PROJECT

Civil constructions
INDIVIDUAL DWELLING, UG.+G+1FL

PROJECT ADVISOR:
PROF.DR.ING. M. BROSTEANU

Student: HELEPCIUC CATALINA MIHAELA

Group: 3210
-20131

Project-Work Theme
Design Calculation for 2-Storey Dwelling made by Masonry Cross Walls According to
EC6.
Introduction
The project consists in the design of an individual dwelling building with underground,
ground and one floor (Ug.+G+1Fl.), placed in urban environment (provided with electricity,
pluming and natural gases facilities). The structure is a rigid one made by masonry cross walls
strengthened by concrete columns and girdles. It is assumed that the roof and floor slabs (or
plates) are continuous in situ reinforced concrete construction. The roof system is a pitched
timber support with 2 slopes and roofing. Stairs may be made by concrete, timber or metal.
Foundations may be made as rigid continuous beams in situ concrete construction.
From geological surveys results that the underground water level is deeper than
maximum foundation depth and the allowable pressure on the foundation ground is: pa=120
kN/m2.
Drawings
1) Placement plan
2) Foundation plan and basement plan
3) Ground floor walls layout
4) 1st floor wall layout
5) Roofing system & timber support; outer/ inner garret
6) Vertical section (elevation) trough the staircase
7) Min. 5 details including isolation for the adjustment of cold bridges
8) Technical file in e-format
Design Calculation
1) Basis of Design by LRFD (LSDM). Loadings according to EC1
2) Calculation of Vertical Loading on Walls
3) Snow (Wind) Loading
4) Load Combination Acting on Elements
5) Static Analysis on Wall Pattern
2

6) Calculation of Eccentricity
7) Selection of Brick and Mortar for inner (outer) wall or a leaf of wall
8) Slenderness Ratio. Vertical Loading. Vertical Load Resistance
9) Timber Support Components
10) Concrete Foundation
Input Data
1) Placement and Climatic Design Factors
2) Destination and Inside Environment
3) Materials. Building Elements. Building Structure
4) Design Norms

Building structure

The building has 3 levels - partial basement, ground floor and first floor as an outter
garret. The building is designed to have living spaces especially, but also depositing and
technical spaces.
All the spaces (at the ground floor and at the first level) are orientated in such a way that
normal conditions of ventilation and natural illumination are insured. Therefore, the living room
and the dining room will be oriented towards the South.
The building is designed to have structural load bearing solid walls of brickwork masonry with
concrete cores.
For reasons of heat loos economy the external walls will take a supplementary thermal insulating
layer. The exterior walls are of brick masonry having the thickness 25cm plus 510 cm thermo
insulation. The interior walls are made of brick masonry of 25 cm thickness.
The floors are made of reinforced concrete slabs, mosaic (stairs, terrace), tile (bathroom kitchen),
parquet.

Project Data
1. The main placement characteristics:

The parcel is situated in Iasi;

The land satisfies all the conditions to be built in and is stable;

The foundation will over cross the freezing cote 1.20m;

The climate region - the III;

Seismic zone according to the NormativeP100-92-L D;

The snowing according STAS 10101/21-92 D;

Aeolian zone according STAS 10101/20-90 C;

Land slope - 0 %;

2. Stability structure:

Walls: masonry of solid brick;

Floors: made by reinforced concrete, hot boarded or cold boarded;

Inside stairs: made of reinforced concrete with steps made of simple concrete;

Roof, wood framing, with roof tile on 2 lines;

Foundations: continuous under the walls, made of simple concrete.

3.Building characteristics:

The proposed function dwelling;

The height limit 1F + 2F;

4. Foundation design:

It is adopted the system of continuous under the walls foundations, rigid, made of simple
concrete;

The calculus was made with the calculus values of the loads, in the fundamental
grouping;

There was neglected the weight of the protection wall of the underground hydroinsulation.

The calculus was made separately for exterior and interior walls, for 1 m length placed
under the most loaded piece of wall;

5. The construction structure:

Foundations simple continue concrete;

Elevations reinforced concrete;

Walls interior/exterior efficient/filled brick masonry;

Floors reinforced concrete;

Roof wood truss with tiles;

6. The used materials:

fir wood, for the roof elements;

solid brick masonry, mark 125 and plaster mark 50;

reinforced concrete and simple concrete for floors, stairs, foundations;

thermal insulation of expanded polystyrene.

7. The endows and utilities:

The utilities will be used for the designed building taking into account the options:.

The electric energy is provided through a specialized firm execution and design project,
from the main network.

The water supply is provided by the Iasi main drinking water network.

The heating is relized using a thermo-station connected to a personal gas reservoir.

The presented documentation was realized to obtain the Build Licence and to allow the
construction to be built by the beneficiary.
5

Tc the control period of the response spectrum;

Ks high values of the grounds acceleration in the case of an earthquake
Uref reference velocity of the wind (m/s);
q reference pressure of the wind, measured 10 minutes at 10 m height (kPa)
s0,k the characteristic value of the snow loading on the ground, in the location of the
construction (kN/mp)
TECHNICAL REPORT
Through the project there is required to design a house with 2 levels: 1 F + 2 F.
The vertical circulation in the house is provided by a staircase. The bearing walls are made of
brick masonry of 37.5 cm thickness, having at the exterior a thermo isolation layer made of
polystyrene of 10 cm thickness. The interior walls are made of compact brick masonry having 25
cm thickness.

Thermal resistance in current area

[mK/W]

The R value is a measure of thermal resistance used in the building and construction industry.
The bigger the number, the better the building insulation's effectiveness.
The R value is a measure of insulation's heat loss retardation under specified test conditions.
The primary mode of heat transfer impeded by insulation is convection but unavoidably it also
retards heat loss by all three heat transfer modes: conduction, convection, and radiation. The
primary means of heat loss across an un-insulated space is by natural convection, which occurs
because of changes in air density with temperature. Insulation greatly retards natural convection.

Most insulations trap air so that significant convective heat loss is eliminated leaving only
conduction and radiation transfer.
The primarily role of such insulation is to make the thermal conductivity of the insulation
that of trapped, stagnant air. However this cannot be realized fully because the glass wool or
foam is needed to prevent convection and increases the heat conduction compared to still air.
Radiation heat transfer is minimized by having many surfaces interrupting a "clear view"
between the inner and outer surfaces of the insulation. Such multiple surfaces are abundant in
batting and porous foam. Radiation is also minimized by low emissivity (highly reflective)
surfaces. Lower thermal conductivity and, therefore, high R values can be achieved by replacing
air with argon when practical such as between sealed double-glazed windows and special closedpore foam insulation.

Design of insulation for exterior walls

No.
crt.
1.
2.
3.
4.

Material layer

Thickness d (m)

Plaster cement and lime mortar

Masonry with 1 full brick
Expanded polystyrene
Plaster cement mortar

0.02
0.375
X
0.035

Thermal conductivity
coefficient k [W/(mK)]
0.87
0.8
0.044
0.03

,
and

Having the thickness of 10cm

INNER
WALL
No. Layer
1 plaster
2 Brick 1
3 Plaster

Thicknes Density[kg/m3 Swk=d*q*9.81[N/mp Ultimate value

s [m]
]
]
skd=1.35*swk [N/m2]
0.015
1700
250.155
337.70925
0.25
1850
4537.125
6125.11875
0.015
1700
250.155
337.70925
TOTAL
5037.435
6800.53725

BASEMENT WALL
No. Layer
1 Inner plaster

Thickness Density[kg/m3] Swk=d*q*9.81[N/mp] Ultimate value

[m]
skd=1.35*swk [N/m2]
0.02
1900
372.78
503.253

2 Brick 1 and
1/2
3 concrete

0.375

1850

6805.6875

9187.678125

0.2

2400

4708.8

6356.88

4 ciment and
lime mortar
5 water
proofing
6 brick
protection
wall

0.03

1700

500.31

675.4185

175

236.25

1324.35

1787.8725

13886.9275

18747.35213

0.005 0.075

1800
TOTAL

WARM FLOOR ABOVE BASEMENT

No. Layer
Thickness Density[kg/m3] Swk=d*q*9.81[N/mp] Ultimate value
1 Parquet
2 false

[m]
0.02
0.01

800
800

156.96
78.48

skd=1.35*swk [N/m2]
211.896
105.948

boarding
3 acustic

0.03

350

103.005

139.05675

2500

3188.25
60

4304.1375
81

insulation
4 concrete slab
5 vapour

0.13
0.005 -

barrier
6 expanded

0.075

200

147.15

198.6525

0.02

1700

333.54
4067.385

450.279
5490.96975

polystyrene
7 plaster

TOTAL

COLD FLOOR ABOVE FIRST FLOOR (INCLUDING STAIRCASE)

No. Layer
Thickness Density[kg/m3] Swk=d*q*9.81[N/mp] Ultimate value
[m]
1 Sandstone
2 Concrete

0.007
0.02

2400
2500

layer
3 vapour

0.005 -

164.808
490.5

skd=1.35*swk [N/m2]
222.4908
662.175

60

81

barrier
4 Equilizer

0.03

1900

559.17

754.8795

layer
5 Concrete

0.13

2500

60

81

slab
6 Plaster

0.02

1700

333.54
1668.018

450.279
2251.8243

TOTAL

10

ROOF WITHOUT THERMAL INSULATION

No. Layer
Thickness Density[kg/m3] Swk=d*q*9.81[N/mp] Ultimate value
1 roof tile
2 roof
batten
3 water
proofing
4 rafter

[m]
-

0.024

600

0.005 0.1

600
TOTAL

439
141.264

skd=1.35*swk [N/m2]
592.65
190.7064

60

81

588.6
1228.864

794.61
1658.9664

11

LAST FLOOR WITH THERMAL INSULATION

No. Layer
Thickness Density[kg/m3] Swk=d*q*9.81[N/mp] Ultimate value
[m]

skd=1.35*swk [N/m2]
372.78
503.253
60
81

1 Inner plaster
2 Vapour

0.02
0.01 -

1900

barrier
3 concrete slab
4 Lightweight

0.1
0.15

2400
700

2354.4
1030.05

3178.44
1390.5675

concrete
5 outer plaster

0.015

2200

323.73
4140.96

437.0355
5590.296

TOTAL

Roofing System with 2 slopes

Material: Metalic ECO tiles
Slope=150 & 200
17.3 pice=1 m2 Number of tiles for the roof: 2172
Self weight= 0.055 kN/m2

gc= 125.575 *0.055 = 6.906 kN

a) Boarding: Made of board with thickness of 0.024 m

12

V= 125.575 * 0.024 = 3.0138 m3

g b = 3.0138* 550 *10 = 16.5759 kN

wood = 550 kg/m3

g =9.81(10) - gravitational acceleration

b) Rafters with section 15x15cm, dr=0.5m and total length of rafters 250 linear meters
V = 250* 0.15 * 0.15 = 5.625 m3
gr = 5.625* 550 * 10 = 30.937 kN

c) Purlins with section 15x15cm and total length of 28.6 linear meters
V = 28.6* 0.15 * 0.15 = 0.65 m3
gp = 0.65* 550 * 10 = 3575 N = 3.575 kN

d) Claws (Cleti) with section 7.5x15 cm and total length of 9 linear meters
V = 9* 0.075 * 0.15 = 0.101 m3
gb = 0.101 * 550 * 10 = 0.556 kN

e) Piles(tlpi) with section 12x15 cm and total length of 5.4 linear meters
V =5.4 * 0.12 * 0.15 = 0.09 m3
gp = 0.09 * 550 * 10 = 0.534 kN

f) Batters (ipc) with section 2.4x5 cm and total length of 440 linear meters
44 (no. of baters)*10=440 linear meters
V = 0.024 * 0.05 * 440= 0.528 m3
gb = 0.528 * 550 * 10 = 2904 N = 2.904 kN

13

g) Foliation, dimensions 50x1.5 m

wood= 190g/m2
gf = 0.19 * 125.575 *10 = 238.60= 0.238kN
G total =60.338 kN
Alf = 125.575 m2
g 0,k=Gtotal/Alf = 60.338/125.575 = 0.48 KN/m2
g0,d =1.35* g0,k =1.35*0.48 =0.64 kN/m2

Snow Load
The computation was done according to CR 1-1-3-2005, Design Code. The
following notations are used:

snow density of 235350400 kgm-3 depending on the breaking state and

unfavorable snow falling

Sk snow characteristic value on roof horizontal projection in kNm-2

g gravitational constant of 10 ms-2

shape coefficient

Ce exposure coefficient of placement

Ct thermal coefficient

S0,k characteristic value of snow load on the earth level

Sk,L snow characteristic value on pitched roof

Sk0,L - snow characteristic value on pitched roof per unit length

Sk0,Lx - snow characteristic value on pitched roof per unit length perpendicular on the roof

14

Sk0,Ly - snow characteristic value on pitched roof per unit length tangent to the roof

Fk characteristic value of snow pushing force in kNm-1

cfr friction coefficient between snow and tiles (cfr = 0.05)

The snow weight:

1(2)

1(1)

Fig.4.1.Distribution for uncrowded snow loading

, 1=30 and 2=49. Because 0< 1<30 and 30< 2<60, taking into account the CR 1-1-32005 Design Code, 1(1) and 1(2) will have the following values:

15

The snow characteristic value on roof horizontal projection will be:

The characteristic value of snow pushing force :

L01 is the horizontal projection of the width of the roof

L1 is the width of the roof

16

17

The characteristic value of snow pushing force will be:

d Load from Roof on Last Floor

g0,d=F g0,k=1.35 *g0,k(N.m-2)

The computation steps which must be taken into consideration are:

loads evaluation

internal effects determination

section verification

Design of a Masonry Wall by LSDM-ULS of Strength

18

OUTER WALL
Nd roof =1.35*gk,0 *A+1.5*Sk,0 *A+1.5**QK,0
=1.35*1228.864*(0.66+4.5+2.23+1.57+1.19+1.50+1.67+1.50+1.39)+1.5*2000*(0.66+4.5+2.23
+1.57+1.19+1.50+1.67+1.50+1.39)+1.5*0.9*1000=67361.84 N
Nd

last floor

=1.35*gk,d*A

=1.35*5590.296*(0.66+4.5+2.23+1.57+1.
19+1.50+1.67+1.50+1.39)=72898.80 N
Nd wall =1.35*gkouuter wall*(b1+b2+B)*H
etaj+1.35*gK inner wall *b3 *H Etaj

=1.35*7203.2868*(2.85+8.85+1.50)*2.80+1.35*5037.435*2.70*2.80=410827.25 N
Nd floor=1.35*gkwarm floor *(S1+S2+S3)+1.35*gkcold
floor*

(S4+S5+S6+S7+S8+S9)+1.5*0.7*gkstaircase*(S4+S5+S6)+1.5*0.7*gkroomfloor*(S1+S2+S3)

=1.35*4067.385*4.83+1.35*1668.018*8.82+1.5*0.7*3000*4.56+=68043.44 N
Ndfloorabove basement =1.35*gkcold floor*A+1.5*0.7*1500*(S1+S2+S3)+1.5*0.7*gkstaircase
*(S4+S5+S6)
=1.35*1668.018*13.04+1.5*0.7*1500*4.83+1.5*0.7*3000*4.26=50390.03 N
Ndbasementwall =1.35*gkbasementwall *(b1+b2+b3)*hbasement
1.35*13886.9275*(1.35+8.85+2)*1.92=439137.73 N
Ndtotal =1108 KN.
19

N roof
d

N last
d,floor
N wall
d

N inter
d,floor
N dwall above basement
N d,floor
basement
N wall
d

INNER WALL
Ndroof=1.35*gk.o*A+1.5*sko**A
=1.35*1228.864*(0.84+0.85+2.32+4.49+4.42+1.85+1.55+1.16+1.71+3.33+1.83+1.5+1.67+0.84
)+1.5*2000*(0.84+0.85+2.32+4.49+4.42+1.85+1.55+1.16+1.71+3.33+1.83+1.5+1.67+0.84)
=119931.93 N
Ndlastfloorleft=1.35*gk*A+1.5*gk*Aleft
=

1.35*4140.96*(0.84+0.85+2.32+4.49+4.42+1.85+1.55+1.16+1.71+3.33+1.83+1.5+1.67+0.84)+

1.5*1500*13.92=189760.79

20

Ndlastfloorright=1.35*gk*A+1.5*gk*Aright
=

1.35*4140.96*28.36+1.5*1500*13.9=189815.79 N

Ndinner wall=1.35*gk*hetai*(L1+L2+L3+B2)+1.35*gkoutter
*H*(B1+B3)=1.35*5037.435*2.8*8.4+1.35*2.8*7203.2868 *(2.85+1.7)=283837.95 N

wall

Ndcfloorleft=1.35*gstaircase*(S9+S10+S11)+1.35*gkwarmleft*(S1+S2+S3+S4+S5)+1.5*gkstairs*(S9+S10+
S11)+1.5*gkroom*(S1+S2+S3+S4+S5)=
1.35*3000*4.42+1.35*4067.385*13.92+1.5*3000*4.42+1.5*1500*13.92=145545.29 N
Ndtotal=673KN

N roof
d

left
N last
d, floor

right
N last
d, floor

wall
N inner
d

left
N current
d, floor
right
N current
d, floor

wall
N inner
d

first left
N d,
floor
first right
N d,
floor
inner wall
N basement
d

Bending Moment (M)

21

e=d/6=4.17
M=R*e

M3 = qlf * SaE * e = 5.36 * 4.25 * 0.0417 =0.949*106 N*mm

M2 = M1 = qpl * SaE * e = 5.32 * 4.25 * 0.0417 = 0.942*106 N*mm
Checking of the sections
Strength:
-

in 0-0 where N=Nmax; M=o

in 3-3 where N3 is small; M3=Mmax

in 1-1 where N and M have large values

e=

M 1 0,949
=
= 0.012 < 0.0417 The condition is satisfied.
N1i 78.933

Foundation design

Because the ground under the internal wall is subjected to greater forces than the one
under the external wall, the foundation block design will be done for the case of internal walls.
For the external walls, the same foundation will be considered.
The width of the foundation block will be computed from the formula:

Where:
22

fc is the compressive strength

pad is the admissible strength of the

ground

N0 is the axial force which acts on the

foundation block

Af is the area of the foundation

B is the width of the foundation

G is the weight of the foundation block

In this case, the admissible strength of the ground will be taken:

Therefore,

It will be considered B = 0.90 m.

In order to find the height of the foundation block, the following formula must be
used:

This foundation is a continuous rigid foundation made of concrete, with rectangular

cross-section, under an interior wall of brick.
For the maximum pressure on the field of pad=200 kN/m2 and the mark of the
concrete B50, the minimum value of the tangent is:

Therefore,
23

where: - a is the distance between the exterior part of the wall and the end of the
foundation block

In this case,

It will be taken H = 0.7m.

2%

d=30

hf

Gf

00
1,

Design of masonry structural members

It will be considered the Ultimate Limit State for Vertical Eccentric Compressive
Loading.
24

The design will be done for the exterior wall considered at point V.A.
The following values are taken:

In the calculus of the eccentricity the following relation is used:

Where:

W1
W1+W2

W2
W3

W1+W2 W3

25

Design of masonry structural members

It results, for the level x = 2.5 m:

and

Therefore,

The eccentricity will be:

The eccentricity must fulfill the following formula:

The relation is satisfied because 0.019 > 0.018

The moment will be:

26

The moment at a level x = 2.5 m from the inferior floor is:

The eccentricity at a level x = 2.5 m is:

The force being situated inside the inner core, the entire area will be subjected to
compression.
The structural design criterion must be verified:

Because the entire area of the section is compressed (

), for NRd the following

formula will be used:

where

For eccentric compression we have:

Finally,
27

The following notations were used:

-

W1 - is the design uniformly distributed load on member 1

W2 - is the design uniformly distributed load on member 2

W3 - is the design uniformly distributed load on member 3

Wx - is the design uniformly distributed load at level Hx

He - is the height of the floor

Hx - is the height of the considered level

Nx - is the axial for the considered level

Mi - is the design bending moment at the top or the bottom of the wall
resulting from the eccentricity of the floor load at the support

ei - is the eccentricity at the top or bottom of the wall resulting from

horizontal loads

ea - is the accidental eccentricity

t - is the thickness of the wall

i,m - is the capacity reduction factor, allowing for the effects of slenderness
and eccentricity of loading

fk - is the characteristic compressive strength of the masonry

M - is the partial factor for the material

A - is the area of the walls section

Nsd - is the Design Vertical Load

28

NRd - is the Design Vertical Load Resistance

29