ENGLISH V UNIT 1 ENGINEERING IN HISTORY.

THE HISTORY OF ENGINEERING UNIT I - MODULE I - GRAMMAR Affixes In English words can be formed from a Root (base +affixes (prefixes and suffixes) For example from the root faith which means f, we can have some other words adding prefixes and suffixes, Example: PREFIX UN ROOT (BASE) FAITH FAITHFUL (FIEL) UNFAITHFUL (INFIEL SUFFIX FUL

A prefix added to a base changes the meaning of the word: unfaithful (infiel) A suffix added to a base changes the grammatical characteristic of the word: faith (fe) (noun) faithful (fiel) (adjective) Some of the following prefixes can be difficult for a Spanish speaker to manage There are also some prepositions which can be placed before the base and change the meaning of the word. PREFIX Fore Off Over Under Back BASE tell shore weight weight yard NEW WORD foretell offshore Overweight underweight backyard

A suffix does not change the meaning of the word but it changed its grammatical characteristic. There are suffixes to indicate nouns, adjectives, and adverbs, For example: Root (Base) Develop Improve Pay Dark Sick Music technic Technic Care Care count white small Tall Care Careful Careless Suffix ment ment ment ness ness Ian Ian Al ful less less ish er est ful ly ly New word development improvement payment darkness sickness musician technician Technical activity careful careless countless whitish smaller The tallest Careful carefully carelessly Grammar Characteristic noun noun noun noun noun noun noun adjective adjective adjective adjective adjective adjective Adjective adjective adverb adverb

Exercise 1. Using the above information, choose the correct meaning of the underlined word. 1. What he told us is unbelievable . a. easy to believe b. difficult to believe 2. The technician disconnected the wires. a. linked the wires b. separated the wires 3. It is difficult to trust on a dishonest person. a. a person who tell the truth b. a person who tell lies 4. At the meeting, there arguments and counterarguments. a. ideas in favor b. ideas against 5. No matter antiwar demonstrations, the situation does not change a. demonstrations in favor of war b. demonstrations against the war 6. Some people think politicians are unreliable; some others think they are dependable. a. people we cannot trust on b. People we can trust on. 7. Some engineers are good paid, but others are underpaid. a. they dont receive enough salary b. they receive good salary 8. In nature, some species do not coexist. a. live together b. live separated 9. Electricians have to be careful with electricity. They must disconnect wires before starting any work. a. plug d. unplug

ING USE -Ing is a suffix which has different meanings depending on the context and the position it has in a sentence ING can be used in progressive tenses. In this case the main verb of the sentence shall be preceded by the auxiliary be. The main verb shall have the suffix ING. (This structure is used to indicate an activity being performed at the moment) Example: I am writing a book at the moment. If the sentence needs to be expresses in a perfect continuous tense, the structure should be subject +have (has( +been + main verb+ ing. Example: I have been writing this book since a year ago. Pay attention to the different uses of -ing as part of the continuous tense. Sentence Michael is submitting a proposal His friends were submitting a similar proposal a year ago. He and his family will be going on vacation in June They have not been paying attention to the expenses of the trip. tense Present progressive Meaning

Something happening at the moment Past progressive Something which happened in the past Future progressive Something planned for the future Present progressive

Something which has been happening up to the present They will have been visiting many place. Future progressive Something which will be happening in the future

ING can be found in a noun position. Subject Writing essays Waking fast Her cooking This training In this political campaign verb Is not easy Is recommended was Is excellent there was not object for us by physicians delicious for my new job. much advertising

ING can be found after a form of the verb to be, acting as noun. His favorite hobby Their favorite sport His problem is was was walking fishing in the river making the wrong decision,

ING can be used as an object after certain verbs: I They He You better miss enjoy Said stop talking to him . playing soccer He will consider accepting your invitation studying now; it is too late.

ING is commonly used as an object of a preposition: My sister needs to wear glasses for reading You better complete your work before leaving. We just came back from doing sports.

ING is also used as adjective. The class The way she writes This mall It We was Is Is Is bought very interesting fascinating changing a shopping center a teaching machine.

VERBS FOLLOWED BY ING Verbs followed by ing are also the ones of thinking: remember, forget, imagine, think of. Dont forget going to the party. Remember bringing your contribution. Verbs can be followed by to +ing: I look forward to hearing from you soon. The thief confessed stealing the money from the purse. In some companies you cannot object to working until late. If a verb if followed by a preposition, the verb after bears ing: In a company, workers normally begin by checking at the door. My daughter insisted on wearing jeans to the party Environmental offices dont approve cutting trees Sometimes, they noise at parties prevent neighbors from sleeping. Verbs like overhear, notice, feel, observe, watch can be followed by an object and then by an infinitive without to. Example: I saw the boys watching the girls. VERBS + OBJECT + ING Sometimes there are verbs followed by an object + ing. If the verb is followed by a possessive + ing, it can be considered formal style: My mother recalled me buying the groceries My mother recalled my buying the groceries (formal) The professor reminded his students checking the homework. The professor reminded their checking the homework. Verbs normally followed by ing are the ones showing like or dislike, for example: hate, object to, love, detest, disapprove. Example: Some people love going to the cinema, other love going to the disco, but most of them hate waiting on lines.

Exercises Complete each sentence with the corresponding form of the verb and write in parenthesis the grammatical function of the -ing form. Sentence Grammatical function of - ing Customs office has been changing verb recently, verb This machine is for teaching languages, adjetive The meal was very satisfying objet We need a melting pot I normally use a pen for writing my letters, verb He learned to speak by speaking objet Living in large cities is expensive verb Some living species have to adjust to new adjetive environments. While living in that island, he wrote his verb first science book. Exercises: Complete the following sentences with an appropriate form of the verb. asking struggling getting accepting playing participating going driving having stealing 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Please remind me _____________to the party going accepting My nice hate __________________his father away from home asking I did not hear the lady __________for help. accepting It is difficult for the president ______________the decision of the group participating to win. After the game, no body will forget players ____________ getting There are people ______________bank accounts from their computers. asking I have an oral presentation so I need to concentrate on ___________it completed. playing 8. The accident prevented him from _______________ for several weeks. driving 9. Tourists in Britain and Australia find it strange ____________on the left. stealing 10. Although they denied ___________in the event, the video was a real proof of their participation.