9 Multi phase flow

Most wells produce more than one phase. Oil and gas usually flow together, and often also with
water and solid particles. Figure 9.1 illustrates the typical flow patterns. Simplified sets are 3
main patterns of vertical flow:
!ontinuous fluid, with gas "u""les # fast particles
!ontinuous gas, with drops of li$uid # solid particles and li$uid film along the walls
%iscontinuous flow: li$uid plugs, "ro&en up "y large gas accumulations
'n hori(ontal flow, flow patterns will "e similar, "ut with a tendency to stratification "ecause of
density difference. )t the relative low velocity, gas and oil may flow in separate, stratified
layers
Figure 9.1 Typical flow patterns of liquid and gas
9.1 Rising and sinking of particles/drops/bubbles in static fluid
*articles, droplets, or "u""les in a continuous fluid will rise or sin&. +his provides a "asis for
multiphase flow calculations.
9.1.1 Sinking velocity for solid particles
,hen a particle sin& with a constant velocity, the gravity force acting upon the particle has to "e
as large as the friction force. +hat gives the flow "alance outlined "elow
Figure 9.2 Solid particle that falls in continuous gas or liquid
For a spherical particle, the volume and crosssectional area relate to particle diameter: Vs =
d
3
/6, and As = d
2
/4 . -y putting Fg = Ff, we can e.press sin&ing speed
/ . 0 / . 0
3
1

,
_

,
_

s
s
s
f
gd
v (9-1)
:density of the fluid
s : %ensity of particle
d : %iameter of the particle
f
s
: Friction factor "etween the particle and the surrounding fluid
Friction factor depends on the 2eynolds num"er of the "order layer "etween the particle and
fluid

d v
s
s
2e (9-2)
: viscosity of the fluid surrounding
Figure 9.3 shows the correlation "etween friction factor and 2eynolds num"er, 3ydersen #1945 #.
!orrelation for spherical particles can also "e e.pressed analytically
Reynolds Number Friction Factor Flow Ratio
/00 6 2es 6 7
.
10
/
fs 8 0.11 Turbulent boundary layer
7 6 2es 6 /00 fs 8 19./

2es
0.5
Transition
10
/
6 2es 6 7 fs 8 71

2es
1
Laminar boundary layer
Figure 9.3 Friction Factor for solid particles in static fluid
'f sin&ing velocity of sand particles is greater than the flow velocity in a vertical well, then sand
will fall down and gradually fill up well. 'n an inclined well the falling velocity will drag
particles against the lower portion of the pipe crosssection. +ur"ulence will help to &eep the
particles in dispersion. +ransportation of particles further depends on whether sedimentation or
dispersion dominate.
9.1.2 Sinking velocity of sall drops
'n a swarm of falling drops, the drops will continuously coalesce and "rea& up. +ur"ulent forces
tend to "rea& up, while surface tension &eeps drops together. +his will "e a continuous process,
as indicated in Figure 9.1.
!onsider a drop with circumference: S
d
, the surface tension will provide a force: F

= S
d
.
+he tur"ulent forces can "e represented "y the friction force:
d d d f
A v f F
7
7 1
't seems reasona"le to relate the ma.imum drop si(e to the ratio of these forces. +his provides
the critical ,e"er num"er. For a round drop, this can "e e.pressed as

d v
We
F
F
d
f
7
:
:
ma.
(9-3)
: Surface tension ;< # m=
v
d
*
: sin&ing velocity of the largest drops
>.periments indicate largest achieva"le ;critical= ,e"er num"er in the range of 7030. -y
setting ;93= in relation with sin&ing velocity ;91=, we can e.press ma.imum sin&ing velocity as
( )
7/ . 0
7
:
1
1
]
1

g
g l
d d
g
K v

(9-4)
K
d
: dimensionless parameter group:
7/ . 0
:
3
1

,
_

d
d
f
We
K
K
d
is dimensionless and can "e considered as constant. For droplets that drop in static gas, this
has "een e.perimentally determined as K
d
= 2.75 - 3.1.
Figure 9.! "rop si#e in continuous gas
+he ma?ority of gas wells also produce some li$uid, water and # or condensate. @elocity of small
droplets are often used as a criterion for flow velocity to prevent fluid collection in the well,
+urner A al # 1959 #. +he idea is that if li$uid largely e.ist "y itself as a film along the well wall,
it will still mainly "e transported as droplets. 'f the gas velocity is greater than sin&ing velocity
for the largest li$uid drops, the li$uid droplets will "e transported out of the production pipe.
9.1.3 $ise velocity for sall %u%%les
Small "u""les that rise in the continuous li$uid are su"?ected to similar forces as li$uid droplets
in the gas. Sta"ility consideration and the formula for ma.imum velocity for the rising gas
"u""les are similar
( )
7/ . 0
7
:
1
]
1

l
g l
b b
g
K v

(9-5)
Flow conditions around a gas "u""le that rises in viscous li$uid will "e different from a li$uid
drop that falls in small viscous gas, so the friction factor will "e different. For gas "u""les the
rise in the stagnant li$uid is found "y Barmathy # 1950 #: C" 8 1./3.
9.1.! $ising velocity for %ig %u%%les
'f "u""les are so large that they fill the entire crosssection of the pipe, ;figure 9./=, they will "e
sta"ili(ed "y the pipe wall. 2ise of large air "u""les in the water is primarily governed "y li$uid
flow around the "u""le front. )fter passing the "u""le front, the li$uid will flow along the pipe
wall as a freefalling film, which has no influence on the rise velocity. 2ise velocity has "een
derived theoretically "y %umitrescu # 1913, ;95=. %imension )nalysis and measurements of
%avis A +aylor # 19/0 # gave nearly identical results.
Figure 9.& 'arge %u%%le in the pipe ()"uitescu %u%%le * + *Taylor %u%%le*,

,
_

l
g
D
D g v

1 314 . 0 (9-6)
v
D
: rise velocity of large "u""les in the vertical pipe
% : inner diameter of pipe
+he sin&ing li$uid film will mi. with gas "u""les in "oom, as illustrated a"ove. -y comparing
;9/= and ;95=, we find that small air "u""les rise faster than the large ones if pipe diameters are
less than /0 mm. +his means that the small "u""les in the small pipe will have the tendency to
collide and coalesce with large "u""les. ,hile in large pipes, small "u""les that separate from
the end of a larger one will trail "ehind. -ased on this, it has "een argued that %umistrecsu
"u""les are not sta"le when the pipe diameter is greater than /0 millimeters.
Du&os&i # 1955 # e.plored the rising velocity of the large "u""les for different surface tensions,
viscosity and pipe inclinations. Surface tension appeared to have some effect on small pipe
diameters. +he effect of viscosity attri"uted to the 2eynolds <um"er defined "y fluid density,
li$uid viscosity and the rising viscosity of the "u""le: Re = vD D/. @iscosity had little
significance for 2eynolds <um"er a"ove 70. Du&os&i found that the "u""le velosity reach a
ma.imum at pipe slope around 35
o
compare to the hori(on ;inclination //
o
=
2ise velocity for large oil accumulations in inclined pipe filled with water has "een
e.perimentally found to "e in reasona"le compliance with Du&os&iEs results. 'n the vertical well,
oil was found to disperse.
9.1.& -u%%les and droplets of flowing fluid
+ur"ulence forces due to flow will also "rea& up drops and "u""les. Bin(e # 19// # considered
the relationship "etween the tur"ulent forces and surface forces as a ,e"er <um"er.

d u
We
7

(9-7)
-rea& up forces are due tur"ulent velocity fluctuation:
7
u +his can "e relatioed to energy
dissipation
( )
3
7
7
d u
(9-8)
>nergy dissipation may have different causes: the flow through no((le, mechanical stirring, wall
friction, pumping. For flow in the pipe energy dissipation per mass unit relates to friction loss
3
1
7
1
v
D
f
dx
dp v

(9-9)
-y putting ;99=, ;99= into the relationship "etween the tur"ulent forces and surface forces into
the ,e"er num"er ;94=, we can associate the ma.imum droplet si(e to the fluid in flow
conditions
/
3
/
7
:
1

,
_

C d
(9-10)
+he dimensionless constant relates to the critical ,e"er num"er of ;94=:
( )
/
3
:
We C
.
>.perimentally the constant has "een determined as
C =0.725.
Figure 9.5 "elow shows the ma.imum "u""le si(e predictions, using the methods a"ove, for the
parameters : g = 200 kg/m
3
, l = 900 kg/m
3
, f =0.02, = 40
.
10
-3
N/m, D = 0.1 m.
Figure 9.. -u%%le Si#e /stiates
+he figure shows that when the velocity is less than 0.7 m # s, the "u""le si(e in the flowing
li$uid larger than the si(e of the "u""le in the stagnant fluid. +hus, it may "e e.pected that the
si(e is controlled "y tur"ulence in the "oundary layer due the "u""le rise. So a ma.imum "u""le
si(e of a"out 74 millimeter may "e e.pected. )t higher velocity, the tur"ulence generated "y the
overall flow will control the "u""le si(e. So the ma.imum "u""le si(e will decrease with rising
flow velocity. ;+o estimate the drop si(e more realistically, we should to FaddF tur"ulence
contri"utions from "uoyancy and flow.=
+he relations a"ove may also "e useful for separator design. ,ell and valves ahead of the
separator should "e arranged and dimensioned so that high tur"ulence and fine dispersion are
avoided .
9.2 Fluid
9.2.1 Mass flow and superficial velocity
!onsider a pipe segment in a well where oil and gas flows: Fig 9.4.
Figure 9.0 Steady1state ulti1phase flow
Gnder stationary ;steadystate= conditions, the mass flow is constant through any cross section
along the pipe. Cnowing production rates at standard conditions: q
g
, q
o
, q
w
, we can e.press
volume streams down in the well "y using the "lac& oil model. 't is convenient to represent the
volume streams "y superficial velocities: flow rate# pipe crosssection


( )
1 #
7
d
B R R q
A
Q
v
g s t o g
sg

;911=
1 #
7
d
B q B q
A
Q
v
w w o o l
sl

+
(9-12)
sl sg
g l

v v
A
Q Q
v +
+
(9-13)
9.2.2 Fluid velocity2 volue fractions and two1phase flow
Flow velocity in the pipe, defined as the flow rate divided "y crosssectional area. +hen flow
velocities can "e lin&ed to superficial velocity and fraction
g
sg
g
g
g
g
g
!
v
A A
A Q
A
Q
v
(9-14)
l
sl
l
l
l
l
l
!
v
A A
A Q
A
Q
v
(9-15)

g : gas fraction

l
: li$uid fraction
)verage density of fluid mi.ture in a pipe segment can "e lin&ed to fluid densities and fractions
l l g g
l l g g
"#
! !
A
A A


+
+
(9-16)
Has and li$uid fractions can "e measured indirectly, e.g.: "y measuring the electrical impedance
for the mi.ture flowing. Since the "u""le and the gas usually have different impedance, such
measurements indicate fractions of gas and li$uid.
Since the a"ility to a"sor" the gamma rays is also different for li$uid and gas, gamma a"sorption
can also "e used for measuring in situ fractions. ) more direct method is to close a pipe segment
and measure the volumes of li$uid and gas. 3i$uid fraction is e$uivalent to the fluid volume,
divided "y the volume of the pipe segment.
9.2.3 Flu3 fractions and flow density
Flu. fractions set flow rate for each fluid in relation to the total flow volume. Flu. fractions can
"e lin&ed to superficial velocity

sg
l g
g
g
v
v
Q Q
Q

+

(9-17)

sl
l g
l
l
v
v
Q Q
Q

+

(9-18)
)verage density can "e attri"uted to the flu. fractions
l l g g
l g
l l g g

Q Q
Q Q


+
+
+

(9-19)
From the definitions ;914=, ;919= follows that when fluid velocity approaches the velocity of
gas, the volume fractions, for e.ample, li$uid, approach flu. fraction
l
v v
l
g
l
g
l
l g
l
l
g l
Q
v
v
Q
Q
A A
A
!
+

(9-20)
9.2.! Slip
Has has less density and viscosity than the li$uid and will usually flow faster. Du"er A Findlay #
195/ # proposed to lin& gas velocity to total superficial velocity
d o g
v v C v +
(9-21)
!
"
: distri"ution parameter for "u""les in flow, usually: 1.0 <!" <1.2
v
"
: -uoyancy velocity of the gas "u""les, or sin& velocity for droplets
-y com"ining ;913= and ;911=, we can e.press the li$uid fraction directly
( )
d sl sg o
sg
l
v v v C
v
$ !
+ +

(9-22)
D A F model has "een widely used, "ut is misleading in many cases. )sheim #1995 # relates
gas velocity directly to the velocity surrounding li$uids
o l o g
v v C v +
(9-23)
-y com"ining the relationship "etween velocity and superficial velocity to the drop relationship
;973=, the li$uid fraction is e.pressed as

,
_

+ +

,
_

+ t 1
7
1
1 1
7
1
7
o
sl
o
o
sg
o
sl
o
o
sl
o
o
sg
l
v
v
C
v
v
v
v
C
v
v
C
v
v
!
(9-24)
2elationship ;971= is more complicated than ;977=, "ut avoids most shortcomings of the D
A F model.

'f the gas flows up and the li$uid down, e$uation ;971= gives one, two, or no solutions. One
solution predicts sta"le counter current flow. <o solutions imply that counterflow at the
given rates is impossi"le. +wo solutions imply transition "etween continuous li$uid and
continuous gas. One of these solutions will then usually "e unsta"le, such that the flow
regimes will change
9.3 Pressure and flow capacity
9.3.1 Flow equations for gas and liquid
+o start, we may assume that the phase flows in stratified channels, as outlined in Figure 9.9 "elow. +he
gas flow e$uation "ecomes
0 + + + + dx % dx % dv v A dx g A dp A
& & gw gw g g g g x g g g

(9-25)
A
g
: gasfilled crosssectional area
S
g#
: contact length ;perimeter=, gas against pipe wall

g#
: shear stress, "etween gas and pipe wall
S
$
: contact length "etween gas and li$uid

$
: shear stress, "etween gas and li$uid
+he flow e$uation for the li$uid channel "ecomes
0 + + + dx % dx % dv v A dx g A dp A
& & lw lw l l l l x l l l

(9-26)
Figure 9.4 5as and liquid flow with different rates
For horisontal pipes, flow with small velocity will "e stratified. +aitel A %u&ler #1945 #
predicted velocity and fractions of stratified flow and used as sta"ility analysis to assess whether
the stratified solutions were physically realistic, or whether the gas and li$uid would "e divided
in any way in the pipe.
9.3.2Mi3ed1flow
'f gas and li$uid flow together, we need a flow e$uation for mi.ture. ,e find it "y putting: Ag/A
= g , Al/A = l into ;97/= and ;975=, and adding them. +his eliminates the interphasial shear.
+he mi.ed flow e$uation "ecomes
( ) 0
+
+ + + + + dx
A
% %
dv ! v dv ! v dx g ! ! dp
lw lw gw g
l l l l g g g g x l l g g


(9-27)
+he last part in ;974= contains shear stresses and wetted perimeters. 'f we presume that perimeter is
proportional with fractions (Sg#=gS=gd), and represent the velocity "y ;911=, ;917=, we can develop
shear contri"ution as

,
_

,
_

+
+
l
sl
sl l l
g
sg
sg g g
l
sl
sl l l
g
sg
sg g g 2
lw l gw g
!
v
v f
!
v
v f
d 2
$
d
!
v
v f
'
$
d
!
v
v f
'
$
( ) d
$
A
% %

,hen gas and li$uid flow in the same direction, we can ignore the a"solute values. 't is useful to
relate shear to rate and flu. density ;914=, ;919=. 'f we also assume e$ual friction factors for
li$uid and gas : fg = fl =f
"
, we get
2

l
2
l
l
g
2
g
g
o lw l gw g
v
! ! d
$
f
2
$
A
% %

,
_

+
+

(9-28)
Often the shear contri"ution ;979= e.pressed as for flow of homogeneous mi.ture
2
"#
lw l gw g
v
d
$
f
2
$
A
% %

+
(9-29)
Bere f
%&
is thetwo phase friction factor, estimated from the correlation for singlephase flow,
with a correction factor for the drop:
"#
o
"#
* f f
(9-30)
+he compara"le single phase friction factor f
"
is estimated "y standard singlephase correlation
;for e.ample : f
"
=0.16/Rem
0.1'2
) with 2eynolds <um"er for the homogeneous mi.ture, usually
defined as
l l g g

d v

+
2e
(9-31)
From ;979=, ;979= follows the slip correction factor then "ecomes
( )
( )
l l
2
l g l
2
l l g
l
2
l

l
g
2
g

g
"#
! $ !
! $ !
! !
*

+
+

(9-32)
,ith this theoreteical "asis, we can e.press and calculate the pressure gradient
0 v
d
f
2
$
dx
dv
v
dx
dv
v g
dx
dp 2

"#
l
sl l
g
sg g x "#
+ + + +


(9-33)
+he theory a"ove involved many assumptions and approaches. *u"lished models for steady
state two phase flow may deviations somewhat from the "asis outlined a"ove.
9.3.2 6ressure and flow conditions along the pipe
2elations a"ove are apply to steadystate flow at a given pressure, temperature and flow rate.
)long the well pipe we will then have constant mass flow, while pressure and temperature will
change. >$uation ;933= ena"les calulation of pressure changes along the pipe, and thus also
phase relationships, viscosity, volume and velocity.
) common tas& is that we &now the e.pected well pressure: p
w
, for given reservoir pressure and
rate, and need to estimate the tu"ing head pressure: p
t+
. ,e can formally approach this as
w
p
w t+
,
dx
dp
p p
"
+
(9-34)
where:
(
#
: length along well pipe
"
p
dx
dp
: )verage pressure gradient, estimated from ;931=,
,ell pressure:
2
p p
p
t+ w
+
, )nd temperature:
2
" "
"
t+ w
+

Since we do not &now the average pressure in the well "efore we have estimate the pressure,
iterations are re$uired: we may estimate the pressure gradient at the "ottom, solve ;931=, and
then use the solutions to estimate the average pressure. 'n many cases it provides pretty good
estimate of pressure. Such step will "e called a singlestep 2ungeCutta solution.
'f the pressure gradient change much, it would "e desira"le to assume the pressure and flow
conditions at intervals along the pipe. +he algorithm can then formally "e e.pressed as
( )
& $ &
p
& $ &
, ,
dx
dp
p p
5 . 0 & "
5 . 0 &
+
+ +
+
+
(9-35)
Figure 9.9 shows the estimated pressure profiles. +he parameters for calculation are: )R = 310
*+,, - = 20 Sm
3
/d/*+,, R. = 200, d = 0.1 m, " = 0.9, g = 0./0, !" = 1.1, v" =0.1 m for
parameer!: )R = 310 *+,, - = 20 Sm
3
/d/*+,, 1" = 200 Sm
3
/d, R. = 200, d = 0.1 m, " =
0.9, g = 0./0, !" = 1.1, v" =0.1 m . )t low pressure, pressure gradient will decline
significant. +his is "ecause the gas is released and is e.panding, so that the average density of
the fluid mi.ture is declining. ,e o"serve that the pressure at production rate 700 Sm3#d is
larger than at smaller rates .
Figure 9.9 6ressure2 estiated with the flow odel outlined a%ove
Figure 9.10 "elow shows how the li$uid fraction changes along the pipe, from 0.9 at the "ottom,
to 0.1 near the top ,with the production 700 Sm3# d.
Figure 9.17 The estiated liquid fraction along the production pipe
Figure 9.11 shows the superficial velocity along the pipe.
Figure 9.11 Superficial velocity (flu3 volue, along the pipe
Superficial velocity for li$uid decreases with increasing pipe diameter, "ecause disolved gas
evaporates. )ctual velocity of gas and li$uid can "e estimated "y ;911= and ;91/=. +he actual
flow velocity of gas will "e slightly over the sum of superficial velocityI for li$uid, a little "it
smaller
9.4 Optial flow conditions
For single phase flow, larger pipe diameter always means less flow resistance. ,hen several
phases flow, there usually e.ists an optimal diameter that provides favora"le flow conditions:
least pressure gradient, proper sand transport, small corrosion due to flow.
+he assessments "elow includes not really optimi(ation, "ut addresses the effect of different
measures and flow conditions on pressure loss. 't assumes constant diameter pipe along well.
;3arge diameter in the upper part of the well is often favora"le.=

9.!.1 8pact of production rate
Figure 9.17 shows measured pressure differences, "etween the "ottom and top of the well 10 on
the >&ofis& field. +he data is previously provided as attachments to e.ercise 5 ;O"servation and
the plot is made "y Denit Federico, a student in 7000.= ,e see that pressure loss smallest when
the production is 500400 Sm3 # d.
Figure 9.12 Measured pressure in the production pipe at different rates9
/kofisk well !7
)t low flow velocity, li$uid accumulates in the production pipe. 'n such case average density
approaches li$uidJs density, while wall friction approaches (ero.
)t high flow increases, the average density of the mi.ture approaches the average for flow, while
the friction loss increases with the s$uare of the velocity. -etween these two limits, the pressure
losses has a minimum value.
Figure 9.13 shows the pressure for different rates, "ased on the data set previously applied for
Figure 9.9. ,e o"serve that the highest tu"ing head pressure is estiamted at the production rate
of a"out 190 Sm3 # d.
Figure 9.13 :ellhead pressure characteristics of the well which produces oil
and gas
+he figure a"ove shows that for the 10 "ar pressure, rate can "e "oth /0 Sm3#d and 100 Sm3#d.
*ro"a"ly the well head rate will "e sta"le only at the separator pressure of 10 "ar. 't will "e
difficult to start well, with separator pressure 10 "ar
9.!.2 /ffect of pipe diaeter
3arger pipe diameter means less flow velocity. For one phase flow, this will always reduce the
flow resistance and provide less pressure drop. For multiphase flow, the low velocity means that
the gas "u""les rise through the li$uid, so that the average density approaches the density of the
li$uid. +herefore, in multiphase flow, large diameter may imply higher pressure gradient. Figure
9.11 shows the pressure characteristics for different rates and diameters.
Figure 9.1! The effect of pipe diaeter
'n gas wells, it is $uite common to have larger pipe diameter in the upper part of the well, where
the velocity will "e the highest. Old gas wells may sometimes "e refur"ished with smaller
diameter ;velocity string= to prevent the accumulation of fluid.
9.!.3 8pact of the pressure
,hen the pressure drops, the gas releases and e.pands. Falling pressure will provide greater
fraction of gas, lighter fluid mi.ture and greater velocity. 2educed pressure will reduce the static
pressure loss contri"ution. Bowever, the reduced pressure also means greater flow rate and
greater velocity, which will increase the wall friction contri"ution. ,e may therefore e.pect an
optimum pressure ;providing least pressure gradient=, for a given rate and diameter
9.!.! 8pact of gas + oil ratio (5;$,
)ll reservoir fluids have their natural gas # oil ratio. Sometimes we in?ect gas into the production
pipe, to reduce the average density of the mi.ture, doing that we usually increase HO2. Figure
9.1/ illustrates the tu"ing head pressure characteristics as a function of gas # oil ratio.
Figure 9.1& :ell head pressure as a function of gas + oil ratio
+he figure shows that under given conditions, the pressure will reach a ma.imum gas # oil ratio:
7/00 Sm3#Sm3. ,ith oil production: 700 Sm3 # d and natural gas # oil ratio: 700 Sm3#Sm3. Has
in?ection re$uired will "e ;7/00 700= : 700 8 1./.10/ Sm3 # d.
9.& Flow regies
Flow slippage will depend on the flow conditions: 'n a flow with, for e.ample, /K gas and
li$uid, "u""les will rise. 'n a flow with 9/K gas and /K li$uid, droplets will sin& relative to the
gas velocity. +o estimate rising or sin&ing velocity, we need to &now wheter gas or li$uid is
continuous.
Figures 9.15 and 9.14 "elow illustrates flow regimes. ) main classification principle is wheter
li$uid or gas flow is the larger. +he relationship: v
sg
= v
sl has "een drawn into "oth figure 9.14 and
914,, and we see that "oth regime maps relate to this.
Figure 9.1. $egie Map for hori#ontal gas flow2 "uns < $os + +
2egime map shown in Figure 9.15 is "ased on measurements. >.pressing the map in terms of
dimensionless varia"les, surface tension and li$uid density variations are in principle included
Figure 9.10 $egie Map for vertical two phase flow2 atospheric pressure
2egime map shown in Figure 9.14 is "ased on simple criteria related to the li$uid fraction,
densities and velocity. +he criteria are lin&ed together "y Ca"ir A Basan # 1990 #.
2egimes "ased models should provide "etter connection to flow mechanisms. Bowever it is not
always so that regime "ased models offer "etter prediction. +heses at this institute have shown
that, for e.ample, Ca"ir A Basan model applied to the >&ofis& data, prediction of pressure drop
less accurately than a homogenous flow model neglecting regime transitions.
9.! References
1913 %umitrescu, %+: FStrLmung an einer 3uft"lase in sen&recthen 2ohrF
D. angew. Math. Mech., 1913, vol. 73, no. 3, pp 139119
19/0 %avis, 2.M., +aylor, H.'.:
F+he Mechanics of 3arge -u""les 2ising +rough
>.tended 3i$uids and +hrough 3i$uids in tu"es F
*roc. 2oyal Soc., 3ondon, vol. 700 series ), 19/0, pp 34/390.
19// Bin(e, M.O.:
FFundamentals of the Bydro %ynamic Mechanisms of
Splitting in %ispersion *rocesses F,
)'!B> M. ;@ol 1, <o. 3=, 199/, pp 79979/
1950 Barmathy, +.D.:
F@elocity of 3arge %rops and -u""les in Media
Of 'nfinite or 2estricted >.tend F
)'!B>, no. 5, p. 791, 1950.
1957 <ic&lin, %M, ,il&es, MO, %avidson, MF: F+wo *hase Flow in @ertical tu"esF
+rans. 'nstn. !hem. >ngrs. @ol 10, 1957, pp 5159.
195/ Du"er, <. A Finlay, M.:
F)verage volumetric concentration in twophase flow systemsF
+rans )SM>, M. Beat +ransfer. !94, 1/3159
1955 Du&os&i, >>: F'nfluence of viscosity, surface tension and inclination
,ednesday angle motion of long "u""les in closed tu"es F
Mournet. of Fluid Mechanics 1995, vol. 7/, p. 1, pp 971934.
1941 )shford, F>: F)n >valuation of !ritical Multi*hase Flow *erformance
+hrough ,ell Bead !ho&ers F
M*+, )ug. 1941, p. 913.
1945 +aitel, N., %u&la, ).>. : F) Model for predicting Flow 2egime +ransitions
in Bori(ontal and <ear Bori(ontal Has3i$uid Flow F
)'!B> Mournet., @ol 77, <o. 1, Man. 1945, pp 14//.
1945 !amp"ell, MM: Has !onditioning and *rocessing. ;@ol 1=
!amp"ell *etroleum Series, 171 !ollier %rive, <orman, OC
1944 Cu"i, M., Hardner, H!: F%rop si(es and %rop %ispersion in
Straight Bori(ontal tu"es and Belical !oil F
!hem.>ngr.Sci., @ol 37, 1944, pp 19/707.
1949 Cara"elas, ).M. F%roplets Si(e Spectra Henerated in tur"ulent *ipe
Flow%ilute of 3i$uid # 3i$uid %ispersions F
)'!B> Mournal, @ol 71, <o. 7, March 1949, p 140
1995 )sheim, B.:
FMO<), )n )ccurate +wo*hase ,ell Flow Model -ased on *hase Slip *ageF
S*> *roduction >ngineering, May 1995, pp 771730
1990 Ca"ir, !.S. and Basan, ).2.:
F*erformance of twophase gas # li$uid flow model in vertical wellsF
M. of *etroleum Sci. and >ngr, 1, 1990, 743
1991 -asniev, C.S. A Many others:
F+hermal %ynamic model for the provision of the flow capacity of gas wellsF ;in 2ussian=
Hasprom 1991