ARCHITECTURE IN THE MODERN ERA The Industrial Revolution (1768s) directed toward the relevant and applied use

se of structures The Arts and Crafts Movement (early 19th Century) movement for aesthetic and moral crusade escape from the Industrial orld John Ruskin(1819-19!!) and William Morris(18"#-1896) were the $ey fi%ures E le ti ism architecture of the &orrowin% and of free selection Jose!h "a#ton (18'1) desi%ned the Cr$stal "ala e Elisha %raves Otis (187!( )ew *or$) developed the first safe passen%er elevator+ In addition to this( was the development of techni,ues for manufacturin% rolled steel+ The %reat Chi a&o 'ire (187!) Montauk (uildin% &y -aniel .urnham (1881) Home Insuran e Com!an$ (uildin& &y illiam /e .aron 0enney (188") (first s$yscraper free of the limitations of masonry) Auditorium (uildin& &y 1dler and 2ullivan (1889) Wain)ri&ht (uildin& &y 1dler and 2ullivan (189!) %uarrant$ (uildin& &y 1dler and 2ullivan (189#) Relian e (uildin& &y .urnham and 3oot (189#) The Chi a&o * hool (188!s) concentration on hi%h structures were &uilt in Chica%o illiam /e .aron 0enney +ouis *ullivan &orn in .oston( 18'6 studied at Institute of 4echnolo%y in 5assachusetts or$ed in the Chica%o office of 0enney 2tudied 6 months at the E ole des (eau# Arts 3eturned to Chica%o after the %reat fire Form Follows Function Daniel (urnham .orn in )ew *or$( 18#6 6ducated at Chica%o and also had his apprentiship at /orin% and 0enney office Make no little plans; they have no magic to stir mens blood. The World Colum,ian E#!osition (189!) 0ac$son 7ar$( Chica%o (urnham was the chief of construction John W- Root was the consultin% architect 'rederi k +a) Olmsted was the landscape architect .irth of the Modern Ameri an Cit$ "lannin& 3eversal of the direction in 2ullivans vision+ 8e had hardly any commissions and died in 199# a lonely and ne%lected fi%ure+ Euro!ean Develo!ments (19!!s) Otto Wa&ner :iennese architect .e%an eliminatin% 3enaissance trappin%s from his &uildin%s and pursued the .more essential/ architecture Adolf +oos 3eacted a%ainst the e;cesses of 1rt )uveau 7u&lished .Ornament and 0er,re hen/ Ornament is a Crime H-"- (erla&e -utch 1rchitect 7u&lici<ed the wor$s of =ran$ /loyd ri%ht in 6urope >And thus in ar hite ture1 de oration and ornament are 2uite essential )hile s!a e3 reation and the relationshi!s of masses are its true essentials-/ Wri&ht vs- *ullivan =ran$ /loyd ri%ht &e%an his architects career as an apprentice at /ouis 2ullivans office

2ullivans architecture was urban restrained in character and classic in organi!ation 2ullivan wrote( "t is the very essence o# every problem that it contains and suggests its own solutions. Thus Form follows Function. ri%hts architecture developed into the e$pression o# asymmetrically composed masses and subtly interpenetrating spaces more suited to stand alone prefera&ly in a natural rather than an urban conte$t. ri%ht wrote( >?+as a physical raw materialism instead o# the spiritual thing it really is% the idea o# &i#e itsel# bodily and spiritually intrinsic organism. Form and Function as one. The Offi e of "eter (ehrens(191!s) office at .erlin was the center of search and e;pression for new principles +ud)i& Mies 0an Der Rohe (19!8) 2pent " years in this office &ess is More =ormulated .Cu,ism and 'uturism Walter %ro!ius .ehrens chief desi%ner The Creation of *!a e /ao 4<e( a Chinese 7hilosopher( said( 'he reality o# the building does not consist in the roo# and walls but in the space within to be lived in. 2pace has " 2ta%es@ Outer s!a e - interplay and visual tension created in the relationship of static volumes Inner *!a e - emphasis on the hollowed interior volume and the continuity of interior space( where the e;terior form was the result of the defined space within Inter!enetration of *!a e - the to former phases were intermin%led when a new period was initiated &y the discovery that si%ht is an or%anic process( one in which motion initiates a way of seein% and recordin% phenomena that is more than a passive transfer of ima%es+ .y motion( time (the #th dimension) was introduced The (AUHAU* (199!s) Aermany was the center of development and study >1rt and 4echnolo%y( the )ew BnityC 6sta&lished &y Walter %ro!ius .'un tionalism/ The International *t$le (19"!s) =ran$ /loyd ri%ht (1merica) /udwi% 5ies :an -er 3ohe (Aermany) alter Aropius (Aermany) /e Cor&usier (=rance) 'un tional1 Nontraditional1 Nonre&ional Reassessment Universalism 5ies :an -er 3ohes wor$ is more classical formal architectural e;pression =unctions are resolved within a minimum of lar%er elements =unction is su&Dect to an e;ternal order or discipline+ "ersonalism ri%ht used the functional comple;ities of a &uildin% as the inte%ral means of form and e;pression+ (rutalism -erived from .,eton ,rutC (na$ed concrete) "ostmodernism 1 trend away from the fun tional aestheti of the International 2tyle and the severit$ of .rutalism+ =avored the return to the histori al referen es Ro,ert 0enturi >Comple;ity and Contradiction in 1rchitectureC &ess is (ore

(ei4in& National *tadium (ird)s *est

+o ation (roke &round O!ened O)ner *urfa e Constru tion ost Ar hite t Tenants Ca!a it$

.eiDin%( 7eopleEs 3epu&lic of China -ecem&er 9!!" 5arch 9!!8 Aovernment of the 7eopleEs 3epu&lic of China Arass # &illion yuan (FB2- G'!! million) 8er<o% H de 5euron 1rup2port C1A Chinese Ilympic Committee 9!!8 2ummer Ilympics Ilympic Capacity@ 91(!!! 7ost Ilympic Capacity@ 8!(!!!

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Our Watercube concept is a simple and concise square form that ultimately uses the water bubble theory to create the structure and building cladding, and which makes the design so unique. t appears random and playful like a natural system, yet is mathematically !ery rigourous and repetitious. The transparency of water, with the mystery of the bubble system, engages those both inside and out of the structure to consider their own e"periences with water.# 1ndrew =rost -irector( 74 +

Construction start "TW National *)immin& Centre 9!!8 Ilympics .eiDin%( China

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Ima%e courtesy 74 74 won the international desi%n competition to create the )ational 2wimmin% Centre for the 9!!8 .eiDin% Ilympics in late 9!!"+ Completed atercu&e arcspace feature+

4he desi%n( $nown as the > atercu&eC( plays on the %eometry of water &u&&les( fantastically crystallised as a massive rectan%ular form+ 4he structures elemental shape is specifically desi%ned to wor$ in harmony with the circular main stadium( desi%ned &y 8er<o% and de 5euron( &oth of which will rise on the .eiDin% Ilympic Areen in a spectacular duality of forms+ 4he facility will &e used prior and post %ames as a multi-purpose leisure and elite swimmin% centre+

Ima%e courtesy 74 4he &uildin%s s$in( made from an innovative and li%htwei%ht transparent >teflonC( a&&reviated as 64=6( has &een desi%ned to react specifically to li%htin% and proDection J and particularly the advanced systems which will &ecome availa&le in the comin% four years J to

create a stunnin% visual and sensory e;perience that will also &e shared &y millions of television viewers around the world+ 4his state-ofthe-art material provides a cost effective claddin% solution for modern architecture( ena&lin% a wide ran%e of applications where traditional materials( such as %lass( may not &e possi&le+ 4he 2wimmin% Centre is one of 18 sports facilities &ein% &uilt in .eiDin% for the 9!!8 Aames+ Around-&rea$in%@ -ecem&er 9!!" Completion estimated for late 9!!6 4otal area@ 7!(!!! s,uare meters 4otal seats@ 17(!!! 4he structure@ -espite its or%anic loo$( the structure is a simple steel space-frame consistin% of two partsK the internal structure and the face structure that forms the actual roof and ceilin% and accepts the 64=6 pillow claddin%+
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We reali$ed that a structure based on this unique geometry would be highly repetiti!e and buildable whilst appearing !ery organic and random. ndeed such space filling patterns are regularly obser!ed in biological cells and mineral crystals, they are probably the most common structure in nature. %lso the ductile space frame that is generated from this geometry is ideally suited to the seismic conditions found in &ei'ing. 4ristram Carfrae 1rup team leader

74 ( which currently employs over 1'! people( maintains offices in 2ydney( 1ustralia as well as &oth .eiDin% and 2han%hai in China+ hile the company is hi%hly re%arded for its maDor civic proDects and lar%e scale sports facilities( includin% involvement in the International 1thletics Centre and the 1,uatic Centre of the 9!!! 2ydney Aames( 74 Es stron% and e;istin% relationship with the Chinese played a pivotal role in the development process+ Ima%e courtesy 74 4he internal structure( within the depth of the roof and walls(is hi%hly repetitive+ 4here are three different nodes and four different mem&ers+ 4he nodes can &e cast or fa&ricated and the mem&ers( cast( rolled or fa&ricated+ 4he face structure comprises a flat we& of rectan%ular &o; sections either welded or &olted to%ether on site+ 4he face structure is added to the top and &ottom of the space frame to complete the structure+ 4he desi%n is &ased on a common natural pattern( the most effective su&-division of three dimensional space Jthe fundamental arran%ement of or%anic cells and the natural formation of soap &u&&les+ #Our successful concept owes much to our (hinese team partners, and particularly the (hina )tate (onstruction and *ngineering (orporation +()(*(, and -esign nstitute who effecti!ely planted the seed of an idea that has ultimately captured the imagination of the (hinese people.# 1ndrew =rost( -irector( 74 4he internationally renowned en%ineerin% firm of 1rup also played a strate%ic part in solvin% the deceptively simple( yet comple; e,uation+ 1rup is hi%hly re%arded as a world leader in en%ineerin%( responsi&le for such %ravity defyin% structures as the Au%%enheim 5useum( .il&ao( 2pain( and 1ustraliaEs own 2ydney Ipera 8ouse+ #)wimming centres require a lot of heating, but by cladding the building in high.tech *TF* cushions, we ha!e de!eloped a !ery efficient green house. /01 of the solar energy falling on the building is trapped within the structural $one and is used to heat the pools and the interior area#. Lenneth 5a( 1rupEs 5echanical 6n%ineer 74 arcspace features

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