Design a post-tensioned prestressed concrete slab bridge deck for a national highway crossing to suit the following data:

1. Data Clear span 10 m Width of bearing 400 mm Clear width of roadway 7.5 m Footpath 1 m on either side Kerbs 600 mm wide Thickness of wearing coat 80 mm Live load I.R.C. Class AA tracked vehicle Type of structure Class 1 type Materials: M-40 grade concrete and 7 mm diameter high-tensile wires with an ultimate tensile strength of 1500 N/mm2 housed in cables with 12 wires and anchored by Freyssinst anchorages of 150 mm diameter. For supplementary reinforcement, adopt Fe-415 grade HYSD bars. Compressive strength at transfer, fci = 35 N/mm2 Loss ratio = 0.8 The design should conform to the recommendations of the codes IRC 612, TRC 1813, IRC 2114, and IS: 134315. 2. Permissible stresses The permissible compressive stresses in concrete at transfer and working loads, as recommended in IRC-18 are as follows: fct = 15 N/mm2 <0.45 fci = (0.45 x 35) = 15.75 N/mm2 Loss ratio= 0.80

fcw = 12 N/min2 < 0.33 fck = (0.33 x 40) = 13.2 N/mm2

ftt = ftw=0 3. Depth of slab and effective span
Assuming the thickness of the slab at 50 mm per metre of span for highway bridge decks, the overall thickness of the slab = (10 x 50) = 500 mm Width of bearing = 400 mm Effective span = 10.4 m Dead weight of slab = (0.5 x 24) =12 kN/m2 Dead weight of W.C. = (0.08 x 22) = 1.76 kN/m2 Total dead load = 14.00 kN/m2 Dead load bending moment (Mg) = (14 x 10.42)/8 = 190 kN-m

4. Dead load bending moments

5. Live load bending moments

Generally, the bending moment due to live load will be maximum for IRC class AA tracked vehicle. Impact factor for the class AA tracked vehicle is 25 per cent for the 5 m span, which decreases linearly to 10 per cent for the 9 m span. Impact factor = 10 per cent for a span of 10.4 m The tracked vehicle is placed symmetrically on the span. Effective length of load = [3.6 + 2 (0.5 +0.08) = 4.76 m

Effective width of the slab perpendicular to the span is expressed as,

)

=( be= kx(1- )
x

x 5.2 m, L= 10.4 m, B = 9.5 m

9
.
5

= 0.913 10.4 and

b = (0.85 + 2 x 0.08) = 1.01 m

From Table 21.2 for (11) = 0.913, and simply supported slabs, k = 2.37

The tracked vehicle is placed close to the kerb with the required minimum clearance as shown in Fig. 21.7.
850

1000 -)--N 1200

).

:( 1200 --*-F4 51>1

Net effective width of dispersion = 8.261 m Total load of two tracks with impact = (700 x 1.10) = 770 kN 770 ___ Average intensity of load = = 19.58 kN/m2 (4.76 x 8.261) Maximum bending moment due to live load is given by M = [(19.58 x 4.76) 0.5 x 5.2] - [(19.58 x 4.76) 0.5 x 0.25 x 4.76] = 187 kN m

6. Shear due to class AA tracked vehicle For maximum shear force at the support section the IRC class AA tracked vehicle is arranged as shown in Fig. 21.8.

7. C h eck for m i nim um sect i on m odu l u s

Dead load moment, M g = 190 kN m Live load moment, M q = 187 kN m Section modulus = Zt = Zb= Z = (1000 x 500
2

) 6 = 41.66 x 10 6 mrn 3

The permissible stress in concrete at transfer, (fct), is obtained from IRC-18 fct = 15.0 N/mm2, fcw = 12.0 N/mm2,ftw =0 Loss ratio == 0.8

fbr =(0.8fct - ftw) = (0.8 x 15 0) = 12.0 N/mm2

The minimum section modulus is given by

Zb >

[Mq + (1-)Mg]

fbr

> 18.75 x 106 mm3 <41.66 x 106 mm3 provided Hence, the section selected is adequate to resist the service loads without exceeding the permissible stresses. 8. Minimum prestressing force The minimum prestressing force required is computed using the relation

P = [A(finf.Zb+fsup.Zt)] Zb+Zt
Where

fusp = [ftt-Mg /Zt] =-4.56 N/mm2

finf = ftw/+ (Mq +Mg)/ Zb = (0+ (187+190)*106/0.8*41.66*106) = 11.31 N/mm2 P = 1000 x 500 x 41.66 x 106(11.31 4.56) 2x 41.66x 106 = 1687.5 x 103 N = 1687..5 kN Using Freyssinet cables containing 12 wires of 7 mm diameter which are stressed to 1200 Nimm2, Force in each cable = (12 x 38.5 x 1200)/1000 = 554 kN Spacing of cables = ( 1000x554/1687.5) = 328 mm 9. Eccentricity of cables The eccentricity of the cables at the centre of span is
obtained from the relation E = [ Z t Z b ( f i n f - f s u p ) ] / A(fsupZt+ fifZb) = (41.66)2 x 1012(11.31+ 4.56) / 1000 x 500 x 41.66 x 106(-4.56 + 11.31) = 195 mm The cables are arranged in a parabolic profile with a maximum eccentricity of 195 mm at the centre of span which reduces to zero (concentric) at supports.

10. Check for stresses at service loads P= 1687.5 kN, e = 195mm

A = (1000 x 500) = 5 x 105 mm2 3 Zt =Zb = Z= 41.66 x 106 rnm

Mg = 190 kn-m Mq = 187 Kn-m

(P/A) = (1687.5 *105 / 5* 105 ) = 3.375 N/mm2

(Pe/Z) = (1687.5 *105 *195/ 41.66* 106) = 7.89 N/mm2 (Mg/Z) = (190 *106 / 41.66* 106 ) = 4.56 N/mm2 (Mq/Z) = (187 *106 / 41.66* 106 ) = 4.48 N/mm2
Stresses at transfer At top of slab = (3.375 7.89 + 4.56) = 0.045 Nimm2 At bottom of slab = (3.375 + 7.89 4.56) = 6.705 Nimm2 Stresses at working loads At top of slab = 0.8 (3.375 7.89) + 4.56 + 4.48 = 5.428 Nimm2 At bottom of slab = 0.8 (3.375 + 7.89) 4.56 4.48 = 0.028 N/mm2 The actual stresses developed are within the permissible limits.

11. Check for ultimate strength (IRC: 18 2000)

-

Considering 1 m width of the slab, b =1000 mm

Ap = ( 12*38.5*1000)/328=1408mm 2 d = 445 mm f p= 1500 N/mm2

(a) Failure by yielding of steel Mu = 0.9 dApfp =(0.9 x445 x 1408 x 1500) = 846 x 106 Nmm = 846 kNm (b) Failure by crushing of concrete = 0.176 bd2fck = (0.176 x 1000 x 4452 x 40) = 1394 x 106 N mm = 1394 kn-m The actual Mu is the lesser of (a) or (b) and is equal to 846 kN m.
According to IRC: 18-2000, Required ultimate moment = 1.5 Mg + 2.5 Mq = (1.5 x 190) + (2.5 x 187) = 285 + 467.5 = 752.5 KN-m Hence, the ultimate moment capacity of the section (Mu = 846 kN m) is greater than the required ultimate moment (752.5 kN m).

12. Check for ultimate shear strength

Ultimate shear force, Vu = (1.5 Vg + 2.5 Vq) = (1.5 x 72.8) + (2.5 x 87.72) = 328.5 kN According to IRC: 18-2000, the ultimate shear resistance of the support section uncracked in flexure is given by Vco = 0.67 bh (f1 2 + 0.8fcp*ft)(1/2) + Psin where b = width of slab = 1000 mm h = overall depth = 500 mm = principal tensile stress = 0.24 = 0.24 = 1.51 N/mm 2 F cp = compressive prestress at the centroidal axis = (P/A) = (0.8*1687.5*103 / 1000*500) = 2.7 N/mm2 Eccentricity of cables at the centre of span, e = 195 mm The cables are concentric at the support section.
Slope of cable, = (4e/L) = = 0.67 x 1000x 500

(4*195/104 x1000) = 0.075

+ (0.8 x 1687.5x 103x0.075)

= 889817 N = 890 kN Since the ultimate shear Vu is less than 50 per cent of the ultimate shear resistance vc, no shear reinforcement is required. 13. Supplementary reinforcement Supplementary Reinforcement = 0.15 per cent of the gross cross-sectional area = (0.0015 x 1000 x 500) = 750 mm2 Provide 10 mm diameter, Fe-415 HYSD bars at 200 mm centres, both at the top and bottom faces in the longitudinal and transverse directions. 1 4 . Design of end block reinforcement At the support section, the concentric cables carrying a force of 554 kN are spaced at intervals of 328 mm. The