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English Grammar Secrets

by Caroline Brown and Pearson Brown


authors of Meeting Point Macmillan Education!

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Table of Contents
Present continuous................................................................................................................................( Present simple ......................................................................................................................................) Present simple or continuous................................................................................................................6 Past simple ...........................................................................................................................................* Past continuous..................................................................................................................................... + Past simple or continuous .................................................................................................................... , -rregular %erbs.................................................................................................................................... 1# Present perfect ................................................................................................................................... 1" Present perfect continuous .................................................................................................................1. Present perfect simple or continuous .................................................................................................1( Present Perfect or Past Simple/.......................................................................................................... 1) Past perfect ........................................................................................................................................ 1* Past perfect continuous ......................................................................................................................1+ Past tense re%iew 1 ............................................................................................................................ 1, Past tense re%iew " ............................................................................................................................ "1 Going to ............................................................................................................................................. ". Going to ............................................................................................................................................. ". 0ill 1 future ....................................................................................................................................... "( Going to or will ................................................................................................................................. ") Present forms for the future ............................................................................................................... "6 0ill 1 other uses.................................................................................................................................."* Shall.................................................................................................................................................... ", 2he imperati%e ....................................................................................................................................# 2he Passi%e......................................................................................................................................... .1 2he 1ing form ......................................................................................................................................" Can.......................................................................................................................................................( Could.................................................................................................................................................. .6 May 3 might ....................................................................................................................................... .* Should..................................................................................................................................................+ Should " .............................................................................................................................................., Must or ha%e to .................................................................................................................................. (1 4ero conditional .................................................................................................................................(. 2he first conditional .......................................................................................................................... (( Second conditional ............................................................................................................................ () 2hird conditional................................................................................................................................ (* 0ish ...................................................................................................................................................(+ 5ad better .......................................................................................................................................... )# 6sed to ...............................................................................................................................................)1 7s&ing 8uestions 1 ............................................................................................................................ )" 7s&ing 8uestions " ............................................................................................................................ )( 9uestion tags...................................................................................................................................... )) :eported speech .................................................................................................................................)6 :eported speech " ..............................................................................................................................)+
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Suppose ..............................................................................................................................................), Suppose "............................................................................................................................................6# 5a%e something done ........................................................................................................................ 61 Should ha%e ....................................................................................................................................... 6" Can ha%e 3 Could ha%e .......................................................................................................................6. 0ill be doing ..................................................................................................................................... 6) 0ill ha%e done ...................................................................................................................................66

2han& you %ery much for downloading English Grammar Secrets. 0e hope that you will sign up to recei%e more lessons from us. ;ust go to www.englishgrammarsecrets.com and fill in the form. Caroline Brown Pearson Brown

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Present continuous
2he present continuous is used to tal& about present situations which we see as short1 term or temporary. 0e use the present simple to tal& about present situations which we see as long1term or permanent. -n these e<amples' the action is ta&ing place at the time of spea&ing. -t=s raining. 0ho is >ate tal&ing to on the phone/ ?oo&' somebody is trying to steal that man=s wallet. -=m not loo&ing. My eyes are closed tightly.

-n these e<amples' the action is true at the present time but we don=t thin& it will be true in the long term. -=m loo&ing for a new apartment. 5e=s thin&ing about lea%ing his @ob. 2hey=re considering ma&ing an appeal against the @udgment. 7re you getting enough sleep/

-n these e<amples' the action is at a definite point in the future and it has already been arranged. -=m meeting her at 6..#. 2hey aren=t arri%ing until 2uesday. 0e are ha%ing a special dinner at a top restaurant for all the senior managers. -sn=t he coming to the dinner/ e<ercise 1 e<ercise " e<ercise . e<ercise (

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Present simple
0e use the present simple to tal& about actions we see as long term or permanent. -t is a %ery common and %ery important tense. 5ere' we are tal&ing about regular actions or e%ents. 2hey dri%e to the office e%ery day. She doesn=t come here %ery often. 2he news usually starts at 6.## e%ery e%ening. Ao you usually ha%e bacon and eggs for brea&fast/

5ere' we are tal&ing about facts. 0e ha%e two children. 0ater freeBes at #C C or ."C D. 0hat does this e<pression mean/ 2he 2hames flows through ?ondon.

5ere' we are tal&ing about future facts' usually found in a timetable or a chart. Christmas Aay falls on a Monday this year. 2he plane lea%es at ).## tomorrow morning. :amadan doesn=t start for another . wee&s. Aoes the class begin at 1# or 11 this wee&/

5ere' we are tal&ing about our thoughts and feelings at the time of spea&ing. 7lthough these feelings can be short1term' we use the present simple and not the present continuous. 2hey don=t e%er agree with us. - thin& you are right. She doesn=t want you to do it. Ao you understand what - am trying to say. e<ercise 1 e<ercise " e<ercise . e<ercise (

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Present simple or continuous


2he Present Simple is used forE regular actions or e%ents 5e plays tennis most wee&ends. facts 2he sun rises in the east. facts &nown about the future 0e lea%e at +..# ne<t Monday thoughts and feelings about the time of spea&ing - don=t feel %ery well. 2he Present Continuous is used forE the time of spea&ing =now=! Shh' -=m trying to hear what they are saying . things which are true at the moment but not always 0e=re loo&ing for a new flat. present plans for the future 0e=re ha%ing dinner with them ne<t wee& . ?oo& at these e<amples E - don=t usually ha%e cereals for brea&fast but -=m ha%ing some this morning because there is nothing else. - often cycle to wor& but -=m ta&ing the car this morning because it=s raining %ery hard. -=m thin&ing about ha%ing my hair cut short but - don=t thin& my husband will be %ery happy about it. My parents li%e in 0ashington but -=m @ust %isiting. Fote how' in all these e<amples' we use the present continuous to tal& about e%ents which are temporary3limited in time and the present simple to tal& about e%ents which are habits3permanent. e<ercise 1 e<ercise " e<ercise . e<ercise (

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Past simple
0e use the past simple to tal& about actions and states which we see as completed in the past. 0e can use it to tal& about a specific point in time. She came bac& last Driday. - saw her in the street. 2hey didn=t agree to the deal. -t can also be used to tal& about a period of time. She li%ed in 2o&yo for se%en years. 2hey were in ?ondon from Monday to 2hursday of last wee&. 0hen - was li%ing in Few $or&' - went to all the art e<hibitions - could. $ou will often find the past simple used with time e<pressions such as theseE $esterday three wee&s ago last year in "##" from March to ;une for a long time for 6 wee&s in the 1,+#s in the last century in the past e<ercise 1 e<ercise " e<ercise . e<ercise ( e<ercise )

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Past continuous
0e use the past simple to tal& about actions and states which we see as completed in the past. 0e can use it to tal& about a specific point in time. 0e use the past continuous to tal& about past e%ents which went on for a period of time. 0e use it when we want to emphasiBe the continuing process of an acti%ity or the period of that acti%ity. -f we @ust want to tal& about the past e%ent as a simple fact' we use the past simple.! 0hile - was dri%ing home' Peter was trying desperately to contact me. 0ere you e<pecting any %isitors/ Sorry' were you sleeping/ - was @ust ma&ing some coffee. - was thin&ing about him last night. -n the 1,,#s few people were using mobile phones.

0e often use it to describe a Gbac&ground actionG when something else happened. - was wal&ing in the street when - suddenly fell o%er. She was tal&ing to me on the phone and it suddenly went dead. 2hey were still waiting for the plane when - spo&e to them. 2he company was declining rapidly before he too& charge. 0e were @ust tal&ing about it before you arri%ed. - was ma&ing a presentation in front of )## people when the microphone stopped wor&ing. e<ercise 1 e<ercise " e<ercise . e<ercise ( e<ercise )

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Past simple or continuous


Both the past simple and the past continuous refer to completed actions in the past. Most of the time when we are tal&ing about such actions' we use the past simple. 2his is by far the most common way of tal&ing about the past. - li%ed there for 6 years. - only found out a few moments ago. - as&ed her but she didn=t &now anything. 2he company made 1## people redundant last year.

Hnly use the past continuous when you want to emphasiBe the continuity of the action. E%erybody was tal&ing about it all e%ening. 2hey were really trying hard but couldn=t do it. - was thin&ing about you the other day. 0ere you e<pecting that to happen/

0hen we use these two forms in the same sentence' we use the past continuous to tal& about the Gbac&ground actionG and the past simple to tal& about the shorter completed action. -t was raining hard when we left the building. - was reading the report when you rang. 5e was going out to lunch when - saw him. 2he company was doing well when - last %isited it. e<ercise 1 e<ercise " e<ercise . e<ercise ( e<ercise ) e<ercise 6

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-rregular %erbs
7ll new %erbs in English are regular. - photocopied the report. She fa<ed it to me. 2hey emailed e%erybody about it. - googled my name and got more than "# ### responses.

2here are appro<imately 1+# irregular %erbs. $ou don=t need to learn all of them because some of these are %ery rare but many others are %ery useful and you do need to &now them. 0hat=s the easiest way to learn them/ Some people thin& you should learn a list =by heart=. Hthers thin& you should not learn them at all I you will @ust gradually ac8uire them o%er time. Hne useful method is to note down new irregular %erbs as you meet them. -t is useful to write these %erbs or any %ocabulary you want to learn! in sentences and learn those rather than the indi%idual word. 0hich is easier to learn/ stic& stuc& stuc& - stuc& the photo into my album. 7nother techni8ue is to classify the irregular %erbs into ( categories. 1. 7ll forms the same set set set cost cost cost ". Similar sound groups beat beat beaten eat ate eaten blow blew blown throw threw thrown drin& dran& drun& sing sang sung spea& spo&e spo&en wa&e wo&e wo&en

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.. 2he second and third forms are the same. bend bent bent sleep slept slept spend spent spent bring brought brought buy bought bought teach taught taught ha%e had had pay paid paid say said said

(. 2he GunclassifiablesG come came come do did done go went gone show showed show

7s you meet new irregular %erbs' try to decide in which category they fall. e<ercise 1 e<ercise " e<ercise . e<ercise ( e<ercise ) e<ercise 6 e<ercise * e<ercise +

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Present perfect
Please note that British and 7merican English ha%e different rules for the use of this tense. 2he e<planation and e<ercises here refer to British English. -n 7merican English' it is often acceptable to use the past simple in some of these e<amples.! 0e use the present perfect when we want to loo& bac& from the present to the past. 0e can use it to loo& bac& on the recent past. -=%e bro&en my watch so - don=t &now what time it is. 2hey ha%e cancelled the meeting. She=s ta&en my copy. - don=t ha%e one. 2he sales team has doubled its turno%er.

0hen we loo& bac& on the recent past' we often use the words =@ust= =already= or the word =yet= in negati%es and 8uestions only!. 0e=%e already tal&ed about that. She hasn=t arri%ed yet. -=%e @ust done it. 2hey=%e already met. 2hey don=t &now yet. 5a%e you spo&en to him yet/ 5a%e they got bac& to you yet/

-t can also be used to loo& bac& on the more distant past. 0e=%e been to Singapore a lot o%er the last few years. She=s done this type of pro@ect many times before. 0e=%e mentioned it to them on se%eral occasions o%er the last si< months. 2hey=%e often tal&ed about it in the past.

0hen we loo& bac& on the more distant past' we often use the words =e%er= in 8uestions! and =ne%er=. 5a%e you e%er been to 7rgentina/ 5as he e%er tal&ed to you about the problem/ -=%e ne%er met ;im and Sally. 0e=%e ne%er considered in%esting in Me<ico. e<ercise 1 e<ercise " e<ercise . e<ercise ( e<ercise ) e<ercise 6
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Present perfect continuous


2his tense is used to tal& about an action or actions that started in the past and continued until recently or that continue into the futureE 0e can use it to refer to an action that has finished but you can still see e%idence. Hh' the &itchen is a mess. 0ho has been coo&ing/ $ou loo& tired. 5a%e you been sleeping properly/ -=%e got a a stiff nec&. -=%e been wor&ing too long on computer. -t can refer to an action that has not finished. -=%e been learning Spanish for "# years and - still don=t &now %ery much. -=%e been waiting for him for .# minutes and he still hasn=t arri%ed. 5e=s been telling me about it for days. - wish he would stop. -t can refer to a series of actions. She=s been writing to her regularly for a couple of years. 5e=s been phoning me all wee& for an answer. 2he uni%ersity has been sending students here for o%er twenty years to do wor& e<perience. 2he present perfect continuous is often used with =since=' =for=' =all wee&=' =for days=' =lately=' =recently=' =o%er the last few months=. -=%e been wanting to do that for ten years. $ou ha%en=t been getting good results o%er the last few months. 2hey ha%en=t been wor&ing all wee&. 2hey=re on stri&e 5e hasn=t been tal&ing to me for wee&s. 0e=%e been wor&ing hard on it for ages. -=%e been loo&ing at other options recently. 5e=s been wor&ing here since "##1. e<ercise 1 e<ercise " e<ercise . e<ercise ( e<ercise )

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Present perfect simple or continuous


Hften there is %ery little difference between the present perfect simple and the present perfect continuous. -n many cases' both are e8ually acceptable. 2hey=%e been wor&ing here for a long time but 7ndy has wor&ed here for e%en longer. -=%e li%ed here for 1# years and she has been li%ing here for 1" years. 2o emphasiBe the action' we use the continuous form. 0e=%e been wor&ing really hard for a couple of months. She=s been ha%ing a hard time. 2o emphasiBe the result of the action' we use the simple form. -=%e made fifteen phone calls this morning. 5e=s written a %ery good report. ?oo& at the difference in these e<amples. -=%e been reading this boo& for two months but -=%e only read half of it. -t=s %ery difficult to read. She=s been trying to con%ince him for "# minutes but she hasn=t managed to yet. 2hey=%e been tal&ing about this for month and they still ha%en=t found a solution. 0hen an action is finished and you can see the results' use the continuous form. 2he phone bill is enormous. $ou=%e been calling your boyfriend in 7ustralia' ha%en=t you/ $ou=re red in the face. 5a%e you been running/ 0hen you use the words =e%er= or =ne%er=' use the simple form. - don=t &now them. -=%e ne%er met them. 5a%e you e%er heard anything so strange in your life. e<ercise 1 e<ercise " e<ercise . e<ercise ( e<ercise )

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Present Perfect or Past Simple/


:emember that British and 7merican English ha%e different rules for the use of the present perfect. 2he comments and the e<ercises here refer to correct grammar for British English. -n 7merican English' it is often considered acceptable to use the past simple in some of these e<amples.! The past simple is used to tal& about actions in the past that ha%e finished. -t tal&s about =then= and definitely e<cludes =now=. The present perfect simple to loo& bac& on actions in the past from the present. -t always includes =now=. 2hese sentences are in the past with no connection to the present. - first got to &now him 1# years ago. - started wor& here in 1,+,. - had too much to eat at lunchtime. Fow loo& at these same situations seen from the present. -=%e &nown him for 1# years. -=%e wor&ed here since 1,+*. My stomach hurts. -=%e eaten too much. 0e use time e<pressions li&e =yesterday=' =ago=' =last year=' =in 1,,,= with the past simple. 0e spo&e to him yesterday. 5e came in a few moments ago. 0e made our last purchase from them o%er a year ago. She @oined the company in 1,,,.

0e use time e<pressions li&e are =e%er=' =ne%er=' =since= with the present perfect. -=%e ne%er seen so many people here before. 5a%e you e%er been more surprised/ -=%e done a lot since we last tal&ed about it. 2ypical time e<pressions used with the present perfect in British English but often used with the past simple in 7merican English are =already=' =@ust=' =yet=. - ha%en=t done it yet. 6>! - didn=t do it yet. 6S! -=%e @ust done it. 6>! - @ust did it. 6S! -=%e already done it. 6>! - already did it. 6S! 0e can use the time phrase =for= with both forms' but with different meanings.
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- li%ed in Paris for a couple of years before - mo%ed here. -=%e li%ed in Paris for a couple of years and still lo%e it. e<ercise 1 e<ercise " e<ercise . e<ercise (

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Past perfect
0e use the past perfect simple to tal& about what happened before a point in the past. -t loo&s bac& from a point in the past to further in the past. - hadn=t &nown the bad news when - spo&e to him. - chec&ed with the supplier and they still hadn=t recei%ed the contract. She had already told him before - got a chance to gi%e him my %ersion. 2he company has started the year well but was badly hit by the postal stri&e.

2he past perfect simple is often used when we report what people had said3thought3belie%ed. 5e told me they had already paid the bill. 5e said he belie%ed that ;ohn had mo%ed to -taly. - thought we had already decided on a name for this product. e<ercise 1 e<ercise " e<ercise . e<ercise ( e<ercise ) e<ercise 6

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Past perfect continuous


0e use the past perfect continuous to loo& bac& at a situation in progress. -t was a good time to in%est. -nflation had been falling for se%eral months. Before - changed @obs' - had been wor&ing on a plan to reduce production costs. 0e had been thin&ing about buying a new house but then we decided to stay here. 0e use it to say what had been happening before something else happened. -t had been snowing for a while before we left. 0e had been playing tennis for only a few minutes when it started raining. 5e was out of breath when he arri%ed because he had been running. 0e use it when reporting things said in the past. She said she had been trying to call me all day. 2hey said they had been shopping. - told you - had been loo&ing for some new clothes. e<ercise 1 e<ercise " e<ercise . e<ercise ( e<ercise )

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Past tense re%iew 1


0e can use the past simple to tal& about actions and states which we see as completed in the past. - left school when - was si<teen. - was %ery happy then. 5e told me all about his childhood. 0e can use the past continuous to tal& about past e%ents which went on for a period of time. 0hile - was dri%ing home' Peter was trying desperately to contact me. - was thin&ing about him last night. - was wal&ing in the street when - suddenly fell o%er. 0e can use the present perfect when we want to loo& bac& from the present to the past. -=%e bro&en my watch so - don=t &now what time it is. She hasn=t arri%ed yet. 0e=%e been to Singapore a lot o%er the last few years. 5a%e you e%er been to 7rgentina/

2he Present Perfect Continuous can be used to tal& about an action or actions that started in the past and continued until recently or that continue into the future. $ou loo& tired. 5a%e you been sleeping properly/ -=%e been waiting for him for .# minutes and he still hasn=t arri%ed. 5e=s been phoning me all wee& for an answer. 0e can use the past perfect simple to tal& about what happened before a point in the past. -t loo&s bac& from a point in the past to further in the past. - hadn=t &nown the bad news when - spo&e to him. - thought we had already decided on a name for this product. 0e can use the past perfect continuous to loo& bac& at a situation in progress. 0e had been thin&ing about buying a new house but then we decided to stay here. -t had been snowing for a while before we left. She said she had been trying to call me all day.

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e<ercise 1 e<ercise " e<ercise . e<ercise ( e<ercise ) e<ercise 6 e<ercise * e<ercise +

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Past tense re%iew "


0e can use the past simple to tal& about actions and states which we see as completed in the past. - left school when - was si<teen. - was %ery happy then. 5e told me all about his childhood. 0e can use the past continuous to tal& about past e%ents which went on for a period of time. 0hile - was dri%ing home' Peter was trying desperately to contact me. - was thin&ing about him last night. - was wal&ing in the street when - suddenly fell o%er. 0e can use the present perfect when we want to loo& bac& from the present to the past. -=%e bro&en my watch so - don=t &now what time it is. She hasn=t arri%ed yet. 0e=%e been to Singapore a lot o%er the last few years. 5a%e you e%er been to 7rgentina/

2he Present Perfect Continuous can be used to tal& about an action or actions that started in the past and continued until recently or that continue into the future. $ou loo& tired. 5a%e you been sleeping properly/ -=%e been waiting for him for .# minutes and he still hasn=t arri%ed. 5e=s been phoning me all wee& for an answer. 0e can use the past perfect simple to tal& about what happened before a point in the past. -t loo&s bac& from a point in the past to further in the past. - hadn=t &nown the bad news when - spo&e to him. - thought we had already decided on a name for this product. 0e can use the past perfect continuous to loo& bac& at a situation in progress. 0e had been thin&ing about buying a new house but then we decided to stay here. -t had been snowing for a while before we left. She said she had been trying to call me all day.

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e<ercise 1 e<ercise " e<ercise . e<ercise ( e<ercise ) e<ercise 6 e<ercise *

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Going to
2here is no one =future tense= in English. 2here are ( future forms. 2he one which is used most often in spo&en English is =going to=' not =will=. 0e use =going to= when we want to tal& about a plan for the future. -=m going to see him later today. 2hey=re going to launch it ne<t month. 0e=re going to ha%e lunch first. She=s going to see what she can do. -=m not going to tal& for %ery long.

Fotice that this plan does not ha%e to be for the near future. 0hen - retire -=m going to go bac& to Barbados to li%e. -n ten years time' -=m going to be boss of my own successful company. 0e use =going to= when we want to ma&e a prediction based on e%idence we can see now. ?oo& outJ 2hat cup is going to fall off. ?oo& at those blac& clouds. -t=s going to rain soon. 2hese figures are really bad. 0e=re going to ma&e a loss. $ou loo& %ery tired. $ou=re going to need to stop soon.

0e can replace =going to go= by =going=. -=m going out later. She=s going to the e<hibition tomorrow. e<ercise 1 e<ercise " e<ercise . e<ercise (

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0ill 1 future
Some people ha%e been taught that =will= is =the future= in English. 2his is not correct. Sometimes when we tal& about the future we cannot use =will=. Sometimes when we use =will= we are not tal&ing about the future. 0e can use =will= to tal& about future e%ents we belie%e to be certain. 2he sun will rise o%er there tomorrow morning. Fe<t year' -=ll be )#. 2hat plane will be late. -t always is. 2here won=t be any snow. -=m certain. -t=s too warm.

Hften we add =perhaps=' =maybe=' =probably=' =possibly= to ma&e the belief less certain. -=ll probably come bac& later. 5e=ll possibly find out when he sees ;enny. Maybe it will be H>. Perhaps we=ll meet again some day.

0e often use =will= with =- thin&= or =- hope=. - thin& -=ll go to bed now. - thin& she=ll do well in the @ob. - hope you=ll en@oy your stay. - hope you won=t ma&e too much noise.

0e use =will= at the moment we ma&e a new decision or plan. 2he thought has @ust come into our head. Bye. -=ll phone you when - get there. -=ll answer that. -=ll go. - won=t tell him. - promise. e<ercise 1 e<ercise " e<ercise . e<ercise ( e<ercise )

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Going to or will
0hen we want to tal& about future facts or things we belie%e to be true about the future' we use =will=. 2he President will ser%e for four years. 2he boss won=t be %ery happy. -=m sure you=ll li&e her. -=m certain he=ll do a good @ob.

-f we are not so certain about the future' we use =will= with e<pressions such as =probably=' =possibly=' =- thin&=' =- hope=. - hope you=ll %isit me in my home one day. She=ll probably be a great success. -=ll possibly come but - may not get bac& in time. - thin& we=ll get on well.

-f you are ma&ing a future prediction based on e%idence in the present situation' use =going to=. Fot a cloud in the s&y. -t=s going to be another warm day. ?oo& at the 8ueue. 0e=re not going to get in for hours. 2he traffic is terrible. 0e=re going to miss our flight. Be carefulJ $ou=re going to spill your coffee.

7t the moment of ma&ing a decision' use =will=. Hnce you ha%e made the decision' tal& about it using =going to=. -=ll call ;enny to let her &now. Sarah' - need ;enny=s number. -=m going to call her about the meeting. -=ll come and ha%e a drin& with you but - must let 5arry &now. 5arry' -=m going to ha%e a drin& with Simon. e<ercise 1 e<ercise " e<ercise . e<ercise ( e<ercise )

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Present forms for the future


0e use the present continuous to tal& about things that we ha%e already arranged to do in the future. -=%e got my tic&et. -=m lea%ing on 2hursday. -=m seeing ;ulie at ) and then -=m ha%ing dinner with Simon. 5e=s pic&ing me up at the airport. 2he company is gi%ing e%eryone a bonus for Christmas.

-n many situations when we tal& about future plans we can use either the present continuous or the =going to= future. 5owe%er' when we use the present continuous' there is more of a suggestion that an arrangement has already been made. -=m going to see him.3-=m seeing him. -=m going to do it.3-=m doing it. 0e use the present simple to tal& about e%ents in the future which are =timetabled=. 0e can also use the present continuous to tal& about these. My plane lea%es at 6 in the morning. 2he shop opens at ,..#. 2he sun rises a minute earlier tomorrow. My plane is lea%ing at +..#. 2he shop is closing at *.##. 2he sun is rising at 6.." tomorrow. e<ercise 1 e<ercise " e<ercise . e<ercise (

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0ill 1 other uses


Hlder te<tboo&s often refer to =will= as =the future tense= and this has confused a lot of learners. -t is important to remember that when we tal& about the future we cannot always use =will= and that when we use =will= we are not always tal&ing about the future. 5ere =will= is clearly referring to the future. -f - spea& to her' -=ll tell her about it. -=ll probably %isit Sue when - go to H<ford. Fe<t birthday she=ll be .". Hr so she says. -n these e<amples' howe%er' =will= is referring to e%ents happening at the present. 2he car won=t start. -f that=s the phone' -=ll get it. 0ill you ha%e another cup of coffee/ 0hen we use =will= referring to the present' the idea being e<pressed is usually one of =showing willingness= or =will power=. My baby won=t stop crying. -=%e tried e%erything and -=m really e<hausted. - am the boss. $ou will do as - say. - need 8uiet to write this but he will &eep on tal&ing to me. - wish he would lea%e me alone. 0e use =will= for re8uests' orders' in%itations and offers. 0ill you gi%e me a hand/ 0ill you please ta&e a seat/ 0ill you ha%e some ca&e/ -=ll help you.

0e use =will= to ma&e promises or threats. -=ll do it at once. -=ll phone him bac& immediately. - won=t forget this. -=ll get my own bac& some day.

0e use =will= for habit. 7 cat will always find a warm place to sleep. My car won=t go any faster than this.

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0e use =will= for deduction. - e<pect he=ll want us to get on with it. 2he phone=s ringing. 2hat will be Mar&. ?oo& again at all of these e<amples of =will=. 2hey are all to do with the present or are =timeless=. E<ercise 1 e<ercise " e<ercise . e<ercise (

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Shall
0e don=t use =Shall= %ery fre8uently in modern English' particularly in 7merican English. -t is used to ma&e offers and suggestions and to as& for ad%ice. 0hat time shall we meet/ Shall we %ote on it now/ 0hat dress shall - wear/ Shall - open the window/

$ou only really need to &now that about =shall= in modern English. :ead the rest of this only if you want to &now more about how some older spea&ers still use =shall=. Dormerly' in older grammar' =shall= was used as an alternati%e to =will= with =-= and =we=. 2oday' =will= is normally used. 0hen we do use =shall=' it has an idea of a more personal' sub@ecti%e future. - shall go to see the boss and - shall as& him to e<plain this decision. Fotice that the negati%e of =shall= can be =shall not= or =shan=t= I though the second one is now %ery rare in 7merican English. - don=t li&e these people and - shall not go to their party. - shan=t ob@ect if you go without me.

e<ercise 1 e<ercise " e<ercise . e<ercise (

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2he imperati%e
0e can use the imperati%e to gi%e a direct order. 1. 2a&e that chewing gum out of your mouth. ". Stand up straight. .. Gi%e me the details. 0e can use the imperati%e to gi%e instructions. 1. Hpen your boo&. ". 2a&e two tablets e%ery e%ening. .. 2a&e a left and then a right. 0e can use the imperati%e to ma&e an in%itation. 1. Come in and sit down. Ma&e yourself at home. ". Please start without me. -=ll be there shortly. .. 5a%e a piece of this ca&e. -t=s delicious. 0e can use the imperati%e on signs and notices. 1. Push. ". Ao not use. .. -nsert one dollar. 0e can use the imperati%e to gi%e friendly informal ad%ice. 1. Spea& to him. 2ell him how you feel. ". 5a%e a 8uiet word with her about it. .. Aon=t go. Stay at home and rest up. Get some sleep and reco%er. 0e can ma&e the imperati%e =more polite= by adding =do=. Ao be 8uiet. Ao come. Ao sit down. e<ercise 1 e<ercise " e<ercise . e<ercise ( e<ercise ) e<ercise 6

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2he Passi%e
0e use the acti%e form to say what the sub@ect does. Dor e<ampleE - spea& English e%ery day at wor&. - repaired the flat tire on the car. 0e use the passi%e form to say what happens to people and things' to say what is done to them. Dor e<ampleE English is spo&en here. 2he car is being repaired. 0e use the passi%e form when we don=t &now who did the action. Dor e<ampleE 2he car was damaged while it was par&ed on the street. 2he shirts were made in 2ur&ey. 0e use the passi%e form when what was done is more important than who did it. Dor e<ampleE -t was appro%ed by Gerry last wee&. - was informed by the 5uman :esources Manager only two days ago. e<ercise 1 e<ercise " e<ercise . e<ercise ( e<ercise )

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2he 1ing form


2he Iing form can be used li&e a noun' li&e an ad@ecti%e or li&e a %erb. Smo&ing is forbidden. - ha%e a long wor&ing day. - don=t li&e dancing. 0hen it is used li&e a noun it may or may not ha%e an article before it. Mar&eting is a %ery ine<act science. 2he mar&eting of the product will continue for a few months yet. -t can also be part of a =noun phrase=. Spea&ing to an audience is always stressful. Swimming after wor& is %ery rela<ing. -n formal English' we would use a possessi%e with the Iing form. -n informal English' many people do not. -=m angry about his missing the meeting. Ao you mind my coming/ 7s an ad@ecti%e' the Iing form can be used before a noun. - was met by a welcoming party at the airport. ?et=s go to the meeting room. 2he Iing form is used after prepositions. Before lea%ing' you need to spea& to Sarah. 7fter discussing it with her' -=%e changed my mind. -nstead of feeling sorry for yourself' do some wor& for charity. Fotice that when =to= is used as a preposition' it is followed by the Iing form. - don=t ob@ect to wor&ing this Sunday. -=m loo&ing forward to seeing him again. -=m used to wor&ing long hours. 2here are many %erb K 1ing combinations. 5ere are some common onesE - admit telling her. - appreciate ha%ing the raise. - a%oid spea&ing to him. - consider blowing your nose in public to be wrong. - delayed coming until the last possible moment. 5e denied telling her. - detest going to parties.

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- en@oy dancing. - feel li&e ha%ing a party. -=%e finished writing the report. -=%e gi%en up going to the gym. - can=t help thin&ing about it. - can=t imagine e%er lea%ing this company. - don=t mind doing that. 5e put off tal&ing to her as long as he could. - can=t stand drin&ing beer.

Some %erbs can be followed by either the infiniti%e or Iing form but with different meanings. 5ere are some common onesE - stopped smo&ing last month. - no longer smo&e.! - stopped to smo&e a cigarette. - stopped what - was doing and had a cigarette.! - remember telling him. 7 memory of the past.! - must remember to tell him. Something to remember for the future.! -=m interested in finding out more details. -nterested about the future.! - was interested to read his report. -nterested in the past.!

Some %erbs can be followed by either the infiniti%e or Iing form but with the same meaning. 5ere are some common onesE - lo%e to go shopping. - lo%e going shopping. -=m afraid to fly. -=m afraid of flying. - started to learn English ) years ago. - started learning English ) years ago. e<ercise 1 e<ercise " e<ercise . e<ercise ( e<ercise ) e<ercise 6

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Can
0e use =can= to tal& about =possibility=. Can you do that/ - can=t manage to do that. $ou can lea%e your car in that par&ing space. $ou cannot smo&e in here.

Fotice that there are two negati%e formsE =can=t= and =cannot=. 2hese mean e<actly the same thing. 0hen we are spea&ing' we usually say =can=t=. 0e use =can= to tal& about =ability=. - can spea& Drench. - can=t dri%e. 0e use =can= to as& for and gi%e permission. 0e also use =may= for this but is more formal and much less common.! Can - spea& to you or are you too busy/ $ou can use my phone. $ou can=t come in. 0e use =can= in offers' re8uests and instructions. Can - help/ Can you gi%e me a hand/ 0hen you finish that' you can ta&e out the garbage. 0e use =can= with =see= =hear= =feel= =smell= =taste= to tal& about something which is happening now . 0here you would use the present continuous with most other %erbs.! - can smell something burning. Can you hear that noise/ - can=t see anything.

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0e can use =can=t= for deduction. 2he opposite of =can=t= in this conte<t is =must=. $ou can=t be hungry. $ou=%e @ust eaten. $ou must be hungry. $ou ha%en=t eaten anything all day. 5e was in ?ondon one hour ago when - spo&e to him. 5e can=t be here yet.

e<ercise 1 e<ercise " e<ercise . e<ercise ( e<ercise ) e<ercise 6

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Could
=Could= can be used to tal& about the past' the present or the future. =Could= is a past form of =can= 0hen - was li%ing in Boston' - could wal& to wor&. 5e phoned to say he couldn=t come. - could see him clearly but - couldn=t hear him and then the %ideoconference line went dead. =Could= is used to ma&e polite re8uests. 0e can also use =can= for these but =could= is more polite. Could you help me' please/ Could you lend me some money/ Could - ha%e a lift/ Could - bother you for a moment/

-f we use =could= in reply to these re8uests' it suggests that we do not really want to do it. -f you agree to the re8uest' it is better to say =can=. Hf course - can. - could help you if it=s really necessary but -=m really busy right now. - could lend you some money but -=d need it bac& tomorrow without fail. - could gi%e you a lift as far as Birmingham.

=Could= is used to tal& about theoretical possibility and is similar in meaning to =might=. -t could rain later. 2a&e an umbrella. 5e could be there by now. Could he be any happier/ -t could be Sarah=s. e<ercise 1 e<ercise " e<ercise . e<ercise (

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May 3 might
may 0e can use =may= to as& for permission. 5owe%er this is rather formal and not used %ery often in modern spo&en English May - borrow your pen/ May we thin& about it/ May - go now/ 0e use =may= to suggest something is possible -t may rain later today. - may not ha%e time to do it today. Pete may come with us might 0e use =might= to suggest a small possibility of something. Hften we read that =might= suggests a smaller possibility that =may=' there is in fact little difference and =might is more usual than =may= in spo&en English. She might be at home by now but it=s not sure at all. -t might rain this afternoon. - might not ha%e time to go to the shops for you. - might not go.

Dor the past' we use =might ha%e=. 5e might ha%e tried to call while - was out. - might ha%e dropped it in the street.

e<ercise 1 e<ercise " e<ercise . e<ercise (

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Should
0e use =should= for gi%ing ad%ice. $ou should spea& to him about it. 5e should see a doctor. 0e should as& a lawyer. 0e use =should= to gi%e an opinion or a recommendation. 5e should resign now. 0e should in%est more in 7sia. 2hey should do something about this terrible train ser%ice. =Should= e<presses a personal opinion and is much wea&er and more personal than =must= or =ha%e to=. -t is often introduced by = - thin&=. - thin& they should replace him. - don=t thin& they should &eep the contract. Ao you thin& we should tell her. e<ercise 1 e<ercise " e<ercise . e<ercise (

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Should "
0e can use =should= after =reporting %erbs= such as demand insist propose recommend suggest 5e demanded that we should pay for the repair. She insisted that she should pay for the meal. - ha%e proposed that he should ta&e charge of the organiBation. 2he committee recommends that ;ane should be appointed. 0e ha%e suggested that Michael should be gi%en a reward for his hard wor&.

5owe%er' it is also possible to say e<actly the same thing by omitting the =should= and @ust using the infiniti%e form without =to= . Some people call this the =sub@uncti%e= form. 5e demanded that we pay for the repair. She insisted that she pay for the meal. - ha%e proposed that he ta&e charge of the organiBation. 2he committee recommends that ;ane be appointed. 0e ha%e suggested that Michael be gi%en a reward for his hard wor&.

0e can use =should= after %arious ad@ecti%es. 2ypical e<amples are E funny interesting natural odd strange surprised surprising typical -t=s funny that you should say that. - was thin&ing e<actly the same thing. -t=s interesting that they should offer him the @ob. Fot an ob%ious choice. -t=s natural that you should be an<ious. Fobody li&es spea&ing in public. -sn=t it odd that he should be going to the same tiny hotel/ 0hat a coincidence. -t=s strange that you should thin& so. Fobody else does. 0e can use =should= in =if clauses= when we belie%e that the possibility of something happening is small. -f you should happen to see him before - do' can you tell him that want to spea& to him urgently/ -f there should be a problem' @ust gi%e me a call and -=ll sort it out. -f anyone should as& where - am' say -=m in a meeting. 0e use =should= in %arious fi<ed e<pressions. To show strong agreement

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2hey=re paying you compensation/ - should thin& so. To express pleasure when you receive a gift 0hat a fantastic present. $ou really shouldn=t ha%e. To emphasize a visible emotion $ou should ha%e seen the loo& on her face when she found out that she had got the promotion.

e<ercise 1 e<ercise " e<ercise . e<ercise ( e<ercise ) e<ercise 6

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Must or ha%e to
0e can use =must= to show that we are certain something is true. 0e are ma&ing a logical deduction based upon some clear e%idence or reason. 2here=s no heating on. $ou must be freeBing. $ou must be worried that she is so late coming home. - can=t remember what - did with it. - must be getting old. -t must be nice to li%e in Dlorida.

0e also use =must= to e<press a strong obligation. 0hen we use =must= this usually means that some personal circumstance ma&es the obligation necessary and the spea&er almost certainly agrees with the obligation.! - must go to bed earlier. 2hey must do something about it. $ou must come and see us some time. - must say' - don=t thin& you were %ery nice to him.

0e can also use =ha%e to= to e<press a strong obligation. 0hen we use =ha%e to= this usually means that some e<ternal circumstance ma&es the obligation necessary. - ha%e to arri%e at wor& at , sharp. My boss is %ery strict. 0e ha%e to gi%e him our answer today or lose out on the contract. $ou ha%e to pass your e<ams or the uni%ersity will not accept you. - ha%e to send a report to 5ead Hffice e%ery wee&.

-n British English' we often use =ha%e got to= to mean the same as =ha%e to=. -=%e got to ta&e this boo& bac& to the library or -=ll get a fine. 0e=%e got to finish now as somebody else needs this room. 0e can also use = will ha%e to= to tal& about strong obligations. ?i&e =must= this usually means that that some personal circumstance ma&es the obligation necessary. :emember that =will= is often used to show =willingness=.! -=ll ha%e to spea& to him. 0e=ll ha%e to ha%e lunch and catch up on all the gossip. 2hey=ll ha%e to do something about it. -=ll ha%e to get bac& to you on that.

7s you can see' the differences between the present forms are sometimes %ery small and %ery subtle. 5owe%er' there is a huge difference in the negati%e forms. 0e use =mustn=t= to e<press strong obligations FH2 to do something. 0e mustn=t tal& about it. -t=s confidential. - mustn=t eat chocolate. -t=s bad for me. $ou mustn=t phone me at wor&. 0e aren=t allowed personal calls. 2hey mustn=t see us tal&ing or they=ll suspect something.

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0e use =don=t ha%e to= or =ha%en=t got to= in British English! to state that there is FH obligation or necessity. 0e don=t ha%e to get there on time. 2he boss is away today. - don=t ha%e to listen to this. -=m lea%ing. $ou don=t ha%e to come if you don=t want to. 5e doesn=t ha%e to sign anything if he doesn=t want to at this stage. - ha%en=t got to go. Hnly if - want to e<ercise 1 e<ercise " e<ercise . e<ercise ( e<ercise ) e<ercise 6 e<ercise *

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4ero conditional
0hen we tal& about things that are generally or always true' we can useE -f30hen36nless plus a present form P?6S present simple or imperati%e -f he gets there before me' as& him to wait. 0hen you fly budget airline' you ha%e to pay for your drin&s and snac&s. 6nless you need more space' a small car is big enough for one person. Fote that we are not tal&ing about a specific e%ent but something which is generally true. -n the condition clause' we can use a %ariety of present forms. -n the result clause' there can only be the present simple or imperati%e. -f you %isit ?ondon' go on the ?ondon Eye. -f unemployment is rising' people tend to stay in their present @obs. -f you=%e done that' go and ha%e a coffee. 0hen you go on holiday' ta&e plenty of sun cream. -t=ll be %ery hot. 0hen -=m concentrating' please don=t ma&e so much noise. 0hen -=%e finished an article' - always as& >ate to read it through.

Fotice that =unless= means the same as =if not=. 6nless he as&s you politely' refuse to do any more wor& on the pro@ect. 6nless prices are rising' it=s not a good in%estment. 6nless you=%e been there yourself' you don=t really understand how fantastic it is. e<ercise 1 e<ercise " e<ercise . e<ercise (

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2he first conditional


0e use the Dirst Conditional to tal& about future e%ents that are li&ely to happen. -f we ta&e ;ohn' he=ll be really pleased. -f you gi%e me some money' -=ll pay you bac& tomorrow. -f they tell us they want it' we=ll ha%e to gi%e it to them. -f Mary comes' she=ll want to dri%e.

2he =if= clause can be used with different present forms. -f - go to Few $or& again' -=ll buy you a sou%enir from the Empire State Building. -f he=s feeling better' he=ll come. -f she hasn=t heard the bad news yet' -=ll tell her. 2he Gfuture clauseG can contain =going to= or the future perfect as well as =will=. -f - see him' -=m going to tell him e<actly how angry - am. -f we don=t get the contract' we=ll ha%e wasted a lot of time and money. 2he Gfuture clauseG can also contain other modal %erbs such as =can= and =must=. -f you go to Few $or&' you must ha%e the cheeseca&e in ?indy=s. -f he comes' you can get a lift home with him. e<ercise 1 e<ercise " e<ercise . e<ercise (

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Second conditional
2he Second Conditional is used to tal& about =impossible= situations. -f we were in ?ondon today' we would be able to go to the concert in 5yde Par&. -f - had millions dollars' -=d gi%e a lot to charity. -f there were no hungry people in this world' it would be a much better place. -f e%eryone had clean water to drin&' there would be a lot less disease.

Fote that after - 3 he3 she 3it we often use the sub@uncti%e form =were= and not =was=. Some people thin& that =were= is the only =correct= form but other people thin& =was= is e8ually =correct= .! -f she were happy in her @ob' she wouldn=t be loo&ing for another one. -f - li%ed in ;apan' -=d ha%e sushi e%ery day. -f they were to enter our mar&et' we=d ha%e big problems. Fote the form =-f - were you= which is often used to gi%e ad%ice. -f - were you' -=d loo& for a new place to li%e. -f - were you' -=d go bac& to school and get more 8ualifications. 2he Second Conditional is also used to tal& about =unli&ely= situations. -f - went to China' -=d %isit the Great 0all. -f - was the President' -=d reduce ta<es. -f you were in my position' you=d understand. Fote that the choice between the first and the second conditional is often a 8uestion of the spea&er=s attitude rather than of facts. Compare these e<amples. Htto thin&s these things are possible' Peter doesn=t. Htto I -f - win the lottery' -=ll buy a big house. Peter I -f - won the lottery' -=d buy a big house. Htto I -f - get promoted' -=ll throw a big party. Peter I -f - got promoted' -=d throw a big party. Htto I -f my team win the Cup' -=ll buy champagne for e%erybody. Peter I -f my team won the Cup' -=d buy champagne for e%erybody.

Fote that the =-f clause= can contain the past simple or the past continuous. -f - was still wor&ing in Brighton' - would commute by train. -f she were coming' she would be here by now. -f they were thin&ing of selling' - would want to buy. Fote that the main clause can contain =would= =could= or =might. -f - had the chance to do it again' - would do it differently. -f we met up for lunch' we could go to that new restaurant. -f - spo&e to him directly' - might be able to persuade him.
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7lso note that sometimes the =if clause= is implied rather than spo&en. 0hat would - do without you/ Gif you weren=t hereG! 0here would - get one at this time of night/ Gif - wanted oneG! 5e wouldn=t agree. Gif - as&ed himG! e<ercise 1 e<ercise " e<ercise . e<ercise ( e<ercise ) e<ercise 6

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2hird conditional
0e can use the 2hird Conditional to tal& about =impossible= conditions' impossible because they are in the past and we cannot change what has happened. -f - had wor&ed harder at school' - would ha%e got better grades. -f - had had time' - would ha%e gone to see him. But - didn=t ha%e time. -f we had bought that house' we would ha%e had to rebuild the &itchen. -f we had caught the earlier train' we would ha%e got there on time but we were late.

Fotice that the main clause can contain =would=' =could= or =might. -f - had seen him at the meeting' - would ha%e as&ed him. But he wasn=t there so - didn=t.! -f - had seen him at the meeting' - could ha%e as&ed him. But he wasn=t there so it wasn=t possible.! -f - had seen him at the meeting' - might ha%e as&ed him. But -=m not sure. Perhaps if the opportunity had arisen.! -f - had paid more attention in class' - would ha%e understood the lesson. 7lso notice that sometimes the =if clause= is implied rather than spo&en. -=d ha%e done it. Gif you had as&ed me but you didn=t.G! - wouldn=t ha%e said that. Gif -=d been there.G! 5e wouldn=t ha%e let him get away with that. Gif he had tried that with me.G!

e<ercise 1 e<ercise " e<ercise . e<ercise ( e<ercise )

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0ish
?et=s start off with the easy part. = - wish to= can mean the same as =- want to= but it is much' much more formal and much' much less common. - wish to ma&e a complaint. - wish to see the manager. $ou can also use =wish= with a noun to =offer good wishes=. - wish you all the best in your new @ob. 0e wish you a merry Christmas. Fotice that when you want to offer good wishes using a %erb' you must use =hope = and not =wish=. 0e wish you the best of luc&. 0e hope you ha%e the best of luc&. - wish you a safe and pleasant @ourney. - hope you ha%e a safe and pleasant @ourney.

5owe%er' the main use of =wish= is to say that we would li&e things to be different from what they are' that we ha%e regrets about the present situation. - wish - was rich. 5e wishes he li%ed in Paris. 2hey wish they=d chosen a different leader. Fotice that the %erb tense which follows =- wish= is =more in the past= than the tense corresponding to its meaning. -=m too fat. - wish - was thin. - ne%er get in%ited to parties. - wish - got in%ited to parties. -t=s raining. - wish it wasn=t raining. - went to see the latest Star 0ars film. - wish - hadn=t gone. -=%e eaten too much. - wish - hadn=t eaten so much. -=m going to %isit her later. - wish - wasn=t going to %isit her later.

-n the case of =will= ' where =will= means =show willingness= we use =would=. 5e won=t help me. - wish he would help me. $ou=re ma&ing too much noise. - wish you would be 8uiet. $ou &eep interrupting me. - wish you wouldn=t do that. 0here =will= means a future e%ent' we cannot use =wish= and must use =hope=. 2here=s a stri&e tomorrow. - hope some buses will still be running. - hope e%erything will be fine in your new @ob.

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-n more formal English' we use the sub@uncti%e form =were= and not =was= after =wish=. - wish - were taller. - wish it were Saturday today. - wish he were here. e<ercise 1 e<ercise " e<ercise . e<ercise ( e<ercise ) e<ercise 6

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5ad better
0e use Lhad betterM plus the infiniti%e without LtoM to gi%e ad%ice. 7lthough LhadM is the past form of Lha%eM' we use Lhad betterM to gi%e ad%ice about the present or future. $ou=d better tell her e%erything. -=d better get bac& to wor&. 0e=d better meet early. 2he negati%e form is Lhad better notM. $ou=d better not say anything. -=d better not come. 0e=d better not miss the start of his presentation. 0e use Lhad betterM to gi%e ad%ice about specific situations' not general ones. -f you want to tal& about general situations' you must use LshouldM. $ou should brush your teeth before you go to bed. - shouldn=t listen to negati%e people. 5e should dress more appropriately for the office. 0hen we gi%e ad%ice about specific situations' it is also possible to use LshouldM. $ou shouldn=t say anything. - should get bac& to wor&. 0e should meet early. 5owe%er' when we use Lhad betterM there is a suggestion that if the ad%ice is not followed' that something bad will happen. $ou=d better do what - say or else you will get into trouble. -=d better get bac& to wor& or my boss will be angry with me. 0e=d better get to the airport by fi%e or else we may miss the flight. e<ercise 1 e<ercise " e<ercise . e<ercise (

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6sed to
6sed to do We use 'used to' for something that happened regularly in the past but no longer happens. - used to smo&e a pac&et a day but - stopped two years ago. Ben used to tra%el a lot in his @ob but now' since his promotion' he doesn=t. - used to dri%e to wor& but now - ta&e the bus. We also use it for something that was true but no longer is. 2here used to be a cinema in the town but now there isn=t. She used to ha%e really long hair but she=s had it all cut off. - didn=t use to li&e him but now - do. =6sed to do= is different from =to be used to doing= and =to get used to doing= to be used to doing We use 'to be used to doing' to say that something is normal, not unusual. -=m used to li%ing on my own. -=%e done it for 8uite a long time. 5ans has li%ed in England for o%er a year so he is used to dri%ing on the left now. 2hey=%e always li%ed in hot countries so they aren=t used to the cold weather here. to get used to doing We use 'to get used to doing' to tal about the process of something becoming normal for us. - didn=t understand the accent when - first mo%ed here but - 8uic&ly got used to it. She has started wor&ing nights and is still getting used to sleeping during the day. - ha%e always li%ed in the country but now -=m beginning to get used to li%ing in the city. e<ercise 1 e<ercise " e<ercise . e<ercise (

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7s&ing 8uestions 1
2he basic rule for as&ing 8uestions in English is straightforwardE -n%ert the order of the sub@ect and the first au<iliary %erb. -t is snowing. N -s it snowing/ 5e can spea& German. N Can he spea& German/ 2hey ha%e li%ed here a long time. N 5a%e they li%ed here a long time/ She will arri%e at ten o=cloc&. N 0ill she arri%e at ten o=cloc&/ 5e was dri%ing fast. N 0as he dri%ing fast/ $ou ha%e been smo&ing. N 5a%e you been smo&ing/

-f there is no au<iliary' use part of the %erb =to do=. $ou spea& fluent Drench. N Ao you spea& fluent Drench/ She li%es in Brussels. N Aoes she li%e in Brussels/ 2hey li%ed in Manchester. N Aid they li%e in Manchester/ 5e had an accident. N Aid he ha%e an accident/

Most 8uestions with 8uestion words are made in the same wayE 5ow often does she use it/ 0hy don=t you come/ 0here do you wor&/ 5ow many did you buy/ 0hat time did you go/ 0hich one do you li&e/ 0hose car were you dri%ing/

Fote who' what and which can be the sub@ect. CompareE 0ho is coming to lunch/ who is the sub@ect of the %erb! 0ho do you want to in%ite to lunch/ you is the sub@ect of the %erb! 0hat happened/ what is the sub@ect of the %erb! 0hat did you do/ you is the sub@ect of the %erb!

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Fote the position of the prepositions in these 8uestionsE 0ho did you spea& to/ 0hat are you loo&ing at/ 0here does he come from/ e<ercise 1 e<ercise " e<ercise . e<ercise ( e<ercise ) e<ercise 6 e<ercise * e<ercise +

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7s&ing 8uestions "


-n the section 9uestions 1' we loo&ed at how to as& direct 8uestions. 2o ma&e a 8uestion' we in%ert the order of the sub@ect and the first au<iliary %erb. 0here is ;ohnny/ 5as he found it yet/ -f there is no au<iliary' use part of the %erb =to do=. Dor e<ampleE 0hat time did he arri%e/ 5ow often do you play tennis/ 5owe%er' when we as& for information' we often say =Ao you &nowO/= or =Could you tell meO./= 2hese are indirect 8uestions and more polite. Fote that the word order is different. Dor e<ampleE Ao you &now where ;ohnny is/ 5a%e you any idea if he has found it/ Fote that we donPt use do' does or did. Dor e<ampleE Could you tell me what time he arri%ed/ 0ould you mind telling me how often you play tennis/ 6se if or whether when there is no 8uestion word. 5as he done it/ N Ao you &now if he has done it/ -s it ready/ N Can you tell me if it is ready/ 2he same changes in word order happen when we report 8uestions. Fote that in reported 8uestions' the %erb changes to the pastE 0hat are you doing/ N 5e as&ed me what - was doing. 0hat ha%e you done about it/ N 5e as&ed me what - had done about it. Ao you wor& with Pamela/ N 5e as&ed me if - wor&ed with Pamela. e<ercise 1 e<ercise " e<ercise . e<ercise ( e<ercise ) e<ercise 6

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9uestion tags
0e use tags in spo&en English but not in formal written English. 2hey are not really 8uestions but are a way of as&ing the other person to ma&e a comment and so &eep the con%ersation open. Ma&ing a tag is %ery mechanical. 2o ma&e a tag' use the first au<iliary. -f there is no au<iliary' use do' does or did. 0ith a positi%e sentence' ma&e a negati%e tag and with a negati%e sentence' ma&e a positi%e tag. -t=s beautiful' isn=t it/ 5e has been' hasn=t he/ $ou can' can=t you/ -t must be' mustn=t it/ $ou &now him' donPt you/ 5e finished it' didn=t he/ 5e will come' won=t he/ -t isn=t %ery good' is it/ -t hasn=t rained' has it/ -t can=t be' can it/ ;enny doesn=t &now ;ames' does she/ 2hey didn=t lea%e' did they/ 5e wonPt do it' will he/

Fotice theseE 2here isn=t an 72M here' is there/ ?et=s ha%e a cup of coffee' shall we/ 2o reply' use the same au<iliaryE -t=s beautiful' isn=t it/ Q $es' it is. - thin& it=s fabulous. -t isn=t %ery good' is it/ Q Fo' it isn=t. -n fact' it=s terrible. 7lthough' the rules are %ery simple and mechanical' in order to use them easily in con%ersation' they ha%e to be automatic. So you need to hear and practice them %ery often. e<ercise 1 e<ercise " e<ercise . e<ercise ( e<ercise ) e<ercise 6
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:eported speech
0e use reported speech when we are saying what other people say' thin& or belie%e. 5e says he wants it. 0e thin& you are right. - belie%e he lo%es her. $esterday you said you didn=t li&e it but now you doJ She told me he had as&ed her to marry him. - told you she was ill. 0e thought he was in 7ustralia.

0hen we are reporting things in the present' future or present perfect we don=t change the tense. 5e thin&s he lo%es her. -=ll tell her you are coming. 5e has said he=ll do it. 0hen we tell people what someone has said in the past' we generally ma&e the tense =more in the past=. $ou loo& %ery nice. N - told him he loo&ed %ery nice. 5e=s wor&ing in Siberia now. N She told me he was wor&ing in Siberia now. Polly has bought a new car. N She said Polly had bought a new car. ;o can=t come for the wee&end. N She said ;o couldn=t come for the wee&end. Paul called and left a message. N 5e told me Paul had called and had left me a message. -=ll gi%e you a hand. N 5e said he would gi%e me a hand. 5owe%er' when we are reporting something that was said in the past but is still true' it is not obligatory to ma&e the tense =more in the past=. 2he choice is up to the spea&er. Dor e<ampleE G2he train doesn=t stop here.G 5e said the train doesn=t stop here. 5e said the train didn=t stop here. G- li&e Sarah.G She said she li&es Sarah. She said she li&ed Sarah.

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0hen we are reporting what was said' we sometimes ha%e to change other words in the sentence. 0e ha%e to change the pronoun if we are reporting what someone else said. Compare these two sentences. -n each case the person actually said G- don=t want to go.G - said - didn=t want to go. Bill said he didn=t want to go. 0e ha%e to change words referring to =here and now= if we are reporting what was said in a different place or time. Compare these two sentences. -n each case the person actually said G-=ll be there at ten tomorrow.G -f it is later the same day! 5e said he would be there at ten tomorrow. -f it is the ne<t day! 5e said he would be there at ten today.

Fow compare these two sentences. -f we are in a different place! 5e said he would be there tomorrow at ten. -f we are in the place he is coming to! 5e said he would be here at ten tomorrow. e<ercise 1 e<ercise " e<ercise . e<ercise (

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:eported speech "


0e also use reported speech when we are saying what other people as&ed or wanted to &now. 0e do not use do or 8uestion mar&s in indirect 8uestions. G0hat time is it/G N 5e as&ed me what time it was. G0hy hasn=t he come/ N She wondered why he hadn=t come. G0hen will you be arri%ing/G N 5e wanted to &now when we would be arri%ing. G0hat were you doing/G N 2hey 8uestioned him about what he had been doing.

0e use the same structure when we report answers. G1(* Ha& Street.G N - told him what my address was. G- didn=t ha%e time to do it.G N She e<plained why she hadn=t done it. G?oo& at this dress and bag.G N She showed me what she had bought. GPut the paper here and press this button.G N 5e demonstrated how the scanner wor&ed.

$es3no 8uestions are reported with if or whether. Ao you want a ride/ N Mi&e as&ed me if - wanted a ride. 7re you coming/ N 2hey wanted to &now if - was coming. 0ill you be here later/ N She as&ed me whether - would be here later. e<ercise 1 e<ercise " e<ercise . e<ercise (

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Suppose
0e often use =suppose= to mean =imagine= or =guess= - suppose you=ll be meeting Aanielle when you go to Paris/ 0hen you weren=t there' - supposed you must ha%e been held up. - suppose you two &now each other/ Fotice that =suppose= is not normally used in the continuous form. 0e do not usually say =- am supposing=. Fow - suppose we=ll ha%e to do something else. 0e=re waiting for ;ohn and - suppose he must be stuc& in traffic. 7t this moment - suppose it doesn=t matter. Fotice that for =imagine not= or =guess not= that we ma&e =suppose= negati%e' not the other %erb. - don=t suppose you &now where Mary is/ - don=t suppose he=ll do anything. - don=t suppose you ha%e a Fo&ia phone charger here/ 0hen responding to an idea with =suppose=' you can use =so= to a%oid repeating the idea that has already been e<pressed. -s Susan coming to this meeting/ Q - suppose so. e<ercise 1 e<ercise " e<ercise . e<ercise (

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Suppose "
=Supposed to be= can be used to mean =it is said3belie%ed=. 2he new ;ames Bond mo%ie is supposed to be e<cellent. 5e is supposed to ha%e been rude to Mar& but - don=t belie%e it. -t is supposed to be the best restaurant in town. =Supposed to be= can also be used to tal& about what is arranged' intended or e<pected. -t is a bit li&e =should=. -=m supposed to get to wor& by +. ;ohn is supposed to turn off all the lights when he lea%es. -=m supposed to pay my rent on the first of the month. -t=s not supposed to be here.

Hften there is a suggestion that the action =supposed to= happen does not actually happen. -=m supposed to be there before + but -=m often late. $ou were supposed to phone me. -=m supposed to be getting on a plane to 2o&yo at this %ery minute. =Fot supposed to= often suggests that something is not allowed or prohibited. $ou=re not supposed to smo&e in here. -=m not supposed to tell you. 0e=re not supposed to use the -nternet for personal reasons at wor&. =Suppose= can also be used as a con@unction to mean =what if=. Fotice that the %erb which follows it is sometimes' but not always' put =more in the past=. Suppose we ta&e the earlier train to Munich/ -t would gi%e us more time there. Suppose we too& the plane instead/ 2hat would gi%e us e%en more time. 2here=s nobody in reception to let our %isitors in. Suppose - sit there until somebody comes/ -=m going to as& him for a pay increase. Q Suppose he said =no=/ 0hat would you do/ e<ercise 1 e<ercise " e<ercise . e<ercise ( e<ercise ) e<ercise 6

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5a%e something done


-f you =ha%e something done=' you get somebody else to do something for you. -=m going to ha%e my hair cut. She=s ha%ing her house redecorated. -=m ha%ing a copy of the report sent to you -n informal English' we can replace =ha%e= by =get=. 0e=re getting a new telephone system installed. 2hey will be getting the system repaired as 8uic&ly as they can. - got the bill sent direct to the company. 0e can also use =ha%e3got something done= in situations where something bad has happened to people or their possessions. 2his is not something they wanted to happen. ;ohn had all his money stolen from his hotel bedroom. 0e had our car damaged by a falling tree. - got my nose bro&en playing rugby. e<ercise 1 e<ercise " e<ercise . e<ercise ( e<ercise )

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Should ha%e
0e can use =should ha%e= to tal& about past e%ents that did not happen. - should ha%e let her &now what was happening but - forgot. 5e should ha%e sent e%erybody a reminder by email. 2hey should ha%e remembered that their guests don=t eat por&. 0e can also use =should ha%e= to speculate about e%ents that may or may not ha%e happened. She should ha%e got the letter this morning. - e<pect she=ll gi%e us a call about it later. 5e should ha%e arri%ed at his office by now. ?et=s try ringing him. 2hey should ha%e all read that first email by this stage. -t=s time to send the ne<t one. 0e can use = should not ha%e= to speculate negati%ely about what may or may not ha%e happened. She shouldn=t ha%e left wor& yet. -=ll call her office. 5e shouldn=t ha%e boarded his plane yet. 0e can probably still get hold of him. 2hey shouldn=t ha%e sent the report off for printing yet. 2here is still time to ma&e changes. 0e can also use =should not ha%e= to regret past actions. - shouldn=t ha%e shouted at you. - apologise. 0e shouldn=t ha%e left the office so late. 0e should ha%e anticipated this bad traffic. 2hey shouldn=t ha%e sac&ed him. 5e was the most creati%e person on their team. e<ercise 1 e<ercise " e<ercise . e<ercise ( e<ercise ) e<ercise 6

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Can ha%e 3 Could ha%e


0e can use =could ha%e= to tal& about something somebody was capable of doing but didn=t do. - could ha%e gone to H<ford 6ni%ersity but - preferred 5ar%ard. She could ha%e married him but she didn=t want to. 2hey could ha%e bought a house here "# years ago but chose not to. Hften' there is a sense of criticism. $ou could ha%e phoned me to let me &now. 2hey could ha%e helped me instead of @ust sitting there. - could ha%e done more to help you. Sorry. 0e can use =couldn=t ha%e= to tal& about something we were not capable of doing. - couldn=t ha%e managed without you. - couldn=t ha%e got the @ob. 5e was always going to appoint his nephew. - couldn=t ha%e en@oyed myself more. 2han& you for a lo%ely day. 0e can use =could ha%e= to speculate about what has happened. 0e can also use =may ha%e= or =might ha%e= in these situations.! She could ha%e ta&en the earlier train. Simon could ha%e told her. 2hey could ha%e o%erheard what we said. 0e can also use =can ha%e= to speculate about what has happened but only in 8uestions and negati%e sentences and with words such as =hardly=' =ne%er= and =only=. Can she ha%e forgotten about our meeting/ 5e can=t ha%e seen us. 2hey can hardly ha%e thought that - was not interested in the @ob. 0e can also use =could ha%e= to speculate about something that didn=t happen. $ou could ha%e bro&en your nec&' @umping out the window li&e that. 5e could ha%e hurt somebody' throwing a bottle out of the window li&e that. - could ha%e done well in my e<am if -=d wor&ed harder.

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$ou can also use =could ha%e= to tal& about possible present situations that ha%e not happened. - could ha%e been earning a lot as an accountant but the wor& was @ust too boring. 5e could ha%e been Prime Minister now but he got in%ol%ed in a big financial scandal. 2hey could ha%e been the mar&et leaders now if they had ta&en his ad%ice. e<ercise 1 e<ercise " e<ercise . e<ercise ( e<ercise ) e<ercise 6

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0ill be doing
0e can use =will be doing= to tal& about something that will be in progress at a particular moment in the future. 2his time ne<t wee&' -=ll be sitting on the beach in Barbados. -=ll be thin&ing about you all bac& in the office I and -=ll be laughing. 0e=ll be en@oying oursel%es too' boss. 0e won=t be doing any wor& while you are not here. 0e can use =will be doing= to tal& about future e%ents that are fi<ed or decided. -=ll be %isiting your country on a regular basis. -n fact' -=m going to be coming ne<t month. 5e=ll be loo&ing after the factory until we can appoint a new manager. 2hey=ll be thin&ing about this %ery carefully o%er the ne<t few months. 0e can use =will be doing= to predict what is happening now. 2ry phoning his hotel. 5e=ll probably still be ha%ing brea&fast. 2hey=ll be deciding who gets the contract at this %ery moment. -=m %ery ner%ous. She=s not in her office. She=ll be ha%ing lunch in the canteen. 0e can use =will be doing= to as& e<tremely politely' and with no pressure' about future plans. 0ill you be eating with us this e%ening/ 0ill you be needing anything else/ 0ill they be @oining us for dinner/ e<ercise 1 e<ercise " e<ercise . e<ercise ( e<ercise )

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0ill ha%e done


0e can use =will ha%e done= to tal& about what will ha%e been achie%ed by a certain moment in time. 0e=ll ha%e been in these offices for eight years ne<t month. She=ll ha%e %isited ten countries in twel%e days by the time she gets bac&. -=ll ha%e finished this pro@ect by Driday. -f we want to emphasise the continuity of the acti%ity' we can use the continuous form. -=ll ha%e been wor&ing here for .) years by the time - retire. She=ll ha%e been dri%ing for more than fifteen hours straight by the time she gets here. 2hey=ll ha%e been wor&ing with us for 1) years by the end of this year. 0e can also use =will ha%e done= to predict what we thin& has already happened at present. 5e=ll ha%e already read the report by now. 2oo late to change it. She=ll ha%e boarded her plane. -t=s too late to contact her. 2hey=ll ha%e decided by now. 0e should hear the result today or tomorrow. e<ercise 1 e<ercise " e<ercise . e<ercise (

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