CURSOS ON-LINE - INGLS BIZU - STN 2013 PROFESSOR CARLOS AUGUSTO THE TOP TEN POINTS REVISITED First

t r !" t# t $t % &'( !)" t# ) !)s( r t# *+ sti')s !%'+t it,

T $t 1- A N ( E.')'/01 2I3 Today, Federal Reserve economists use a number of measures to determine whether monetary policy should be tighter or looser. One approach is to compare the actual and potential growth rates of the economy. Potential growth is presumed to equal the sum of the growth in the labor force plus any gains in productivity, or output per worker. n the late !""#s, the labor force was pro$ected to grow about ! percent a year, and productivity was thought to be rising somewhere between ! percent and !.% percent. Therefore, the potential growth rate was assumed to be somewhere between & percent and &.% percent. 'y this measure, actual growth in e(cess of the long)term potential growth was seen as raising a danger of inflation, thereby requiring tighter money. The second gauge is called *+ R,, or the non)accelerating inflation rate of unemployment. Over time, economists have noted that inflation tends to accelerate when $oblessness drops below a certain level. n the decade that ended in the early !""#s, economists generally believed *+ R, was around percent. 'ut later in the decade, it appeared to have dropped to about %.% percent. Perhaps even more importantly, a range of new technologies ) the microprocessor, the laser, fiber)optics, and satellite ) appeared in the late !""#s to be making the +merican economy significantly more productive than economists had thought possible. .The newest innovations, which we label information technologies, have begun to alter the manner in which we do business and create value, often in ways not readily foreseeable even five years ago,. Federal Reserve /hairman +lan 0reenspan said in mid)!""". Previously, lack of timely information about customers1 needs and the location of raw materials forced businesses to operate with larger inventories and more workers than they otherwise would need, according to 0reenspan. 'ut as the quality of information improved, businesses could operate more efficiently. nformation technologies also allowed for quicker delivery times, and they accelerated and streamlined the process of innovation. For instance, design times dropped sharply as computer modeling reduced the need for staff in architectural firms, 0reenspan noted, and medical diagnoses became faster, more thorough, and more accurate. (From An Outline of American Economy)
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CURSOS ON-LINE - INGLS BIZU - STN 2013 PROFESSOR CARLOS AUGUSTO PRETESTING VOCABULAR4 S / +s!r +/ "i.i')5ri'6 7 8! s .')s 9+ .'rr &!.i')!r 's it )s " 7'.!%+&5ri' .!rr 9!"' )' : .')'/;s< "!s .'&+)!s A BA monetary policy growth rates labor force tighter money customers1 needs raw materials larger inventories B 3 m4o de obra 3 ta(as de crescimento 3 pol5tica monet6ria 3 necessidades do consumidor 3 estoques maiores 3 arrocho monet6rio 3 mat7rias primas

1, 2, 3, =, >, ?, A,

!, 2 %, 2 ., 2 ", 2 ,2 @, 2 9, 2

ANAL4SIS OF TEBT 1 1, As "is.'+rs /!rC rs, o que est4o indicando as seguintes palavras8 !3 whether 2L-23 ) 99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 %3 Therefore 2L-D3 ) 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 .3 thereby 2L-113 ) 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 "3 Previously 2L-2?3 ) 99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 3 otherwise 2L-2D3 ) 999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 @3 For instance 2L-323 ) 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 2, Tradu:a os seguintes fragmentos8 !3 plus any gains in productivity, or output per worker; 2L->3 99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 %3 as raising a danger of inflation; 2L-10E113 99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 .3 The second gauge is the non)accelerating inflation rate of unemployment. 2L-12E133 99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 "3 tends to accelerate when $oblessness drops 2L-1=3 99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 3 a range of new technologies 2L-1D3 99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999

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CURSOS ON-LINE - INGLS BIZU - STN 2013 PROFESSOR CARLOS AUGUSTO @3 often in ways not readily foreseeable even five years ago 2L-23E2=3 99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 93 they accelerated and streamlined the process of innovation 2L-31E323 99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 First r !" t# t $t % &'( !)" t# ) !)s( r t# *+ sti')s !%'+t it,

T $t 2- A N ( E.')'/01 2II3 <uch technological innovations apparently accounted for an une(pected surge in productivity in the late !""#s. +fter rising at less than a != annual rate in the early part of the decade, productivity was growing at about a >= rate toward the end of the !""#s ) well ahead of what economists had e(pected. ?igher productivity meant that businesses could grow faster without igniting inflation. ,ne(pectedly modest demands from workers for wage increases ) a result, possibly, of the fact that workers felt less secure about keeping their $obs in the rapidly changing economy ) also helped subdue inflationary pressures. <ome economists scoffed at the notion +merica suddenly had developed a .new economy,. one that was able to grow much faster without inflation. @hile there undeniably was increased global competition, they noted, many +merican industries remained untouched by it. +nd while computers clearly were changing the way +mericans did business, they also were adding new layers of comple(ity to business operations. 'ut as economists increasingly came to agree with 0reenspan that the economy was in the midst of a significant .structural shift,. the debate increasingly came to focus less on whether the economy was changing and more on how long the surprisingly strong performance could continue. The answer appeared to depend, in part, on the oldest of economic ingredients ) labor. @ith the economy growing strongly, workers displaced by technology easily found $obs in newly emerging industries. +s a result, employment was rising in the late !""#s faster than the overall population. That trend could not continue indefinitely. 'y mid)!""", the number of .potential workers. aged !to -A ) those who were unemployed but willing to work if they could find $obs ) totaled about !# million, or about %.B percent of the population. That was the lowest percentage since the government began collecting such figures 2in !"B#3. Cventually, economists warned, the ,nited <tates would face labor shortages, which, in turn, could be e(pected to drive up wages, trigger inflation, and prompt the Federal Reserve to engineer an economic slowdown.
(From An Outline of American Economy) Visit: http://usinfo.state.gov/infousa/government

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CURSOS ON-LINE - INGLS BIZU - STN 2013 PROFESSOR CARLOS AUGUSTO

PRETESTING VOCABULAR4 S / +s!r +/ "i.i')5ri'6 7 8! s .')s 9+ .'rr &!.i')!r 's it )s " 7'.!%+&5ri' .!rr 9!"' )' : .')'/;s< "!s .'&+)!s A BA surge in productivity wage increases structural shift displaced workers labor shortages trigger inflation economic slowdown B 3 aumentos salariais 3 mudanDa estrutural 3 trabalhadores demitidos 3 desaceleraD4o econEmica 3 provocar inflaD4o 3 escasse: de m4o de obra 3 incremento de produtividade

1, 2, 3, =, >, ?, A,

!, 2 %, 2 ., 2 ", 2 ,2 @, 2 9, 2

ANAL4SIS OF TEBT 2 1, O que o /'"!& 7 r% :.'+&"< 2L-?3 e(pressa nesse conte(to1 999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 2, As "is.'+rs /!rC rs, o que est4o indicando as seguintes palavras8 !3 while 2L-123 ) 999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 %3 also 2L-1>3 ) 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 .3 if 2L-2A3 9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 3, <ubstitua a locuD4o :As ! r s+&t< 2L-2=3 por um "is.'+rs /!rC r de significado idFntico. 999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 =, G preciso cuidado com o adv7rbio :E7 )t+!&&0< 2L-303 pois se trata de um @!&s @ri )". Cscreva um sinEnimo para ele na linha abai(o8 999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 >, /omo vocF tradu: a locuD4o Hi) t+r)< 2L-3131 999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 ?, IF o infinitivo dos seguintes irr 9+&!r 7 r%s8 !3 meant 2L->3 ) 999999999999 %3 felt 2L-D3 ) 999999999999999999 .3 did 2L-1=3 ) 99999999999 "3 came 2L-1A3 ) 999999999999999 3 found 2L-233 ) 9999999999 @3 began 2L-2F3 ) 999999999999999

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CURSOS ON-LINE - INGLS BIZU - STN 2013 PROFESSOR CARLOS AUGUSTO

VERB TENSES FROG TEBT 2 1, Cscreva A e(emplos de construDJes verbais no H!st si/H& 8 999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 2, Cscreva 3 e(emplos de construDJes verbais no H!st .')ti)+'+s8 999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 3, Cscreva 2 e(emplos de construDJes verbais no H!st H r@ .t8 999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 First r !" t# t $t % &'( !)" t# ) !)s( r t# *+ sti')s !%'+t it,

T $t 3- A N ( E.')'/01 2III3 <till, many things could happen to postpone that seemingly inevitable development. mmigration might increase, thereby enlarging the pool of available workers. That seemed unlikely, however, because the political climate in the ,nited <tates during the !""#s did not favor increased immigration. Kore likely, a growing number of analysts believed that a growing number of +mericans would work past the traditional retirement age of -%. That also could increase the supply of potential workers. ndeed, in !""", the /ommittee on Cconomic Ievelopment 2/CI3, a prestigious business research organi:ation, called on employers to clear away barriers that previously discouraged older workers from staying in the labor force. /urrent trends suggested that by &#>#, there would be fewer than three workers for every person over the age of -%, compared to seven in !"%# ) an unprecedented demographic transformation that the /CI predicted would leave businesses scrambling to find workers. 'usinesses have heretofore demonstrated a preference for early retirement to make way for younger workers,. the group observed. .'ut this preference is a relic from an era of labor surplusesL it will not be sustainable when labor becomes scarce.. @hile en$oying remarkable successes, in short, the ,nited <tates found itself moving into uncharted economic territory as it ended the !""#s. @hile many saw a new economic era stretching indefinitely into the future, others were less certain. @eighing the uncertainties, many assumed a stance of cautious optimism. .Regrettably, history is strewn with visions of such Mnew eras1 that, in the end, have proven to be a mirage,. 0reenspan noted in !""B. . n short, history counsels caution..
(From An Outline of American Economy) Visit: http://usinfo.state.gov/infousa/government

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CURSOS ON-LINE - INGLS BIZU - STN 2013 PROFESSOR CARLOS AUGUSTO

PRETESTING VOCABULAR4 S / +s!r +/ "i.i')5ri'6 7 8! s .')s 9+ .'rr &!.i')!r 's it )s " 7'.!%+&5ri' .!rr 9!"' )' : .')'/;s< "!s .'&+)!s A BA available workers current trends early retirement labor surpluses uncharted territory B 3 e(cedentes de m4o de obra 3 aposentadoria precoce 3 territNrio desconhecido 3 trabalhadores dispon5veis 3 tendFncias atuais

1, 2, 3, =, >,

!, 2 %, 2 ., 2 ", 2 ,2

ANAL4SIS OF TEBT 3 1, ,ma ve: mais aparecem diversos e(emplos de "is.'+rs /!rC rs, Cscreva abai(o o que est4o indicando!3 still 2L-13 - IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII %3 thereby 2L-23 - IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII .3 however 2L-33 - IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII "3 also 2L-A3 - IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 3 indeed 2L-D3 - IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII @3 while 2L-1DE203 - IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 93 in short 2L-1FE2>3 - IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 2, *este te(to o autor usa o ad$etivo &iC &0 2L-336 que 7 sinEnimo de Hr'%!%& , e cu$o antEnimo 7 +)&iC &0 2L-33, Cscreva a seguir o antEnimo de Hr'%!%& usando formaD4o prefi(al8 999999999999999999999999999999999 3, I) t# @'&&'(i)9 @r!9/ )t J.!&& " ') /H&'0 rs t' .& !r !(!0 %!rri rsK 2L-FE103 diga o que significam os H#r!s!& 7 r%s .!&& ') L .& !r !(!0999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 =, *o fragmento a seguir O#ist'r0 is str () (it# 7isi')s '@ s+.# M) ( r!s<2L-233K6 diga o que significa o verbo sublinhado999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 >, ?6 possibilidade de se formar o Hr s )t H r@ .t si/H& do verbo :t' Hr'7 < ) #!7 Hr'7 ) 2L-2=3 ) de outro modo. Cscreva)o na linha abai(o8 999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999

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CURSOS ON-LINE - INGLS BIZU - STN 2013 PROFESSOR CARLOS AUGUSTO ANSNERS PRETESTING VOCABULAR4 - TEBT 1 A monetary policy growth rates labor force tighter money customers1 needs raw materials larger inventories B !, 233 m4o de obra %, 223 ta(as de crescimento ., 213 pol5tica monet6ria ", 2>3 necessidades do consumidor , 2A3 estoques maiores @, 2=3 arrocho monet6rio 9, 2?3 mat7rias primas

1, 2, 3, =, >, ?, A,

ANAL4SIS OF TEBT 1 1, Dis.'+rs /!rC rs8 !3 (# t# r 2L-23 P indica condiD4o %3 T# r @'r 2L-D3 P indica resultado ou conseqQFncia .3 t# r %0 2L-113 P indica tamb7m resultado ou conseqQFncia "3 Pr 7i'+s&0 2L-2?3 P indica passagem de tempo 3 't# r(is 2L-2D3 ) indica contraste ou oposiD4o @3 F'r i)st!). 2L-323 P indica e(emplificaD4o. 2, TraduD4o dos fragmentos8 !3 H&+s !)0 9!i)s i) Hr'"+.ti7it06 'r '+tH+t H r ('rC r al(m e )uais)uer ganhos em pro utivi a e ou pro u*+o por tra!alha or %3 !s r!isi)9 ! "!)9 r '@ i)@&!ti') por aumentar o risco e infla*+o .3 T# s .')" 9!+9 is t# )')-!.. & r!ti)9 i)@&!ti') r!t '@ +) /H&'0/ )t, a segun a me i a ( o ,n ice n+o acelerativo e infla*+o so!re o esemprego "3 t )"s t' !.. & r!t (# ) 8'%& ss) ss "r'Hs ten e a acelerar-se )uan o o esemprego cai 3 ! r!)9 '@ ) ( t .#)'&'9i s uma gama e novas tecnologias

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CURSOS ON-LINE - INGLS BIZU - STN 2013 PROFESSOR CARLOS AUGUSTO

@3 '@t ) i) (!0s )'t r !"i&0 @'r s !%& 7 ) @i7 0 !rs !9' fre)/entemente e mo os n+o prontamente previs,veis h0 cinco anos 93 t# 0 !.. & r!t " !)" str !/&i) " t# Hr'. ss '@ i))'7!ti') aceleraram e otimi1aram o processo e inova*+o.

PRETESTING VOCABULAR4 - TEBT 2 A surge in productivity wage increases structural shift displaced workers labor shortages trigger inflation economic slowdown B !, 223 aumentos salariais %, 233 mudanDa estrutural ., 2=3 trabalhadores demitidos ", 2A3 desaceleraD4o econEmica , 2?3 provocar inflaD4o @, 2>3 escasse: de m4o de obra 9, 213 incremento de produtividade

1, 2, 3, =, >, ?, A,

ANAL4SIS OF TEBT 2 1, O /'"!& 7 r% :.'+&"< 2L-?3 P em .'+&" 9r'( ele e(pressa a id7ia de que era poss5vel crescer. 2, Dis.'+rs /!rC rs!3 (#i& 2L-123 P indica contraste ou oposiD4o RR %3 !&s' 2L-1>3 P indica acr7scimo, adiD4o RR .3 if 2L-2A3 indica condiD4o. 3, :As ! r s+&t< 2L-2=36 "is.'+rs /!rC r que indica resultado ou conseqQFncia pode ser substitu5da por s'6 t# r @'r ,etc. =, :E7 )t+!&&0< 2L-303 O um @!&s finalmente3. @ri )" que equivale a @i)!&&06 !t &!st 2S

>, Hi) t+r)< 2L-313 corresponde a por sua ve:, por seu turno. ?, nfinitivo dos irr 9+&!r 7 r%s8 !3 meant 2L->3 P to mean 2significar2 )uerer i1er) /R %3 felt 2L-D3 P to feel (sentir) RR .3 did 2L-1=3 to do 2fa1er3 EE "3 came 2L-1A3 P to come (vir) RR 3 found 2L-233 P to find (achar) RR @3 began 2L-2F3 P to begin (come*ar).

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CURSOS ON-LINE - INGLS BIZU - STN 2013 PROFESSOR CARLOS AUGUSTO

VERB TENSES FROG TEBT 2 1, H!st si/H& 8 accounted 2L-13 RR meant 2L->3 RR felt 2L-D3 RR scoffed 2L103 RR noted 2L-133 RR helped 2L-F3 RR remained 2L-133 RR did 2L-1>3 RR came 2L-1AE1F3 RR appeared 2L-213 RR found2L-233 RR was 2L-2F3 RR were 2L-2A3 RR began 2L-2F3 RR warned 2L-303. 2, H!st .')ti)+'+s8 were changing 2L-1=3 RR were adding 2L-1>3 RR was growing 2L-=E>3 RR was changing 2L-1F3 RR was rising 2L-2=3 3, H!st H r@ .t8 had developed 2L-10E113 RR had e(pected 2L->3 PRETESTING VOCABULAR4 TEBT 3 A available workers current trends early retirement labor surpluses uncharted territory B !, 2=3 e(cedentes de m4o de obra %, 233 aposentadoria precoce ., 2>3 territNrio desconhecido ", 213 trabalhadores dispon5veis , 223 tendFncias atuais

1, 2, 3, =, >,

ANAL4SIS OF TEBT 3 1, Dis.'+rs /!rC rs!3 sti&& 2L-13 indica contraste %3 t# r %0 2assim2 essa forma3 2L-23 indica resultado .3 #'( 7 r 2L-33 - indica contraste "3 !&s' 2L-A3 indica acr7scimo 3 i)" " ( e fato) 2L-D3 indica Fnfase @3 (#i& 2L-1DE203 indica oposiD4o ou contraste 93 i) s#'rt 2em suma3 2L-1FE2>3 indica conclus4o 2, Ii:)se &iC &06 antEnimo +)&iC &06 por7m o antEnimo de Hr'%!%& i/Hr'%!%& , 7

3, I) 2CED3 J.!&& " ') /H&'0 rs t' .& !r !(!0 %!rri rsK P 2o /omitF3 conclamou os empregadores a remover as barreiras. /ertamente vocF conhece o significado mais comum do verbo :t' .!&&< 2chamar3 e to clear 2 s.&!r . r36 mais os phrasal verbs .!&& ') 2visitar, contactar3 e .& !r !(!0 2remover, eliminar3 v4o muito al7m disso.

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CURSOS ON-LINE - INGLS BIZU - STN 2013 PROFESSOR CARLOS AUGUSTO

=, CmO#ist'r0 is str () (it# 7isi')s '@ s+.# M) ( r!sP2a hist5ria est0 co!erta e vis6es e tais 7novas eras36 a forma verbal str () 7 de partic5pio passado de str ( 2str ("6 str (" 'r str ()36 geralmente seguido da preposiD4o (it# como neste trecho. Portanto str () (it# 2 coberto de3. >, + outra forma poss5vel do Hr s )t H r@ .t si/H& do verbo HHr'7 < seria a regular H#!7 Hr'7 "<6 pois o verbo t' Hr'7 tem dupla forma de partic5pio passado.

FINAL GESSAGE Por ra:Jes meramente did6ticas decidi dividir o te(to HA N ( E.')'/0< em trFs partes. H'( 7 r6 se vocF olhar com atenD4o, 7 mais uma ve: a e(ploraD4o dos de: pontos essenciais, que destacamos desde a aula inicial, que procuramos enfati:arL )!/ &0- I, FUNCTION NORDS L CONTENT NORDSQ II, REGULAR L IRREGULAR VERBSQ III, TRUE L FALSE COGNATESQ IV, DISCOURSE GARRERSQ V, VERB TENSESQ VI, GODAL VERBSQ VII, PHRASAL VERBSQ VIII, VOCABULAR4 BUILD-UP TECHNISUESQ IB, AFFIBESQ B, COLLOCATION E IDIOGS, Tuanto mais familiari:ado vocF estiver com esses pontos b6sicos, acredito que mais chance de sucesso vocF ter6 na sua prova. G''" L+.C t' 0'+ !&&,

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