Tutorial Book 2

Center for International Language
Sultan Agung Isamic University

2013
1
Book 2. CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT (CILAD) UNISSULA
CHAPTER 1
GERUND AND INFINITIVE
(Sorry, I didnt mean to do)
Pair up and identify the pattern!

Verb + to Verb
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Tom decided to buy a motorbike.

He offered to lend me some money.
She would like to cash a check.
Jane agreed to go out with Barry.
John decided not to leave the country.
Notes:
a. A number of verbs are folowed by to Verb. For example:
Agree to go
Like to study
Decide to leave
b. In its negative form, the negator NOT is inserted betweet the Verb and the to Verb.
Agree not to go
Decide not to leave
c. Below is a list of the common verbs that are followed by to Verb.
Want
need (would) like (would) have hope
pretend
learn (how)
Expect
plan
intend
mean
decide
forget
try
Promise offer
agree
refuse
seem
appear
cant afford / wait
Practice makes perfect; Complete the sentences bellow with the infinitive (TO VERB)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
form of your own verbs. Consult your instructor!

Examples:
a. Dr. Azis plans .......... Singapore next month.
Dr Aziz plasn to go / to visit / to fly to Singapore next week.
b. She has decided not ........ tonight.
She has decided not to go out / to study / to sleep late tonigt.
Im planning ............... Chicago next week.
...................................................................................................................................................
Ive decided ............ a new apartment.
................................................................................................................................................
Javk promised not ........... late for the wedding.
................................................................................................................................................
I forgot ......... some milk when I when to the grocery store.
................................................................................................................................................
I would like ........... the Grand Canyon.
................................................................................................................................................
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6. My husband and I would love ............... Arizona.

................................................................................................................................................
7. I need ........... my homework tonight.
................................................................................................................................................
8. What time do you expect ............. Chicago?
................................................................................................................................................
9. I want .............. a ball game on TV after dinner tonight.
................................................................................................................................................
10. You seem ............. in a good mood today.
................................................................................................................................................
Pair up and identify the pattern! Consult your instructor!
Verb ing ...

It is ......... to verb
a. Dringking much water is healthy.

It is healthy to drink much water.
b. Riding horses is fun.
It is fun to ride horses.
It is + Adj + for NP +to V
a. It is goog for John to know English.

(John should know English)
b. It is possible for you to become a president.
(You have a chance to become a president)
c. It is necessary for living beings to eat and drink
(Living beings must eat and drink)
Practice makes perfect; Change the sentences below with It is ......... to + Verb
without changing their meaning. Consult your instructor!
Examples:
a. Jogging in the morning is necessary.
It is necessary to jog in the morning.
b. Coming to class on time is important.
Its is important to come to class on time.
1. Having good friends is important.
...................................................................................................................................................
2. Paying tennis is fun.
................................................................................................................................................
3. Being polite to other people is important.
................................................................................................................................................
4. Learning about other cultures is interesting.
................................................................................................................................................
5. Walking alone at night in that part of the city is dangerous.
................................................................................................................................................
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6. Is learning a second language difficult?

................................................................................................................................................
7. Is riding a motorcycle easy?
................................................................................................................................................
8. Having a cold isnt much fun.
................................................................................................................................................
9. Learning a second language takes a long time.
................................................................................................................................................
10. Cooking a soft-boiled egg takes three minutes.
...............................................................................................................................................
Verb +
to verb
Verb ing
1.
2.
3.
4.
It begins to rain in September each year.

It began raining at 7:00 last night.
Jane starts to study at 9:00 everyday.
The students start studying again this month.
Notes:
Some verbs are followed by eother TO VERB or VERB ING.
Usually there is no difference in meaning. 1 & 2 have the same meaning.
*Bellow is a list of common verbs that can be followed by TO VERB of VERB ING.
Begin
like cant stand start
love
continue
hate
stop*
remember*
a. The verbs remember and stop can be followed by TO VERB and VERB ING to express different
meanings.
Remember + TO VERB
remember to do something in the future.
+ VERB ING
remember to have done soe=mething in the past.
Stop
+ TO VERB
+ VERB ING
stop an activity in order to do something else.

stop doing an activity.
Practice makes perfect;

Examples:
a. It-start + snow around midnight.
1. It started to snow around midnight.
2. It started snowing around midnight.
b. I begin + study English at 10:00.
1. I began to study English at 10:00.
2. I began studying English at 10:00.
1. It start + snow arpund midnight.
....................................................................................................................................................
2. Tom continue + work even though everyone else stopped.
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3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
................................................................................................................................................
I like + listen to music while Im listening.
................................................................................................................................................
Brian love + go to baseball games.
................................................................................................................................................
She hate + talk to pushy salespeople.
................................................................................................................................................
I cant stand + wait in lines for a long time.
................................................................................................................................................
The remember + get up at 5:00 every morning.
................................................................................................................................................
She love + play classical music.
................................................................................................................................................
Jerry not stop + take a rest even though its 2:00 oclock already.
................................................................................................................................................
Sam continue + repair his bycicle.
................................................................................................................................................
Discuss and discover!
We learned that gerund and infinitive are to express

.....
Reading Comprehension
HOW TO GET RID OF RATS
When I was a young man, I worked in Malaysia and my boss gave me a difficult job
to do. The roof of the house had become invested with rats and he wanted me to get rid of
them for him. I tried everything: rat poison, cats, even a monhoose, but I failed to move
them.
Then a friend of mine advised me to use a python.
I considered this to be my last chance and agree to try it.
My friend brought me a box in which he had trapped a
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young python, about six feet long. We managed to get the box into the roof and then
released the python. The effect was amazing! The rats disappeared in no time! It proved to
be a wonderful solution. But then we didnt know what to do with the python. I couldnt
bear to shoot this superb creature. It took six of us an hour to get it into the box and then
returned it to the jungle.
Questions
1. What did the writers boss want the writer to do?
...................................................................................................................................................
2. What did the writer think of the job?
...................................................................................................................................................
3. What happened to the roof of the boss house?
...................................................................................................................................................
4. Did the writer succeed to move the rats?

...................................................................................................................................................
5. What did the writers friend advise you to do?
...................................................................................................................................................
6. Did the writer managed to get the box into the roof?
...................................................................................................................................................
7. Did the python get the rats away?
...................................................................................................................................................
8. Could the writer bear to shoot the python?
...................................................................................................................................................
9. How long did it take the writer to catch the python?
...................................................................................................................................................
10. Where did the writer release the snake?
...................................................................................................................................................
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CHAPTER 2
PUNCTUATION AND CONJUNCTION
(Do you order juice, ice tea, lemon squash and Gopek tea in Pumanisa?)
NP and NP
NP, NP (,) and NP
VP and VP
VP, VP (,) and VP
Adj and adj
Adj, Adj (,) and Adj
Clause, and clause
She saw a cat and a dog.

John bought a book, a pen and a pencil.
John bought a book, a pen, and a pencil.
He opened the door and came into the house.
They laughed, sang and danced happily.
They laughed, sang, and danced happily.
Our flag is red and white.
His balloons are red, yellow and grey.
His balloons are red, yellow, and grey.
Jim did exercise 1, and Mary did exercise 2.
Ann bought vegetables, and her mother cooked them.
Practice makes perfect; Punctuate these and Consult your instructor!
Put commas or full stop where necessary.

Examples:
My aunt puts milk and sugar in her tea.
My aunt puts milk and sugar in her tea. (No commas)
My aunt puts milk sugar and lemon in her tea.
My aunt puts milk, sugar, and lemon in her tea.
I talked he listened.
I talked. He listened.
I talked and he listened.
I talk, and he listened.
1. Roger ate a Sandwich and drank a glass of milk.

.....................................................................................................................................................
2. Cats and dogs are animals.
.....................................................................................................................................................
3. Cow goat and horses are farm animals.
.....................................................................................................................................................
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4. Giraffes anteaters tigers and kangaroos are wild animal.

.....................................................................................................................................................
5. The river rose it flooded the towns in the valley.
.....................................................................................................................................................
6. The river rose and flooded the towns in the valley.
.....................................................................................................................................................
7. The river rose and it flooded the towns in the valley.
.....................................................................................................................................................
8. The river rose it flooded the towns and farms in the valley.
.....................................................................................................................................................
9. I talked to Ryan about his school grades and he listened to me carefully.
.....................................................................................................................................................
10. I talked to Ryan about his grades he listened carefully and promised to improve them.
.....................................................................................................................................................
but
, but
, or
, , or
He is poor but happy.

She came here but didnt bring anything.
Do you like the coffee black or white?
Do you want to stay here or go out with me?
He arrived on time, but she had gone away.
You stay here, or Ill miss you.
Do you like Sunday, Monday, or Friday?
Practice makes perfect; Complete

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Put and, but or or where necessary.

I washed my shirt it didnt get clean.
.....................................................................................................................................................
Would you like some water some fruit juice?
.....................................................................................................................................................
I washed my face, brushed my teeth took shower.
.....................................................................................................................................................
I invited the Carters to dinner they couldnt come.
.....................................................................................................................................................
You can have chicken fish beef for dinner.
.....................................................................................................................................................
The flight attendants served dinner I didnt eat.
.....................................................................................................................................................
I was hungry didnt eat on the plane. The food didnt look appetizing.
.....................................................................................................................................................
Jennifer wore boots jeans a long sleeved shirt gloves when she worked in the garden.
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.....................................................................................................................................................
9. Golf tennis are popular sports.
.....................................................................................................................................................
10. Sara is a good tennis player shes never played golf.
.....................................................................................................................................................
The more practice the more perfect; Complete! Consult your instructor!
Put commas, full stop, and capitalize where necessary.
Example:
Cats are mammals turtles are reptiles
Cats are mammals. Turtles are reptiles.
1. Cows are farm animals but zebras are wild animals.
.....................................................................................................................................................
2. Cows and horses are farm animals but zebras and giraffes are wild animals.
.....................................................................................................................................................
3. Cows and horses are farm animals zebra giraffes and lions are wild animals.
.....................................................................................................................................................
4. Cars use roads trains run on tracks.
.....................................................................................................................................................
5. Cars use roads but trains run on track.
.....................................................................................................................................................
6. Cars buses and trucks use roads but trains run on tracks.
.....................................................................................................................................................
7. Most vegetables grow above the ground but some root and grow under the ground corn
beans and cabbage grow above the ground but carrots and beets grow under the ground.
.....................................................................................................................................................
8. A good office has modern equipment such as computers intercoms and copying machines
but the most important part of a good office is the people who work there.
.....................................................................................................................................................
The more practice the more perfect; Writing

Write sentences using the given words as shown in the example.
Example:
Books/ on the dressing table / cigarettes/ near that box
Q: are there any books on the dressing table?
A: No, there arent any books on the dressing table. There are some cigarettes.
Q: where are they?
A: Theyre near that box.
1. Books/ in the room/ magazines/ on the television
.....................................................................................................................................................
2. Ties/ on the floor/ shoes/ near the bed
.....................................................................................................................................................
3. Glasses/ on the sideboard/ bottles/ near those tins
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4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
.....................................................................................................................................................
Newspapers/ on the shelf/ tickets/ in that handbag
.....................................................................................................................................................
Forks/ on the table/ knives/ in that box
.....................................................................................................................................................
Cups/ on the radio/ glasses/ near those bottles
.....................................................................................................................................................
Cups/ in the kitchen/ plates/ on the cooker
.....................................................................................................................................................
Glasses/ in the kitchen/ bottles/ in the refrigerator
.....................................................................................................................................................
Books/ in the room/ pictures/ on the wall
.....................................................................................................................................................
Chairs/ in the room/ armchairs/ near the table
.....................................................................................................................................................
Find an article in The Jakarta Post

then analyze the punctuation in it!
IS THIS SOMEBODYS SEAT?
Mr. Jones liked being comfortable, so when he got into a train,
he always used to put his suitcase on the seat beside him and
pretend that it belonged to another passenger who had gone
to buy something in the station.
One day, he did this when the train was very crowded. Other
passenger came and sat in all the other seats except the one which his suitcase was lying on.
Then an old gentleman arrived, looked at Mr. Jones case and said, Is this somebodys seat?
yes. Mr. Jones answered. A friend of mine is travelling with me, and he has gone to buy
some cigarettes. He will return soon. Mr. Jones opened the window and looked out, to
make the old gentleman sure that he wah anxious about his friend.
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All right, said the old gentleman, Ill sit here until your friend comes back, and then Ill
stand somewhere. He put the suitcaseup above him and sat down. Mr. Jones did not feel
happy about this, but he wasnt able to do or say anything, because all other passegers were
waiting and listening.
Several minutes passed. The whistle blew, and the train begin to move. Then the old
gentleman jumped up suddenly and said, I am very sorry, but your friend seems to have
missed the train. We dont want him to be separated from his suitcase, do we? I dont
believe he would like that at all, and befor Mr. Jones was able to do or say anything to
prevent him, he took his suitcase down and threw it out of the window which Mr. Jones had
opened.
Questions
1. Why did Mr. Jones put his suitcase on the seat?
...................................................................................................................................................
2. Was the train crowded?
...................................................................................................................................................
3. Did Mr. Jones tell the truth to the old gentleman?
...................................................................................................................................................
4. Was a friend really travelling with Mr. Jones?
...................................................................................................................................................
5. Why did the old gentleman sit beside Mr. Jones?
...................................................................................................................................................
6. Why did the old gentleman throw Mr. Jones suitcase out of the window?
....................................................................................................................................................
7. Did the old gentleman ask Mr. Jones permission to throw the suitcase?
....................................................................................................................................................
8. Why did Mr. Jones not complain when the old gentleman threw the suitcase out?
....................................................................................................................................................
11
CHAPTER 3
ELLIPTICAL CONSTRUCTION
(Yes, I do either!)
not , but
, but not
, and too
not , and either
She is not rich, but her husband is.

Jim hasnt done the job, but Ann has
Ann will be here soon, but Mary wont.
Jim arrived on time, but Paul didnt.
Greg is a student, and I am too.
My wife likes coffee, and I do too.
Bill has read the book, and Jerry has too.
Jim is not present, and Paul isnt either.
Jim didnt have breakfast, and I didnt either.
Paul wont be here, and Gary wont either.
Practice makes perfect; Complete! Consult your instructor!

Complete each of the sentences bellow.
Examples I:
Kate didnt study for the test, but Amy
Kate didnt study for the test, but Amy did.
Brian came to the meeting on time, but Paul
Brian came to the meeting on time, but Paul didnt.
Examples II:
has a pen with blue ink, and
Rita has a pen with blue ink, and Ronny does too.
Doesnt speak Chinese, and
Rita doesnt speak Chinese and Ronny doesnt either.
1. Alice doesnt come to class every day but Julie
.....................................................................................................................................................
2. Jack went to the movie last night, but I
.....................................................................................................................................................
3. I dont live in the dorm, but Rob and Jim
.....................................................................................................................................................
4. Rob lives in the dorm, and Jim too.
.....................................................................................................................................................
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5. walked to class today, and

.....................................................................................................................................................
6. was in class yesterday, and
.....................................................................................................................................................
7. didnt call me last night, and
.....................................................................................................................................................
8. Isnt at home now, and
.....................................................................................................................................................
And too
And so
And either
And neither
Tom was happy, and his wife was too.

Jim likes music, and Paul does too.
Marry will come here, and Ann will too.
Tom Was Happy, And So Was His Wife.
Jim Likes Music, And So Does Paul.
Mary Will Come Here, and So Will Ann.
I wasnt here yesterday, and my son wasnt either.
Betty doesnt love Tom, and Kate doesnt either.
She hasnt submitted the paper, and I havent either
I wasnt here yesterday, and neither was my son.
Betty doesnt love Tom, and neither does Kate.
She hasnt submitted the paper, and neither have I
Practice makes perfect; Complete! Consult your instructor!

Complete the sentences below with so, either, or neither. Use the provided words or your
own ones.
Examples:
Tom Jack has a moustache, and so
Jack has a moustache, and so does Tom.
Tom Jack has a moustache, and too.
Jack has a moustache, and Tom does, too.
1. I Alex doesnt have a moustache, and neither
.....................................................................................................................................................
2. I Sara was at home last night, and so
.....................................................................................................................................................
3. Oregon California is on the West Coast, and so
.....................................................................................................................................................
4. Jean I went to a movie last night, and so
.....................................................................................................................................................
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5. Ben Gary will travel to Sydney next year, and too.

.....................................................................................................................................................
6. Jason I didnt study last night, and neither
.....................................................................................................................................................
7. Dick Jim cant speak Arabic, and neither
.....................................................................................................................................................
Enough
Enough to
Enough to
Too to
Too for NP to
Jane was tired enough after such work.

She didnt have enough money that day.
Dr. Miller has enough reference for your essay.
Notes:
Enough comes after an adjective (tired enough) or before a noun (enough
money)
Betty is old enough to get married
Mom doesnt have enough money to buy that car.
We do not have enough time to finish all these.
Notes:
Enough may be followed by to: Verb with or without a noun phrase
between them. (Enough to get: enough money to buy).
The ceiling is too high to reach.
English is not too difficult to learn.
Mars is too far away to reach.
Notes:
Too comes in front of an adjective (too high).
It may be followed by to + verb (too high to reach).
That box is too heavy for me to lift.
The soup is too hot for the baby to eat.
The memory is too nice for us to forget.
Notes:
A prepositional phrase may be inserted between too + adjective and to +
Verb (too heavy for me to lift).
Practice makes perfect; Combine these sentences! Consult your instructor!

Combine the two sentences using too or enough.
Examples:
We cant go swimming today. It is very cold.
Its too cold (for us) to go swimming today.
They couldnt do the test. It was very hard.

The test was too hard (for them) to do.
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I cant reach the top shelf. I am not that tall.

Im not tall enough to reach the top shelf.
1. I couldnt finish my homework last night. I was very sleepy.

.............................................................................................................................................
2. This jacket is very small. I cant wear it.
.............................................................................................................................................
3. Mike couldnt go to his aunts housewarming party. He was very busy.
.............................................................................................................................................
4. I live far from school. I cant walk there.
.............................................................................................................................................
5. Some movies are very violent. Children shouldnt watch them.
.............................................................................................................................................
6. I cant reach the ceiling. I am not that strong.
.............................................................................................................................................
7. I cant lift a horse. I am not that strong.
.............................................................................................................................................
8. Its not warm today. We cant go outside in shorts and sandals.
.............................................................................................................................................
Find the similiarities of you and your friend. Then make the
sentences using elliptical construction!
.....
DO THE ENGLISH SPEAK ENGLISH?
I arrived in London at last. The railway station was big, black, and dark. I did not
know the way to my hotel, so I asked to a porter. I not only speak English very well, but very
clearly as well.
The porter, however, could not understand me. I repeated my
question several times and at last he understood. He answered me, but
he spoke neither slowly or clearly. Im a foreigner, I said. Then he
spoke slowly, but I could not understand him. My teacher never spoke English like that! The
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porter and I looked at each other and smiled. Then he said something and I understood it.
Youll soon learn English! he said. I wonder. In England, each man speaks a different
language. The English understand each other, but I dont understand them. Do they speak
English?
Questions
1. Did the writer arrive at a railway station in London or not?
...................................................................................................................................................
2. Did the writer ask the porter the way to your hotel or not?
...................................................................................................................................................
3. Could the porter understand the writer?
...................................................................................................................................................
4. Did he understand the writer at last or not?
...................................................................................................................................................
5. Could the writer understand his answer?
...................................................................................................................................................
6. Did the writers teacher ever speak English like that or not?
....................................................................................................................................................
7. What did the porter say to the writer?
....................................................................................................................................................
8. Does each man speak a different language in England or not?
....................................................................................................................................................
9. Do they undrestand each other or not?
....................................................................................................................................................
10. Does the writer understand them?
....................................................................................................................................................
16
CHAPTER 4
PREPOSITION AND PARTICLE I
(please switch the AC on!)
Verb + particle
Put off
Make up
Throw away
They had to put off their trip to Bali.

She has made up her mind.
Did you throw away the book I gave you?
Verb + NP + Particle
Turn the light off
Put our trip off
Put the clothes on
Please turn the lights off before you go bed.

They had to put their trip off.
We put our clothes on before leaving.
Verb + Pronoun + Particle

Turn it on
Write them down
Throw them away
Please, turn it on.

These are the tasks. Please write them down.
They are rubbish. Throw them away.
Below is a list of non separable two word verbs. Consult your instructor!
Figure out
Figure out
Hand in
Hand out
Look up
Make up
Pick up
Put down
Put off
Put on
Take off
Throw away/ out
Turn off
Turn on
Wake up
Write down
Find the solution to a problem

Find the solution to a problem
Give homework, test papers, etc., to teacher
Give something to this person, then that person, then another person, etc.
Look for information in a dictionary, a telephone directory, an encyclopedia, etc.
Invent a story
Lift
Stop holding or carrying
Postpone
Put clothes on ones body
Remove clothes from ones body
Put in the trash/ discard
Stop a machine or a light
Start a machine or a light
Stop sleeping
Write a note on a piece of paper
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Practice makes perfect; Complete these and Consult your instructor!
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Example:
Before I left home this morning, I put my coat.
Before I left home this morning, I put on my coat.
When I got to class this morning, I took my coat ...
When I got to class this morning, I took my coat off.
The students handed their homework
.............................................................................................................................................
Johnny made a story he didnt tell the truth.
.............................................................................................................................................
The weather was bad, so we put the picnic until next week.
.............................................................................................................................................
Alice looked a word in her dictionary.
.............................................................................................................................................
Alice wrote the definition
.............................................................................................................................................
My roommate is messy. He never picks his clothes.
.............................................................................................................................................
The teacher handed the test papers at the beginning of the class period.
.............................................................................................................................................
When some noise woke the children in the middle of the night.
.............................................................................................................................................
When some friends came to visit, Chris stopped watching TV. He turned the television set
.............................................................................................................................................
It was dark when I got home last night, so I turned the lights
.............................................................................................................................................
Kate finally figured the answer to the arithmetic problem.
.............................................................................................................................................
When I was walking through the airport, my arms got tired. So I put my suitcases for a
minute and rested.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
I threw yesterdays newspaper.
.............................................................................................................................................
The more practice the more perfect; Complete these and Consult your instructor!
Example:
A: Did you postpone your trip to Puerto Rico?
B: Yes, we did. We put it off until next summer.
1. A: Is Pats phone number 322-4454 or 322-5545?
B: I dont remember. Youd better look The telephone directory is in the kitchen.
18
2. A: Is Marry still asleep?

B: Yes. Id better wake She has a class at nine.
3. A: Do you want to keep these newspapers?
B: No. Throw
4. A: I am hot. This sweeter is too heavy.
B: why dont you take ?
5. A: Is that story true?
B: No. I made
6. A: When does the teacher want out compositions?
B: we have to hand tomorrow.
7. A: I made an appointment with Dr. Armstrong for three oclock next Thursday.
B: youd better write so you wont forget.
8. A: do you know the answer to this problem?
B: No. I cant figure
Prep + NP
On the table
In the house
Along the road
Prep + Verb-ing
By studying
On dancing
Besides working
He put the books on the table.

The cat is in the house.
Jane was walking along the road.
You can master sciences by studying.

She went on dancing the whole evening.
Kate was studying besides working at a
bank.
Below is a list of prepositions in English

About
Before
Despite
Above
Behind
Down
Across
Below
During
After
Beneath
For
Against
Beside
From
Along
Besides
In
Among
Between
Into
Around
Beyond
Like
At
By
Near
Of
Off
On
Out
Over
Since
Through
Throughout
Till
To
Toward (s)
Under
Until
Up
Upon
With
Within
Without
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The more practice the more perfect; Complete these and Consult your instructor!
Fill the blank spaces in the paragraph below with the correct prepositions.
Today was a very good day (1) me. I had been looking (2) a new job (3) quite a
while. I listed my name (4) a few employment agencies and was given information (5)
several positions, but I wasnt interested (6) any (7) these jobs. Last week I filled (8) an
application form (9) a new company (10) town and arranged (11) a personal
interview. Several men were interviewed (12) this job and I didnt know if I would get it.
This morning someone (13) the company called (14) and asked to see me (15) two
oclock. When I came (16) his office, he told me that I was hired. Ill begin working (17)
Monday. I know Ill like this job. Ill be paid very well and my work will be extremely
interesting.
I was feeling so happy, I decided to cancel all my appointments (18) the rest (19)
the day, and I went right home to tell my wife the good news. But before I could say
anything (20) her, she told me what a bad day she was having. None (21) the lights (22)
the house were working too busy. Finally one agreed (23) come and she had been
waiting (24) him almost all day.

Write questions and answers using the words given as shown in the example.
1. Jim/ a stomach-ache / a toothache / see a dentist
.............................................................................................................................................
2. Jane / a toothache/ a stomach-ache/ drink some medicine
.............................................................................................................................................
3. Tom/ a stomach-ache/ a temperature/ go to bed
.............................................................................................................................................
4. Frank/ a headache/ flu / stay in bed
.............................................................................................................................................
5. Jimmy/ a headache/ measles/ we call a doctor
.............................................................................................................................................
6. Susan/ an earache/ mumps/we call the doctor
.............................................................................................................................................
7. Ben/ pain in the bed/ sore in the throat/ we go to a doctor
.............................................................................................................................................
Find an article and then write down articles and phrassal

verbs in it!
.....
20
Reading and filling in the blank

Put the prhasal verbs in the box to complete the sentences in the passage!
Catch up on
Face up
Look forward to
Come about
Let me in on
Looks down on
Cheer up
Lie down
Put up with
Coughed up
Lie in
Stay up
A CURE FOR SNORING
Its very difficult for people who sleep silently to_____________________the sound of
snowing. Some people are asleep the moment they_______________________;
others_____________________half the night waiting for the miracle of sleep
to________________. Even insomniacs are the ones who need to __________________in
the morning to catch_______________lost sleep. Snorers will never admit to snoring. They
know the rest of the world___________________them and they just cant
__________________reality. My friend, Henry, a champion snorer, has just found a c ure
and he __________________his little screet. He has just ____________________good
money for a band with a stud on it. Im sure this news will____________________all
snorers, who now have a new experience to____________________.
21
CHAPTER 5
PREPOSITION AND PARTICLE II
(Lets hang out!)
Verb + Particle + NP
Run into the dean
Get in the car
Get out of the house
I ran into the dean at the bank yesterday.

When she got in the car, the accident happened.
Jane will get out of the house in a minute.
Call on
Drop in (on)
Drop out (of)
Fool around (with)
Get along (with)
Get back (from)
Get over
Get on
Get off
Get in
Get out off
Get through
Grow up (in)
Keep on
Look out (for)
Run into
Run out (of)
Watch out (for)
Ask to speak in class

Visit without calling first or invitation
Stop attending school
Have fun while wasting time
Have a good relation with
Return from a trip
Recover from illness
Enter a bus, an airplane, a train, a subway
Leave a bus, an airplane, a train, a subway
Enter a car, a taxi
Leave a car, a taxi
Finish
Become an adult
Continue
Be careful
Meet by chance
Finish the supply of something
Be careful
Practice makes perfect; Complete these and Consult your instructor!

Complete each of the sentences below with the right preposition
Constructing a phrasal verb
Examples:
I ran the dean at the bank yesterday.
I ran into the dean at the bank yesterday.
22
When she got the car, the accident happened.

When she got in the car, the accident happened.
1. When I raised my hand in class, the teacher called me.

.............................................................................................................................................
2. When I was walking down the street, I ran an old friend.
.............................................................................................................................................
3. Fred feels okay today. He got his cold.
.............................................................................................................................................
4. Last week I flew from Chicago to Miami. I got the plane in Chicago. I got the plane in
Miami.
.............................................................................................................................................
5. Sally took a taxi to the airport. She got out the taxi in front of her apartment building. She
got the taxi at the airport.
.............................................................................................................................................
6. I take the bus to school every day. I get the bus at the corner of First Street and Sunset
Boulevard. I get the bus just a block away from the classroom building.
.............................................................................................................................................

Complete each of the sentences below with the right preposition
Constructing a phrasal verb
Examples:
The room was too noisy. So, she turned down the radio.
She turned
The room was too noisy. So, she turned down the radio, she turned it down.
It is too hot here. It is better to put off our sweater. Why dont you put ?
It is too hot in here. It is better to put off our sweater. Why dont you put it off?
1. Teacher gave us some important information in class yesterday. I didnt want to forget it, so
I wrote
.............................................................................................................................................
2. When I raised my hand in class, the teacher called
.............................................................................................................................................
3. I was carrying a suitcase, but it was too heavy, so I put
.............................................................................................................................................
4. I didnt know the meaning of a word, so I looked
.............................................................................................................................................
5. I was sleepy last night, so I didnt finish my homework. I put
.............................................................................................................................................
6. It was dark when I got home, so I turned
.............................................................................................................................................
7. () isnt wearing his/ her hat right now. When s/he got to class, s/he took
.............................................................................................................................................
23
8. My pen just fell on the floor. Could you please pick ?

.............................................................................................................................................
9. I saw () at the concert last night. I was surprised when I ran
.............................................................................................................................................
10. When you finished using a stove, you should always be careful to turn
.............................................................................................................................................
11. When I finished my test, I handed
.............................................................................................................................................
12. Is () sleeping? Would you please wake ?
.............................................................................................................................................
13. Whats the answer to this problem? Have you figured ?
.............................................................................................................................................
14. I dont need this piece of paper anymore. I am going to throw
.............................................................................................................................................
15. I had the flu last week, but now I am okay. I got .
.............................................................................................................................................
16. I told a story that wasnt true. I made
.............................................................................................................................................
17. Name some means of transportation that you get
.............................................................................................................................................
18. Name some means of transportation that you get
.............................................................................................................................................
By verb + Ing
1. Brian cleaned the car by rinsing it.

2. Betty opened the bottle by breaking its seal.
3. I practice English by listening to the radio.
Note:
By verb-Ing is used to express how something is done.
By & With + NP
She sharpened her pencil with a knife.

We taste food with our tongue.
I go to school by bus.
Dr. Miller went to the airport by taxi.
Note:
By/ with followed by a noun phrase (NP) is also used to express
how something is done.
Read out loud.

By is used for means of transportation or communication.
By boat
By subway
By sea
By bus
By taxi
By mail
By car
By train
By Telephone
24
By plane
By foot
By air
By land
With is used for instrument of parts of the body
With an axe
With a broom
With a knife
With my hand
With a pencil
With my finger
By fax
By e-mail
With my nose
With my heart
With my eyes

Complete the sentences below with by Verb-Ing. Use the following words or your own ones.
Eat
Drink
Guess
Grow
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Smile
Wag
Wash
Raise
Write
Wave
Watch
Lie
Students practice written English compositions.

We clean our clothes, them in soap and water.
I save money on food my own vegetables.
Alice improved her English a lot of TV.
We show other people that we are happy
We satisfy our hunger some food.
We quench our thirst something.
I try to understand the meaning of quench
Peter caught my attention his arm in the air.
The dog shows it happiness its tail.
Students show that they want to say something their hands.
After work, I relax on bed.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Complete the sentences below with by or with.

I opened the door a key.
She went to school bus.
Joan dried the dishes a dishtowel.
I went from Portland to San Francisco train.
Paul dug a hole a shovel.
Tom drew a straight line a ruler.
Is there any way you could touch the ceiling your foot?
Some advertisers try to reach target audiences mail.
Roby tried to frighten the screw his fingernail.
I know Bill Jones phone.
The fastest way to send a copy of a piece of paper is fax.
She sliced the frozen meat into thin strips a sharp knife.
25
NOT ONLY RED IN THE FACE?
Ken Rose is a company director and he has to sit at desk
all day. He likes to keep fit by running to work every morning. He
arrives at the office early, gets out of his shorts and vest and puts
on a bussiness suit.
Last week, Ken got to his office earlier than usual,
dressed in red shorts and a red vest. He had just put on his shirt
and tie, when the phone rang. Ken picked up the receiver and sat behind his desk. A
bussiness colleague had called him up early. Could he see Ken later? Could they check over
some figures? Could he bring someone around? Could they put off the meeting till later in
the week? Ken was writing down some notes when he noticed the time. It was after nine.
Excuse me, Ken said. Ill call you back.
He had just put the receiver down when someone knocked at the door. The
managing director came into the room with six important guests. Ah, Ken, he said, I want
to introduce you to our visitors and Id like you to show them round the company. Of
course, sir, Ken said and he got up to shake hands, forgetting he still had on his red shorts!

List all phrasal verbs in the passage and look up the meaning in the dictionary.
Phrasal Verbs
Meaning
.........................................
..................................................................................................................
.........................................
..................................................................................................................
.........................................
..................................................................................................................
.........................................
..................................................................................................................
.........................................
..................................................................................................................
.........................................
..................................................................................................................
.........................................
..................................................................................................................
.........................................
..................................................................................................................
.........................................
..................................................................................................................
.........................................
..................................................................................................................
.........................................
..................................................................................................................
.........................................
..................................................................................................................
26
Match these verbs with the explanations on the right

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
When will they bring your article out?

So shes broken off her engagement!
Dont bring that subject up again please!
Why dont you call up your mother?
Shall I do your room out?
What excuse did he cook up this time?
Theyre sure to find him out.
Youve given away the scret.
I cant make out what he means.
If youre angry, have it out with her!
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
Clean
Discuss your grievance
Ended
Invent
Mention
Phone
Publish
Reveal his dishonesty
Revealed
Understand
27
CHAPTER 6
PASSIVE VOICE AND STATIVE PASSIVE
(Are you done?)
Be + Verb-en
Verb-0/es
Am/is/are + V3
Verb-ed
Was/were + Verb3
Have/ has Verb-en

Have/has been + V3
Will-Verbinf
Will be + V3
John helps me
I am helped by John
John helped Mary
Mary was helped by John
They have helped us.
We have been helped by them
We write the letters.
The letters are written by us.
The man opens the window.
The window is opened by the man.
John sold the car
The car was sold by Jane.
They bought the house.
The house was bought by them.
Someone has stolen the money.
The money has been stolen by someone
They have eaten the cookies
The cookies have been eaten by them
The man will read the magazine.
The magazine will be read by them
By + Person
In + Place/ Time
The Cookies Were Made By Aunt Lucy

Those House Were Made By Bob Arden
The car was made in The U.S.A
The apartment was built in 1990
English is spoken in many countries
NOTES
By + Person is used in passive sentences when it is important to know who performs an

action. Example: The cake was made by Aunt Lucy.
28
When the performer (doer) of an action is not known or not important, By + person is not
necessarily used. Example: The house was built in 1998.
Practice makes perfect; Change to Passive and Consult your instructor!
Examples:
Jane sold the car.
The car was sold by Jane.
1. Bob mailed the package.
.............................................................................................................................................
2. Mr. Miller delivers our mail.

.............................................................................................................................................
3. The children have eaten the cake.

.............................................................................................................................................
4. Linda wrote that letter.

.............................................................................................................................................
5. The jeweler is going to fix my watch.

.............................................................................................................................................
Practice makes perfect; Change to Active

Examples:
The car was sold by Jane
Jane sold the car.
1. Our class will be taught by Mr. Bond
............................................................................................................................................
2. many people are employed by the company
.............................................................................................................................................
3. Sue has been hired by that company.

.............................................................................................................................................
4. The letter is going to be faxed by The scretary.

.............................................................................................................................................
5. The car has been stolen.
.............................................................................................................................................
More practice more perfect; Complete

Complete each of the sentences below with the correct form of the verb in the
brackets.
Examples:
Alice (sew) her own dress last week.
Alice sewed her own dress last week.
The well (dig) for the first time in 1999.
29
The well was dug for the first time in 1999.

1. Yesterday our teacher (arrive) five minutes late.
2. Last morning paper (read) by over 200,000 people every day.
3. Last night my favorite TV program (interrupt) by a special news bulletin.
4. Thats not my coat. It (belong) to Louise.
5. Our mail (deliver) before noon everyday.
6. The b in comb (pronounce, not) . It is silent.
7. A bad accident (happen) on highway 95 last night.
8. When I (arrive) at the airport yesterday, I (meet) by my cousin and a couple of
her friends.
9. Pair up and identify the pattern!
10.
Be + Adjective
Be + Verb3
Be + Verb + PP
Jane is beautiful
I am happy today
They are hungry
Jane is married
The door is closed
The children were frightened
The students will be prepared for the exams.
She was excited about the new dance.
Paul is married to Jane.
NOTES
The Verb3 form in be + Verb3 can function like an adjective. It describes or gives information
about the subject of the sentence. Compare these two sentences:
a) Jane is beautiful
b) Jane is married
In this case, be + verb3 may be followed by a prepositional phrase.
Ex: She was excited about the new game.

Complete the sentences below with the expressions in the list. Use the simple
present tense form of the verbs.
Be acquainted
Be broken
Be composed
be exhausted
be located
be lost
be related
be satisfied
be scared
30
Be crowded
be made
be spoiled
Be disappointed
be qualified
be worried
Example:
Dannis isnt doing well in school this semester. He about his grade.
Dannis isnt doing well in school this semester. He is worried about his
grades.
1. My shirt of cotton.
.............................................................................................................................................
2. I live in a one-room apartment with four other people. Our apartment

.............................................................................................................................................
3. Vietnam in Southeast Asia.

.............................................................................................................................................
4. I am going to go straight to bed tonight. Its been a hard day. I

.............................................................................................................................................
5. I to Jessica Adams. Shes my cousin.

.............................................................................................................................................
6. Excuse me, sir, but I think I Could you please tell me how to get the bus station
from here?
.............................................................................................................................................
7. My tape recorder doesnt work. It

.............................................................................................................................................
8. We leave a light on in our sons bedroom at night because he of the dark.

.............................................................................................................................................
9. Alice thinks her boss should pay her more money. She not with her present
salary.
.............................................................................................................................................
10. The children I had promised to take them to the beach today, but now we cant go
because its raining.
.............................................................................................................................................
Can we make all sentences become passive?

If no, state what kind of sentences which cant be changed into
passive form!
31
A BLESSING IN DISGUISE?
The tiny village in a very remote island is said to possess a
cursed tree. Because the tree was mentioned in a
newspaper, the number of visitors to the village has now
increased. The tree was planted near a curch fifty years that it
is only in recent years that it has gained an evil reputation. It is
said that if anyone touches the tree, he will have a bad luck; if he picks a leaf, he will die.
Many villagers believe that the tree has already claimed a number of victims. The vicar has
been asked to have the tree cut down, but so far, he has refused. He has pointed out that
the tree is useful source of income as tourists have been coming from all parts of the
country to see it. In spite of all that has been said, the tourists have been picking leaves and
cutting their names on the tree trunk. So far, not one of them has been struck down by
sudden death!
Question
1. How has the number of visitors to the village increased?
...................................................................................................................................................
2. Is there said to be a cursed tree near a curch or not?
...................................................................................................................................................
3. Do the villagers believe that if anyone picks a leaf he will die?
...................................................................................................................................................
4. What has the vicar been asked to do?
...................................................................................................................................................
5. Is there a useful source of income or not?
...................................................................................................................................................
6. Has the vicar agreed to have the tree cut down?
...................................................................................................................................................
7. Was the tree finally cut down by the villagers?
....................................................................................................................................................
8. Have tourists been picking up leaves or not?
.....................................................................................................................................................
9. Have any of them come to harm or not?
....................................................................................................................................................
10. Did the tourists believe about the cursed tree?
...................................................................................................................................................
32
CHAPTER 7
EXPRESSING PAST CONCLUSION,
POSSIBILITY, DESIRE AND CAPABILITY
(you shouldnt have told my secret!)
Must have Verb en

Might have Verb en
Should have Verb en
Could have Verb en
They must have known him.

Jane must have read the book.
They might have heard us.
Jane might have read the letter.
She should have done the assignment.
Jane should have studied Lesson 8.
She could have read the book.
Jane could have gone abroad.
Notes
Must have + Verb en expresses a conclusion about a past situation.
Might have + verb en means that a past situation or event is admitted as a
possibility.
Should have + verb en expresses belief that an event or situation was right and
desirable, but It did not happen or exist.
Could have + verb en means that the subject had the capability or opportunity of
doing something but for some reason did not do it.
Practice makes perfect; Substitute these and Consult your instructor!
Substitute one of the elements in the sentence below with the words/ phrases
available below. Change the verb from when necessary.
Examples:
We should return the books tomorrow.
Yesterday : We should have returned the books yesterday.
Could have
: We could have returned the books yesterday.
1. Yesterday
11. Might have
2. You must have
12. Gone to Chicago
3. They
13. Tomorrow
4. Might have
14. Help us
5. Tomorrow
15. Might not
6. Go to the bank
16. Return the books
33
7. Should
8. Yesterday
9. Must have
10. Heard the news
17. Yesterday
18. We
19. Should have
20. She
The more practice the more perfect;

Make sentences with must, might, should, or could according to the given situation.
Examples:
Did she live in the dorm last year? I conclude that she did.
She must have lived in the dorm last year.
Did she decide to get a job? I think its possible.

She might have decided to get a job.
1. Did she save her money? It was desirable, but she didnt.
.............................................................................................................................................
2. Did she stay with her sister? She had that opportunity but didnt stay.
.............................................................................................................................................
3. Did she sell her car? I conclude that she did.

.............................................................................................................................................
4. Does she own a bicycle? I conclude that she does.

.............................................................................................................................................
5. Did she shop by phone? She had that opportunity but didnt shop by phone.
.............................................................................................................................................
6. Did she invite her uncle? It was desirable, but she didnt.
.............................................................................................................................................
7. Did she forget to mail the letter? I think its possible.

.............................................................................................................................................
8. Did she hear us come in? I conclude that she did.

.............................................................................................................................................
9. Did she find your address in the phone book? I think it is possible.
.............................................................................................................................................
10. Did she look in the wrong book? I think its possible.
.............................................................................................................................................
11. Is she a very good dancer? I conclude that she is.

.............................................................................................................................................
12. Did she help you clean the typewriter? It was desirable, but she didnt.
.............................................................................................................................................
13. Did she ride in the car with us? She had that opportunity, but she didnt ride with us.
.............................................................................................................................................
34
Practice makes perfect; Give a response

Use must have + verb en to respond to the sentence below.
Examples:
She laughed after Greg talked with her.
Greg must have told something funny.
Brian did not introduce himself to me when I came.
Brian must have thought that I knew him.
1. He spoke Italian very well when he came back from Europe.
.............................................................................................................................................
2. He had to write the check with a pencil.

.............................................................................................................................................
3. He was very sleepy this mosrning.

.............................................................................................................................................
4. He came back from the city with lots of money and no car. What did he do with his
car?
.............................................................................................................................................
5. This morning he left suddenly and went to the dentists office.

.............................................................................................................................................
6. He knew English quiet well before he entered the university.

.............................................................................................................................................
7. His music teacher told him he played the piano like an expert.
.............................................................................................................................................
8. Tom was coughing and sneezing yesterday.

.............................................................................................................................................
9. He knew what was going to happen every minute during the whole movie.
.............................................................................................................................................
10. He had souvenirs and photographs of many different cities all over the world.
.............................................................................................................................................
11. He made a date to meet us at the hotel last night, but he never showed up.
.............................................................................................................................................
12. His glasses were broken and his nose was bleeding.
.............................................................................................................................................

Questions and Answers
Answer the questions below with should or should have, either affirmative or
negative.
Examples:
Q: Did you go to the dentist yesterday?
A: I should have, but I didnt.
35
Q: Did you drink a lot last night?

A: I shouldnt have, but I did.
1. Did you study last night?
.............................................................................................................................................
2. Did you eat a lot last night?

.............................................................................................................................................
3. Did you help the children yesterday?

.............................................................................................................................................
4. Did you see your professor last week?

.............................................................................................................................................
5. Di you come to the conference last month?

.............................................................................................................................................
6. Did you write to your parents last week?

.............................................................................................................................................
7. Did you go to the cinema last Friday?

.............................................................................................................................................
8. Did you eat out last night?

.............................................................................................................................................
9. Did you buy a lot of clothes last month?

.............................................................................................................................................
10. Did you visit your uncle last vacation?

.............................................................................................................................................
Mention five things that you should have done!

...........
THE MISTERY OF TALKING SHOE
Tracy Evans did not have to be at work till ten, so she ignored her alarm clock. But she woke
up with a start when she heard a strange sound coming from her wardrobe. What was it? It
must have been a mouse, Tracy thought. No, it cant have been. She knew there were no
mice in her room. I must be careful Tracy said to herself as she opened the wardrobe.
There, in front of her, was the lovely pair of wedge-shaped sandals she had bought the day
before. Then she heard the sound again. it must be coming from my sandals! she cried. She
pick them up and, sure enough, one of them was talking. Tracy had to be at work at ten,
36
but she still had enough time to visit Mr.Lucas, her shoemaker. He removed the wooden
heel and they were both amazed to see a white larva eating the wood. Mr. Pope, of the
natural History museum, solved the mistery. these shoes must
have been imported from Brazil. An insect must have laid its eggs
in the tree from which the shoes were made. He explained.
Questions
1. Why didnt Tracy have to get up early?
...................................................................................................................................................
2. Why did she wake up with a start?
...................................................................................................................................................
3. What did Tracy think of the sound coming from?
....................................................................................................................................................
4. What did she find in her wardrobe?
...................................................................................................................................................
5. Did Tracy thought that the sound must be coming from the sandals?
...................................................................................................................................................
6. Who was her shoemaker?
...................................................................................................................................................
7. What did he find inside the wooden heel?
...................................................................................................................................................
8. Who solved the mistery?
...................................................................................................................................................
9. What conclusion did Mr. Lucas draw about the larva?
...................................................................................................................................................
10. How did the larva come into sandals?
...................................................................................................................................................
37
CHAPTER 8
RELATIVE PRONOUN (ADJECTIVE CLAUSE)
(Is that the man whom you told me?)
Clause + Clause
S+
Who
The man is john. The man is at the gate.

who is at the gate
The man who is at the gate is john
Practice makes perfect; Combine these and Consult your instructor!

Combine the two sentences into one using who or whom.
Examples:
The man is john.
The man is at the gate.
The man who is at the gate is John.
1. The police officer was friendly.
He gave me directions.
.............................................................................................................................................
2. The waitress was friendly.

She served us dinner.
.............................................................................................................................................
3. I dont know the man.

He is talking to Rita.
.............................................................................................................................................
4. The people were very nice.

I met them at the party last night.
.............................................................................................................................................
5. The woman thanked me.

I helped her.
.............................................................................................................................................
Whom/ which
That
O
The lady whom you saw is a boss

The lady that you saw is a boss
The lady you saw is a boss
38
The pair of glasses which Jane bought is broken

The pair of glasses that Jane bought is broken
The pair of glasses Jane bought is broken
Subject + .................
The flower
Which / that + ................
The Flower which is on the desk is beautiful.
............ + object
Which / that
The flower
is beautiful.
The Flower is on the desk.
is beautiful.
I bought the flower.
Which/that
The Flower which I bought is beautiful.
Notes:
1. Which refers to things, whereas that refers to either people or things.
2. When which and that are used as the subject of an adjective clause, the subject of an
adjective clause CANNOT be ommited.
3. When used as the object of an adjective clause they can be ommited.
The flower which I bought is beautiful.
The flower that I bought is beautiful.
The flower I bought is beautiful.
Possesive + nooun
That is the boy ................

His bag is lost.
Whose
That is the boy whose bag is lost.
Practice makes perfect; Change

Examples:
The woman that I met last night was very interesting.
The woman who (m) I met last night was interesting.
The woman I met last night was interesting
The book that John borrowed from the library is interesting.
The book which John borrowed from the library is interesting.
The book John borrowed from the library is interesting.
1. The man that answered the phone was polite.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
39
2. The people that Ann is visiting live on Bourke Street.

.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
3. Do you like the boy that is talking to Jennifer?

.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
4. The students that came to class late missed the quiz.

.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
5. I didnt know any of the people that Bill invited to this party.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

Combine the two sentences into one. Use the second senctence as adjective clause.
Consult your instructor!
Example:
a. There is a man.
b. His car ws stolen.
There is the man whose car was stolen.
1. *There is the woman.
*Her cat was died.
.................................................................................................................................................
2. *Over there is the man.
*Im dating his daughter.
.................................................................................................................................................
3. *Over there is the woman.
*You met her husband yesterday.
.................................................................................................................................................
4. *There is the professor.
*I am taking her course.
.................................................................................................................................................
5. *That is the man.
*His son is an astronaut.
.................................................................................................................................................
The more practice makes the more perfect; Combine

Combine the two sentences into one. Use sentence b as the sub-clause.
Examples:
The pill made me sleepy. I took the pill
The pill which I took made me sleepy
The pill that I took made me sleepy
The pill I took made me sleepy
40
1. The soup was too salty

I ate it for lunch
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
2. Kate has a class on Saturday

It begins at 8:00 A.M.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
3. I know a man.
He doesnt have to work for a living.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
4. My niece asked me some questions.

I couldnt answer them.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
5. All of the students can come to the party.

I asked them to come.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
Prep + NP
Whom/which/that
Prep + NP
prep +Whom/which/that
The man ................ was helpful.

I talked with the man.
The man whom I talked with was helpful.
The man ................ was helpful.
I talked with the man.
The man with whom I talked was helpful.
Notes:
1. Whom, which, and that can be used as the object of preposition in an adjective clauses.
2. The preposition often comes at the beginning of an adjective clause. It is followed by whom
or which (not that).
41

Combine the following sentences. Use the second sentence as adjective clause.
Example:
a. The movie was interesting.
b. We went to the movie.
The movie which we went to was interesting.
The movie that we went to was interesting.
The movie we went to was interesting.
The movie to which we went was interesting.
1. *The woman pays me a fair salary.
*I work for the woman.
................................................................................................................................................
2. *The man is over there.
*I told you about the man.
................................................................................................................................................
3. *I want to tell you about the party.
*I went to the party last night.
................................................................................................................................................
4. *The person is sitting at the desk.
*You should talk to the person about your problem.
................................................................................................................................................
5. *Alicia likes the family.
*She is living with the family.
................................................................................................................................................
DELAYED BY FOGS
At the entrance to a big office in London, there was a book which all employess had to sign
when they arrived each morning. At nine oclock, the managers secretary, who lived in a
small flat above the office, had to draw a red line under the last name in the book, and
anyone who came after that had to explain why he was late.
Whenever there was a thick fog in the city, the first person to arrive late usually wrote
Delayed by fog under the red line in the book, and then everybody else who came after
that just put ditto underneath.
But one foggy morning, the first man to
arrive late write My wife had a baby early
this morning instead of Delaying by fog
under the red line in the book. Twenty or
thirty people who came after him put ditto
underneath this as usual.
42
questions
which of the following statements are true; which are false?
1. The manager knew who were late because they had to come and explain to him.
2. The manager could see who were late by looking at the names under the red line in the
book.
3. Ditto usually meant Delayed by fog
4. Ditto usually meant I came after that
5. The man whose wife had had a baby arrived before anyone else.
6. The man whose wife had had a baby was the las person to arrive.
7. The man whose wife had had a baby arrived before the others who were late.
8. The people who wrote ditto that morning did not read what the first man had written.
9. The people who wrote ditto that morning meant that the first mans wife had had a
baby.
10. The people who wrote ditto that morning meant Delayed by fog.
43
CHAPTER 9
NOUN CLASSIFICATION
(would you take me some water?)
Individual Parts
(Count Noun)
Chairs
Tables
Beds
Cupboards
Ect.
Letters
Postcards
Bills
Etc.
Apples
Bananas
Peaches
Etc.
Whole Part
(noun-count N)
Furniture
Mail
Fruit
Notes:
1. A noun-cpunt noun is not preceded by a/an, one,
two,three, etc.
2. Non-count nouns usually refer to a whole gorup
of things that is made up of many individual parts.
For example, furniture, mail, money, fruit,
jewellery.
3. A language is not always logical. For instance,
both corn and peas express a larger whole made
up of smaller parts, but corn is a non-count noun
and pea is a count noun.
4. A non-count noun is sometimes called a mass
noun.

Complete each of the following sentences with the correct form of the noun.
Examples:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Chair
I bought some chairs.
Furniture
I bought some furniture.
Fruit
Vegetable
Clothing
Dress
Fact
Grammar
Vocabulary
Word
Slang
Idiom
Traffic
Car
Literature
Novel
There is a lot of ................... on the table.

There are a lot of ................... on the table.
I have a lot of ................ in my closet.
Marry has a lot of .............. in her closet.
There (is,are) a lot of .................. in an encyclopedia.
I know a lot of .............
Im learning a lot of new ................
Im learning a lot of new ................
I want to learn some American ...............
I know a lot of English ...........
There (is,are) a lot of ................. in the street.
There (is,are) a lot of .............. on the road.
I like to read good ................
I like to read good ...............
44
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
Poem
Poetry
Mail
Letter
Sand
Dust
Homework
Penny
Money
Coin
Change
Garbage
I like to read ..............

I like to read ..............
Did you get any ............. today?
Did you get any ........ today?
I got some ............. in my shoes at the beach.
There (is,are) a lot of .......... to do tonight.
I have a lot of ............ to do tonight.
Tommy had four ................ in pocket.
he has some ............ in his pocket.
I need some .......... for the vending machine I want to get a can of soda pop.
I need some ....... for the vending machine.
The street is very dirty. There (is,are) some ...... in the street.
many books
much water
Q: How many books do you have?

A: I have twenty books.
Q: How much water do you drink per day?
A: I drink much water.
I drink eight glasses of water.
Notes:
Here are nouns that are commonly classified as noun-count ones.
Liquids:
Solids:
Gases:
Beer, blod, coffe,

honey, juice, milk,
oil, soup, water,
wine
Bread, butter, ice,

lettuce, toast,
meat, beef,
chicken, fish,
ham, lamb, chalk,
iron, soap, wood,
wool
Air, fog, oxygen,

poluttion, smog,
smoke, steam,
hydrogen, helium
Natural
Phenomena:
Weather, rain,
snow, lightning,
thunder,
humidity,
darkness, light,
sunshine
Abstraction:
Anger, beauty,
courage, love,
education, fun,
generosity,
happiness, hate,
health, help,
honesty, time,
justice, pride,
peace
Practice makes perfect; Consult your instructor!

Complete each of the following questions with much or many and the singular or the plural
form of the noun.
Examples:
1.
2.
3.
apple
fruit
Mail
Letter
postage
How many apples did you buy?

How much fruit did you buy?
How .............. did you get yesterday?
How .............. did you get yesterday?
How .............. do I need for this package?
45
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
Stamp
English
Slang
Word
Coffe
sandwich
Sugar
course
homework
News
Article
Fun
Star
sunshine
pollution
Luck
Kind
violance
makeup
Car
traffict
How .............. did you buy?

Anns husband doesnt know .............. .
Sometimes I cant understand my roomate because he uses to .............. .
How .............. (is,are) there in your dictionary?
Louise drinks too .............. .
Billy has a stomach ache. He ate too .............. .
You shouldnt eat too .............. .
How .............. are you taking this semester?
How .............. do you have to do tonight?
There (isnt,arent) .............. in the paper today.
How .............. (is,are) there on the front page of todays paper?
I didnt have .............. at the party. It was boring.
How .............. (is,are) there in the universe?
There (isnt,arent) .............. in Seattle in winter.
(is,are) .............. there in Miami?
We didnt have .............. when we went fishing.
There (is,are) .............. of flowers.
I think there (is,are) too .............. on television.
I think that Mary wears too .............. .
How .............. pass in front of this building in 30 seconds?
(is,are) there .............. in front of your apartement building?
a cup of tea
two pieces of chalk
a slice of bread
three tubes of toothpaste
She made some tea.

She made a cup of tea.
Jhon bought toothpaste.
Jhon bought three tubes of toothpaste.
Notes:
To mention a specific quantity of a non-count noun, speakers use units of measure (a piece of, a cup
of, a bowl of), the amount (a pound of, a kilogram of), or the shape (a bar of, a sheet of).

Complete each of the following sentences with the appropiate form of the words in the list.
bar
bottle
bowl
cup
1.
2.
3.
gallon
glass
loaf
slice
Piece
pound
quart
bunch
sheet
spoonful
tube
flash
I drank a .............. of coffe.

Jack bought two .............. of cheese.
Elisabeth bought a .............. of milk at the supermarket.
46
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Bill drank a .............. of orange juice.

Mr. baker had a .............. of toast and egg for breakfast.
She put ten .............. of gas in my car.
Brian had a .............. of soup for lunch.
Paul drank a .............. of coke.
The lecturer needed a .............. of chalk.
Jane bought a .............. of margarine.

Ask question using how much or how many. Then answer them.
Examples:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
(...............) has two children.

Q: How many children does Jhon have?
A: He has three children.
There are ............... students in this class.
Q: how many students are there in this class?
A: There are 20.
(...............) gets a lot of mail everyday.
...............................................................................................................................................
There are ............... states in the United States.
...............................................................................................................................................
I drink ............... cups of coffe everyday.
...............................................................................................................................................
Jane bought one pound of butter yesterday.
...............................................................................................................................................
There are ten provinces in Canada.
...............................................................................................................................................
There are 220 pages in this book.
...............................................................................................................................................
I have ............... rupiah in my pocket.
...............................................................................................................................................
............... cooked two cups of rice.
...............................................................................................................................................
There are 30 chairs in this room.
...............................................................................................................................................
I use very little salt on my food.
...............................................................................................................................................
Bill knew very few students in his phonology class.
...............................................................................................................................................
There are approximately 1,300 islands in Indonesia.
...............................................................................................................................................
Betty knowa a lot of English vocabulary.
...............................................................................................................................................
There are about five board markers in the desk.
...............................................................................................................................................
Adrian bought two gallons of gas last night.
...............................................................................................................................................
47
Find an article in the jakarta post then list the non

countable and countable noun.
.....
Put in a, some or nothing and then read out loud.

OOOPS!
__________wine is not cheap and ______________good wine can cost a lot of money these days. So
spare_______________thought for Mr.Sokolin,____________New York wine merchant, who
recently lost _____________bottle of wind worth 305,000 (or about 50.000__________glass). It
was ___________1784 Chateau Margaux which had one belonged to Thomas Jefferson, the third
president of America. Mr. Sokolin took the bottle to__________wine tasting and put it on________
table. The bottle was made of____________dark glass and a waiter didnt notice it. He hit it
with_____________tray, making_______________large hole in it. Most of the wine was lost, but
Mr. Sokolin was able to taste______________of it. He said it was not very good, but the loss of the
bottle was described as ______________terrible tragedy.
48
CHAPTER 10
USING MANY, MUCH, LOT, FEW, AND LITTLE (QUANTIFIER)
(How many books do you have?)
Count N
(Non) Count N
Non Count N
a few
few
many
a lot of
a great deal of
a large amount of
Much
little
a little
He has a few good friends.

He has few good friends.
He does not want many friends.
She doesnt want a lot of apples.
Does he have a lot of water?
Jane wants a lot friends.
Jane doesnt want much water.
She wants little water.
She wants a little water.
Notes:
1. Much and many are not generally used on object noun phrases of affirmative statements. In
the object noun phrases of affirmative statements we use a lot of, a great deal of, a large
amount of.
2. A few and a little mean a small number and a small quantity respectively. Few and little
mean not ... many and not ... much.
She has a few good friends.
She has few good friends.
She has a small number of good friends.

She doesnt have many good friends.

Practice the use of a little and a few. Ask questions using the following words. Then answer
them.
Examples:
ink
Q: Do you need any ink?
A: Yes, just a little, please.
tomatoes
Q: Do you need any tomatoes?
A: Yes, just a few, please.
1. butter
................................................................................................................................................
49

................................................................................................................................................
2. pencils
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
3. water
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
4. bananas
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
5. money
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
6. bread
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
7. chairs
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
8. sugar
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
9. gasoline
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
10.eggs
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
Count Noun
Singular
Plural
A banana is yellow.
Bananas are yellow.
Non-Count Nouns
Fruit is good for us.
50
She has a pencil

The banana is overripe.
She ate the banana.
She has pencils.

She has some pencils.
The bananas are overripe.
She ate the bananas.
She drank coffee.

She drank some coffee.
The fruit is overrip.
She gave the fruit to me.

Complete the following sentences with a/an or the. Then practice the conversation with
your partner
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
A: Do you have ............... car?

B: No but I have ............... bicycle.
A: Do you need ............... car today, honey?
B: Yes, I have a lot of errands to do. Why dont I drive you to work today?
A: Okay. But be sure to fill ............... car up with gas sometimes today.
A: Did you have a good time at ............... party last night?
B: Yes.
A: So did I. Im glad that you decided to go with me.
A: What did you do last night?
B: I went to ............... party.
A: Oh? Where was it?
A: I bought ............... table yesterday.
B: Oh? I didnt know you went shopping for furniture.
A: Have you seen my keys?
B: Yes. Theyre on ............... table next to ............... front door.
A: Is Mr. Jones ............... graduated student?
B: No. Hes ............... professor.
A: Wheres ............... professor?
B: Shes absent today.
A: Would you like to go to ............... zoo this afternoon?
B: Sure. Why not?
A: Does San Diego have ............... zoo?
B: Yes. Its world famous.
A: Where do you live?
B: We live on ............... quiet street in the suburbs.
A: Im hungry and Im tired of walking. How much farther is it to ............... restaurant?
B: Just a couple of blocks. Lets cross ............... street here.
A: Are you sure you know where youre going?
A: Did Bob find ............... job?
B: Yes. Hes working at ............... restaurant.
A: Did you feed ............... cat?
B: Yes. I fed him a couple of hours ago.
A: Does Jane have ............... cat?
B: No, she has ............... dog. She doesnt like cats.

Complete each of the following sentences with the noun provided along with the where
necessary.
51
Example:
flowers
a. The flowers in that vase are beautiful.

b. Flowers are beautiful.
1.
mountains
2.
Water
3.
information
4.
Health
5.
Men
6.
problems
7.
happiness
8.
vegetables
9.
Gold
a. ............... are beautiful.

b. ............... in Corolado are beautiful.
a. ............... consists of hydrogen and oxygen.
b. I dont want to go swimming today. ............... is too cold.
a. ............... in that book is inaccurate.
b. An encyclopaedia is a source of ............... .
a. ............... is more important than money.
b. Doctors are concerned with ............... of their patients.
a. ............... generally have stronger muscles than ............... women.
b. At the party last night, ............... sat one one side of the room and
............... women sat on the other.
a. Everyone has ............... .
b. Irene told me about ............... she had with her car yesterday.
a. I cant express ............... I felt when I heard the good news.
b. Everyone seeks ............... .
a. ............... are good for you.
b. ............... we had for dinner last night were overcooked.
a. ............... is a precious metal.
b. ............... in Marys ring is 24 karats.
Put a, the, or (--) and read out loud.
ANCIENT SCRETS
Mr. Denys stocks, ______________retired policeman, has just been given ______________
B.Sc for twelve years research into ancient egyptian industrial methods. Egyptians were able
to cut such hard stone and how they produced such fine jeweller. Mr. Stocks has shown that
______________ Egyptians used saws and drills. _________________saws and drills were
made of copper, which is very soft. But________________Egyptian craftsmen turned them
into very powerful tools. First, ______________crafstmen made ______________cut
in_______________stone with____________ soft saw. Then, _______________craftsmen
poured sand into _______________cut. ____________ hard sand got into
_____________teeth of _____________saw and did _____________cutting. In this way,
___________worker could cut basalt, one of the hardest rocks. _____________sand he used
turned into__________very fine powder. ___________powder was then used by jewellers
to cut precious stones and to make delicate jewellery.
52
CHAPTER 11
NOUN PHRASES
(A very bright red dress)
Premodifier:
...
...
1. I saw a boy.
...
... Noun
2. I saw a bellboy.
3. I saw a young bellboy.
Adj
4. I saw a smart young bellboy.
Adv
Noun
Adj
5. I saw a very smart young bellboy.

6. Jim is a very tidy gentleman.
(Very smart young bell boy)
7. Brian is an old postman.

8. Bill is a rather carelles bus driver.
NOTES
1. The pre-modifier of a noun can be (1) a noun (bus driver), (2) an adjective (smart student).
2. Pre-modifiers that precede plural nouns have the same form as those that precede singular
nouns:
a smart student
some smart students
a bus driver
three bus drivers
3. Remember, for example, that a pocket watch is a watch whereas a watch pocket is a
pocket.

Combine each of the following pairs of sentences.
Examples:
1.
2.
Its a class. Its small.

Its a small class.
Its class. We learn grammar here.
Its grammar class.
Its watch. I carry the watch in my pocket.
Its a pocket watch.
Its a book. Its green.
.............................................................................................................................................
Theyre umbrellas. Theyre black.
............................................................................................................................................
53
3.
Its a book. It presents vocabulary.
.............................................................................................................................................
4. Theyre books. They present grammar.
.............................................................................................................................................
5. Its a watch. Its small.
.............................................................................................................................................
6. Its a watch. I wear the watch on my wrist.
.............................................................................................................................................
7. Theyre pencils. Theyre long.
.............................................................................................................................................
8. Its an egg. Its fried.
.............................................................................................................................................
9. Its a table. Its for cards.
.............................................................................................................................................
10. Its cream. Its for coffee.
.............................................................................................................................................
Post Modifier:
Noun .......................
Prep. Phrase
(student from Canada)
The shoe-store on State Street is good.

The chair near the door is new.
The student at the door is Jim.
The desk in this room is broken.
The lady in the blue dress is smart.
Notes:
1. Prepositional phrases follow the noun which they modify.
2. In the example below, the meaning of the two underlying sentences is incorporated in a new
sentence.
The student speaks French.
He is from Canada.
The student from Canada speaks French.

Combine each of the following pair of sentences to form one.
Examples:
The girl is studying. She is tall.

The tall girl is studying.
54
The girl is studying here. She is from Singapore.

The girl from Singapore is studying here.
1.
The shoes-store is very good. Its large.
....................................................................................................................................................
2. The shoe-store is very good. Its on State Street.
....................................................................................................................................................
3. The man is intelligent. He is from Brazil.
....................................................................................................................................................
4. That man is Dr. Baker. Hes beside Dr. Miller.
....................................................................................................................................................
5. The student is learning English. He is with Dr. Miller.
....................................................................................................................................................
6. The large bookstore is very good. Its on the corner of the street.
....................................................................................................................................................
7. The girl is very friendly. She is tall.
....................................................................................................................................................
8. The tall girl is very friendly. Shes from India.
....................................................................................................................................................
9. The boy speaks slowly. Hes short.
....................................................................................................................................................
10. The short boy speaks slowly. Hes from Chicago.
....................................................................................................................................................

Combine each of the following pair of sentences to form one.
Examples:
1.
2.
3.
The girl is studying. She has a grammar book.

The girl with a grammar book is studying.
The girl is studying here. She has a city map.
The girl with a city map is studying here.
The man is a lawyer. He has a briefcase.
...................................................................................................................................................
That boy is Jack. He has a newspaper.
...................................................................................................................................................
That man is a clown. He has a banana in his ear.
55

...................................................................................................................................................
4. The man is nice. He has a dog.
...................................................................................................................................................
5. The student is from Argentina. He has a tie.
...................................................................................................................................................
6. That house is interesting. It has big windows.
...................................................................................................................................................
7. The sentence is interesting. It has adverbs.
...................................................................................................................................................
8. The man is a doctor. He has blond hair.
..................................................................................................................................................
9. The tree is an apple tree. It has one funny green apple.
...................................................................................................................................................
10. That lady is my aunt. She has long hair.
..................................................................................................................................................
Find an article and then underline the head and modifier in

it!
.....
NEVER TOO OLD TO LEARN
I have just received a letter from my school informing that my former principal, Mr. Reginald
Page, will be retiring next week. Pupils of the school, old and new, will be sending him a
present to mark the occassion. All those who have contributed towards the gift will sign
their names in a large album which will be sent to the principals home. We shall all
remember Mr. Page for his patience and understanding and for the kindly encouragement
he gave us when we went so unwillingly to school.
A great many former pupils will be attending a farewell dinner in his honour next Thursday.
It is a curious coincidence that the day before his retirement, Mr. Page will have been
teaching for a total of forty years. After he had retired, he will devote himself to gardening.
56
For him, this will be entirely new hobby. But this does not matter, for, as he often remarked,
one is never too old to learn.
Questions
1. What is the content of the letter you have just received?
...................................................................................................................................................
2. Who is Mr. Page?
...................................................................................................................................................
3. Who will be sending him a present?
...................................................................................................................................................
4. Who will sign a name in a large album?
...................................................................................................................................................
5. What is Mr. Page remembered for?
...................................................................................................................................................
6. When will the farewell dinner be held?
...................................................................................................................................................
7. How long will Mr. Page be teaching one day before his retirement?
...................................................................................................................................................
8. What will Mr. Page do after he has retired?
...................................................................................................................................................
9. Is it a new or old hobby?
...................................................................................................................................................
10. What has Mr. Page often remarked?
...................................................................................................................................................
57
CHAPTER 12
NOUN CLAUSE
(Do you hope they come?)
Statement
Jhon is a good teacher.

I think so.
I think (that) ..................................................
I think (that) Jhon is a good teacher.
Statement
Jhon is a good teacher.

I dont think so.
I dont think (that) ..........................................
I dont think (that) Jhon is a good teacher.
NOTES
Below are common verbs that are followed by that clauses
Agree
assume
believe
decide
discover
dream
doubt
feel
guess
hear
hope
know
Imagine
learn
notice
observe
predict
prove
regret
remember
realize
suppose
suspect
think

Complete the following sentences with your own words.
1. I believe that ................................................................................................................
2. I assume that ................................................................................................................
3. Do you relized that ........................................................................................................
4. I can prove that .............................................................................................................
5. I predict that .................................................................................................................
6. Ive heard that ..............................................................................................................
7. I guess that ...................................................................................................................
8. I suppose that ...............................................................................................................
9. Have you ever noticed that ............................................................................................
10. I suspect that .................................................................................................................
11. I hope that .....................................................................................................................
12. Do you think that ...........................................................................................................
58
13. Ive discovered that .......................................................................................................

14. Did you know that ..........................................................................................................
15. Last night I dreamed that .......................................................................................................

Answer the following questions using I think so, I suppose so, or I believe so.
Examples:
Does this book belong to Jack?
I think so. I think this book belongs to Jack.
Are we going to have picnic?
I believe so. I believe that we are going to have a picnic.

1.
Does (................) have a car?
...................................................................................................................................................
2. Are we going to have a test tomorrow?
...................................................................................................................................................
3. Is there a fire extinguisher in this building?
...................................................................................................................................................
4. Is Chicago farther north than New Yurk City?
...................................................................................................................................................
5. Does the word patient have more than one meaning?
...................................................................................................................................................
6. Does the word dozen have more than one meaning?
...................................................................................................................................................
7. Is your left foot bigger than your right foot?
...................................................................................................................................................
8. Do gorillas eat meat?
...................................................................................................................................................
9. Do spiders have eyes?
...................................................................................................................................................
10. Dont look at your watch. Is it (10:45) yet?
...................................................................................................................................................
59
question
Is Bill at home?
If statement
I dont know ................................................

question
if Bill at home
I dont know if Bill is at home.
Is Bill at home?
whether statement
I dont know ................................................
Wh question
whether Bill at home

I dont know whether Bill is at home.
Why is Bill at home?
wh - statement
I dont know ................................................
why Bill at home

I dont know why Bill is at home.

Change the following questions to noun clauses.
Examples:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Did Steve go the bank?

I dont know if/whether Steve went to the bank.
Where did Steve go?
I dont know where Steve went.
Is Karen at home?
Do you know .............................................................................................................................
Whee is Karen?
Do you know ........................................................................................................................
How is Pat felling today?
I wonder .................................................................................................................................
Is Pat feeling better today?
I wonder ..................................................................................................................................
Does the bus stop here?
Do you know ...........................................................................................................................
Where does the bus stop?
I wonder ...................................................................................................................................
Why is elena absent today?
The teacher wants to know .....................................................................................................
Is Elena going to be absent again tomorrow?
I wonder ..................................................................................................................................
60

Make sentences with nominal clauses.
Examples:
Did (................) go to the bank?

I wonder if Jane went to the bank.
Where did (................) go?
I wonder where Jane went.
1. Why is (................) absent today?
..............................................................................................................................................
2. Where is (................) ?
...........................................................................................................................................
3. Is (................) sick?
.........................................................................................................................................
4. Will it (snow) tomorrow?
..............................................................................................................................................
5. Will the weather be nice tomorrow?
.............................................................................................................................................
6. Is (................) going to be in class tomorrow?
.............................................................................................................................................
7. How long has (................) been living here?
..............................................................................................................................................
8. Did (................) go to the library last night?
..............................................................................................................................................
9. How much does (a Rolls Royce) cost?
..............................................................................................................................................
10. Where did (................) go last night?
.............................................................................................................................................
wh-question
Why Bill at home?

wh-statement
I dont know ................................................

wh-question
why Bill at home

I dont know why Bill is at home.
Who told Jim the story?
wh- statement
I dont know ................................................
whose question
who told him the story

I dont know who told him the story.
Whose book is that?
whose - statement
I dont know ................................................
whose book that is

I dont know whose book that is.
61

Complete the following sentences by changing the preceding questions to noun clauses.then
practice with your partner!
Example:
Where did Paul go?
I dont know where Paul went.
1.
How old is Kate?

I dont know .................................................................................................................
2. Why did Tim leave?
I dont know ......................................................................................................................
3. When did Tim leave?
I dont know ...................................................................................................................
4. Where did he go?
I dont know .................................................................................................................
5. Where is he?
I dont know ........................................................................................................................
6. Where does he live?
I dont remember .........................................................................................................
7. What didi he say?
I didnt hear ........................................................................................................................
8. Where is the post office?
Could you please tell me ..................................................................................................
9. What time is it?
Could you please tell me...................................................................................................
10. How much does this book cost?
Could you please tell me .................................................................................................

Change the following questions to noun clauses. Start your sentences with I dont know
................
Examples:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Where does Jack live?

I dont know where Jack lives.
Where did (...............) go yesterday?
I dont know where (Jack) went yesterday.
What did (..........)buy yesterday?

.................................................................................................................................
Why is (..........) absent?
..............................................................................................................................................
Where is (..........)?
.......................................................................................................................................
How old is (..........)?
...........................................................................................................................................
62
5.
Where does (..........) live?

...........................................................................................................................................
6. Where does (..........) eat lunch?
...........................................................................................................................................
7. What is (..........)s last name?
............................................................................................................................................
8. Why does (..........) go downtown yesterday?
............................................................................................................................................
9. What time does (..........) usually get up?
............................................................................................................................................
10. Why did (..........) go downtown yesterday?
.............................................................................................................................................
We learned that noun clause is...

.....
A FOOLISH POLICEMAN
Miss Davies had been driving s cst for several years, and she had always been a very
careful driver. She often drove into town to do her shopping, and she had to pass several
traffic lights on the way. One day, the first traffic lights were just changing from green to red
when she oasseed them. Almost at once, a policeman on a motor-cycle, who had been
following her, passed her and ordered her to stop. He got off his motor-cycle, came to the
window of the car and asked her why she had not stopped at the red light. She answered
that she had been afraid to stop suddenly, because if a car had been just behind her, it might
have hit her.
The policeman answered angrily that was no excuse, and that only a foolish driver
who was driving too close behind her and not watching the traffic in front of him carefully
would have hit her car.
The policeman warned her to be more careful in the future and then let her go. She
was very thankful that he had let her go and drive very carefully to the next traffic lights,
where she stopped suddenly when the lights changed. At the same moment, something hit
the back of her car and threw her forward. She looked round angrily, and saw the same
policeman on the same motor-cycle. He had been following her, and now his front tire was
pressed against the back of her car, and his face was very red. He did not look at miss Davies.
63
Until the lights changed to green again and they were able to go on, he pretended to be very
interested in a butterfly which was flying around him.
Questions
1. Was Miss Davies a careful driver?
...................................................................................................................................................
2. Why did the policeman order her to stop?
...................................................................................................................................................
3. What did the police ask Miss Davies?
....................................................................................................................................................
4. What did she answer?
...................................................................................................................................................
5. How does a foolish driver drive, if the policeman was correct in what he said?
...................................................................................................................................................
6. Why did Miss Davies stop suddenly at the next traffic lights?
...................................................................................................................................................
7. Which police hit the back of her car?
...................................................................................................................................................
8. How was the policeman look like after he found that it was Miss Davies car?
...................................................................................................................................................
9. Why did the policeman pretend to be interested in the butterfly?
...................................................................................................................................................
10. What kind of a driver was the policeman, if what he said to Miss Davies was true?
...................................................................................................................................................
64
CHAPTER 13
QUOTEED SPEECH VS REPORTED SPEECH
(What does he said?)

Speakers exact words
John is not here
Yes, he is.
Are you Bill Jones?
Open the door, please!
Why werent you here?
Quoted words
Jane said, John is not here.
Jane said, Yes, he is.
Jane said, Are you Bill Jones?
Jane said, Open the door, please!
Jane asked, Why werent you here?
Notes:
Comment verbs that introduce quotations include:
Admit
Complain
Reply
Announce
Explain
Say
Answer
Inquire
State
Ask
Report
Write
Practice makes perfect; Quote and Consult your instructor!

Quote the following utterances. Use such words as say, ask, explain.
Examples:
Ann: My sister is a student.
Ann said, My sister is a student.
Betty: I was here again last night.
Betty explained, I was here again last night.
Bill: Will you be here again tomorrow, John?
Bill asked, Will you be here again, John?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Jennifer: Were hungry.

...........................................................................................................................................
Jennifer: were hungry. Are you hungry, too?
...........................................................................................................................................
Jennifer: Were hungry. Are you hungry, too? Lets eat something.
...........................................................................................................................................
Hamlet: To be or not to be: that is the question.
...........................................................................................................................................
John F. Kennedy: ask not what your country can do for you.
...........................................................................................................................................
65
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
The fox: Im going to eat you.

...........................................................................................................................................
The Rabbit: You have to catch me first!
...........................................................................................................................................
The dean: you must always be punctual.
...........................................................................................................................................
The manager: We can overcome this crisis only by working hard.
...........................................................................................................................................
Bill: How can we get rid of such problems?
...........................................................................................................................................
Quoted Speech
Ann said, I am hungry.
Ann said, I work hard.
Ann said, I will work hard.
Ann said, I must work hard.
Ann said, I have worked hard.
Reported Speech
Ann said (that) she was hungry.
Ann said (that) she worked hard.
Ann said (that) she would work hard.
Ann said (that) she had to work hard.
Ann said (that) she had worked hard.
Verb-O/S
Verb ed
Verb ed
Had verb en
Have/has/had verb en
Had Verb en
Will/can/must Verb
Would verb
Ann said, I work hard

Ann said that she worked hard.
Ann said, I worked hard.
Ann said that she had worked hard.
Ann said, I have worked hard.
Ann said that she had worked hard.
Ann said, I will work hard.
Ann said that she would work hard.
Notes:
1. If the reporting verb is in the present (e.g. says), no change is made in the verb tense or modal in
the reported speech.
Jack says, I worked hard.
Jack says that he works hard
2. Sometimes, especially in speaking, the verb in the reported speech is not changed if the speaker is
reporting something immediately or soon after it was said.
A : What did Ann say? I didnt hear her.
B : She said (that) she was hungry.
3. Bellow is a list of the changes in time adjunct.
Now
Then
Today
That day
Tomorrow
The day after/ the following day
Yesterday
The day before/ the previous day
This time
That time
66
Three days ago
Three days before

Change the quoted speech bellow to reported speech. Change the pronoun and verb form in
the speech where necessary.
Examples:
Jim said, I am sleepy.
Jim said (that) he was sleepy.
She stated, I dont like the book.
She stated (that) she didnt like the book.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Sally said, I dont like chocolate.

...........................................................................................................................................
Marry said, I am planning to take a trip.
...........................................................................................................................................
Tom said, I have already eaten lunch.
...........................................................................................................................................
Kate said, I called my doctor.
...........................................................................................................................................
Mr. Rice said, Im going to go to Chicago.
...........................................................................................................................................
Eric said, I will come to the meeting.
...........................................................................................................................................
Jane said, I cant afford to buy a new car.
...........................................................................................................................................
Jessica said, I may go to the library.
...........................................................................................................................................
Ted said, I have to finish my work.
...........................................................................................................................................
Ms. Young said, I must talk to Professor Reed.
...........................................................................................................................................
Alice said, I should visit my aunt and uncle.
...........................................................................................................................................
The more practice the more perfect; Change

Change the following quotations to reported speech. Use Ann told me/ you/ Paul.
Examples:
I am hungry.
Ann told me (that) she was hungry.
Ann told you (that) you was hungry.
Ann told Paul (that) he was hungry.
You must be present.
Ann told me (that) I had to be present
Ann told you (that) you had to be present
Ann told Paul (that) he had to be present
1.
I will call you tomorrow.
67
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
...........................................................................................................................................
I know your cousin.
...........................................................................................................................................
I have met your roommate.
...........................................................................................................................................
I am getting hungry.
...........................................................................................................................................
I am not married.
...........................................................................................................................................
I like your (shirt/blouse).
...........................................................................................................................................
I wont be in class tomorrow.
...........................................................................................................................................
I cant read your handwriting.
...........................................................................................................................................
I dont like (a kind of food).
...........................................................................................................................................
I walked to school this morning.
...........................................................................................................................................
Practice makes perfect; Writing

Write the answer using the words given as shown in the example.
Example:
Could he answer all the questions? Yes/ easy.
Yes, I could. They were easy enough for him to answer.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Could he buy the car? (Yes/ Cheap)

...........................................................................................................................................
Could he buy the car? (No/ Expensive)
...........................................................................................................................................
Could they eat the cake? (Yes/ Fresh)
...........................................................................................................................................
Could she eat the bread? (No/Stale)
...........................................................................................................................................
Could they hear the radio? (No/ low)
...........................................................................................................................................
Could they hear the bell? (Yes/ loud)
...........................................................................................................................................
Could he climb the wall? (Yes/ low)
...........................................................................................................................................
Could she climb the fence? (No/ high)
...........................................................................................................................................
Could she eat the apple? (No/ heard)
...........................................................................................................................................
Could the girls eat the girls eat the oranges? (No/Sour)
...........................................................................................................................................
68
WHO HAS THE LAST SAY
Some people are always saying that they dont built cars as they used to be. What nonsense!
I walked round the beautiful new Ferrari again, admiring its lines, when my thoughts were
rudely interrupted.
will you be here long? a voice asked sharply.
I havent made up my mind yet, I said, looking up at a sourfaced traffic warden.
Well you cant stop here, he told me.
Who says so? I asked him cheekily.
I said so he said to me. It says here he added, In case you cant read. no, waiting.
you read very well. Go to the top of the class! I told him, but Ill make my own decisions.
Oh, will you? the traffic warden asked.
then so will I and Ive decided to give you a ticket, he said to me with relish as he began
filling out a form.
Go ahead, I told him. this car doesnt belong to me anyway. I wish it did.
Question
1. Who are always saying that people dont build cars as they used to be?
...................................................................................................................................................
2. Do you believe in what people are always saying?
...................................................................................................................................................
3. Who said, will you be here long?.
...................................................................................................................................................
4. What did you reply?
...................................................................................................................................................
5. What did he tell you not to do?
...................................................................................................................................................
6. What does the notice say?
...................................................................................................................................................
7. Did you say to the warden that you would make your own decision?
...................................................................................................................................................
8. The warden said that he had decided to give you a ticket, didnt he?
...................................................................................................................................................
9. What did you comment to his decision?
....................................................................................................................................................
10. Whose car was it?
...................................................................................................................................................
69
CHAPTER 14
REPORTING QUESTION, ORDER AND REQUEST
(What did she ask you?)
Yes/ No question:
- If
- Whether
Wh-Question:
Wh-statement
John asked, Are you hungry?

John asked if I was hungry.
Jack asked Mary, Are you hungry?
Jack asked Mary whether she was hungry.
John asked, Why is Mary absent?
John asked why Mary was absent.
Mary asked me when I would go out.
Notes:
If and whether are used after the word ask to introduce a noun clause.
In addition to ask, yes/ no questions can be reported by using want to know, wonder, inquire.

Change the following questions to reported speech. Use the clause John asked me ..
Examples:
Are you married?
John asked me if I was married.
Will you go out?
John asked me whether I would go out.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Do you know my cousin?

...........................................................................................................................................
Are you hungry?
...........................................................................................................................................
Can you speak (French)?
...........................................................................................................................................
Did you enjoy your vacation?
...........................................................................................................................................
Are you going to take another English course?
...........................................................................................................................................
Will you be at home tonight?
...........................................................................................................................................
Have you ever been in (Mexico)?
...........................................................................................................................................
Can you hear me?
...........................................................................................................................................
Are you listening to me?
...........................................................................................................................................
Do you need any help?
...........................................................................................................................................
70
The more practice the more perfect; Change

Change the following reported speech to quoted speech.
Examples:
Jane asked me where I lived.
Jane said, Where do you live?
Eric asked me if I had ever gone skydiving.
Eric said, Have you ever gone skydiving?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Chris wanted to know if I would be at the meeting.

Christ said
Kane wondered whether I was going to quit my job.
Kate said
Ann asked her friend where his car was.
Ann said
Brian asked me what I had done after class yesterday.
Brian said
Luigi asked me if I knew Italian.
Luigi said
Debra wanted to know if I could guess what she had in her pocket.
Debra asked
My boss wanted to know why I wasnt working at my desk and why I was wasting the
companys time.
My boss angrily asked me
The more practice the more perfect; Complete

Complete each of the following sentences by changing the quoted speech to repeated one.
Examples:
Where do you live?
Tom asked me where I lived.
Do you live in the dorm?
He asked me if I lived in the dorm.
I stole the money.
The thief admitted that he had stolen the money.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Where is Jane?
Ed asked me
Im going to quit school and get a job.
Jessica announced
Did you mail the letter?
Tim asked me
What are you thinking about?
Karen asked me
I have to go to the drug store.
Steve said
I cant pick you up at the airport.
Alice told me
71
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
I will take a taxi.

I told her
You should speak English as much as possible.
My teacher told me
Do you like spaghetti?
Don asked me
Have you already eaten dinner?
Sue asked me
Did you finish your work?
Jackie asked me
What time do you want to leave for the airport?
Harry asked me
I made a mistake.
Carol admitted
Quoted Speech
Ann said, Please come to the meeting.
Ann said, Can you come to the meeting?
Ann said, Would you like to come to the
meeting?
Ann said, I would come to the meeting if I
were you.
Reported Speech
Ann invited me to come to the meeting.
Notes:
Besides the verb invite, we can also use:
Advise, ask, encourage, order, permit, remind,
tell, warn.

Change the following quoted speech to reported one.
Examples:
Joe said, Please come to my party.
Joe invited me to come to his party.
My teacher said, I think you should take another English course.
My teacher advised me to take another English course.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Mrs. Jacobson said, You may use the phone.

Mrs. Jacobson permitted me
The doctor said, Take a deep breath.
The doctor told the patient
My mother said, Make an appointment with the dentist.
My mother reminded me
My friend said, I think you should take a long vacation.
My friend encouraged me
The Smiths said, Would you like to come to our house for dinner?
The smiths invited us
My friend said, You should see a doctor about the pain in your knee.
My friend advised me
72
7.
8.
9.
10.
The judge said, You must pay a fine of fifty dollars.

The judge ordered Mr. Silverman
Bill said, Dont touch that hot pot.
Bill warned me not to touch that hot pot.
Sue said, Dont buy a used car.
Sue advised me
Mr. Grey said, Dont play in the street.
Mr. Grey warned the children
Practice makes perfect; Error Analysis. Consult your instructor!

Each of the following sentences has a mistake. Identify the mistake, then make some
correction on it.
1.
She asked me that I wanted to go t othe musical festival.
...........................................................................................................................................
2.
Tom said me that he was hungry.
...........................................................................................................................................
3.
Bob asked me where do yo live.
...........................................................................................................................................
4.
Ann told that she had enjoyed the party.
...........................................................................................................................................
5.
Kathy asked me open the window.
...........................................................................................................................................
6.
My friend told me that she understood my problem.
...........................................................................................................................................
7.
My mother aske me when am I home?
...........................................................................................................................................
8.
Do you know where is the nearest gas station?
...........................................................................................................................................
9.
I told Bobby dont pull the cats tail.
...........................................................................................................................................
10. Ann said, are you tired?
...........................................................................................................................................
Practice makes perfect; Writing

Write the answer using the words given as shown in the example.
Example:
Dont type it again! (He/her)
He is telling her not to type it again.
He doesnt want her to type it again.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Dont hurt yourself! (She/him)

...........................................................................................................................................
Dont slip! (She/him)
...........................................................................................................................................
Dont fall! (He/her)
...........................................................................................................................................
Dont miss it! (She/them)
73
5.
...........................................................................................................................................
Dont break it! (She/him)
...........................................................................................................................................
rewrite some statements and orders of your parents

.....
Practice makes perfect; Read and complete these! Consult your instructor!
Put the verb in brackets into the right form
BOTH RIGHT AND BOTH WRONG

The black car screamed round the corner on the wrong side of the road and passed a white
car doing exactly the same thing in the other direction. Both drivers stopped and got out of
the their cars. if I (be)_________________ on my side of the road, you
(kill)___________________ me, driver A shouted. but you werent on your side of the
road, driver B shouted back. if you (......driving)______________________more carefully,
you (not be) __________________on the wrong side of the road. if I (know)
__________________what was round the corner, I (keep) _________________to my side of
the road, driver A said. If you (know)__________________ what was round the corner, you
(..............not driving) so carelessly. Suddenly, both men stop shouting and driver A said, very
quitely, if we both (not be)______________________on the wrong side of the road, we
(be)________________________dead now. Without speaking a further, both men shook
hands and drove away.
74
CHAPTER 15
EXPRESSING WISHES
(Sorry, I wish Could)
The true Situation in present time
The wishes
I am not rich.
I wish i were rich.
I dont have a car.
I wish I had a car.
Bill has to work hard.
Bill wishes he didnt have to work hard.
Jane cant speak French.
Jane wishes she could speak French.

Complete the following sentences with the given information
Examples:
I dont have a car

I wish (that) I had a car.
Alice wishes (that) she had a car
Alice wishes (that) she had a car
1. I have a cold.
I wish........................................................................................................................................
2. I dont have a tape recorder.
I wish.........................................................................................................................................
3. I dont know how to swim
I wish.........................................................................................................................................
4. Bill doesnt have a good job
Bill wishes..................................................................................................................................
5. Anna lives in the dorm
Anna wishes...............................................................................................................................
75
6. Jerry doesnt live in an apartment.

Jerry wishes................................................................................................................................
7. Jane cant speak French
Jane wishes................................................................................................................................
8. Sue cant find a good job
Sue wishes...............................................................................................................................
9. James isnt here
James wishes..........................................................................................................................

Complete each of the following sentences with an auxiliarry verb.
Examples:
I dont have a car, but I wish I did.

I have to study tonight, but I wish I didnt
I cant speak Italian, but I wish I could
Im not tall, but I wish I were.
Alan is weak, but he wishes he werent
1. I dont know Mary Fisher, but I wish I...............

2. I have to take a history course, but I wish I
3. I cant dance very well, but I wish I .
4. Im not a good cook, but I wish I .
5. Linda isnt a good writer, but she wishes she ..
6. Jack has to go to Laundromat, but he wishes he
7. Carol doesnt live in the same city as her boyfriend, but she wishes she
8. Its too cold to go to swimming today, but I wish it ..
76
True Situation in past time
Wish about the Past
I didnt study for the test
I wish (that) I had studied for the test
Jane didnt come to the meeting
Jane wishes (that) she had come to the meeting.
Bill came to the meeting
Bill wishes (that) he hadnt come to the meeting.

Make wishes using the following information (true situation)
Examples:
Bill didnt have enough money

I wish that Bill had had enough money.
Bobby didnt tell me the turth
I wish that Bobby had told me the turth
1. I didnt call my friend last night

I wish........................................................................................................................................
2. I didnt cash a check yesterday
I wish.........................................................................................................................................
3. Tom spent all of his money yesterday
Tom wishes..............................................................................................................................
4. I didnt go to class yesterday
I wish........................................................................................................................................
5. Anna didnt finish high school
Anna wishes..............................................................................................................................
6. Jerry wasnt at the meeting yesterday
Jerry wishes..............................................................................................................................
7. Jerry wasnt here last week
Jerry wishes..............................................................................................................................
The more practice the more perfect; Consult your instructor!

Complete each of the following dialogues with an auxiliarry verb.
Examples:
Q: Did you see the movie last night?

77
A: No, I didnt. But I wish I had. It was a good movie.

Q: Did you go to the party?
A: Yes, I did. But I wish I hadnt. it was boring.
1. A: Did you eat breakfast this morning?
B: No, .., but I wish.. Im hungry. My stomach is growling.
2. A: Do you exercise regularly?
B: No, .., but I wish.. I always feel better when I exercise regularly.
3. A: Did you study for the test?
B: No, .., but I wish.. I got an F on it.
4. A: Are you a good artist?
B: No, .., but I wish.. Id like to be able to draw.
5. A: Did you go to the movie last night?
B: No, .., but I wish.. It was waste of time and money.
6. A: Do you have to eat at the student cafeteria?
B: No, .., but I wish.. the food is lousy.
7. A: can you speak Chinese?
B: No, .., but I wish..
8. A: Is it hard to learn second language?
B: No, .., but I wish..

Write some wishes using the following situation
Example:
You are hungry

Q: what do you wish?
A: I wish I had eaten breakfast
A: I wish I had some sweets
A: I wish someone gave me some food.
A: I wish I could go to the canteen.
1. You are tired.

.
.
2. Youre broken
.
.
3. The weather is cold today.
.
.
4. You dont have many talents.
78
.
.
5. The campus is not in very good condition.
.
.
We learned that wish is useful to express

.....
I WISH HE HAD LET ME KNOW
A car drew up outside the Swan hotel and a young man got out. Pausing only for an
instant to see that he had come to the right place, he went into the hotel and rang the bell
on the counter of the bar.
Mrs. Crump, the landlady, who was busy in the kitchen at the time, hurried out,
wiping her hands. The young man raised his hat.
excuse me, he said. Im looking for my uncle, Mr. White. I believe he is staying
here.
he was staying here, Mrs. Crump corrected him. but im afraid that he went back
to London yesterday.
oh dear said the young man, looking dissappointed. I understood that he was
going to stay here until the end of the month. At least, that is what his servant told me when
I rang his house.
Quite right, said Mrs. Crump. he intended to stay here the whole of July, as he
always does. But yesterday he got a telegram to say that one of his relatives was ill. So he
caught the train back to London immediately.
I wish he had let me know, the young man said. I wrote him a letter saying that I
was coming. Ive had all this trouble for nothing. Well, since he isnt here, there is no point in
waiting.
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Question
1. Where did the car stop?
.....................................................................................................................................................
2. Why did he pause for a minute?
.....................................................................................................................................................
3. What was the landlady doing when the man rang the bell?
.....................................................................................................................................................
4. Why did the young man come to the hotel?
.....................................................................................................................................................
5. Why did the landlady correct his statement?
.....................................................................................................................................................
6. Who said that the young mans uncle was going to stay until the end of the month?
.....................................................................................................................................................
7. Why did the youngs man uncle get back to London?
.....................................................................................................................................................
8. What did the young man mean when he said I wish he had let me know?
.....................................................................................................................................................
9. How did the young man inform his uncle that he was coming?
.....................................................................................................................................................
10. What did the man do after finding out that his uncle was no longer there?
.....................................................................................................................................................
80
CHAPTER 16
USING IF: CONTRARY TO FACT
(Will you come if I come?)
True Situation in the present
If-Clause
(verb/do/does-not Verb)
If.......... verb-ed, ....... would/could verb-inf
Jack feels ill.
If Jack took the medicine, he would not feel ill.
I didnt have money.
If I were thrifty, i would have money.

Complete each of the following sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets.
1. TRUE SITUATION: I dont have time now
a. I wish i (have) .............. enough time now.
b. If I (have) ............. enough time now, i (go) ........ to the park.
2. TRUE SITUATION: I dont have enough money today
a. I wish I (have) ........... enough money today.
b. If I (have) ............ enough money today, I (go)............ to a show.
3. TRUE SITUATION: She doesnt come to my party
a. I wish she (come)........... to my party.
b. If she (come) ............ to my party, (she meet) ........... my fiance.
4. TRUE SITUATION: It is cold now
a. I wish it (be, not) ........... cold now.
b. If it (be, not) ............ now, I (go) ........................ swimming.
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Make sentences with wish and if
Example:
I dont have enogh money to go shopping

I wish I had money
If I had enough money, I would go shopping.
1. I dont have car to pick them

.....................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
2. They dont feel well today to come there
.....................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
3. She has cold today but she will probably feel better tomorrow to go to class
.....................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
4. My friend is not at home. I cant go there.
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
True Situation in the past
If-Clause
(verb-ed/didnt Verb)
If..........had/hadnt verb-en, ....... would/could have verb-en
Jane felt ill.
If Jane had taken the medicine, she wouldnt have felt ill.
I didnt have money.
If I had been thrifty, i would have had money.

Complete each of the following sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets.
82
1. TRUE SITUATION: I didnt have time yesterday.

a. I wish i (have) .............. enough time yesterday.
b. If I (have) ............. enough time yesterday, i (go) ........ to the park.
2. TRUE SITUATION: I didnt have enough money last week.
a. I wish I (have) ........... enough money last week.
b. If I (have) ............ enough money last week, I (go)............ to a show.
3. TRUE SITUATION: He didnt come to my party
a. I wish he (come)........... to my party.
b. If he (come) ............ to my party, (she meet) ........... my fiance.
4. TRUE SITUATION: It is cold yesterday.
a. I wish it (be, not) ........... cold yesterday.
b. If it (be, not) ............ yesterday, I (go) ........................ swimming.

Make sentences with wish and if
Examples:
I dont have enogh money

I wish I had money
If I had enough money, I would go shopping.
I didnt have enough money.

I wish I had had enough money
If I had had money, I would have gonr shopping.
1. The weather isnt nice

.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
2. The weather wasnt nice
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
3. I dont know how to play guitar
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
4. I didnt know how to play guitar
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.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
5. I dont know that my uncle is in hospital.
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
6. I didnt know that my uncle was in hospital.
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................

Answer the following questions in complete sentences.
1. What would you be right now if you werent inthe class?
.......................................................................................................................................................
2. What would you have done yesterday if you hadnt come to class?
.......................................................................................................................................................
3. What would you do today if you had enough time?
.......................................................................................................................................................
4. What would you have done yesterday if you had had enough time?
.......................................................................................................................................................
5. What would you buy if you have enough money?
.......................................................................................................................................................
6. What would you have bought yesterday if you had had enough money?
.......................................................................................................................................................
7. What would you do if there were a fire in this building?
.......................................................................................................................................................
8. If you had your own private plane, where would you go for dinner tonight?
.......................................................................................................................................................
9. Your sister is tired today. Give her some advice. What would you do if you were her?
.......................................................................................................................................................
10. Your friend wants to learn English as quickly as possible. What would you do if you were an
English teacher.
.......................................................................................................................................................
84
LYING IN THE SUN
Two tramps, Eugene and Sergio, are lying in the sun.
Eugene : what would be doing if the sun were not shining?
Sergio : Well, we will not be lying here for a start. But thats not the important question.
The important question is: what were we doing when we were rich?
Eugene : if we were rich, we could travel everywhere.
Sergio : true, but we travel everywhere already.
Eugene : yes, but not in style. If we had money, our chauffer, James could drive us round in
our Rolls. Imagine if we were in that position! We would return to our fine mansion in the
country.
Sergio : yes, the butler would put out our fresh clothes for us, the cook would prepare a
fine meal for us. We would not just be eating carrots all the time.
Eugene : yes. If we owned house like that, we would also have a fine swimming pool.
Sergio : yes! Yes! If we had a fine swimming pool, we could swim as much as we liked.
Eugene : if we were really rich, we could lie in the sun!
Sergio : but, we are lying in the sun.
True or False
1. (T - F) Eugene and Segio are not lying in the sun.
2. (T - F) they are very rich
3. (T - F) they have travelled already
4. (T - F) they can travel in their Rolls
5. (T - F) they have a servant, and a cook in their house.
6. (T - F) they have a very big house with a swimming pool.
7. (T - F) they can swim as much as they like in their private swimming pool
8. (T - F) they always eat carrots all the time
85
ENGLISH IDIOM DICTIONARY

~A~
A bit much. If something is excessive or annoying, it is a bit much.
A bridge too far. A bridge too far is an act of overreaching- going too far and getting into trouble or
failing.
A chain is no stronger than its weakest link. This means that processes, organisations, etc, are
vulnerable because the weakest person or part can always damage or break them.
A day late and a dollar short. (USA) If something is a day late and a dollar short, it is too little, too
late.
A fool and his money are soon parted. This idiom means that people who aren't careful with their
money spend it quickly. 'A fool and his money are easily parted' is an alternative form of the idiom.
A fool at 40 is a fool forever. If someone hasn't matured by the time they reach forty, they never
will.
A fresh pair of eyes. A person who is brought in to examine something carefully is a fresh pair of
eyes.
A hitch in your giddy-up. If you have a hitch in your giddy-up, you're not feeling well. ('A hitch in
your gittie-up' is also used.)
A lick and a promise. If you give something a lick and a promise, you do it hurriedly, most often
incompletely, intending to return to it later.
A little bird told me. If someone doesn't want to say where they got some information from, they
can say that a little bird told them.
A little learning is a dangerous thing. A small amount of knowledge can cause people to think they
are more expert than they really are.eg. he said he'd done a course on home electrics, but when he
tried to mend my table lamp, he fused all the lights! I think a little learning is a dangerous thing
A long row to hoe. Something that is a long row to hoe is a difficult task that takes a long time.
A lost ball in the high weeds. A lost ball in the high weeds is someone who does not know what they
are doing, where they are or how to do something.
A month of Sundays. A month of Sundays is a long period of time: I haven't seen her in a month of
Sundays.
A OK. If things are A OK, they are absolutely fine.
A penny for your thoughts. This idiom is used as a way of asking someone what they are thinking
about.
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A penny saved is a penny earned. This means that we shouldn't spend or waste money, but try to
save it.
A picture is worth a thousand words. A picture can often get a message across much better than the
best verbal description.
A poor man's something. Something or someone that can be compared to something or someone
else, but is not as good is a poor man's version; a writer who uses lots of puns but isn't very funny
would be a poor man's Oscar Wilde.
A pretty penny. If something costs a pretty penny, it is very expensive.
A problem shared is a problem halved. If you talk about your problems, it will make you feel better.
A rising tide lifts all boats. This idiom, coined by John F Kennedy, describes the idea that when an
economy is performing well, all people will benefit from it.
A rolling stone gathers no moss. People say this to mean that that an ambitious person is more
successful than a person not trying to achieve anything. Originally it meant the opposite and was
critical of people trying to get ahead.
A slice off a cut loaf is never missed. Used colloquially to describe having sexual intercourse with
someone who is not a virgin, especially when they are in a relationship. The analogy refers to a loaf
of bread; it is not readily apparent, once the end has been removed, exactly how many slices have
been taken.('You never miss a slice from a cut loaf' is also used.)
A steal. If something is a steal, it costs much less than it is really worth.
A still tongue keeps a wise head. Wise people don't talk much.
A textbook case. A textbook case, it is a classic or common example of something.
A watched pot never boils. Some things work out in their own time, so being impatient and
constantly checking will just make things seem longer.
At the coalface. If you work at the coalface, you deal with the real problems and issues, rather than
sitting in a office discussing things in a detached way.
At the drop of a hat. If you would do something at the drop of a hat, you'd do it immediately.
At the end of the day. This is used to mean 'in conclusion' or 'when all is said and done'.
At the end of your rope. (USA) If you are at the end of your rope, you are at the limit of your
patience or endurance.
At the end of your tether. (UK) If you are at the end of your tether, you are at the limit of your
patience or endurance.
At the fore. In a leading position
At the top of my lungs. If you shout at the top of your lungs, you shout as loudly as you possibly can.
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At the top of the list. If something is at the top of the list, it is of highest priority, most important,
most urgent, or the next in one's line of attention.
At the top of your lungs. If you shout at the top of your lungs, you shout as loudly as you possibly
can.
At the top of your voice. If you talk, shout or sing at the top of your voice, you do it as loudly as you
can.
At your wit's end. If you're at your wit's end, you really don't know what you should do about
something, no matter how hard you think about it.
At your wits' end. If you are at your wits' end, you have no idea what to do next and are very
frustrated.
Average Joe. An average Joe is an ordinary person without anything exceptional about them.
Avowed intent. If someone makes a solemn or serious promise publicly to attempt to reach a
certain goal, this is their avowed intent.
Away with the fairies. If someone is away with the fairies, they don't face reality and have
unrealistic expectations of life.
Awe inspiring. Something or someone that is awe inspiring amazes people in a slightly frightening
but positive way.
AWOL. AWOL stands for "Absent Without Leave", or "Absent Without Official Leave". Orignially a
military term, it is used when someone has gone missing without telling anyone or asking for
permission.
~B~
Babe in arms. A babe in arms is a very young child, or a person who is very young to be holding a
position.
Babe in the woods. A babe in the woods is a naive, defenceless, young person.
Baby boomer. (USA) A baby boomer is someone born in the years after the end of the Second World
War, a period when the population was growing very fast.
Back burner. If an issue is on the back burner, it is being given low priority.
Back foot. (UK) If you are on your back foot, you are at a disadvantage and forced to be defensive of
your position.
Back number. Something that's a back number is dated or out of fashion.
88
Back the wrong horse. If you back the wrong horse, you give your support to the losing side in
something.
Back to back. If things happen back to back, they are directly one after another.
Back to square one. If you are back to square one, you have to start from the beginning again.
Back to the drawing board. If you have to go back to the drawing board, you have to go back to the
beginning and start something again.
Back to the salt mine. If someone says they have to go back to the salt mine, they have to return to
work.
Back to the wall. If you have your back to the wall, you are in a difficult situation with very little
room for manoeuvre.
Backseat driver. A backseat driver is an annoying person who is fond of giving advice to the person
performing a task or doing something, especially when the advice is either wrong or unwelcome.
Bad Apple. A person who is bad and makes other bad is a bad apple.
Bad blood. If people feel hate because of things that happened in the past, there is bad blood
between them.
Bad egg. A person who cannot be trusted is a bad egg. Good egg is the opposite.
Bad hair day. If you're having a bad hair day, things are not going the way you would like or had
planned.
Bad mouth. (UK) When you are bad mouthing,you are saying negative things about someone or
something.('Bad-mouth' and 'badmouth' are also used.)
Bad shape. If something's in bad shape, it's in bad condition. If a person's in bad shape, they are
unfit or unhealthy.
Bad taste in your mouth. If something leaves you with a bad taste in your mouth, you feel there is
something wrong or bad about it.
Bad workers always blame their tools. "A bad worker always blames their tools" - If somebody does
a job badly or loses in a game and claims that they were let down by their equipment, you can use
this to imply that this was not the case.
Bag of bones. If someone is a bag of bones, they are very underweight.
Bag of nerves. If someone is a bag of nerves, they are very worried or nervous.
Baker's dozen. A Baker's dozen is 13 rather than 12.
Bald as a coot. A person who is completely bald is as bald as a coot.
Ball is in your court. If the ball is in your court, it is up to you to make the next decision or step.
89
Ballpark figure. A ballpark figure is a rough or approximate number (guesstimate) to give a general
idea of something, like a rough estimate for a cost, etc.
Balls to the walls
(USA) If you do something balls to the wall, you apply full acceleration or exertion.
~C~
Cake's not worth the candle. If someone says that the cake's not worth the candle, they mean that
the result will not be worth the effort put in to achieve it.
Calf lick. A calf lick is the weird parting in your fringe where your hair grows in a different direction,
usually to one side.
Call a spade a spade. A person who calls a spade a spade is one speaks frankly and makes little or no
attempt to conceal their opinions or to spare the feelings of their audience.
Call it a day. If you call it a day, you stop doing something for a while, normally at least until the
following day.
Call on the carpet. If you are called on the carpet, you are summoned for a reprimand by superiors
or others in power.
Call the dogs off. If someone calls off their dogs, they stop attacking or criticising someone.
Call the shots. If you call the shots, you are in charge and tell people what to do.
Call the tune. The person who calls the tune makes the important decisions about something.
Calm before the storm. A calm time immediately before period of violent activity or argument is the
calm before the storm.
Can of worms. If an action can create serious problems, it is opening a can of worms.
Can't dance and it's too wet to plow. (USA) When you can't dance and it's too wet to plow, you may
as well do something because you can't or don't have the opportunity to do anything else.
Can't do it for toffee. If you can't so something for toffee, you are incapable of doing something
properly or to any sort of standard.
Can't hack it. Unable to perform an act, duty, job etc. (example: I have to quit my job as a computer
technician; I just can't hack it.)
Can't hold a candle. If something can't hold a candle to something else, it is much worse.
Can't see the forest for its trees. If someone can't see the forest for its trees, they are too focused
on specific details to see the picture as a whole.
Canary in a coal mine. (UK) A canary in a coal mine is an early warning of danger.
90
Card up your sleeve. If you have a card up your sleeve, you have a surprise plan or idea that you are
keeping back until the time is right.
Carpetbagger. A carpetbagger is an opportunist without any scruples or ethics, or a politican who
wants to represent a place they have no connection with.
Carrot and stick. If someone offers a carrot and stick, they offer an incentive to do something
combined with the threat of punishment.
Carry the can. If you carry the can, you take the blame for something, even though you didn't do it
or are only partly at fault.
Carry the day. If something carries the day, it wins a battle (the sense is that the battle has been
long and could have gone either way) or competition for supremacy.
Case by case. If things are done case by case, each situation or issue is handled separately on its own
merits and demerits.
Case in point. Meaning an instance of something has just occurred that was previously discussed.
For instance, a person may have told another that something always happens. Later that day, they
see it happening, and the informer might say, 'case in point'.
~D~
Daft as a brush. (UK) Someone who is daft as a brush is rather stupid.
Damp squib. (UK) If something is expected to have a great effect or impact but doesn't, it is a damp
squib.
Dancing on someone's grave. If you will dance on someone's grave, you will outlive or outlast them
and will celebrate their demise.
Dark horse. If someone is a dark horse, they are a bit of a mystery.
Davey Jones' locker. Davey Jones' locker is the bottom of the sea or resting place of drowned
sailors.('Davy Jones' locker' is an alternative spelling.)
Day in the sun. If you have your day in the sun, you get attention and are appreciated.
Daylight robbery. If you are overcharged or underpaid, it is a daylight robbery; open, unfair and hard
to prevent. Rip-off has a similar meaning.
Days are numbered. When someones days are numbered, they are expected to die soon.
Dead air. When there is a period of total silence, there is dead air.
Dead and buried. If something is dead and buried, it has all long been settled and is not going to be
reconsidered.
91
Dead as a dodo. If something's dead as a dodo, it is lifeless and dull. The dodo was a bird that lived
the island of Mauritius. It couldn't fly and was hunted to extinction.
Dead as a doornail. This is used to indicate that something is lifeless.
Dead duck. If something is a dead duck, it is a failure.
Dead even. If people competing are dead even, they are at exactly the same stage or moving at
exactly the same speed.
Dead to the world. If somebody's fast asleep and completely unaware of what if happening around
them, he or she's dead to the world.
Dead wrong. If someone is dead wrong, they are absolutely in error, absolutely incorrect or of
incorrect opinion.
Deaf as a post. Someone who is as deaf as a post is unable to hear at all.
Dear John letter. A letter written by a partner explaining why they are ending the relationship is a
Dear John letter.
Death of a thousand cuts. If something is suffering the death of a thousand cuts, or death by a
thousand cuts, lots of small bad things are happening, none of which are fatal in themselves, but
which add up to a slow and painful demise.
~E~
Each to their own. Different people have different preferences. In American English, 'Each to his
own' is more common.
Eager beaver. A person who is extremely keen is an eager beaver.
Eagle eyes. Someone who has eagle eyes sees everything; no detail is too small.
Early bath. (UK) If someone has or goes for an early bath, they quit or lose their job or position
earlier than expected because things have gone wrong.
Early bird catches the worm. The early bird catches the worm means that if you start something
early, you stand a better chance of success.
Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy wealthy and wise. It means that sleeping well and
not staying up late will help you out physically and financially.
Earn a living. To make money Ex: We need to get a good job to earn a decent living.
Easier said than done. If something is easier said than done, it is much more difficult than it sounds.
It is often used when someone advises you to do something difficult and tries to make it sound easy.
Easy as ABC. Something that is as easy as ABC is very easy or simple.
Easy as beans. Something that is so easy that anyone can do it is easy as beans.
92
Easy as pie. If something is easy as pie, it is very easy indeed.

Easy come, easy go. This idiom means that money or other material gains that come without much
effort tend to get spent or consumed as easily.
Easy peasy. (UK) If something is easy peasy, it is very easy indeed. ('Easy peasy, lemon squeezy' is
also used.)
Eat crow. (USA) If you eat crow, you have to admit that you were wrong about something.
Eat my hat. People say this when they don't believe that something is going to happen e.g. 'If he
passes that exam, I'll eat my hat!'
Eat someone alive. If you eat someone alive, you defeat or beat them comprehensively.
Eat your heart out. If someone tells you to eat your heart out, they are saying they are better than
you at something.
~F~
Face like thunder
If someone has a face like thunder, they are clearly very angry or upset about something.
Face only a mother could love
When someone has a face only a mother could love, they are ugly.
Face the music
If you have to face the music, you have to accept the negative consequences of something
you have done wrong.
Face value
If you take something at face value, you accept the appearance rather than looking deeper
into the matter.
Face your demons
If you face your demons, you confront your fears or something that you have been trying
hard to avoid.
Facts of life
When someone is taught the facts of life, they learn about sex and reproduction.
Failure is the mother of success
Failure is often a stepping stone towards success.
Faint heart never won fair lady
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This means that you will not get the partner of your dreams if you lack the confidence to let
them know how you feel.
Fair and square
If someone wins something fair and square, they follow the rules and win conclusively.
Famous last words
This expression is used as a way of showing disbelief, rejection or self-deprecation.'They
said we had no chance of winning- famous last words!'
Fast and furious

Things that happen fast and furious happen very quickly without stopping or pausing.
~G~
Game on. When someone says 'Game on!', it means that they are accepting a challenge or ready to
get something done.
Game plan. A game plan is a strategy.
Garbage fee. A garbage fee is a charge that has no value and doesn't provide any real service.
Garbage in, garbage out. If a computer system or database is built badly, then the results will be
bad.
Gardening leave. (UK) If someone is paid for a period when they are not working, either after they
have given in their notice or when they are being investigated, they are on gardening leave.
Gather pace. If events gather pace, they move faster.
Gather steam. If something gathers speed, it moves or progresses at an increasing speed.
Get a grip. If you get a grip, you control your emotions so that they don't overwhelm you.
Get a handle on. When you get a handle on something, you come to understand it.
Get a sheepskin. Getting a sheepskin (or your sheepskin) means getting a degree or diploma.
(Sheepskin refers to the parchment that a degree is printed on- parchment comes from sheepskin.)
Get along famously. If people get along famously, they have an exceedingly good relationship.
Get on like a house on fire. If people get on like a house on fire, they have a very close and good
relationship.
Get on your nerves. If something gets on your nerves, it annoys or irritates you.
~H~
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Hail-fellow-well-met. Someone whose behavior is hearty, friendly and congenial.

Hair of the dog. If someone has a hair of the dog, they have an alcoholic drink as a way of getting rid
of a hangover, the unpleasant effects of having drunk too much alcohol the night before. It is
commonly used as a way of excusing having a drink early on in the day.
Hairy at the heel. (UK) Someone who is hairy at the heel is dangerous or untrustworthy.
Hale and hearty. Someone who is hale and hearty is in very good health.
Half a loaf is better than no bread. It means that getting part of what you want is better than
getting nothing at all.
Half a mind. If you have half a mind to do something, you haven't decided to do it, but are thinking
seriously about doing it.
Half-baked. A half-baked idea or scheme hasn't not been thought through or planned very well.
Hammer and tongs. If people are going at it hammer and tongs, they are arguing fiercely. The idiom
can also be used hen people are doing something energetically.
Hand in glove. If people are hand in glove, they have an extremely close relationship.
Hand in hand. Hand in hand= work together closely When people in a group, say in an office or in a
project, work together with mutual understanding to achieve the target, we say they work hand in
hand. There is no lack of co-operation and each synchoranises the activity with that of the other.
Hand that rocks the cradle. Women have a great power and influence because they have the
greatest influence over the development of children- the hand that rocks the cradle. ('The hand that
rocks the cradle rules the world' is the full form.)
Hand to mouth. Someone who's living from hand to mouth, is very poor and needs the little money
they have coming in to cover their expenses.
Hands down. If someone is better hands down than everyone else, they are much better.
Handwriting like chicken scratch. If your handwriting is very hard to read, it is like chicken scratch.
Hang out to dry. If you hang someone out to dry, you abandon them when they are in trouble.
~I~
I hereby give notice of my intention. Hereby is used sometimes in formal, official declarations and
statements to give greater force to the speaker' or the writer's affirmation. People will say it
sometimes to emphasise their sincerity and correctness.
I may be daft, but I'm not stupid. I might do or say silly things occasionally, but in this instance I
know what I am doing (Usually used when someone questions your application of common-sense).
I should cocoa. (UK) This idiom comes from 'I should think so', but is normally used sarcastically to
mean the opposite.
95
I'll cross that road when I come to it. I'll think about something just when it happens, not in
advance.
I'll eat my hat. You can say this when you are absolutely sure that you are right to let the other
person know that there is no chance of your being wrong.
I've got a bone to pick with you. If somebody says this, they mean that they have some complaint to
make against the person they are addressing.
I've got your number. You have made a mistake and I am going to call you on it. You are in trouble (a
threat). I have a disagreement with you. I understand your true nature.
Icing on the cake. This expression is used to refer to something good that happens on top of an
already good thing or situation.
Idle hands are the devil's handiwork. When someone is not busy, or being productive, trouble is
bound to follow.
If at first you don't succeed try try again. When you fail, try until you get it right!
If I had a nickel for every time. (USA) When someone uses this expression, they mean that the
specific thing happens a lot. It is an abbreviation of the statement 'If I had a nickel for every time
that happened, I would be rich'
If it ain't broke, don't fix it. Any attempt to improve on a system that already works is pointless and
may even hurt it.
If Mohammed won't come to the mountain, the mountain must come to Mohammed. If something
cannot or will not happen the easy way, then sometimes it must be done the hard way
~J~
Jack Frost. If everything has frozen in winter, then Jack Frost has visited.
Jack the Lad. A confident and not very serious young man who behaves as he wants to without
thinking about other people is a Jack the Lad.
Jack-of-all-trades. A jack-of-all-trades is someone that can do many different jobs.
Jam on your face. If you say that someone has jam on their face, they appear to be caught,
embarrassed or found guilty.
Jam tomorrow. (UK) This idiom is used when people promise good things for the future that will
never come.
Jane Doe. Jane Doe is a name given to an unidentified female who may be party to legal
proceedings, or to an unidentified person in hospital, or dead. John Doe is the male equivalent.
Jekyll and Hyde. Someone who has a Jekyll and Hyde personality has a pleasant and a very
unpleasant side to the character.
96
Jersey justice. (UK) Jersey justice is very severe justice.

Jet set. Very wealthy people who travel around the world to attend parties or functions are the jet
set.
Jet-black. To emphasise just how black something is, such as someone's hair, we can call it jet-black.
~K~
Kangaroo court. When people take the law into their own hands and form courts that are not legal,
these are known as kangaroo court.
Keen as mustard. (UK) If someone is very enthusiastic, they are as keen as mustard.
Keep abreast. If you keep abreast of things, you stay informed about developments.
Keep at bay. If you keep someone or something at bay, you maintain a safe distance from them.
Keep body and soul together. If you earn enough to cover your basic expenses, but nothing more
than that, you earn enough to keep body and soul together.
Keep in touch. If you keep in touch with someone, you keep communicating with them even though
you may live far apart.
Keep it on the Q T. If you keep something on the Q T, you keep it quiet or secret.('Q-T' is also used.)
Keep it under your hat. If you keep something under your hat, you keep it secret.
Keep mum. If you keep mum about something, you keep quiet and don't tell anyone.
Keep posted. If you keep posted about something, you keep up-to-date with information and
developments.
Keep someone at arm's length. If you keep someone or something at arm's length, you keep a safe
distance away from them.
~L~
Labor of love. A labor of love is a project or task undertaking for the interest or pleasure in doing it
rather than the reward, financial or otherwise.
Labour of love. A labour of love is a project or task undertaking for the interest or pleasure in doing
it rather than the reward, financial or otherwise.
Lame duck. If something or someone is a lame duck, they are in trouble.
Land of nod. If someone has gone to the land of nod, they have fallen asleep or gone to bed.
Landslide victory. A landslide victory is a victory in an election by a very large margin.
97
Lap dog. A lap dog is a person who is eager to please another at the expense of his or her own needs
in order to maintain a position of privilege or favor.
Lap of the gods. If something is in the lap of the gods, it is beyond our control and fate will decide
the outcome.
Larger than life. If something is excessive or exaggerated, it is larger than life.
Last hurrah. If an elderly person does something special before they die, it is a last hurrah.
Last laugh. The person who has the last laugh ends up with the the advantage in a situation after
some setbacks.
~M~
Mad as a badger. If someone is as mad as a badger, they are crazy.
Mad as a bag of hammers. Someone who is as mad as a bag of hammers is crazy or stupid. ('Daft as
a bag of hammers' is also used.)
Mad as a cut snake. (AU) One who is mad as a cut snake has lost all sense of reason, is crazy, out of
control.
Mad as a hornet. (USA) If someone is as mad as a hornet, they are very angry indeed.
Mad as a March hare. Someone who is excitable and unpredictable is as mad as a March hare.
Mad as a wet hen. If someone is as mad as a wet hen, they are extremely angry.
Made in the shade. One has an easy time in life or in a given situation. Finding things working to
one's benefit.
Made of money. If you are made of money, you have a lot of money.
Mailed fist. Someone who rules or controls something with a mailed fist is in absolute control and
tolerates no dissent. A mailed fist in a velvet glove is used to describe someone who appears soft on
the outside, but underneath is very hard. 'Iron fist' is an alternative form.
Make a better fist. If someone makes a better fist of doing something, they do a better job.
Make a clean breast. If someone makes a clean breast, they confess in full to something they have
done.
Make a killing. If you make a killing, you do something that makes you a lot of money.
Make a meal. If someone makes a meal of something, they spend too long doing it or make it look
more difficult than it really is.
~N~
98
Nail in the coffin. A nail in someone or something's coffin is a problem or event that is a clear step
towards an inevitable failure.
Nail-biter. If a game, election, contest, etc, is a nail-biter, it is exciting because the competitors are
so close that it is impossible to predict the result.
Nature abhors a vacuum. This idiom is used to express the idea that empty or unfilled spaces are
unnatural as they go against the laws of nature and physics.
Nature of the beast. The basic characteristics of something is the nature of the beast; often used
when there's an aspect of something that cannot be changed or that is unpleasant or difficult.
Neck and neck. If two competitors or candidates, etc, are neck and neck, then they are very close
and neither is clearly winning.
Neck of the woods. If someone talks about their neck of the woods, they mean the area where they
live.
Need no introduction. Someone who is very famous and known to everyone needs no introduction.
Needle in a haystack. If trying to find something is like looking for a needle in a haystack, it means
that it is very difficult, if not impossible to find among everything around it.
Neither fish nor fowl. Something or someone that is neither fish nor fowl doesn't really fit into any
one group.
Neither here nor there. If something is neither here nor there, it is of very little importance.
Neither use nor ornament. Something that serves no purpose and is not aesthetically pleasing is
neither use nor ornament.
Nerves of steel. If someone has nerves of steel, they don't get frightened when other people do.
~O~
Object lesson. An object lesson serves as a warning to others. (In some varieties of English 'abject
lesson' is used.)
Odds and ends. Odds and ends are small, remnant articles and things- the same as 'bits and bobs'.
Off colour. If someone looks off colour/color, they look ill.
Off the beaten track. Somewhere that's off the beaten track is in a remote location.
Off the chart. If something goes off the chart, it far exceeds the normal standards, good or bad, for
something.
Off the cuff. If you do something off the cuff, you do it without any preparation.
Off the grid. Someone who is off the grid lives outside society and chooses not to follow its rules and
conventions.
99
Off the hook. If someone is off the hook, they have avoided punishment or criticism for something
they have done.
Off the markIf something is off the mark, it is inaccurate or incorrect.
Off the rails. If someone has gone off the rails, they have lost track of reality.
~P~
Packed like sardines. If a place is extremely crowded, people are packed like sardines, or packed in
like sardines.
Paddle your own canoe. (USA) If you paddle your own canoe, you do things for yourself without
outside help.
Pain in the neck. If someone is very annoying and always disturbing you, they are a pain in the neck.
Pain in the butt, or pain in the ass (USA), and Pain in the arse (UK) are less polite alternative forms.
Paint the town red. If you go out for a night out with lots of fun and drinking, you paint the town
red.
Paint yourself into a corner. (USA) If someone paints themselves into a corner, they get themselves
into a mess.
Painted Jezebel. A painted Jezebel is a scheming woman.
Pandora's box. If you open a Pandora's box, something you do causes all sorts of trouble that you
hadn't anticipated.
Paper over the cracks. If you paper over the cracks, you try to make something look or work better
but only deal with superficial issues, not the real underlying problems.
Paper tigerA paper tiger is a person, country, institution, etc, that looks powerful, but is actually
weak.
Par for the course. If something is par for the course, it is what you expected it would be. If it is
above par, it is better, and if it is below par, it is worse.
~Q~
Quarrel with bread and butter. Bread and butter, here, indicate the means of ones living. (That is
why we say he is the bread winner of the family). If a sub-ordinate in an organisation is
quarrelsome or if he is not patient enough to bear the reprimand he deserves, gets angry and retorts
or provokes the higher-up, the top man dismisses him from the job. So, he loses the job that gave
him bread and butter. Hence we say, he quarrelled with bread and butter (manager or the top man)
and lost his job.
Quart into a pint pot. (UK) If you try to put or get a quart into a pint pot, you try to put too much in
a small space. (1 quart = 2 pints)
100
Queen bee. The queen bee is a woman who holds the most important position in a place.
Queen of Hearts. A woman who is pre-eminent in her area is a Queen of Hearts.
Queer fish. (UK) A strange person is a queer fish.
Queer Street. If someone is in a lot of trouble, especially financial, they are in Queer Street.
Queer your pitch. If someone queers your pitch, they interfere in your affairs and spoil things.
Question of time. If something's a question of time, it's certain to happen, though we don't know
exactly when.
Queue jumping. Someone who goes to the front of a queue instead of waiting is jumping the queue.
Quick as a flash. If something happens quick as a flash, it happens very fast indeed.
~R~
Rack and ruin. If something or someone goes to rack and ruin, they are utterly destroyed or
wrecked.
Rack your brain. If you rack your brain, you think very hard when trying to remember something.
('Rack your brains' is an alternative.)
Ragged blue line. (USA) This term was used to signify the Union forces (who wore blue uniforms) in
the American Civil war .
Rags to riches. Someone who starts life very poor and becomes rich goes from rags to riches.
Rain on your parade. If someone rains on your parade, they ruin your pleasure or your plans.
Raining cats and dogs. When it is raining cats and dogs, it is raining very heavily.
Rainy day. If you save something, especially money, for a rainy day, you save it for some possible
problem or trouble in the future.
Raise Cain. (USA) If someone raises Cain, they make a big fuss publicly, causing a disturbance.
Raise eyebrows. If something raises eyebrows, it shocks or surprises people.
~S~
Sacred cow. Something that is a sacred cow is held in such respect that it cannot be criticised or
attacked.
Safe and sound. If you arrive safe and sound, then nothing has harmed you on your way.
Safe as houses. Something that is as safe as houses is very secure or certain.
Safe bet. A proposition that is a safe bet doesn't have any risks attached.
101
Safe pair of hands. A person who can be trusted to do something without causing any trouble is a
safe pair of hands.
Safety in numbers. If a lot of people do something risky at the same time, the risk is reduced
because there is safety in numbers.
Saigon moment. (USA) A Saigon moment is when people realise that something has gone wrong and
that they will lose or fail.
~T~
Tables are turned. When the tables are turned, the situation has changed giving the advantage to
the party who had previously been at a disadvantage.
Tackle an issue. If you tackle an issue or problem, you resolve or deal with it.
Take a hike. This is a way of telling someone to get out.
Take a leaf out of someone's book. If you take a leaf out of someone's book, you copy something
they do because it will help you.
Take a nosedive. When things take a nosedive, they decline very quickly and head towards disaster.
Take a punch. If somebody takes a blow, something bad happens to them.
Take a raincheck. If you take a rain check, you decline an offer now, suggesting you will accept it
later. ('Raincheck' is also used.)
Take a straw poll. If you take a straw poll, you sound a number of people out to see their opinions
on an issue or topic.
Take by the scruff of the neck. If you take something by the scruff on the neck, you take complete
control of it.
Take for a test drive. If you take something for a test driver, you try something to see if you like it.
Take for granted. If you take something for granted, you don't worry or think about it because you
assume you will always have it. If you take someone for granted, you don't show your appreciation
to them.
~U~
U-turn. If a government changes its position radically on an issue, especially when they have
promised not to do so, this is a U-turn.
Ugly as a stick. (USA) If someone is as ugly as a stick, they are very ugly indeed.
Ugly duckling. An ugly duckling is a child who shows little promise, but who develops later into a real
talent or beauty.
102
Uncalled for. If someone does something bad and unnecessary without consideration for anothers
feelings, what they do is uncalled for.
Uncharted waters. If you're in uncharted waters, you are in a situation that is unfamiliar to you, that
you have no experience of and don't know what might happen. ('Unchartered waters' is an incorrect
form that is a common mistake.)
Uncle Sam. (USA) Uncle Sam is the government of the USA.
Under a cloud. If someone is suspected of having done something wrong, they are under a cloud.
Under a flag of convenience. If a ship sails under a flag of convenience, it is registered in a country
where taxes, etc, are lower than in the country it comes from, so if someone does something under
a flag of convenience, they attempt to avoid regulations and taxes by a similar means.
~V~
Vale of tears. This vale of tears is the world and the suffering that life brings.
Velvet glove. This idiom is used to describe a person who appears gentle, but is determined and
inflexible underneath. ('Iron fist in a velvet glove' is the full form.)
Vent your spleen. If someone vents their spleen, they release all their anger about something.
Vicar of Bray. (UK) A person who changes their beliefs and principles to stay popular with people
above them is a Vicar of Bray
Vicious circle. A vicious circle is a sequence of events that make each other worse- someone drinks
because they are unhappy at work, then loses their job... 'Vicious cycle' is also used.
Virgin territory. If something is virgin territory, it hasn't been explored before.
Volte-face. If you do a volte-face on something, you make a sudden and complete change in your
stance or position over an issue.
~W~
Wag the dog. To 'wag the dog' means to purposely divert attention from what would otherwise be
of greater importance, to something else of lesser significance. By doing so, the lesser-significant
event is catapulted into the limelight, drowning proper attention to what was originally the more
important issue.The expression comes from the saying that 'a dog is smarter than its tail', but if the
tail were smarter, then the tail would 'wag the dog'. The expression 'wag the dog' was elaborately
used as theme of the movie. 'Wag the Dog', a 1997 film starring Robert de Niro and Dustin Hoffman,
produced and directed by Barry Levinson.
Wait for a raindrop in the drought. When someone is waiting for a raindrop in the drought, they are
waiting or hoping for something that is extremely unlikely to happen.
103
Waiting in the wings. If someone is waiting in the wings, or in the wings, they are in the background,
but nearby, ready to act on short notice.
Wake up and smell the coffee. When someone doesn't realise what is really happening or is not
paying enough attention to events around them, you can tell them to wake up and smell the coffee.
Wake-up call
A wake-up call is a warning of a threat or a challenge, especially when it means that people
will have to change their behaviour to meet it.
Walk a fine line. If you have to walk a fine line, you have to be very careful not to annoy or anger
people or groups that are competing. ('Walk a thin line' is an alternative.)
Walk a mile in my shoes. This idiom means that you should try to understand someone before
criticising them.
~X~
X factor. The dangers for people in the military that civilians do not face, for which they receive
payment, are known as the X factor.
X marks the spot. This is used to say where something is located or hidden.
X-rated. If something is x-rated, it is not suitable for children.
~Z~
Zero hour. The time when something important is to begin is zero hour.
Zero tolerance. If the police have a zero tolerance policy, they will not overlook any crime, no matter
how small or trivial.
Zigged before you zagged. If you did things in the wrong order, you zigged before you zagged.
Zip it. This is used to tell someone to be quiet.
Zip your lip. If someone tells you to zip your lip, they want to to shut up or keep quiet about
something. ('Zip it' is also used.)
104

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Center for International Language

Sultan Agung Isamic University

Pair up and identify the pattern!

Tom decided to buy a motorbike.

form of your own verbs. Consult your instructor!

Book 2. CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT (CILAD) UNISSULA

6. My husband and I would love ............... Arizona.

Pair up and identify the pattern! Consult your instructor!

Verb ing ...

a. Dringking much water is healthy.

It is + Adj + for NP +to V

a. It is goog for John to know English.

6. Is learning a second language difficult?

Pair up and identify the pattern! Consult your instructor!

It begins to rain in September each year.

like cant stand start

stop an activity in order to do something else.

Practice makes perfect;

Discuss and discover!

We learned that gerund and infinitive are to express

4. Did the writer succeed to move the rats?

Pair up and identify the pattern!

She saw a cat and a dog.

Practice makes perfect; Punctuate these and Consult your instructor!

Put commas or full stop where necessary.

1. Roger ate a Sandwich and drank a glass of milk.

4. Giraffes anteaters tigers and kangaroos are wild animal.

Pair up and identify the pattern!

He is poor but happy.

Practice makes perfect; Complete

Put and, but or or where necessary.

Book 2. CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT (CILAD) UNISSULA

The more practice the more perfect; Writing

Discuss and discover!

Find an article in The Jakarta Post

Pair up and identify the pattern!

not , and either

She is not rich, but her husband is.

Practice makes perfect; Complete! Consult your instructor!

5. walked to class today, and

Pair up and identify the pattern!

Tom was happy, and his wife was too.

Practice makes perfect; Complete! Consult your instructor!

5. Ben Gary will travel to Sydney next year, and too.

Jane was tired enough after such work.

Practice makes perfect; Combine these sentences! Consult your instructor!

They couldnt do the test. It was very hard.

I cant reach the top shelf. I am not that tall.

1. I couldnt finish my homework last night. I was very sleepy.

Discuss and discover!

Pair up and identify the pattern!

They had to put off their trip to Bali.

Please turn the lights off before you go bed.

Verb + Pronoun + Particle

Please, turn it on.

Find the solution to a problem

Practice makes perfect; Complete these and Consult your instructor!

2. A: Is Marry still asleep?

Pair up and identify the pattern! Consult your instructor!

He put the books on the table.

You can master sciences by studying.

Below is a list of prepositions in English

The more practice the more perfect; Writing