'ur.ature 0 / -! /e too large turbulent ,low at /e A #x#%C! BL approximation still .alid, but new terms required! &! Dlow separation

Boundary Layer "ro'edure

Be,ore de,ining and B and , are there
analyti'al solutions to the BL equations2
5n,ortunately, N7

Blasius Similarity Solution boundary layer on a ,lat plate, 'onstant edge .elo'ity, 4ero external pressure gradient

Blasius Similarity Solution

Blasius introdu'ed similarity .ariables

(his redu'es the BLE to

(his 7+E 'an be sol.ed using /unge-Eutta te'hnique /esult is a BL pro,ile whi'h holds at e.ery station along the ,lat plate

Blasius Similarity Solution

Blasius Similarity Solution

Boundary layer thi'6ness 'an be 'omputed by assuming that 'orresponds to point where 5?5e A %!$$%! At this point, A &!$#, /e'al there,ore l

9all shear stress w and ,ri'tion 'oe,,i'ient 'an be dire'tly related to Blasius solution

,,x

+ispla'ement (hi'6ness
+ispla'ement thi'6ness B is the imaginary in'rease in thi'6ness o, the wall (or body), as seen by the outer ,low, and is due to the e,,e't o, a growing BL! Expression ,or B is based upon 'ontrol .olume analysis o, 'onser.ation o, mass

Blasius pro,ile ,or laminar BL 'an be (#?- o, integrated to gi.e

)

(urbulent Boundary Layer

Bla'6 lines) instantaneous "in6 line) time-a.eraged

<llustration o, unsteadiness o, a turbulent BL

omparison o, laminar and turbulent BL pro,iles

(urbulent Boundary Layer

All BL .ariables F5(y), , B, G are determined empiri'ally! 7ne 'ommon empiri'al approximation ,or the time-a.eraged .elo'ity pro,ile is the one sevent! "o#er la#

(urbulent Boundary Layer

(urbulent Boundary Layer

Dlat plate 4ero-pressure-gradient (BL 'an be plotted in a uni.ersal ,orm i, a new .elo'ity s'ale, 'alled the ,ri'tion .elo'ity 5, is used! Sometimes re,erred to as the HLaw o, the 9allI :elo'ity "ro,ile in 9all oordinates

(urbulent Boundary Layer

+espite itJs simpli'ity, the Law o, the 9all is the basis ,or many D+ turbulen'e models! Spalding (#$K#) de.eloped a ,ormula whi'h is .alid o.er most o, the boundary layer

, B are 'onstants

"ressure ;radients
(he BL approximation is not .alid downstream o, a separation point be'ause o, re.erse ,low in the separation bubble! (urbulent BL is more resistant to ,low separation than laminar BL exposed to the same ad.erse pressure gradient
Laminar ,low separates at 'orner

(urbulent ,low does not separate