PGS.TS. £)~NG VAN CHUYET (Chit bien) ThS.

NGWYEN THl THU HA

ThS. PH.t:\M XUAN KHANH - ThS. LE VAN THAI

" "-

GIAOTRINH

",-'

KY THUAT XUNG - SO

•

~ ~ ? ~

NHA XUAT BAN GIAO Ol)C

PGS.TS. £)~NG VAN CHUYET (Chit bien) ThS. NGWYEN THl THU HA

ThS. PH.t:\M XUAN KHANH - ThS. LE VAN THAI

" "-

GIAOTRINH

",-'

KY THUAT XUNG - SO

•

~ ~ ? ~

NHA XUAT BAN GIAO Ol)C

Cong nghe ky thuat so da va dang dong vai tro then chat trong CU9C each mang khoa h9C ky thuat va cong nghe. Ngay nay, cong nghe so co mat trong hau het cac thiet bi til thier bi dan dung den thiet bi cong nghiep, dac bi¢t trong cac linh vue thong tin lien lac, phat thanh truyen hlnh, tu dong dieu khicn ... va ky thuat so da va dang duoc thay the dan ky thuat luang ur.

Dt dap iing duoc phan nao nhirng nhu cau tim hieu ve cong nghe Ky thuat so, nh6m rae gia xin duoc gioi thieu toi cac ban cuon "Giao trinh Ky thuat xung - so",

Cuon sach duoc trinh bay mot each he thong nhimg kien thirc tir CO' ban den nang cao, nham muc dich gi8i thieu eho cac ban doc nhfrng kien thirc ve ky thuat xung - so. Noi dung giao trlnh g6m 12 chuang:

Chuang 1: Tin hieu xung Chuang 2: Kh6a dien nr Chuang 3: Mach vi phan Chuang 4: Mach tich pharr

Chuang 5: Mach han che va ghim dien ap Chuang 6: Cac mach dao dong xung Chuang 7: Cac h¢ dem va rna

Chuang 8: Cac ccng Logic eo him

Chuang 9: Mach dien cong logic

Chuang 1 0: H~ logic tcing hop

Chuang 11: H~ logic c6 nho

Chuong 12: Mot so img dung cua ky thuat so Phu luc: Tra ctru mot s6 Ie so thong dung.

3

Tai li~u nay da dUQc su a~n~ M giang d~y trcng nhUng nam qua cho sinll I'ien n~anh Di~n, Di~n tu, Vien th6ng, Truang D~i hQc C6ng nghi~~ Ha NQi. V 6i kct diu cae chuang m~c logic, r5 ran~, trlnh bay va phun tich k~ cae van d~ ve ky thu~t xung - so, chUng t6i hy vQng euon giao tflnh dap un~ duqc pMn nao nhfrn~ nhu call cua b~n dQC. Rat mong nMn duqc nhfrn~ ~ kien dong ~6p xay d~g cua qu~ b~n dQc. Cae y kitn xin gUi ve:

Khoa Cbn~ n~h~ K y thu~t Di~n tu, TruOn~ D~i hQc C6ng n~hi~~ Ha NQi, Minh Khai - Tli Liem - Ha Noil

I

Nha xuat ban Giao d~c - Cbng ty C6 phan Sach D~i hQc - D~y nghe, 2) Han Tllllyen ~ Ha NQi. Di~n tho~i: 04 ~204974.

Xil1 tran trQn~ dlm an!

, I 1

CACTACGIA

CHLJaNG

TiN HIEU XUNG

•

? -'

1.1. Md £>AU

Cac tin hieu dien co bien d(> thay dni theo thai gian diroc chia ra lam hai loai CO' ban la tin hieu lien tuc va tin hieu gian doan. Tin hieu lien tuc con duoc goi la tin hieu tuyen tinh hay wang 11!, tin hieu gian doan duoc goi 13 tin hieu xung hay s6. Tin hieu sin duoc xem nhu la mot tin hieu lieu bieu cho loai tin hieu lien tuc. Voi tin hieu hinh sin ta co th~ tinh duoc bien d(> ella no a tung thai diem,

Ngiroc Iai tin hieu hinh vuong diroc xem la tin hieu tieu bieu cho loai tin hieu gian doan, V 6'i tin hieu hlnh vuong thi bien d9 ella no chi co hai gia tri la mire cao va mire thap, Thai gian de chuyen bien d9 tir mire bien dQ thap len mtrc bien do cao hay nguoc lai rat ngan va gan nhu la xay fa nrc thai.

M9t che 09 rna cac thiet bi dien ti'r thirong Him viec hien nay do lit che' do xung.

D¢ic die'm clia che' d¢ xung: Dien ap (hay dong dien) khong t6n tai lien rue rna t6n tai gian doan thea thai gian.

Cdc uu diem co ban cua thief hi lam viec J chl dt) xung:

1. Cho phep thirc hien pbep do khoang each dan gian trang cac he

'A D t.C

thong ua x ung =:-

2

Trang d6:

D Ia cu ly cua muc tieu hay khoang each tir dai rada den rnuc tieu din do cu ly (duoc tinh bang met);

c la toe d(> Ian truyen cua song vo tuyen trong khong gian ~ t6c 0(> song anh sang (c =: 3.10xm/s);

t la khoang thai gian tu khi phat tin hieu di tu dai rada den khi . nhan duoc lin hieu phan xa tir muc tieu ve (khong ke thai gian gifr cham tin hieu cua thiet bi), t diroc tinh bang giay (s).

2. Cho phep thuc hien rna hoa tin hieu cho nen dam baa duoc d(> bao mat thong tin cao.

5

3. Tinh chong nhicu cua he thong lam viec voi tin hieu xung cao bai VI de) sai lcch eho phep cua tin hieu xung 16n hon nhieu so voi tfn hieu xung tuong tu.

4. Cho phcp thuc hicn viec nen thong tin, rna hoa thong tin ncn thtrc hien ghep duoc nhieu kcnh thong tin tren cung mot dirong truyen tin hieu,

5. Dedang ghep n6i he thong voi may tinh d~ tu dong xu ly ket qua va luutrir thong lin de xu ly tiep thea. Thier bi him viec a che de) xung dUQ'C goi la thiet bi xung.

Nhicm vu nghien ciru ella mon hoc Hi nghien ctru tin hieu xung, cac qua trinh xung va cac mach t<;10 tin hieu xung cc ban.

1.2. TIN HI~U XUNG VA cAc THAM 56

1.2.1. Tin hi~u xung

Xung dicn III nlurn g d icn ap hoac dong dicn ton tai trong mot khoang thoi gian rat ngan co th6 so sanh vrri thai gian qua do con goi Ia thai gian thict l(lp TTL cua mach dien rna chung rae dQog.-

Thoi gian qua do lil thoi gian de mot he vat ly chuycn tir trang thai vat Iy Bay sang trang thai vat ly khac.

Neu co mot day xung tac dong len mach, ghi thiet ding khoang thai gian c.ic xung ke tiep nhau dil Ian so voi thai gian qua do ella mach dien, Khi do rae dong ella day xung duoc xem nhu rae dong ella mot xung dan. N guCJc lai, ncu nhu khoang thai gian ke tiep nhau gi ira die xung du nho so voi qua trlnh qua d¢ ella mach dien thl ta phai nghien ctru tac dong ella day xung nhu ella nhirng dien ap hoac dong dien co dang phlrc tap,

MQ! s6 dang tin hieu xung thuong g~p:

u

u

Xung vuoriq u

Xung nhon

Xung tam giae

Xung hlnh thang

u

Xung rang ella u

Xung ham 56 mu

Hinh 1.1. Mc}t so d~ng tin hi~u xung cc ban

6

Cac Ioai xung tren duoc goi Hi cac xung thi tfin (co the quan sat bang oscilloscope) co d~c diem bi suy giarn r3't nhanh tren dirong truyen tin hieu , Do d6 de truyen tfn hieu xung di xa nguoi ta phai dung den xung xa tan (birc xa dien tir). Xung X~ tAn III cac dot dao dong cao tfin lien ticp 6 tan so cao, co duong bien do la cac xung thi tan.

Vi du : Tin hieu dieu bien nlnr hlnh 1.2 dmri day:

Amplituolno modulisani

I

Signal Carr ier HH~HHHUH,

( ) ~HHHHH~UH

Us. 1& . signa ~
(UAM)

HF Modulator Power
Amplifier Amplifier Hinh 1.2. Sd do khoi b9 dieu biim

1.2.2. Cac tham so cua xung

1.2.2.1. Th.ani s6' cua day xung

Xet lin hicu la xung vuong nlur hlnh ve ta c6:

u

o 1

Tx Hinh 1.3. Day xung vuong

- 1:x lit do rong xung (thai gian ton tai mot xung r, < TJ:

- T, III khoang each gifra cac xung. Neu T" = const thi T, duoc goi la

chu ky xung;

- Qx:::: ~x III do day cua day xung (Qx < 1). Neu Q~ > ~ thl diroc .goi

x

la xung rong, neu Qx < ~ thl diroc goi hI xung hep;

7

- llx =

T

x

l a do x6p day xung.

't

x

Ta nhan thay ding thai gian t6n t ai mot xung 't'x thtrong nlt nho so voi ehu ky T, ella xung va eo nhirng thai di~m xung bien d6i dot ngot , Tuy vay trong thuc te con g~p nhfrng day xung rna thai gian ton tai Lx ella xung bang ITI9t rura hay Ian han nira ehu ky T, ella no duoc goi Iii' xung rong. Nhirng day xung rna thai gian ton tai Lx cua xung nho han mot mra chu ky T, ella n6 duoc goi la xung hep.

1.2.2.2. Ca c t h a rn. s6~ cua xung

D~ dac trung cho dang tin hieu xung, nguoi ta dira fa mot 56 tham 56 co ball s au (hlnh 1.4):

- £)9 ron g xung r , la khoan g thai gian ton tai xung.

- Bien de) xung Um hay 1m la gia tr i eire dai cua xung.

u

Hinh 1.4. Tham so d~ng xung

~ D9 rorig suon truoc t., Ia khoang thai gian tang cua bien de) xung.

- DC? rong suon sau ts2 If! khoang thai gian giarn ella bien d¢ xung. D6i khi de thay the cho tham so ve siren xung, ngiroi ta con dung "do

doe suon xung" tue Iii toe d¢ tang hoac giarn ella bien dQ xung.

Vi du siron triroc ella xung di¢n tip eo do doc la S"j = U m t,,1

- ~Um dQ sut dinh tuyet doi la de) giam bien dQ CJ phan dinh xung.

s:: ~U dl -.

~ uU = m do sut inh nrong dol.

U ..

m

~ Trang thirc te kh6ng c6 nhtrng xung nao co dang 1:9' tuong nhu tren

8

rna U, I Iii ole dai l uorrg vat 15' bien thien lien tuc do d6 rat kh6 xac dinh cac tham so cua d ang tin hieu xung. Khi do nguoi ta phai sir dung phuong phzip quy iroc va chap nhan mot sai s6 nhat dinh. Hlnh 1.5 bieu dien dang xung bang phuorig phap quy iroc va chap nhan sai 56. Sai s6 nay phu thuoc VaG g ia tri ella a, ch911 a. cang nho thl sai 56 cang nho, a c6 th~

chon cac g ia tri (0,1; 0,05; 0,01). u

* Nilan xet:

- Tin hieu xung rat da dang song chi ton tai mot 56 dang eo y righia.

- Tho'i gian ton tai mot xung thuong rat nho so voi chu ky cua no va co cac thai diem dot bien.

- Nhln chung die bai to an ve mach dien ella ky thuat xung la bai roan v~ qua trlnh qua do trong mach. Do d6 phuong trinh mo ta mach dien la

cac phtrorrg trlnh vi-rich phan hoac sai phan. D6i voi cac phuorig trlnh nay, ta co the g iai true tiep nhung d~ don gian nguoi ta thirong chuyen cac phuong trtnh do thanh plurong trlnh dai so thong qua cac phep bien deli Laplace, sau d6 giai bai toan trong khong gian dai so roi dung phuong phap bien dOi nguoc dti tun ket qua cuoi cung.

.................. _ ~y!n __ .

I um

0 .. ;_._~ •••••• ~ .. _ •.•.•... ~"H_ _ .•.•••••••• ..;. ~ .. ····H •...... __ '" o'

~ ~ ~

rS2

'0lIl

t

Hinh 1.5. DClIng xung thl!c iff

, - ",.',..,

1.3. TIN HI~U XUNG QUA M~CH TUYEN TINH CO BAN

1.3.1. Cae tin hi~u xung don gian

1.3.1.1. Tin nie« dot bien (hinh 1.6)

. .

o

E

..

Hinh 1.6. Tin hi~u d9t bien

9

= {: khi t 2 to
u(t) :::: E.! to
khi t < to
Ito = I (t - tn) = {~ khi t 2 to
khi t < to Khi

to :::: 0 thl Ito:::: 1 (t) goi la ham dan vi va

u(t) :::: Er l t, :::: E.1 (t) gQi la ham dong mach.

1.3.1.2. Tin h.ieu. tuyen tinh (hinh 1.7)

u

o to

Hinh 1.7. Tin hi~u tuye'n tinh

khi t > to khi t < to

Ta nh(111 thay ding duong K(t ~ to) song song voi K(t) va tr~ mot khoang thai gian El to.

1.3.1.3. Tin hi~u ham so'mil (hinh 1.8)

u

o

t

Hinh 1.8. Tin hi~u ham so mG

{BC 1 ~P(I-1,,)) 1

utr) = E(1) ef}(I~lu)!to:::: 0 -e to

khi t > to khi t s to

N han xet :

Thuc te cling nhtr 1y luan cluing minh fling tin hieu xung du da dang

10

song uit ca cluing deu diroc t6ng hop tir 3 thanh phan tin hi~u dan gian tren.

Vi du: T<ing hop xung vuong til cac thanh phan tfn hieu .dot bien (hlnh 1.9).

Cho t[ = 0 thi t2 = r; u[=E.l(t)

U2 = -E.l (t - r)

.--- u,

t ...

U = U[ + U2

u = E [let) - l(t - 'Tx)]

t1

Hinh 1.9. T8ng hcp xung vuong 1.3.2. Phan li'ng cua mach RC, RL doi vai tin hi~u xung

1.3.2.1. os: vdi tin h.ieu. di}t bien

Xet so do mach dien nlnr (hinh 1.10) sau:

.----------~--------------~----

c

u,(t)

E

R

.--~-------4--------------~----

Hinh 1.10. M~ch RC voj tin hi~u d9t bien

., .

Neu tai thai diem t == 0 co mot dien ap dot bien voi bien do E tac

dung len mach tuyen tinh don gian gem hai phan IiI R va C mac n6i tiep co 1h6 x ac dinh dien ap ra tren R la llR(t) tren C la uc(t).

Bang phep bien d6i Laplace ta tim duoc dong dien trong mach i(t) nr d6 xac dinh duoc Uj{ (t) va uc(t). Nhu ta da biet i(t) co anh Ip:

i(t) ~ I, I, = U\(p).Y(p)

U \(p) Ia anh cua u.It)

yep) Hi dien dan dirrii dang toan tu.

Doi voi mach RC don gian mac n6i tiep ta co:

I 1

Y(p) = -= ---

z, 1

R+-

p.C

Trang do:

11

Neu di¢n ap VaG 0,(1) co dang d91 bien t~i thai diem I = a thl ta co:

E U,(p) = E,I(t) ~ U,(p) = -

P

I = ~(R +~r', I 2'-~) i(l) = ~expl-~)

p p pC P R RC

uR(t) = i(t),R = ~exp(-~) = E. expl-~)

R RC r

u,(t) = u,(t)- .,(t) = E[l - ext) 1

U
E
(1-{()E
E
aE
o I, t ~
TlL Vi dl;L' Can eu vao Uc ta c6 TTL = 11- II' Tinh I, va t, d~a VaG phuong trlnh duang n~p di~n cho I~ C (hlnh 1.12) ta co:

u,(tt =E[l-exp[ -:']

Thea do thl uc(tl'l = aE

~ = RC= canst

Ve do thi eho un va lic (lren hlnh 1.11), Ta tMy:

Hinh 1.12. Tin hi~u trim t~ di~n

E ir------.-

(1--a)E

Do do 11-1, =1.ln(1~CJ.)

Tlr do ta c6 bimg quan h~ sau:

E

aE

o I, ~

Tllthilc T

+-4 __ ll_ ... ~ mOO

ct 0,1 0,05 0,G1
TTL 2,2t 31 6,41 1= 0,""" (0 ,"""O~x.~O--1 U," 0

Hinh t 11. Tin hi+u xung lay tren R vii C

Trong tlwc Ie uguai ta thuang chon a = 0,05 ~ TTL = 31

Uc u,
E!
11 3T, 311 31)
El

E, Nh~Jl xet:

+ Qua tren ta thay tal thoi di~m t = 0 ta cO Uc = 0, di~u do co nghia:

"Khang baa giG co dQI bi.en dien ap tren !~ di~n". Day Ja djnh lu~t dong mach thunhftt.

+ Khi t ~ co ~ UR ~ 0 va Uc ~ E

V~y thea ly thuyet TTL = ce, Song Ih~c Ie trong ky Ihu~t, bang each chap nh~n m¢t sai s6, nguai ta xac d[nh TTL bao ham giiia khoimg III (IE den (l-c) E. D~ xac dinh TTL thuc nguai ta dua VaG d6 thi UR ho~c Dc·

lt 2T 3T

T = Consl

E thay d6i E, < El < E,

E dmg Ian toe d9 bien Ihien clla Uc cang Ion

E= Consl

t lhay d6it, < T1 < ~3

T clmg Ion toc 09 bien thien cang ch~m

Hinh 1.13. s~ thay d6i cua tin hi~u Iren C thea h~ng sotho! gian

+ D~ xac dinh -c bang phtrong phap hlnh hoc ta chi viec ve tiep tuyen voi duong cong U c tai diem t ::: 0 n6 se cat dirong U ::: E tai diem each true tung mot khoang thai gian dung bang r. Dieu do co th~ chirng minh

duoc bang y nghia hi nh hoc cua vi phan cap I doi vdi Uc- .,

. + Tham so cua 't ::: RC = eonst co thir nguyen Ia thai gian nghia HI. [-r] ::: [R][C] ::: [t] diroc coi HI. hang s6 thai gi an cua mach RC. N6 Hi mot tham so dac tnrng cho tfnh quan tfnh cua mach dien chl phu thuoc vao ch inh tham so c ua mach rna khong phu thuoc tin hieu vao,

:I: C liu -y'

Neu ta thay mach RC bang mach RL (hmh 1.14) va bang each tinh toan tuong tv ta c6 ket qua nhu sau:

.--~------~--------------~----

R

E

L

.--~------~~------------~----e

Hinh 1.14. M~ch RL vdi tin hi~u d9t bie'n

L

LL:::: -::: canst

R

So sanh veri bieu thirc cua mach RC ta thay cluing co dang nrong dirong nhau,

Tv d6 ta ve diroc do thi hinh 1.15. Mat khac neu t = 0 thl uR(t) ::: 0

co n ghla la i(t)1 ::: 0

... I =()

Va y: "Kh6ng baa gic co dot bien dong dien tren cuon day",

(Dinh luat d6ng mach thu hai)

14

o t

Hinh 1.15. Tin hi~u lay tren R, L

1.3.2.2. D6~i viii tin hi~u tuyen tinh

c

u

u,

R

.--~--------~--------~----

o

Hinh 1.16. M~ch RC vdi tin h i~u tuyen tinh

Xet mach dien nhtr hinh l.16.

Neu tai thai diem t = 0 tac dong len dau van cua mach RC mot dien lip bien d6i tuyen tfnh co dang u , (t) = kt.l (t) thi:

ul(t) co anh Laplace la U.(p) = -;.-

. p

va i\(t) co anh Laplace III II(p) = K. 1

L p(p+u)

Tuong ling veri g6e i(t) = nkR [1- exp ( - :) l Do do:

u.(t} = : (1 - expr=tccj] = k.rr. [1- exp( -:)]

uc(t) = u,(t) - u.(t) = kt - k r. [1-exp( - :)] • k. [I - T.exp( - :) 1

u.(t} = k.r. [1 - exp ( - :)]

uc(t} = k. [ t - T.exp ( - :)]

u

t

't= RC

Gian do thai gian uR(t) va ue(t) hlnh vi! then hai bieu tlurc uR va lle tren ta thay dau tien toe dQ bien thien dien ap tren R bang toe d(> bien thien dien ap vao (hmh 1.17).

o

Hinh 1.17. Tin hiilzu tren R va C

15

UR (t)ll=o = 0 uc(t)I,=o = 0

UR (011="" = Krr = const uc(t)lt=w = K.(t --c)

Qua d6 ta thay rang khi mach xac lap thi dien ap tren R tien toi mot gi a tr] khong dbi bang K. -c can dang dien ap tren C co dang gi6ng het U] song cham sau mot khoang thai gian bang 1:. Cling can luu y ding neu ta thayrnach RC bang mach RL ta cling c6 ket qua luang nr, (thay dcii vai tro cua echo R va cua R eho L).

1.3.2.3. D{{i viii tin hi¢u bien df/i thea ham s6' m.ii Xct mach dien nhir hinh 1.18 ta c6:

. .

.---.--------+---------------~----

c

E

.--~--------*---------------~----

Hinh 1.18. M<;tch RC voi tlnhi~u ham so rnO

u.rt) = E [l-exp( - :, J}l(t)

Y nghia cua 1:1: 1:1 = Rj.C, trong d6 R, noi tro ngu6n tin hieu U], C, la dicn dung ra cua ngu6n tin hicu. Ta co mach tuang dirong nhir hlnh 1.19:

R

1}

c

Hinh 1.19. So do tl.tdng dl1C1ng hinh 1.18 Xct nrong tt! nhu muc 1.3.2.1 ta co ket qua nhu sau:

16

lie = UI - liR

Nhu vay lil{,e = F (t, t I' 't2• q) va phu thuoc vao thoi gian, tham s6 nguon, tham so mach va ty s6 gitra cluing (hinh 1.20).

u,

E

q = 1

E

q =10

q =100

q = 1

o

a

Hinh 1.20, Tin hi~u trim R vii C thea hIing so thai gian * N hall xet :

+ Dei vrri uR(t):

Khi q cang 16n. UR cang bam sat u , nhat lit khi t con nho. Khi q giarn bien d¢ cua xung fa giam. Khi q = 1 thl xung fa co dang Ia mot xung nhon dien hlnh voi bien do bang 0.37.E_

+ Doi voi uc(t):

Khi q cang nho lic cang bam sat UI nhatIa khi t Ion. Khi q tang thi toe de? bien thien cua RC giarn va khi q = 100 thi uc e6 diem uon.

+ Cling din luu y rang khi ta thay mach RC bang mach RL ta cling co ket qua luang tu, (thay vai tro cua R cho L va cua C eho R).

1.4. PHAN UNG CUA MJ;\CH TUYEN TfNH DOl Val DAy TiN HI~U XUNG Khi xcr phan Ling ella mach doi v6i day xung can phan bier hai tnrong hop:

* Truong lurp 1: Neu qua trlnh qua d¢ trong mach kip ket thuc rnoi khi co xung nhip tiep thea tac dong thl phan ling ella mach diroc xac dinh nhu Iii tac dong ella tung xung don.

* Truong /U!P 2: Neu qua trinh qua dQ trong mach chua kip ket thiic moi khi eo xung tiep thea tac dong thl phan irng cua mach dien se rat phirc tap, phuong trrnh mo til mach dien khi do se la phuong trinh sai phan,

17

M<)t khac cling can Iuu y vi mach RC va RL 1a mach tuyen tinh nen ta cling co the ap dung nguyen ly xep chong, nghia la:

n

U I (t) =:; u: (t) + ... + u~ (t) =:; L U;il

i=1

n

"'"' (;) U2 (t) = u~ (t) + ... + u; (t) = L u2

;=1

1.4.1. Di~n ap lay ra tren di~n tre, R (hinh 1.21)

. 11---------

n~(t)

c

R

.---------------------.------~--

Hlnh 1.21. Diif!n ap ra lay tren di~n tra

Ncu tai tho'i di ern t = 0 dau vao cua mach R C la mot day xung h inh chi! nhat ly tuang veri bien d¢ la. E va do rong Iii Tx. ta x.ic di nh dUQ'C dien ap ra u2(t) bang phuong phap xep chong. Khi do tac d911g cua xung vuorig dan coi nhu Hi tong d icn ap dot bien co bien de? Iii E. Tai thai di~111 t=:;O va lac dung cua dicn ap dot bien tai thai diem t = Tx veri bien de> la -E, dicn ap fa doi

voi dien ap tac dung die thanh phan a dau eo dang hinh 1.22.

?

cua

vao

18

~Jmr

!

-E················r························,

E

o

t

t, \

U1

E ··························1

o

Hinh 1.22. D~ng tin hiif!u trim R

eho

tl = 0 ~ t2 :::::; LX

u\2) = E. exp[ - :J

l t -'"C ]

; U~2) = E. exp - L x

u, = U\2) + ui') =:> u,(t) = E( exp[ - : J - cxp[ - t ~ T JJ

Clui 5': Khi '"C thay cloi thi dang song dau ra cling thay dol theo. a) Klti T:::::; RC » Tx: Dang song dau ra co dang (hinh 1.23):

Tin hicu ra co dang gan giong tin hieu VaG song bi sut d inh ITI¢t hrorig t-.E. Day IS. truong

U2 ~ U1 I t'1E

E ~ ~ .

U2 · .. ······r·····

.. .

t

hop nguoi ta str dung mach RC a t1 : '. t2 :c---

Lim mach pharr each d~ truyen :... ...:

dan x ung t ir ngu6n den ta i. Yell Hinh 1.23. D~ng s6ng dau ra khi T = RC»Tx

cau d()i voi mach phan each IS. kh6ng duoc gay mea tin hicu song khong the; tranh duoc do d6 phai chap nhan mot do mea diroc tinh bang cong tlurc sau:

BE = ~E (%) E

day duoc goi IS. do sut dinh nrong doi hoac d¢ mea dinh xung. Dt t inh t-.E

nguoi ta can eli' V~lO plnrong trinh

cho tJ :::::; 0, ta c6 (hinh 1.24):

uJ (t)IL~t = E.CXP[-~J

' '"C

u2(t) nghla la trong khcang t] < t < t1,

Tu d6 linh duoc llE = E (1- CXp[- L; JJ Hlnh 1.24. no th] don giim dE!'

, tinh SE

Suy ra BE = (I - exp[ - '; J) theo giii thiet r> T. thi oE ~ ';

V[ du: Nell oE = 1 % thi chi can chon L :::::; IOO'"Cx ---+ tinh RC cho phu hop voi chi tieu tren. Neu tin hieu vao la xung tam giac thl voi each lam nrong nr nlnr tren ta co:

19

b) Khi t:«: Lx

Khi do xung ra bi meo dang mot each nghiern trong. N6 co dang HI. 2 x ung nhon d liang va am b cac thai di~1TI t, va t2•

Day 13 truong hop rna ngtroi ta irng dung mach RC d~ lam mach vi phan tao xung nhon til Kung vuong (hinh 1.25).

o

t

'1" bE ~_x

2'1"

u

-E

1.4.2. £)i~n ap lay ra tren tl;l di~n c

Hinh 1.25. D<;Ing s6ng dau ra khi .. = RC«"'tx

J1

• 'VV'v cI •
R
1(t)
u
I ,.
• • z{t)

Hinh 1.26. Di~n ap ra lay trim tl,l di~n

Xct mach hlnh ve va bang each tirong tu nhu tren ta c6 (hinh 1.26):

Cho t, = 0

u~ = E( l-exp[ -: J)

u: = E( l-CXP[ - t -," J)

Do d6:

't = RC

* Nluin xet :

Tirong tu nhu tren da xet khi hang so thai gian cua mach '[ thay d6i thi dang dien ap dau ra cling thay d6i.

20

- Khi "C » T\: Dicn up ra co dang la mot xung tam gi.ic co canh suon truoc co i nlur mot duong thung, nghia la (hlnh 1.27):

Trong khoang thai gian t, < t < t2 iing voi tnrong hop t, = 0 ta c6:

1l,(I) = E(l-exp[ - :]).

R,

u,(t)

~J T,
'OIl! ~
... " .... \ .,..
td t2 1
uj (I)
E u\ o -E

u, r; ;

! u, :

E _ m+ ,

VJ~~

Tx

;... --:

E ~ ..

, t,

't z

Thea gi{t thict 'T » "Cx do d6 "C » t thl u)(t) ~ E . .!.

. - "C

Nhtr vay:

u2(t) = Kt

E

K = - = canst "C

Day ]il phuong trlnh duong thang. Dav HI. tnronu hap noU'('ri ta str

_ b. b

dung 1110-ch RC lam mach tfeh phan ngh'ia la til mot gia tri dicn ap E = canst bien d6i qua tfch phan thanh dicn up co dang dirong thang (duong bac nhat ).

- Khi "C « "C,: Khi "C nit nh6 t6e dQ bien thien cua cac thanh phan tin hieu ra relt IOn do do dang xung dau ra gan gi6ng voi dang xung dau vao. Xung bi meo SHall (rnco trin sO' cao).

Day Iil trtron g hop mach RC d6ng vai tro nhu mot noi tro' va dien dung ra cua ngu6n xung ]5' tuorig (hinh 1.28).

u

o

Hinh 1.27. Gilm do tho! gian cua mach

u2(t)

u

u

o t, t2

Hinh 1.28. M~ch RC nhir n<}i tres va di~n dung ra ctJa nguon xung IV tl/Csng

21

Trong do:

R, 13 noi trfr;

Co la dien dung ra ky sinh.

Do d6 muon xung it bi mea dang khi ra khoi ngu6n thi cac tham s6 nhu noi tro R, va dien dung ra ky sinh Co cang nho cang tot.

1.5. M~CH PH AN Ap XUNG

Trang cac thict bi xung thirong g~p la phai lam suy gram bot mot phan dien up nao do d~ dam bao cac yeu cau ky thuat hoac tien 191 cho vice SLr dung, khi do ta phai sir dung cac bo phan ap xung. Nhiern vu cua mach phan ap xung Ia trfch mot phan tin hieu dira den tai d~ tlurc hien ph6i hop ve mat bien do. Do do yeu cau. ky thuat dat ra doi voi mach phan ap xung la khong dtroc gay mea tin hieu rna chi lam giarn ve mat bien d¢ (nguoi ta con goi mach phan ap xung Ia mach suy giarn). NhU' ta da bier, theo khai tri~n Furie cac tin hieu kh6ng co chu ky hlnh sin d~u chua trorig no cac thanh phan tan s6 tir thap den cao. Muon mach phan ap kh6ng gay mea tin h ieu thi he s6 truyen dat cua mach khong diroc phu thuoc VaD Uill s6. Cac bo phan don gian nhat rna kh6ng phu thuoc vao tan s6 do Ia: phan ap dien tro, phan ap dien dung va pharr ap hon hop.

1.5.1. M?ch phan ap di~n trd Sa do mach dien c6 R I' R2 I~O Thanh mach phan ap, Co la tu ky sinh (hlnh 1.29).

Tir sa do ta co:

UI

U2 = R2 = ~R U,

. R, +R2

):: R2

V 6i ':>R = ~ canst

RJ +R2

Trong do SR Hi mot hang so khong phu thuoc vao tan s6

va dU9C goi Hi he s6 phan ap dien tra.

Hinh 1.29. M;~u:h phan ap di~n trd

1.5.2. M?ch phan ap di~n dung

Sa do mach dien co C1• C2 tao thanh mach phan ap, RT Ia dien tra tai,

22

•

U1

Tir sa do (hinh 1.30) ta co:

VI

V2= XC2=SCUI

XCI + XC2

1 - Trona do: X = --'

o . CI C.

CO 1

•

•

= const.

Hinh 1.30. M~ch ph an ap di~n dung

SC H1 mot hang 56 kh6ng phu thuoc VaG tan s6 va diroc go i La he so phan ap dien dung.

Nh dn xet:

_ - Trong thtrc te kh6ng ton tai nhirng mach phan ap xung ly Luong nhir tren rna trcn dau fa cua mach ph an ap dien tro baa gio cling co di~n dung ky sinh con dau ra cua mach phan ap dien dung se co dicn tr6-- tai. Do do dien ap ra se c6 do rorig siron nhat dinh cho du dau vao la mot xung hinh chir nhat L5' nrong. Hay noi each khac 1a he s6 phan ap phu thuoc vao tan so va gay mea tin hieu lily ra. D6 xet mot each tong quat ta xet mach ph an ap han hop gam ca hai pharr nr la R va C.

1.5.3. MC;1Ch ph an ap han hop

Sa do mach nhu hlnh 1.31, thirc hien nrong tv nhu tren ta co: 01

U2 = Z2 hay U2 = ~Z·Ul

z, +Z2

voi

Z I = R I / / _1_ va Z2 = R2 / / _1_

mCI wC2

V(lY Sz = f(co (he so phan ap n6i chung l a phu thuoc VaG tan so). D~ xet moi quan he nay ta dira VaG dirong cong ~z = few).

Quan sat mach dien tren ta thay rang mach phan ap co dang Ia mach cau. Do d6 d€ cau din bang, ngh'ia la dong qua cheo cau bang khong thl

23

c1i~11 ap ra co th~ lay tren phan ap dien tro hoac phan ap dien dung voi h~ s6 phan ap khong phu thuoc VaD tan so, khi d6 ~z = SR = Sc = canst. D~ eho cau can bung can phai co (hinh 1.31): R ICI = R2C2•

Nell ~c > ~I~ hay c..«, > C2·R2 Neu SR > ~c hay C1R1 < C2R2

Ncu Sr~ == Sc hay C,R, = C2R2• Duong cong uz(t) c6 dang nlnr hinh vc. Vay, ncu thea man u, dieu kicn R I CI = RZC2 h¢ s6 phan

ap sc khong phu thuoc vao tan s6 nua, tin hieu ra 5C khong bi meo

so voi tin hieu vao, Do d6 dieu kien de clWI1 tri s6 dien dung cua

tu C1 la: C] ::: ~2 .c;

I

u

o

Hinh 1.32. Giim do di~n ap cua mach phan ap han hc;1p

Hinh 1.31. M{lch phan ap han hop

Ta co th~ giai thfch cac duong cong 1, 2, 3 nhtr sau: theo ly thuyet ph6 c6 th6 coi dien ap dot bien, a dau vao b¢ phan ap Ia tong cua cac dien ap hlnh sin co tan s6 eo bien d6i til 0 7 co nghia la thanh phan cua n6 chua day du cac mire tan s6, rna thanh phan tan s6 cao tan nam iJ "siron" len cua dien ap dot bien (hlnh 1.32).

V4Y tai thai diem t = 0 tra khang cua cac tu noi chung Xc::: cleo «so voi dien tr6 mac song song voi n6. Tri so dien ap ra do phan ap dien dung quyet dinh, Ngtroc lai sau khi ket thuc qua trinh qua d¢ cac tu da dtroc nap day, trO' khang Xc cua cac tu tang len so voi dien treJ mac song song voi no, nen ap ra do

~R quyet dinh. Do d6 ~R > Sc hoac ~R < ~c biroc nhay dien ap ban dau se dat t = 0 se 16'11 h011 hoac nho hon tri so xac lap, Khi ~R = ~c biroc nhay dien ap se bang tri so ap xac lap do vay dien ap ra khong bi mea.

24

cAu HOI vA BAI TAp

1. Tai sao cac mach gam cac phan tLt R, L, C dircc 99i la mach tuyen tinh?

2. M¢t di$n ap tuyen tfnh dircc cap cho mach RC, gia tr] diE%n ap VaG dat tol gia tr] 100V sau khoanp thoi gian bang 5T. Hay X8C dinh gi8 tr] di~n ap trim R tal thoi diem do.

3. Neu hang so thai gian cua mach RC co gla tr] xap XI d<) r(mg xung vao, thl d9 r9ng xung ra tren C tang hay giam? Giai thlch.

4. Mach tuyen tinh RC co R = 100kn, C = 50pF, di$n ap mot chieu tao d¢ng 113

10V. Gia thlet gla tri dau tren tu la av, tinh:

Hang 56 thdi gian cua mach:

Gia tr] di$n ap va dong di$n tren R, C tal thoi diem t = 5~IS; Thoi gian mach dat trang thai xac I$p (0 = 0,05);

Thai gian di$n ap tren tl,l dSlt gi8 tr] bang 5V.

5. Mach tuyen tfnh RL co L = 10mH, R = 1 Don, di$n ap mot chieu tac d9ng la

10V. Tinh: hang s6 thai gian cua mach:

Gia tri di~n ap va dong diEm tren R, L t<;11 thci diem t = 5~lS; Thol gian mach d at tr<;lng thaixac l?p (0 = 0,05);

Thoi gian di$n ap tren R dat gia tr] bang 5V.

6. Cho mach RC, ve danq di$n ap ra tren tu khi tin hi$u VaG la xung vuonq,

25

CHUONG

, - ,

KHOA f)IEN TU'

•

2.1. KHAI NIE;M CHUNG

Trang cac thiet bi xung, cac dung cu dien nr cong tac b Hft ca cac che do, song chu yeu la ache dQ dong rna, khi d6 ve thuc chat cac den dien tLr va dung cu ban dan d6ng vai tro nhu mot khoa dien nr nam & mot trong hai trang thai: khoa mo - den tat va khoa dong - den thong. Che dQ dong mo nay duoc dac trung bang 51! chuyen d6i cua khoa mot each nhanh chong t ir trang thai tat sang trang thai thong bao hoa va nguoc lai , duoi tete dung cua tin hieu vao dieu khien d~t len cac dien eire dieu khien. Khi den drr 0' mot trang hai trang thai tren, thi rnoi su thay d6i nho 6 dau vao cling kh6ng lam anh huang den dien zip hoac dong a dau fa.

Cac tharn so cua khoa dien nr baa gam: noi tra khoa, toe do d6ng mo khoa, de? 6n dinh cua nguong dieu khien.

2.1.1. N9i tra cua khoa (Rk)

- Khi khoa dong thl cho dong dien di qua (i, "* 0) dien tro khoa d6ng khi d6 duoc ky hieu Rku.' Yeu diu noi tn1 khoa dong phai bang 0 (RkJ = 0).

- Khi khoa mo thi ngan khong cho dong dien di qua (i, = 0) dien tro' khoa mo khi d6 duoc ky hieu Rkm. Yeu cau noi tro khoa rna phai bang vo cung (Rkcl = 00).

2.1.2. Toe d9 dong md cua khoa

- Moi khi e6 tin hieu dieu khien, khoa chuyen tir trang thai dong sang mo hoac tit rna sang dong. Khi do trong khoa se dien ra qua trinh qua do (khong tac dong nrc thai). Chinh thai gian qua d¢ nay (tTL) da lam han che' toe dQ dong rna cua khoa. Tan s6 dong mo cue dai co the dat

duoc Ia FI\IAX = _1_ song d~ darn baa do tin cay thi [FMAX ]CP < -21

tn tR

2 .. 1.3. 09 6n dinh cua nguang dieu khiijn

Thong thuong nguoi ta chon cac tfn hieu dieu khidn co cong suat nho

26

d~ dieu khien nhtrng tin hieu co cong suat Ian (dong hoac ap 16'n). Do d6 yeu cau nguong dieu khien cua tin hieu van phai co do 6n dinh cao.

Ngoai ba tham so ca ban tren khoa dien lU can phai dam bao diroc cac yell cau nhir do ben, gia thanh, hlnh thirc.

2.2. KHOA £)I~N Tlf DUNG TRANSISTOR

De tao ra cac khoa dien tir, nguoi ta phai sir dung cac phan tu phi tuyen trong mach dien, vi du nhu diode, triode.

Voi cac khoa dien tir dung

transistor (hinh 2.1) luang ttl RB

nhtr mach khuech dai ton tai ba kieu mac E'C, Be, CC ta cling co ba kreu khoa ttron g ung; song a day ta chi nghien ciru mach Ee voi hai tharn so co ban la noi tra

khoa va toe dQ dong mo. Hinh 2.1. Sd do m~ch khca di~n ttl

Ec
r, 1 Rc
lleo
IB lue
...
II1II
Iso 1
USE 2.2.1. N9i tra khoa khi khoa rnd (Rkm)

Truong hop khoa rna urong irng voi transistor tat. Muon _ cho transistor tat thl din phai co dieu kien UBE < 0 dan den Utlk < 0 khi do dong Ie = leo (leo chi phu thuoc van nhiet d¢ nen dtroc goi Hi dong dien nhiet). Do do ap ra:

Uc = Be - le·Rc

Ue = Ee -leo·Re ~ Ee

(lco rat nho cO vai chuc den vai tram J-lA). Chinh dong Ico nay da cho lam noi tro cua khoa khac vo cung (R, -::I: co).

Ngoai fa khi khoa rna con co cac dong dien 16 :::; -IBo ve gia tri Is ~ leo do do IE :::::: lEO ~ O.

Tom lai: ache dQ khoa rna thl noi tro cua khoa R, -::j: 00. dieu nay khac voi khoa dien nr cling loai dung den dien tir. 0 den dien tu khi den tat dong qua den hoan toan bang khong va noi tn)- ella khoa bang vo cung.

27

2.2.2. N9i trd khoa khi khoa dong (Rkd)

D~ xet trang thai ella transistor khi khoa dong thong thuong ngiroi ta dua VaG dac tuyen ra cua transistor (hlnh 2.2):

r, = f(Ue)IIB=const

M· ' 'd' {u BE < 0

- ien cat ang _

Is - IBO

- Mien khuech dai AB: Dong IB tang dan den dong Ie tang Him cho u, g iam, VI Ie = ~IB va Dc = Ee- IeRe-

- Mien bao hoa: Khi Is Ie

tang va Is > IBh thi Ie kh6ng lang nlra va eo gia tri bang

Ichh' Do d6 khi transistor bao 1

hoa ling voi dong IB Ion han r

IShl! thl goi HI bao hoa sau, B

Con ling voi ditim Iahh goi Ia bien biio hoa. Dng voi diem

A ta cling co DCnh' '. 180

Ue = Uehh ::::::: 0 (dien ap dir)

E

I - I - C

C - Chh ~ R

e

o

Uct>h

UCE

Hinh 2.2. D~e tuyen ra cua transistor

Thong tlnrong ache d<) khoa dong ngiroi ta mong muon transistor thong ache' do bao hoa hoac a che' do bao hoa sau d~ dat duoc cac yeu diu sau:

+ Co duoc dong lehh 16'0.

+ Khoa c6 kha nang chong nhieu cao VI khi do nhirng str thay d6i nho cua dau vao kh6ng anhhirong gl den che do lam viec cua khoa.

Tom I ai :

6 che' do baa hoa, cac dong dien trong mach (Is, Id deu ... 1't 16n va do chinh mach ngoai quyet dinh transistor, khong con kha nang dieu khien duoc nita, va noi tr6 khoa khi d6 diroc coi la bang khong. Din luu y ding voi khoa CLIng 10~i dung den dien tir khi den thong a che do toi han den van co mot noi tra nhat dinh (vai chuc kD.) lam noi tro cua khoa 11'1 khac kh6ng.

2.2.3. Qua trinh qua de? trong khoa EC

Muon xct qua trinh qua d¢ trong khoa EC, ta chi viec tao nen mot tin hieu

28

dieu khien sao eho khoa chuyen tir trang thai uit sang trang thai mo va ngiroc lai, Do do qua trlnh dong mo khoa se kh6ng xay ra nrc thai rna tao nen nhtrng khoang thai gian qua do nhat dinh nhu do thi hinh 2.3.

* Trong khoang thai gian to < t < t I

Trong khoang thoi gian nay ta eo Duk < 0 lam cho USE < 0 vi vay transistor tat (khoa rna). Khi d6 dong IB = -IBo va dong Ie = leo va dien ap dau ra Ue;::::; Ee. * Trang khoang thai gian t, < t < t2

Udk

!El
t, I::> tE::> t o

o

E

..................................................... Jii1·=·:::··~·········································· ,,, , ,, .. ,,.

100 RB ~IB ISttl

.........

o

. .

", .. ~ ...

o to

Hinh 2.3. Qua trlnh qua de? trong khoa EC

Tai thai di~m t = tl, U<lk co dor bien dirong tir -E2 len +Elo Gia thiet ding mtrc E, du Ian tao ra giri tri lSI = EJ »IBbfl de dAy transistor sang RI

29

che' do baa hail. Khi do dong IR c6 dot bien rlot)P djpp «nn.O" Tb~;t3'-:F

.... ' u - : - ,-?.r ........ .,y?~o we,,;;:.-. JVH6 .£c '-<!oJ. (u.HE:>

cham ur leo den gia tri bang Iebh tai thai diem t == t2 thea quy luat tang ham so mil tao nen do rong suon truoc cua tin hieu ra TS, = t2 - t..

* Trang khoang thai gian t2 < t < 1:,

Sau thai diem t2 thi dong Ie = Iebh va khong tang nira VI dong IB rat 16'11 ncn van xay ra qua trinh tiern dien tfch tu mien E sang mien B tao nen cac dien tfeh thira tap trung (j mien tiep giap eve C. Qua trinh tang tfch luy d6 thea dung quy Iuat tang siron truoc (quy luat ham s6 rna) ella dong dien Ie-

Gia thi et rang qua trtnh tfeh lay d6 xac lap truoc thai di~m t]_ * Trang khoang thoi gian t3 < t < t4

Tai thoi diem t = tJ co d()t bien UJk dan den dot bien dong dien mot hrong:

f..IB = IB] + 11m! voi IIB21 = E2

RB

S(1 di dong 1m co gia tri 16n nhu vay vi trong giai doan qua 09 dien tr& nguoc 0- (hiu VaG tiep giap PN chua 6n dinh nen dien tro vao duoc lay bang dien tro khi transistor 0 che' do bao hoa, dong 1\32 se diroc duy trr trong mot khoang thoi gian nhSt dinh. Sau khi thiet lap dien tro nguoc dau vao thi dan dan tra ve gia tri 113i1- Trang khi d6 dong Ie van giG nguyen gia tri lchh cho den thai diem t, VI khi do trang B xay fa qua trlnh tieu tan cac dien tich thira da duoc tich Ifiy trong giai doan tnroc, tao nen mot khoang thai gian tre mo.

* Trong khoang thai gian t, < t < t5

Sau thoi diem t , dong Ie bat dau giam va tao nen dO rong siron sau ket tlnic tai thoi di6m Ie = leo (TS2 = t, - t4)

T (J/11 I a i: Khoang thai gian tn~ Tll" va thai gian tao stron TS1, TS2 orr Elm cham qua trinh d6ng rno ella khoa, do d6 ta phai ttm each lam giam anh huang ella clning.

cA.u He)) VA BAI T~P

1. M9Ch khoa EC (hlnh 2.4), tinh:

UCE khi Uv:= OV 1[3 de T bao hoa (UCE(bh):= OV)

RBm"~ khi U, := 5V

2. Mach khoa EC co: Rc:= 10kn, Rg:= 1Mn, p = 150, Ee = 5V, USE = O,7V, bo qua UCE bao hoe, tinh gia tr! dong Ie bao hoa?

3. Mach khoa EC co: Re := 1,2kn, l3 = 50, Ec = 15V, Um, := O,7V, bo qua UCE bao hoa, Tlnh: Rn de T bao hoa khi U, := 5V

Uv de T Hilt.

Ec =10V --,---

Rc 1kQ

1

Hinh 2.4. Sd do mach kh o a

30

CHUaNG

MACH VI PHAN

•

3.1. KH.A.I NI~M CHUNG


• d
(t) - sit)
dt 51

Hinh 3.1. Sd do khoi mach vi phan

Theo dinh nghia mach vi phan Ia mot mach tuyen t inh rna tin hieu dau ra ty le voi vi phan cua tin hieu dau vao,

( ) - K d[sj(t)]

5z t -

dt

K = const Iii he s6 ty l¢.

Cac tin hieu SI(t) va sz(t) co th~ 18. dong dien hoac dien ap do d6 co

th~ co 4 trtrong hop xay ra 13.:

Tin hieu vao Hl dong dien va tin hieu ra la dong dien; Tin hieu vao Ia dong dien va tin hieu ra 13 dien ap; Tin hieu vao Ia dicn ap va tin hieu ra lit dong-dien; Tin hieu van Ia dien ap va tin hieu fa lit dien ap,

Neu SI(t) va sit) deu la di~n ap thl mach vi phan dien ap, khi do ta co:

( ) - K d[u1(t)] Uz t -

dt

[K] = [t]

Mot each t6ng quat khi SI(t) va sz(1) la bat ky thi vice can bang phuong trinh ve mat thir nguyen do K dam nhiern,

Mach vi phan tin hieu dien ap thirong diroc irng dung nhieu trong cac cac thiet bi dien ur nhu:

- Thier bi may tinh dien tv tirong tu, may tfnh dien nr s6;

- Cac thiet bi do luang;

31

- Mach tao xung k ich thfch dot bien;

- Cac mach dong bo trong may thu hinh, thong tin lien lac, fa da ten lila ...

3.2. cAc MJ!t.CH VI PHAN

3.2.1. M~ch vi phan RC Thea so do mach dien (hinh 3.2) la co U2 = UR = IRR.

Mat khac thea so do mach ta lai co I = I

. . R C

Thea vat ly h9C ta co du

C. __ c thay vao bieu

dt

thirc t inh U2 ta co:

c

··------------~I ~------~----------

R

Hinh 3.2. Sd do m~ch vi ph an RC

U2 = RCduc dt

Trang do Uc-_ U I - U2 thay vao bieu thtrc tren ta co:

U2 = RCd(UI -U2) dt

Neu ta g ia thiet ding OR « Uc luang irng voi U2 « U I V~y:

( ) _ K d[u\(t)]

il2 t -

dt

K = RC= Canst

Thea tren thl dieu k ien de: mach tro thanh mach vi phan thea gia thiet Ia:

UR« u,

1 1

hay IR « 1--- suy ra RC «

wC (J)

VI ta d5. bier (J) = (Olhiip -;- W,,"" nen de dam bao he thirc luon dung ta cc dieu k ien:

1

'T = RC«--

Wea"

Mat khac ta lai c6 0) = :; hay RC« ~~ (T; la chu ky tin hieu xung). Tom lai: Dieu kien de mach RC tro thanh mach vi phan la 'T = RC« T x-

32

3.2.2. Ung duriq cua mach vi phan

a) T'qo xung n.h.on. tit xung vuong (hinh 3.3)

T . 1 ,. li hi du, (t) 9O{J U1

at t 10'1 ( rem 1 = tj 111 = tg == CI:)

. dt

, du, dE

t , < t < t2 thi ~- = - = O.

dt dt

11 I ~ 1 - du, .,~. ,

leo y t iuyet -- hen tal vo cung,

dl

song v~ mat vat ly khong ton tai nhirng xung co bien do vo cling Ion. Do d6 xung ra co bien do Ian nhat Ii) bang bien de? ella xung vao va UQ rong la Tx = 3RC.

Tuy va y trirong hop tren cling chi l a ly urong VI thuc 16 ncu kt den anh huang cua n auon tin hicu vao va tai a

L,.. b 4

d{iu ra thl so' do luang dirong ella Hinh 3.3. Gian do thai gian cua

mach vi phan sc duoc bicu dien bang di~n ap vao, ra rna ch vi phan

phuorig t riuh vi phan cap cao. D~ x ac dinh anh huong tong hop ella t,tt ca eric tharn s6 ky sinh thl ta phai giai plurong trlnh bicu dicn no.

o

o

Neu chi xct ricng anh huang cua cac dien tra ky sinh thi so do tuong duong cua mach (hinh 3.4) co dang sau:

R, C

E

R

U2m = E
Ri
R" U2 E
~ R lu'
Hinh 3.4. Anh hlldng cua cac di~n trd ky sinh trong mach vi phan hJdng dUdng

33

V6i R* = I<.//R,. = R.RT gia thiet cho R« RT suy fa R*::::: R.

R+RT

R

U"m = E < E hay bien dl) tin hieu bi giam di.

- R+R-

I

b) N hij,n xet.

u

Ly thuyet

E 1------""""'1

o

t

Hinh 3.5. Anh hltdng cua cac yeu to' den xung vi phan

Neu k~ den anh huang ella die dien tro' ky sinh (hinh 3.5) dac bier la dien tra nguon va tai thl bien do tin hieu ra da giam di va do rong cua no tang len. Neu ke them anh huong cua cac tu ky sinh ta thay:

- T1;l C, cua ngu6n tin hieu him tang dl) rong stron tnroc.

- T~ C, cua tai tin hieu keo dai dl) rong siron sau.

Do anh huang tbng hop cua cac tham 56 ky sinh tren ta thay bien dQ cua tin hieu giarn di nghiern tron g va do rong tang ttr 4 + 6 Ian.

Trang thuc te de thiet ke mach vi phan, ngiroi ta thtrong siX dung phtrong phap he s6 hay phuong phap do thi ,

3.2.3. MC:lch vi phan Slt dl:-l"9 be? khuech dai thuat toan

Khi nghien CUll mach IC nrong nr ta thay b¢ khuech dai thuat toan diroc xay dung tren ca so mach t6 hop co dAu vao La bo khuech dai vi sai, do do do nhay cua mach thuat toan rat cao va tro khang dau VaG cua bo

34

khucch dai tl~u~t toan Ian. co the dat toi hang chuc me ga om. Tro khang dau fa cua bo khuech d£ti thuat toan Hi nho. Nho d6 dung mach vi phan xay dung treri co sa cua bo khuech dai thuat loan de dang phoi hop tro khang voi mach cung cap tin hieu 6 dau vao va ghep noi voi tai b dau fa.

M~t khac h¢ s6 khuech dai cua bo khuech dai thuat toan co gia tri Ion K = 50 -;- 6 dB. Do do bien d¢ cua tin hieu vi ph an nhan diroc a dau ra 16n.

Voi mach vi phan dung KDIT nho str dung khau phan hoi tv dau fa dua tr6 ve dau vao do do g iarn diroc sai so vi phan (hlnh 3.6).

u,

1

Hinh 3.6. M~ch vi phan Slt dl,mg khuech dai thu~t toan

Mach vi phan hlnh ve tren co each mac thea kieu dao v6'i mach phan ap 1a tu d ien C va d ien tro R2•

Tu C la tu dua tin hicu vao , R21a dien tra hoi ticp tir dau fa trri dau vao. Dicn tro R, d6 6n dinh tong tro dau vao. Dien tro R~ thirong chon co tri s6 bang dicn tra R2 co tac dung btl trir nhiet.

Dong dien vao cling chinh la dong nap dien cua tu C diroc tinh thea cong

hii . Cd(u,,) D inh ha , IC ~ d' dien vi I -

t uc: 1" = . a trn c at eua nen ong len vao nap c 10 tu cung

dt . . .

chinh la dong qua dien tro' hdi tiep R, va diroc tfnh thea cong thirc:

IRZ = - Uo = i., = c. d(uv) •

n, dt

U . R h U _R2.C.d(uv)

() = - Iv' 2 ay () =

dt

Suy ra

Neu cho t in hieu vao la xung vuong thl dong qua tu se cho ra hai xung nhon, Doi voi Ie KDIT khi cho xung tam g iac dira vao dau vao thi sc cho xung vuorig CJ dau ra.

35

cAu HOI VA BAI TAp

1. Neu tac dunq cua mach vi phan.

2. Tim dieu kien vi phan cua mach vi ph an RL.

3. Cap cho mach vi phan RC mot di$n ap eo danq (hinh 3.7) sau:

20V

t(ms)

a

~20V

Hinh 3.7. D~ng di~n ap vao mach vi phan RC

Hay ve d~ng di$n ap ra cua mach vi phan. danh dau cac mete quan tronq, biet hang so thai gian cua mach 18 200~lS.

4. Ve d?ng di$n ap ra vi phan Ctng voi cac tin hieu di~n ap VaG (hinh 3.8) s au:

+

+


0 t
- o

Hinh 3.8. Cao d~ng tin hi~u vao mach vi phan

36

CHUONG

MACH licH PHAN

•

4.1. KHAI NI~M CHUNG


~ 1
Sl{t) s.Jt) Hinh 4.1. Sd do kh6i mach tich phan

Thco djnh nghia mach tich phan 13 mot rnang 4 eire tuyen t inh tin hieu dfill ra ty lc voi t ich phan thea thai gian cua tin hieu dau vao. Cac tin hieu vao va ra co the III dicn ap hoac dong dien. Do do de can bang ve mat thu nguyen (dan vi do) thi tat ca thir nguyen duoc hang s6 rich pharr K diirn nhiern.

!

S 2 (t) = K f S I ( t )d t

(l

Vai

K = Const.

Trang truong hop tin hieu vao 13 dien ap thl ta c6 mach t ich phan di911 ap nghia la:

t

uit) = K f ul (t)dt

[K] = [1]""1

Mach tich phan tin hicu thtrcng diroc trng dung nhicu lruilb C..lL thiet

bi dicn tu sau:

- Thier bi chon 19C va so sanh tin hieu:

- Thier bi tinh loan;

- Thiet bi do hrong;

~ T~lO tin hicu xung rang ctra;

~ Thiel bi bien dbi luang nr - so; - Thiet bi hien hlnh.

37

4.2. cAc M.t;\.CH TICH PHAN

4.2.1. Mach tlch phan RC

Thco sa d6 mach dien hinh 4.2 ta co: 1 I .

u,(t) ::::: L1cet)::::: C fledt

II

Ma ta ln i co:

R

-- --v'V\/'~l-c --.-

u,

I

. _. _ ur< _ UI - U2

1c- lR - R - R

Tir do suy ra:

I I

UI~(t) ::::: -- Seu, - uz)dt RC()

Gi~i. t h ict Ue« UR khi do U2 « L11.

..

•

Hinh 4.2. M~ch tich phan RC

Vl:}Y ta co:

K = _1_ = Const:

RC '

[KJ = lrl' = [t]1

Theo giii thiel ta co ue « UI~ hay i Ie «iR 0)

suy ra

1

RC »~~ (VI CD bien thien tir co thap den CD cao)

COlh~p

hay

T::::: RC» ;~ (vi (D::::: 2; , 'r, Hi chu ky tin hieu xung)

V~lY d ieu kicn db mach RC tra thanh mach tich phan Ia:

T::::: RC» T;

4.2.2. U'ng dunq ella mach tich phan

Mot trang nhirng irng dung quan trong cua mach tich phan 13. tao tfn hieu rang eva dung at quet tia dicn tu trong cac den 6ng tia dien til va duoc goi la tin h ieu quct.

38

C{lC c1i¢n ap quet (utj) thirong dieu khien cac tia oi911 ur bang dicn

truong do dien ap quet tao ra datIen hai ban cue d ieu k hicn.

a) Tin hiifu q u.et

* Cac thum s6

+ ullq: Dicn ap ban dau;

+ uqtl1: Bien u(:> dicn ap quet;

+ t'l = t2- t): Thoi gian hanh trinh quct thuan;

+ tlol' = tJ - t2: Thrri gian quet nguqc (thai gian hoi phuc).

Yell c du : lio,! nho, Ulllll 16n, thp cang nho cang t6t, t4 trang thoi gian quet u, phai tharig.

N goai nhuug tham s6 n6i trcn, d~ danh gia chat hrong cua tin hieu nguoi ta dua ra tham s6 £'1" De danh g ia hieu suat mach dien ngiroi ta dua ra he; so l oi dung dien ap ~4'

+ Eq goi III he; so mco phi tuyen.

du _ dU4
_4
Sq ll'~() dt dt
t=() t~l4
du
l2=tq -_'I.
dt
t=O . Thea y nghia hrnh hoc cua vi phan ta co:

tgao - tgaq

(%) (khong co thir nguyen)

Neu (X,4 = a(1 thi 8,-/ = 0

Thong thuong 84 = n 10% (chinh xac thap) -7- n% (chinh xac trung binh) -;- n%o (chlnh xac cao)

+ Sq H¢ s6 sir dung dien ap,

U .

Sq = E'-/111 (%) , Eng Ia nguon dien ap m01 chicu, eo gia tr] la mot hang so,

Ill; .

til d6 co th~ tich phan ra duoug bien d6i tuycn tinh d~ tao tin hieu quet.

Dti tao tin hieu quet v~ phuong dien mach dien nguoi La thuong sir dung phuong phap I1<;lP d ien cho tu qua mot dien tra 16n de: darn baa hang

s6 thai gian cua mach t ich phan 16n.

Sa do tcSng quat co dang nhu hlnh 4.3 :

39

R

M~CH PHONG f)1~N

NGUON N.t;\P

c

Hinh 4.3. Sd do tang quat rnac h tich philn

Trang thai gi an tao quet (hanh trrnh quct thuan) khoa K mo do d6 tu C duoc nap dicri tir nguon En): qua dien tro R Elm eho U; tang tao ra hanh trtnh quet thuan. Khi t = 14 thl U4 = U4m nen k hoa K dong l ai, tu C ph6ng di¢n qua noi tro khoa RK « R tao thai gian hoi phuc mach tro ve trang thai ban dau.

Khi I", C nap U/I) = uc(t) = ~ Jicdt

()

. l

Ncu ie = i., = eonst thi u/t) = ~ Jelt = Kt Co

I "

Vil K = _0 = Const • day la phuong trlnh dirong thang.

e

Kif ltuin : Ncu d ien ap trcn tu muon bien thien theo quy luat tuycn tinh thl dong d icn qua tu dien phai khong doi. Khi n~p cho tu dieri C Lim

Uc tang suy ra UJ{ g iam VI the dong qua R giarn. .

Dc <Jilin bao dong qua tu khong doi:

- C6 the thay the dicn trrr R bang mot man g hai eire on dong.

- Dung plurorig phap bu dien -ap de luon luon dam baa hieu so dien

the gi ira hai dau d ien tro la mot hang so.

b) Mc}t s6~ m ach. q aet. thong d urig ,I. Mach rich phun dan gian

+ Sa d6 mach d ieri (hirih 4.4).

+ Nguyen Iy hout dong:

* Trang tluii ball ddu: Transistor d6ng vai tro lit khoa dien nr. T~ dien C dtroc nap dien thong qua d i cn t ro R. Do d6 so do luang duong cua mach dien ta co the vi! lai nlnr sau:

... I(l~ :. Rc
~ Re
Ce
r l~B r-... C
:.:;:
" Ec

Hinh 4.4. Sd do maoh tich phan den gian

40

I·····

Ngu6n nap

R

a)

c

RB

,II. !

Ec

_ •• c •• ., •••• "c ... , ••• ,.co." ••• , •••••••••••••••••• , •••

, M?ch phonq

~
Udk

0 11 t2 t
-
; o

b)

t2 1 t3 !

~ .. .. :

thp !

Hinh 4.5. Sd do mach tich phan a) va gUm -do thdi gian di~n ap vao va di~n ap ra b) Trang d6 transistor d6ng vautro la khoa (hinh 4.5) thuong d6ng (thong bao hoa)

RB« J3min"R

U</II = UChh ~ OV (O.3V)

. I Ee

Ic = Chh ~ R

* Trang tlidi t~1O quit: Khi co xung dieu khien Uulc am lam cho UIlE< 0 va transistor tat. khi do tu dien ~ diroc nap dien tit +Ec qua R qua C tai - BeVoi hang so nap dien 'tn = R€ » tq (theo gilt thiet ban dau). Khi d6 U quet diroc tinh:

41

Thea gia thief ta eo Tn = RC » tq do do Tn » t E

Va U (t) == - t == Kt

'-I

Tn

E

K == - == canst

Tn

Nhin vao plnrong rrrnh uq(t) ta thay day chfnh la phuong trl nh duong thang. Khi het xung dieu khien, transistor lai trrr vc trang thai baa hoa ban da~ va It} dicn C nhanh chong ph6ng d ien v6i hang 56 ph6ng dien La:

T1H: = CRCEThh « r, tPh ~ 3TI'c

T\I dien C diroc ph6ng dien thea duong tir +C qua RCEThh toi -C H00e nr +C qua R toi -C.

Nh dn xct :

Muon danh gia hieu qua ta phai tinh he so mea phi tuyen. + Tinh E4: Can elf vao phuong trinh nap dicn ta tinh diroc:

u/t) = lIe(!) = Ec (I - cxp [:" 1)

Thea dinh ngh'ia Eq ta co eq = 1 - exp[ - ::]

Vi theo gia thict ban dilu 1:" » tq nen E" ~ [ :',: ] do d6 muon giarn tq ta phai lang Tn nrc Ia phai tang RC.

+ Hieu suat: T111h he; so Slr dung dien ap ~'I U4ITI

Theo d inh nghia ';4 ==

Ec

u<j111 == u4 (t)ll~l ~

ult"l = s; (I - exp[ - :: }

~q= l-exp[-~] ~ ~

Tn Tn

Do do ta co:

Tir cong tlnrc ta thay ding muon tang ~4 thi ta phai giam Tn hay giarn RC.

42

Qua IfnIT IOcJJl fa tlidy rdng,

- Muon giarn d() mea phi tuyen thi can thiet phai tang r, = R'C, Song dicu nay lai mali thuan voi ycu cau tang hieu suat , vi n6 lam giam bien dQ dicn up ra.

- Mach co h~ so SLr dung dien ap bang do mea £t! = Sq.

- U'u dicrn cua mach nay 1.1 dan gian, do tin cay cao,

dung duoc trong cac thiet bi kh6ng can dQ chinh xac cao.

2. Mach Miller

+ Sa d6 mach di en (hlnh 4.6).

. .

mach chi SLr

Ec

+ Nguyen ly hoat dong. '" Tr ang J liai bun dd u :

Yeu cau transistor T L1t

ha y U nr: am t a c 6 : .... ----i i-----<t---K 1- ............... ---1

=URB-EB

Di2u kien etc: transistor T tat lu:

Rc

u~

~Ic

T

c

~ R13 E

(Ec + ErJ - 8 < 0

R+RB

Diode D thong va T tat Cic = leo) U, = Ee - IcoRc ::::: Ec

U c = U q - U BE ~ Ee

:I: Trang thai ((TO quet vel IIcJi phuc (hlnh 4.7).

Ta i thai diem t = t , co xung dieu khicn (+) voi dQ roug t , = t'l' Do do diode uit. Vi dong di en ph6ng ban drill 16n han dong dien chay qua R tai thai d iern bat dau x uat hien xung do do lam xuat hicn L'.i,~, L'..U I~ va ~ U BE thong qua tu dien C dan den ~Uq CJ dau ra.

Hinh 4.6. ScJ do mach Miller

..

____ . ~ .... ~ t_2 __

.. t

,

..j.,~U

U'l ,"/ q , / ....

"" E c 1-------'.. 1... .

a

Hinh 4.7. Gian do thai gian mach

43

Nho co LlU UE > 0 lam cho transistor thong va tu dien C bat dau ph6ng dien theo dtrong.

Tu C phong: ,

(+)C qua ReD qua Ec qua R tcri (-)C

~.Rc -'

. Icp~

Do ieph ::::: eonst nen Uc giarn tuyen tinh lam eho U4 giam nho hoi tiep (-) tir bazo thong qua tu dien C.

Thirc vay, ncu gia thier ierh gi arn lam eho UI~ giam dan d~[l U BE~tang va i, tang lam eho ie tang, UI~C tang, U4 giarn thong qua tu d ien C lam

cho U IHe giarn. ' .

Cung mot nguyen nhan iepll giam dan den hai ket qua trai nguoc nhau Iii UBI: tang va UflI; g iam , dieu nay vo 1Y. Vay ierh ::::: const.

Tai thoi diem t = tl kct thuc xung dieu khien a dau vao. Diode 0 Iai thong treY lai , Khi d6 lai xuar hien dot bien dong Ie (.6.id dan den xuat hicn .0.U,! 0 dau ra ttrong nr nhir thai diem tl nhung nguoc lurong. Tiep thco la qua trlnh hoi phuc voi kho.ing thai gian tu C diroc nap dicn tro Iai.

Tl;l C n~p:

(+)Ec qua Rc qua C qua 0 qua Rs qua Es tai (-)Ec

[

]

Tile ~ C( n., + RB); ::: NJUIIl X(;/:

+ Mach CO do mco phi tuyen £'1 rat nho vi:

k: H¢ 56 khuech dai cua mach.

+ 1I¢ so slr dung di~1l ap ';4 -- 1. Muon rna rong bien d¢ tin hieu quet (tang bien d¢ tin hicu quet ) co the mo rong xung dicu khicn t4 den t' 4 song trong thuc 16 khi U'1 giam den gia tr] bang UChh thl dung lai tao nen thai gian quct cue dai t4m"".

+ Muon co £4 nho can co he s6 khuech dai k Ion, nghTa Iii can dien tro t;1i Rc Ian. Dicu nay Hun cho Tne Ion va thai gian hoi phuc thp 16n. Day

44

la nhuoc diem CO' ban cua mach Miller. Dt khac phuc nhuoc diem nay ngtroi ta Hlp them a dau ra cua mach quet mot tang khuech dai collector chung nhir hinh 4.8.

E2
R Rc R1
T2
Cp
----I

Udk lu' Ku ~ 1
RB C2 Rv rat Ian
RE R, rat nho

C
Hinh 4.8. M~ch Miller ca.i tien Dac di~rn cua mach nay La co he so khuech dai dien ap K, = 1. Do do voi each mac mach nhu trcn thi qua trinh tao quet urong duong nlur mach Miller co ban. Song trong thai gian hoi phuc tu dien C s0 khong nap qua d ien tro tai Rc 16'n rna diroc I1<:lP dien qua dicn tro ra R, nit nho ella tang khuech dai T2 do do da thu hep duoc thai gian hoi phuc.

Mat khac, d6 loai be nguon dien ap phu En ngiroi ta sir dung pharr ap R!, R2 d6 tao thien ap tu cap cho transistor T!. De: dam baa dien ap Um lil mot chieu ta Slr dung them tu L9C C2 co tri s6 du Ian sao cho thoa man dilllg thirc:

'tc = C2 R2ld » t4

RR

1'" = C, ! 2 »t4

R, +Rz

4.2.3. M~ch tich phan dung be;, khuech dai thuat toan

Dung be? khuech dai thuat roan xay dung mach tich phan co nhfrng tru

diem sau:

- D9 nhay cao:

- Bien de) tin hieu ra 16n;

- Sai 56 tich phan nho;

- D~ phoi hop trb khan g.

45

Tren hlnh 4.9 ta thay hai linh kien RI va C tao ra hang so

thai gian -c = RIC. Di~n tr& R] con iii dien tra vao, dien tra R2 d6 bu nhiet cho I'C, thirong chon R2 = RI·

Do dien tip dau vao dao nen dien ap fa duoc tfnh thea cong thirc:

1

c

IVV

u,

_1

Hinh 4.9. M'llch tich phan sa dunq khue"ch dai thu~t toan

u (t) = __ 1_ Juv(t)dt

r R C

I

Trang d6 he so ty? le K = __ I_

. . RC

I

Neu dau vao nhan xung vuong tht qua dien tr& R, & dau vao dao se co xung tam giac va & dau fa cling co xung tam giac.

cAu HOI vA BAI T~P

1. NEw tac dunq cua mach tich pharr.

2. Tim dieu kien tfch phan ella mach tfch phan RL,

3. Ve dc,mg d[~n ap ra tich phan (fng vel cac tin hieu di$n ap vao (h lnh 4.10) sau:

Hinh 4.10. Cac d.;mg tin hi~u vae

4. Cho mach di$n (hinh 4.11), biet Rc ;; 10kO, C = 10nF, Ec ;; 30V, di$n ap dieh.l khien hinh vuong co tL = 6115. Tlnh:

Bien 09 eire dai cua di$n ap ra; H$ so kh6ng dLfong th£ng;

H$ so Slt dl,.Jng dj~n ap,

5. Mach quet RC den gian, co: U, = 300V, E"" 1%. Tfnh bien d9 eire dai cua di$n ap quet 6 dau ra?

46

+Ec

~ Rs ~ Rc
Ie:
Ca
r 1 USE t-..,.
C
" Hinh 4.11. M9t mach tich phan

CHUaNG

MACH HAN (HE'

• •

VA GHIM f)IEN AP

•

5.1. KHAI NI~M CHUNG

- Mach han che la mot mang bon eire phi tuyen rna tin hieu tren dau fa bien thien thea dung quy luat ella tin hieu dau

vao (hlnh 5.1). Neu dien ap Muc van chua virot qua mot mire

nhat dinh cho truce goi la rmrc

. nguong. Neu tin hieu vao vuot qua mire ngircng thl tin hieu ra se gifr nguyen mot gia tri kh6ng d6i goi la mire han che,

- Mach han che duoc bieu dien bang ham truyen dat U, = f(Uv) v6i he so truyen dat K nao d6 nam trong nguong.

- Duong bieu dien cua ham U, = f(Uv) duoc goi Ia dac tuyen han che.

Dac tuyen han che luon luon Ia mot duong gap khtic gam hai doan.

+ Doan nam nghieng: Dac tnrng cho qua trinh truyen dan cua tin hieu. + Doan narn ngang: Dung d~ cia tfn hieu, neu til! hieu bi cat i:J phia tren thi goi la mach han che tren, neu hi cat a phfa du6i goi la mach han che duoi. Neu bi cat ca hai phla goi Iii mach han che hai phia (hlnh 5.2 va 5.3).


lu' MACH H";"N lu'
CHE
ngl1ang Muc han ch Hinh 5.1. Sd do khoi mach han che

Ung

;

' U

he

U,

a) H9n chef dl10j

b) H9n chef trim

c) H9n chef hai phia

Hinh 5.1. Cae d~e tuye'n cua mach han ehe

47

t

Hinh 5.3. D<;1n9 tin hi~u vao fa cua mach han che

cu« y:

+ U riguong. U han che CO the: > 0 hoac < 0 (nhan moi gia tr i);

+ Trang mach han che hai phfa thl Uhe: tren > Uhe: duoi d~ han che co nghia. N goai each. phan loai thea o~c tuyen han che nhu tren neu can cCr vao

phan tv phi tuyen trong mach dien, ngiroi ta phan loai mach han che thanh hai loai 16n:

+ Mach han che' dung diode: He; so truyen dat K = 1·

+ Mach han chc dung triode: H¢ so truyen dat K > 1. Do do ngoai nhiem VlJ. han che' mach con co kha nang khuech dai ncn duoc goi Hi mach han chc co khuech dai.

Cac mach han chc diroc ung dung rat nhieu trong ky thuat xung d~ tao xung, sua dang xung va bien 06i xung.

5.2. cAc MACH HAN CHE

. '.

5.2.1. M~ch han che dung diode 5.2.1.1. Mach. h.q.n. chi{song song + So d6 mach (hlnh 5.4).

+ Nguyen ly hoat dong ella mach: * Khi co dicn ap U; nho han

dien ap ngu6n Ec khi do ta thay dien ap tren diode am (UD < 0) lam cho d Lode 0 tat. Neu thoa man dieu kien RDt,~t» Rite: thl U, = u;

48

---.-.. '\!V'v~l~o-· .

u, -=- Eo u, ~R'

_. -1 r

Hinh 5.4. So do mach han chEf song song

* Khi dau van c6 dien ap U v Ian han dicn ap ngu6n Ec khi do ta thay dien ap tren diode duong (U D > 0) lam

eho diode 0 thong.: Neu thoa man d icu k icn RD Ih,,,,£ « Rhe: thi dien ap dau ra U r co gia tr] bang dien tip ngu6n Ec.

Ket lu C;l 11 : Day chinh la mach han che tren rmrc +E va dac tuycn han che co dang nhu hlnh 5.5.

Nh au xet :

+ Trong sa do han che tren neu ta dao dau cua diode thl ta c6 mach han che' diroi 6 mire +E. Vay kicu han che trerrhuy diroi do chieu mac diode quyct dinh, con rmrc h .. jn che do g ia tri va cue tinh cua ngu6n Ec quyet dinh,

+ Tir nguyen l y hoar dong cua mach ta thay mach truyen tin hieu khi diode tal va cat tin hieu khi diode thong.

Anh luning cua cdc tham s6' ky

sinh de'n dang dien dp ra (hirih 5.6)

Vi chi quan tam dcri lin hicu van va fa ncn ta eho nguon Ec cua mach han chc bang khong va gia thie] tin hicu vao e6 d .. m g xung vuorig.

Thea ly thuyct mach tren co tin hi eu ra bi cut trcn 6 mire 0, song do anh huang cua tu ky sinh C, lam cho tin hieu fa kh6ng phai l a xung vuorig mra.

+ Trang khoang thai gian 0 ::::; t < t, ta co dien ap U, > 0 va khi d6 diode D thong va lam eho U, co g ia tri bang khong.

+ Trong khoang thai gian 11 ::::; t :::; t2• Tai thai diem t = r, dien tip U, c6 dot bien am lam, cho diode D ta.t va tu Co diroc nap dien, Lam cho dien fir ra UI" bi g iarn thea quy luat ham so rnfi voi hang so thai gian TIl,,1' = Rh,,·Cu tao ncn d() rong SU(")"H am TS( ··1

TS( -J :::::: 3 T""p = 3CoRhc.' Gia thict TS(-) < t1-tl

u,

Hinh 5.5. D~e tuye'n mach han ehe tren

.. ..

Hinh 5.6. Anh hltdng ella cac tham so ky sinh den d~ng di~n ap ra

49

+ Trang khoang thoi gian t ~ t2• Tai thoi diem t = t2 dien ap U v co d9t bien duong Hun cho diode D thong va tu Co phong dien. Do anh huang cua tu Co lam eho dien up fa U, tang tiI tir theo quy luat ham so mu 0 thoi diem dau rna diode chua kip thong tfO lai,

Khi U, 2 0 thi diode D thong 0(> rong siren thuc 0 dau fa la TS(*) = t, - t2• D6 tinh TS(·) ta can ell vao phuong trlnh ph6ng dien cua tu dien ell" D~ viet phuong trinh nay ta chuyen true toa d(> v6 r, eho t2 = 0 ta co t , = TS(") va:

Can bang hai phircng trlnh tren ta co ( == CDRh):n ~U

I

Co == C"k + C, + ell;

Cak la dien dung giUa anot va katot cua diode;

CT Ia dien dung vao ella tai;

C, la dien dung Hip nip.

Xung fa khong phai la xung vuong rna la mot xung ham so' mil co sUO'n truck Ion, siren sau nho.

Trang do:

5.2.1.2. Mo ch. h q n. chei no"i tiep + Sa do mach dien (hlnh 5.7).

+ Nguyen ly hoat dong cua mach: * Khi co dien ap Uv nho han dien

up nguon Ee ta thay dien ap tren diode duong (Uo> 0) lam cho diode 0 thong. Neu thoa man dieu kien Ro lh'">ng « Rhe thi dicn lip U, co gia tri bang dien ap u..

o

~f

T E ;

..... .L.- ;

Hinh 5.7. Sd do mach han che noi tie'p

* Khi dau vao eo dien ap U v 16'n han dien ap nguon Ee ta thay dien ap tren diode am (U o < 0) lam cho diode D tat. Neu thoa man dieu kien Ro Ii. I » Rhe thi dien ap dau ra Dr co gia tri bang dien ap nguon Ee. Day ehinh 1a mach han che tren rmrc +E.

N han xet:

- + Tuong ur nhu mach han che song song neu ta dao dau cua diode thl ta co mach han che duoi 6 rmrc +E.

50

+ Nguoc lai voi mach han che song song, mach han che n6i tiep truycn tin hieu khi diode th6ng va cat tin hieu khi diode tat. Do vice truyen tin hieu den dau ra khi diode dang thong voi I1(:>i tro rat nho so voi Rh", do d6 mach han che noi tiep it ton hao han mach h<;111 chc song song.

5.2.1.3. Mgch h o.n. ehe' hai phia

Ket hop hai mach han che' mot phia ta duoc mach han che hai phia (hlnh 5.8 va 5.9).

ChLi Y d ieu kicn: E1 > E2 va Rhc:i » Rh0::2

E, --=::- E2

. ~I------'-T :

u,

\r--..---_--- .

0, tat D, tat

---~ ....... r--------.~

D2 thong O2 ti!lt

Hinh 5.8. M~ch han che" hai phia song song

D2 01
-_.- .............
.
Rhc2 Rhc, t
U, ~ U, Rt
E2 E,
T I
• ...... . .... -.-.- .... D, thong D, thong 0, tilt

--- ..... ;.. .. +---~

O2 tat D2 thong O2 thong

Hinh 5.9. M~ch han che hai phia n5i1tie'p

5.2.2. M<;tch han che dung transistor

Mat ghep PN phfa dau vao ella transistor tuong QUang voi mot diode mac song song, do d6 ta co th€ coi dau vao ella mach lii ITI¢t mach han chc song song co mire han che' la dien ap Ina U; ella transistor.

Tuy thea transistor la loai NPN hay PNP ta co mach han che' phia

51

tren hay phia duoi, tin hieu sau khi duoc han che se duoc khuech dai a dau ra do do co th6 coi day la mach han che khuech dai (hinh 5.10).

vee


1 ...
Han che Khuech
diode d~i
song <
song c

u,

E

1

Hinh 5.10. Sd do mach han che' dung transistor

T()nI lai:

D .. lu V~lO cua mach duoc xet nhir mot mach han che' diode song song, can dfiu ra duoc xet nhu mot mach khucch dai,

Song can phai luu y rang tuy thea each chQI1 che 09 lam viec cua transistor cling nhu bien dq tin hieu \'~10 cua lTI • ich, mach ciing co th2 la mach han chc trcn, hoac han che' diroi hoac han che hai phia ..

Ir,(mA)

Hinh 5.11. D~c tuyen cua mach han eh,r hal phia dung transistor

Trang truong hop mach han chc hai phia thi mot phia 13 do dong dien bt cal con mot phia Hi do dong eli v30 trang thai baa hoa (hinh 5.11).

5.2.3. Hi~n tLtC;1ng thien ap dQng

Trang thuc te dau vao cua cac mach han che diode song song thuong c6 mach phan each RC, hang s6 thoi gian T rat 16'n.

Thea yeu cau ella mach han che, nguoi ta mong muon cac tin hieu a phan (+) > O. Song do t6n tai mach phan each RpCp lam thay d6i rmrc han che tren, tir bang 0 den gia tri Uo. Do do U(I duoc goi la hien tuong thien ap dong (hinh 5.12).

52

•

o

Mach han che tren rrurc OV

.•.... ~ .. , .. ' ....•..... _. ,~. ~ ..• ~ .. '0;"" _ ....•.•.... _ ..••... _ •...•... _ ••... _ ...••.. _ •• _ .. _. + •• _ •• , __ ." •••••••••••••••••••• _ ••••••• , •••

Hlnh 5.12. Sd do t;;to thien ap dt}ng

Co c he' tao Uo Uq

o

0'

Hinh 5.13. Cd che tao thiEln ap dt}ng

* Khi diode D thong (hinh 5.l3): T~ Cp diroc n~p dicn voi hang s6 I1<;iP Til ::::: Cp.R" ~ CpRr. c

VI

Rn ::::: Rp /1 (Rh<: + RDlh'-'I1) RDlh('lIg « Rhe

Rhc;« RI'

Do do

* Khi diode D tat, tu C, plioug dien. Harig so ph6ng Tph = Cp.Rl'h ::::::: Cp R, VI RI'II::::: n, 1/ (Rh~ + RDl,)l)

tu eo: Rile + RD1"t ;::, RD'{.l Rl'h ;::, Rp II RD1~t ::::::: Rp

Ta co:

Tph ::::: Cp.Rph va Tn ::::: c, RhO: ~ 'tph » 'tlJ VI ::::: R, » Rhc:

Kef ltuin:

Qua qua t rlrih phan tfeh {fen ta nhan thay qua trinh n~lp diroc thuc hien nhanh va qua trrnh ph6ng dicn dicn ra cham. Qua trlnh '1ren dan den h ien nrorig tich Iuy d ien tich trcn tu Cp lam cho VCI' tang dan len. Khi dat

53

tLIIl!:! thai G-1Il h~\Jlg d(Hlg (l uon g dicn t ich ph6ng bang l uong dicn t ich nup ) t hi dicn iip t rc n tu dat den mot gia t ri gfin nlur khong doi COl nhu Ll h~\Ilt! UII' Kh i tit) d i c n .ip d(lt true t icp len mach IWn chc la U'I c6 gia t ri:

U'I == UI - Uel,:::: UI -- UII

Vc m:~lt loan hoc tu coi true t duoc dich chuyen then phuong thang d(i'Jlg mot dO.,111 dung hting Up tlr 0 de'n 0'. Do do di cn ap ru trcn mach sc ctll tiling t a i nurc 0 ella dU(1ng then true toa c19 0',

Tinh Uu: t , ::::; t ::::; [2: TI,I di¢n C nap dicn den gilt tr i l\.q"

I,

Tuoug t u tu co: l~ql'hl'l1~ = Jiphclt

I y

I, .

J~dt

Ie RI'I'

s,

Rph

lIav

6 trang t h.i i can btmg don g ta co: f'..qJ1 :::: l\ql'h",n"

SI S,

~-

R 11,' Rph

do d6 tim duoc U" khi bict dung ella U I' ,

Vi UII duoc sinh ra ngo~li y muon thic't kc do do ngiroi t a mo ng muon han chc' ,lnl1 luron g etta no. Muon \'(1)' pha i co mach d icn sao cho '1"1' :::: '1"n hoac k ho ng dung much RC u0 ghcp tin hie u rna dung mach bien .ip xung d~ loai bo qu.i t rlnh phong n~lr cua t u.

I Rhc
• un
u, D2 U" D2 u2

•
a) b) Hinh 5.14, Sa do khilc ph .... c anh hlJdng eua thien ap d9n9

ll inh 5,1-/([:

Khi tu C, nap dicn th] DI tftt \'a D2 thong voi 'Tn ::::; Cp• RilL ~ Khi t u ell phon g d ic n till DI thong va D2 ttll voi 1"l'h = Cp. Rp:

Ncu chon Rho.: ::::; Rr thi 1"n ::::; 1"llh' Vi yeu cau cua mach phan each co hClllg sc\ t!1ai g ian Ian ncn ph.ii co DI.

54

M'_ICh illy khac pI1l_IC duoc S~[ k luic nhau cua thiyi g i an phong nap, song chi k hi DI tat th i htlIlg s6 tho i gian c ua mach phun each 1ll6i till Ian dC:' It gCly lHCO tin hicu. Song trong qua truih Cl' phcing , DI th()[lg t hi hang s6 thoi gian ella mach phan each 1<_11 nho dun dell guy men lin hicu (11111h

5 _ I-l-b)_ -

Khi slr duug bi cn .ip de g hcp mach tuy l oa i ho dw/c hic n 1lf<_-iIlg phcin g nap cuu III C1, song l ai gety ru rnco U\11 s6 thap \,~l tan s() cuo (tcill s6 theip gCt)' mco d in h , t[in s6 GtO g"-IY mco sU'(YI1).

5_3- cAe M~CH GHIM DI~N A..p

Tron g qu.i t rinh Ian truycn cuu t in hicu xung qua c.ic mach phan c.ich , l in hicu bi melt th anh phiin mot chi cu m~l nhicu k h i chinh thimh ph.in n~IY' l a i clura lin t(j'e (till hicu t hi tan trong tivi chua 1l11'rC sang toi ): do de) k h i bi mat C[lll phai k lioi phuc lai \,~l t a pluii slr llL.lI1g cue mach ghirn d icn .ip.

1 fo:)c nh ic u k hi d.i y tin h ic u xung C() (I<) rong xung k hong dC)llg nliat , k hi tI(') i hanh ph.in mot chien cua cluing sZ:: kh.ic nhuu ncn n0'1I mat thanh ph.in mot chi cu Ihl lin h icu sc khong thang hang. Do d(l ngu'(Yi t a durig mach ghim d~ " x cp hung" l ai x ung ,

Vc phuong d icn 111~,lCh di c n de x.ic d inh cue mach g hi m d icn ii p ngu()'j ta tluron g sLr duu g c.ic mach han chc' dung diode song song t rong , d6 hicn LUC.iIlg th icn ap dc)ng dLJ'(,lC d.1y dell cue cloun. Moi k hi diode thong t u CI's0 d uoc 11,-~p d icn r::ll nhanh den I1l uc dinh x ung 110(lc c han X uug r{)i sau d6 giu uguyc n gia lrj do va g i ir eho tin hieu ra khorig the \'U,\1t qu.i nurc trcn 11O(lC d uoi.

CAU HOI VA BAI TAp

1. Ve m ach han che tLldng Crng voi cac dac tuyen (hinh 5,15) sau:

u,

u,

E,I----r

-----r--~~----------~~ U.

E,

a)

b)

55

--- E2

u,

c)

u~

d}

Hinh 5.15. Cac d~ng d~c tuye'n cua cac mac h h~n che

2. Cho d$c tuyen cua mach han che nhLf hlnh 5.16, Ung = Uhc = 3V. Tac d¢ng vao

mach han che mot xung danq tam giac can doi xung c6 Upp = 10V, T = 1ms. Hay:

Ve sa do mach nan che; Ve xung di$n ap ra:

Tinh cac tham 56 cua xung di$-n ap ra.

u,

a

Hinh 5.16. MC?t d~ng d~c tuyen mach h~n che

56

CHUaNG

MACH DAO OONG XUNG

• •

6.1. KHAI NI~M CHUNG

Mach dao dong da hai con goi la mach tich thoat co kha nang 1<;t0 fa nhirng dao dong khong hlnh sin co be rong ph6 theo 1y thuyet Ia Ion vo han (hinh 6.1).

Chii y: Dao dong tfch thoat (ph6ng nap) Iii dao dong khong hlnh sin nhung nhirng dao dong kh6ng hinh sin chua chac da IA dao dong da hai.

k'fT
MACH MACH
C -. l ~
NAP PHONG ....

Hinh 6.1. Sd do khoi va d~ng xung cua mach dao dqng

>- Xet \'~ mat vat ly d6 tao ra dao dong hlnh sin ta din sir dung khung . dao dong LC clura hai phan til quan rinh. De tao fa dao dong tfeh thoat,

"

mach dao dong chi can si.'r dung mot phan tir quan tfnh la L hoac C.

T:r T'+ Tn

Chu ky T bao g6m hai thanh phan Hi T' va T"; k , va k2 la cac khoa dien til. Trong thoi gian T' thl k, dong con k, rna, phan tiI quan tfnh III C hoac L duoc nap nang hrong, trong khoang T" thl k, mo con k, d6ng phan

57

til quti n tinh ticu hao he-t roan b(l nang hrong dJ duoc nap tren dicn tro cua mach phoug duoi dang nhict,

,. Xct ve phuorig di911 ket diu mach d icn ng oai ciic phan t tr q uan tfnh, mach con clnra cue ph.in ur phi tuycn. Vi du 06 tao nell cue kho.i d icn t ir k.. k1, thong thuoug c.ic phan tv phi tuycn nay co d'-,lng dac tuycn vol i -urupc thea hinh chir Shay N (hlnh 6.2).

Nhu ta da bict khong bao gio' co dot bien dicn up (J trcn tu oi911 va khong baa gio' co dot bien dong dicn trcn cuon day. Do J() doi voi c.ic phan nr c6 d<)c tuycn VA hinh chfr S chi co the lam vice voi die pluin ur qu.in tinh la 1\1 dien, ngiroc lai voi eric ph.in ur co dac tuycn hinh N thl chi c6 the lam vice vo'i ph.in tll' qu.in t inh L .

.,. Xct \'c l11(t1 chc do e{mg uic, mach du hui co tht lam vice (j bet chc do:

+ C I/(~- d/J I (c hc' d() nr duo don g ) khi

1 ,,~ T /~

u

a) Neu u bien thien Hen tuc thi i co d¢t bien (Thyristor)

u

b) Neu j bien tnien lien tuc thl u S8 co d9t bien (TuneJ)

do mach duo dc)ng diroc goi 1~1 mach da Hinh 6,2. £)~e tuyen c ua cac phan

hu i ur k ich hO(IC da h~li ur duo dong hoac tLJ co di~n trd am

much d a hui phi 6n V~l chu ky dao dong CU3 mach chi phu t huoc vao c.ic thum s6 ch iuh cua m .. ich dicn l~l R, L hoac R. C.

+ CII(;' d(j :! (chc dc) do'i - don {in): Chu k)' xung phu t huoc vao c hu ky cuu lin h icu. Trong che dc) doi nay binh thU(1I1g mach khorig lam vicc.moi k h i k i c h t h f c h rn l,t ChI hi 116 chi d a 0 d Q n g III () t I ri n 1'6 i Ia i n g h i k h () Il g d a 0 d(mg nfru m a cho tin h icu k ich tier t hco. Chu k y dao d(mg T~ phu thuoc vao chu k y cua dao doug kich thfch TI-..t,>

+ Ch e' d(} 3 (c h e' d() d ao dong d{)ng bo ): Mach duo d(mg da hai c6 d()ng b(), Nell khcng co t in h icu dong be) mach van dao dong {i chc' do It! do, Khi co t in hicu dong bc) thi mach dao doug duoi Sl! ki6m so.it cua tin h i cu dC)ng be). Nghiu 12t: T, = 11 Tdh (11 = I, 2, 3. , .. )

6.2. M~CH DA HAl PHI ON (ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATORS) Much dao do ng cia hili phi on SLr dung transistor.

58

(1) Sa d6 m qeh. di~n (h irih 6,3)

r---------~--------._--------_.----. Ec

Ur1 Ur1
1 1


--=- 0 _ 0 --=- 0 Hinh 6,3. Sd do mach da hili tV dao di?ng dU,ng transistor

b) Nguyen ly h.oo.t dl}ng

N uoai vice SLr dun 0 cac linh kien dicn tr<1 am de tao cac mach dao

c- . , 0 '

dong da hai ngLfoi ta con dung cac transistor mac thanh hai mach khuech

dai dao pha rna driu ra cua tang khucch dai nay duoc n6i driu vao cua mach khucch dai k ia tuo thanh mot vong hoi tiep duorig khep kin mach (thco dinh ly Nyquist hdi t icp duong c6 he so ~ 1 thi mach tt! dao dorig ). Hai transistor c6 vai tro nhu hai khoa dicn ur va hoat dong trong che d¢ khori dicn til".

Sau khi C~tP nguon cho transistor TJ V~\ T2 mach chi eo the roi vao mot

trong ba trang thai sau:

+ Trang thai 1: transistor TJ va T., dell thong.

+ Trang tluii 2: transistor TJ thong, transistor T2 hit. + Trang tluii 3: transistor TJ tttt. transistor T2 thong.

Gi.i thict ban dau mach iJ trang thai 1 khi do cac gia tr] jel' iC2' iBI• i1>2' dell kh.ic kh6ng.

Gi.i thiet VI melt ly do nga,-;, nhien nao do dong illl tang them mot chtit dan den iel tung lam cho UC1 giam qua tu C! lam eho UBl':2 guirn V~l In giiun dEm den UC2 tang thong qua tu C:>. dan den dong illl tang va vong hoi tier dU(,1C khep kin. Qua trlnh nay c6 tfnh chat 16i cuon mai, den khi ilH ~ i"ol1 1~1111 cho transistor T\ thong bao hoa can iB2 giam den mac T2 tAt V~\ mach roi V~IO trang thai 1. Tiep thco l a qua trinh bien doi cham .trong d6 tu C;> duoc I1<,\P dicn con tu C1 phong dien.

59

o

Tx

Hinh 6.4. Gii"in do thai gian mach da hili phi 8n

Tu C, l1';1P dien thea duong lU (+) ngu6n qua RC2 qua tu C2 qua rUEI ve am nguon vrri hang s6 I1~lP la: 't'nC2 == C2.Rn.

Tu C, ph6ng dicn tir (+) C] di qua fUEl qua nguon Ec den RB2 va ve (-) C. Qua trinh tu CI ph6ng dien qua RB2 tao nen mot dien ap am d~t len eire B cua T, lam cho UBE2 fat am gifr eha T2 U1t trong mot khoang thai gian nao do (hinh 6.4).

Qua trinh phong lam dong dien giam dan do do dieri ap a cL!C B cua T2 bot am dan, khi dat den mot dien ap nguorig nao d6 (dicn up rna cua transistor) cua T2 thi T2 bat dau thong tro' Iai voi viec xuat hien dong iBI tang, khi do mach Iai tr6 ve trang thai 1.

o

o

t

o

<III

r

T"

... ;

<III

60

Yang hoi tiep duong Iai dong kin val VIc;C lang dong illl (vong hoi tier duang nay nguqc voi yang hoi t iep tnroc). Yang hoi t iep durrng iB2 tung larn cho iC2 tang dan den UC2 giarn thong qua tu C2 lam Um;] giam dEm den illl g iarn va ICI gi arn lam eho VCI tang qua tu C] lam eho UBE2 tang dan den dong i(32 tang, qua trlnh cu tiep tuc cho den khi T] tal va T2 thong baa hoa mach rei vao t ran g thai 3 ..

Ticp thea xay ra qua trinh bien doi cham 1 .. 111 ha i vo i tu C] diroc nap va 11:1 C2 ph6ng qua rrInh x ay ra nrorrg nr nhu qua trInh trtroc. Qua trlnh lrong mach cu the ticp d ien va mach phat sinh dao dong. Mach bien d6i theo sa do (hrnh 6.5):

c) Ch u kj dao dong

T = T' + T"

x

Bien d6i cham

o HT(» 0 _H_T(_+_) ___

~

Bien d6i cham

Hinh 6.5. Sd do minh hoa SU" bien d6i cac tr~ng thai 1,2, 3 ella mC!o~h 'da hili phi c5n

Trong do:

DiH

1" ell 2 + e.,,, R 2 + O2

= I' {U2' n - ~ T =: C2· BI.ln-~-=-

1 + 02 1 + 02

Y ngliia Clia 0: Bieu thi str phu thuoc cua chu ky vao nhict de) cua transistor nghia Ia muon 6n d inh chu ky dao dong mot trorig nhirng bien ph.ip chu ycu ia ta phai g,iii' on dinh ve mat nhiet do. Neu dong nhict leo nho t hi Ico.Rc « Ec do vay 0 « 1 do d6 bieu thtrc:

T' =: C].RB2.ln2 =: 0,7 CI.RB2 T" = C2.RBI.ln2 = O,7C2.Rnl

Va chu ky dao dong T =: O,7(C1.RB2 + C2RB1). Trang truong hop mach

c1a hai d6i xirng thl can phai c6:

T I_ T 2 cling Ioai RCI = RC2 = Rc RBI = RB2 = Rn C1 = C2 =: C

Khi d6 T' = T" va chu ky dao dong T, = 1,4 RB.C

ta co:

61

* Chu y: V6i mach dao dong ghep RC nhir tren, d¢ 6n dinh thirong chi' dat til 10-2 --;- 10-3, muon tang do 6n dinh ngiroi ta thay tu C bang thach anh , khi eho C1 * C2; Rm * RB2 thl dang xung ra VCl *- VC2'

6.3. M~CH VA HAl DON ON

Mach dao dong da hai dan 6n su dung transistor

a) So dti (hlnh 6.6)

b) Nguyen If hoat di)ng Trang tluii ban ddu

Nhir trong mach dao dong da hal nr dao dong ta da xet mach ciing co hai trang thai can bang, song can ltru y ding trong mach dao dong da hai tu do ca hal trang thai deu 1a din bang khong 6n dinh, nghia Ia no chi ton tai a trang thai nay trong mot

khoang thai gian n113t dinh roi tu dong chuyen sang trang thai kia. Trong mach dao dong da hal doi mach c6 mot trang thai can bang 6n dinh va mot trang thai din bang khong on dinh. Trang thai ban dau cua mach l a trang thai can bang 6n dinh. Nghia 1a no co th~ ton tai mai a trang thai nay neu nhir kh6ng co xung kfch thfch a dati vao.

Trang thai ban dau transistor T, tat, T2 thong bao hoa.

R1

u,

Hinh 6.6. Scs do mach da hili don 6n

DCI ~ Ec

Muon T2 thong bao hoa din phai co dieu kien 1S2 = 1B2hh hay RS2 < j3.RC2 u, ~ UC2 = DC2hh + UEO

Muon T; ~tlt can phai co dieu kien DBEI s:; 0 rna thea sa do ta c6:

U BEl = UBI - Dell

U - Ec-R2 Bl -

RJ +R2

Ec·R2

- IC2hl,.Rc s 0

R[ +R2

Do do ta co:

62

Tr ang tliai tao xu n g (hlnh 6.7)

Kich thich vd dot bien ldn J: Tai thai diem t = to co xung nhon (+) U kl kich thfch Him cho U Blol tang, xuat hien iBI tang nghia la T. bat dau thong trong khi T2 van thong baa hoa hie nay xay fa vong hoi tiep dirong dong kin mach.

iBI t l arn eho ic] t va UCI ..!- thong qua tu Clam eha iB2 ..!- dan den iC2 ..!-

lam cho iC2 .J- va UE .J- dan den UBEI t va iB] t.

Qua tr'inh hoi tiep dtrong xay ra rat nhanh dfty T1 den trang thai bao hoa, va T2 tat, khi do ie! = Ie!; UE = ICl.R6 V,. ~ Ec. Tiep thea Hi qua trinh bien d6i cham hlnh thanh dinh xung bang viec ph6ng dien cua tu C, qua dien tra Rm.

a

t

o

u,

o

...

Hinh 6.7. Gian do thi:si gian mach da hili dem {)n

63

C1 ph6ng dien thea vong:

(+)C ~ ReEl ~ RE ---)- Ec -4 RE!2 ~ (-)C

--~/'

Vi dong Irh cua 11;1 C qua RB2 tao nen 1 dien ap nit am UBE2 duy trl T2 rat trong mot khoang thai gian nao d6. Khi dong phong g iarn dan thl UBE2 cling bat am dan khi dar diroc gia tri dien ap Ung2 thl T2 bat dau thong tro lai. Ket thuc qua trinh kich thfch dot bien Ian 1 va tao dlnh xung.

D¢/ bien Ian 2 va hoi pltuc :

Sau khi T2 thong va yang hoi t iep dirong lai d6ng k in,

im i dan den iel t lam cho iE2 t va uEt dan den UBE(J.. va iB1..j,. lam cho iC1-l.. va UCI t dan den UBEI t va iB2 t

Ket thuc dot bien Ian 2 T, tilt. T2 thong bao hoa hie nay xay ra qua t rinh hoi phuc mach dien. Khi do t1;1 C diroc nap dien.

Tu C nap theo vong hoi tiep sau:

(1) Ec ~ RCl ---'t C ---) R!lE2 ---'t RE ~ (-)C

t

Dong i nap

Khi £1;1 C diroc n~p day ket thiic qua trlnh hoi phuc va cho tin hieu kfch thieh tiep thea tuy thuoc ehu ky tfn hieu kich thfch nhtrn g chu ky d6

pha i Ian han "C" + Til!'.

Tk' = "Cx + Thp

Nluin xet :

Do rong cua xung fa t , phu thuoc vao qua trlnh ph6ng cua tu C qua dicn tra Rli2 (phu thucc vao "Crlll'.Ilt;)

- C R I (E c - U EC J

'(; x - • rh{>n~· n U _

n~Ul'ng.

R[llll-m~ = [Rc//(RE + RCEl)] + RB2

Thuc tc d~ thay ddi d<) rong xung ra nguoi ta thuong thay doi gia tri d ien tro RIl"- Trang qua trInh dao dong d ien tro tai RC2 kh6ng tham gia \TaO qua t rinh tao xung. Do d6 ngtroi ta c6 the thay bang tai bat ky (vi du: cuon day cua mot role dicu khicn).

64

.... __ ,,3

6.4. M~CH DA HAl LlJONG ON (M~CH TRIGO)

Mach trig a III mot mach tao xung co hai trang thai can bang 6n dinh va co kha nang chuycn mot each dot bien tir trang thai can bang nay sang trang thai can bang khac khi mach duoc kfeh thfch. Cac mach tri go duoc ling dung rorig rai trong thiet bi xung de tao xung vuong c6 suon doc, sua dang xung vuong , tao xung vuorig tir cac tin hieu hinh sin c6 cung tan 56, va con duoc dung c1e ghi nho trang thai (hinh 6.8).

6.4.1. M~ch triqo dol xUng

Nguyen Iy hoat dong cua mach.

Mach e6 hai trang thai can bang 6n dinh la Trang thai thrr nhat: T[ thong baa hoa, T2 tat .

•

Trang thai thir hai: TI,tat, T2 thong baa hoa,

Do mach la d6i xtrng cho nen: ReI ::::: Rc2; RBI :::::: RG2; C ::::: CI ::::: c;,; R[ = R2; c; = Cp2'

De x ac dinh trang thai can bang ben cho mach ngtroi ta su dung ngu6n thien ap EG c6 gia tri du 1611.

Gia str ta xet heat dong cua mach tai thai diem ban dau t < tl hie do mach nam ?:J trang thai can bang thu nhat, mach se narn yen Ci trang thai nay neu khong co xung kich Ci dau vao, khi d6 trang thai ban dau ella mach duoc xac dinh nhir sau: Um:;-I< 0; UflE2> 0; VeE1= UCEhh;:::; 0; VCE2~ - Ec.

T9-i thai diem t = tl a

dau vao thir nhat v,,] co xung duong voi bien o¢ du Ion, thong qua tu ghep Cp[ dua vao eire goc cua transistor thir nhat T, lam cho d len ap V I3EI tang len dot bien. Su tang dot bien ella U BIOI Elm eho dong ic[ giam dot bien keo theo lam cho dien ap tren eire C .cua T[ g iarn xu6ng mot Iirong lit ~U]' Luong dot bien .6.U1 thong qua tu C2 dtra den

T1

Hinh 6.8. M~ch trigd

65

cue B cua transistor T2 lam cho dien ap tren eire B cua n6 giarn xu6ng nho han 0 (UBE2< 0), transistor T2 thong dot bien.

SI! tang dot bien cua T2 se gay ra tren eire C cua transistor T2 (UCE2) 019t dot bien duong ~U2. Luong dot bien ~U2 nay thong qua tu C) quay tro ve cue B cua transistor T) lam eho UBE) duang len khep kin yang hoi tiep dirong Ian thir nhat (hinh 6.9).

r UBE11 -> UCE1 !--UBE2!-- UCE2 i ~
Uv1 I
L ~ •
Uv2 1 . t
~ ..
U8E1 t t

UCE2r- ~ __ -===============~~----------------~~~~~====~.

Hinh 6.9. D~ng tin hi~u cua mach trigd doi xung

66

Do do mach nhanh chong chuyen v6 trang thai can bang th(r hal gan nhir dot bien. d trang thai nay thi T, hit con T2 thong baa hoa. Luc do cac thong so cua mach duoc xac dinh nhu sau:

U13EI > 0; UBlO2 < 0 ; UBE] ~ - E6 UCE:! = UClohh

Va mach giG nguyen trang thai nay khi chua eo xung lac dong 0 dau vao, Den thai diem t = t2 a dau vao tlur hai lai co xung duong kfch thich voi bien do du 16"n thong qua tu ghep Cp2 dua vao cue B cua transistor T2 lam eho U[lE2 tang dot bien. SI! tang dot bien cua U13E2 se lam cho iC2 giarn dQt ngot cho nen tren eve C ella transistor T2 xuat hien dot bien am ~U,. Luong dot bien .6.U::; nay th6ng qua tu CI dua vao eire 13 cua transistor TJ lam eho VBEI giam xu6ng nho han khorig. Transistor TJ thong x uat hien dong iel tang dot bien nen trcn cue C cua T[ xuat hien IUQ'ng dot bien U4 kha 10·n. Liron g dot bien U4 nay thong qua tu C2 lai dira tro vc eire B cua transistor T2 lam cho UBE2 tang len khep kfn yang hoi ticp duong Ifin tlur hai:

t UBE2 t ~ UCE2 J.. --+UBE1 J.. ~ UCE1 i --+ I

Ket qua mach nhanh chong chuyen v€: trang thai can bang ban dau T2 tat con TI thong bao hoa gan nlnr dot bien.

Qua trrnh c ir ticp tuc nhir vay neu ta duy trr hai nguon kich thich xen kc lien tuc 6 hai dau vao voi bien dc) du Ion. TIn hieu ra dtroc lay tren cue C cua hai transistor TI va T2 Iil cac day xung vuong co 0('> rorig suon hep co bien dc) xap xi ngu6n cung cap Ec co d(> rorig t.. chu k y xung ra til T phu thuoc vao 0(> lcch pha va chu ky.tac dong cua Kung 6 dau vao.

6.4.2. M~ch trigo khong doi xUng (trigger smith)

MSICh trigger smith Et tri go co mot dau vao, mot dau ra va hai trang thai can baug ben (hinh 6.10).

Trang thai th u

nhat: Tl thong bao hoa , con T] tat,

Trang thai tlur

hai: T[ thong baa hoa, con T2 tilt.

Nguyen 1:9 hoat dong cua trigo dira tren nguyen ly dtrong cong tir tn~ voi hai ngurrng chuyen trang thai.

Hinh 6.10. M~ch trigCl khong dOi xU'ng

67

-----~-----------------------------~-----

1

--

Hinh 6.11. DU"ong cong tlr tri!

Gia sir trang thai ban dau mach a trang thai din bang thtr nhat TI thong bao hoa con T, tat. Dicn ap dau ra cua mach a trang thai can bang nay la U, = -Ee. Muon eha mach chuyen vi: trang thai din bang thir hai thi ngu6n uic dong ban dau phai tang den khi UBI vuot qua gi a tri T2 khi do UBEI > 0 thl transistor TI tat, xay fa qua trlnh dot bien am tren cue B cua transistor TI la .6.U. Luong dot bien .6.U nay thong qua tu tang toc.C dua toi cue B cua transistor T2 lam cho U BE2 giam xuong nho han khong, transistor T2 thong baa hoa (hinh 6.11).

Khi 0 trang thai can bang thir hai nay muon chuyen vi: trang thai can bang ban dau, nguon tac dong dau vao phai giam d~ cho UBI giarn ·xu6ng nho han £1 khi d6 moi Hun eho USEl < 0 transistor T, chuycn tir trang thai tat sang trarig thai th6ng gay nen tren cue C mot lirong dot bien dien ap .6.U. Luong dot bien d ien ap .6.U nay th6ng qua tu tang toe C dira t6'i cue B cua transistor Tz lam eho dien ap tren cue C cua transistor tang len Ian han khong, do do transistor T2 tat, mach tra vi: trang thai ban dau. Gia tri

nguBng £1 va £2 la khac nhau (c,« £2)·

Gian do dien up cua triga duoc rna ta nhu hinh 6.12.

Gi a Slr xet mach dang narn 0 trang thai can bang thtr nhat, tin hieu tac dong vao H. tin hieu hinh sin tuan hoan.

Khi dien ap vao bien thien tang len lam cho UBEl ciing tang thea, den thai diem t = t, Ide d6 U,,(t) dat den gia tri E] va UOEI van nho han khong, mach giG' nguyen trang thai.

Khi den thai diem t = t2 dien ap dau vao tang den gia tri £2 tht khi d6 U BEl moi 16'n hon khong, lam cho transistor T1 d.t gay ra dot bien am .6.U c6 bien do Ian tren cue C cua transitsor T I. Luong dot bien nay lam eho dien ap tren eire B ella transistor T2 giam xuong nho hem kh6ng, transistor T2 thong. mach chuyen ve trang thai can bang thir hai Ia T\ tat, T2 thong.

68

t,

I

I I

- ------r-----~----

,

I

I I

I , , ~

---- ----1-~-~--- -----------

u,

-,------r-----~----'----T----r---T---'------------

:f !:: ( ~

I I

I

I :\

, I '---;-----/ , I

- , - ~ - - - - r - - - - - -.- ~ - - , - - - - T - - - - r - - - T ~ - - ""t - - - - - - - - - - - -

I I I I I I

I I

Hinh 6.12. D~ng tin hi~u cua mach trigo kh6ng doi xlrng

Den thai diem t = t~ dien ap dau vao giam xu6ng nho han £2 nhung UHE! van dtrong, mach gifr nguyen trang thai. Dien tip dau vao van giam

xu6ng. chi den thai di~m t :::::: t, khi U,,(t) g iarn xu6ng nho han £1 thl U BEl giam xu6ng nho han khong, transistor T! thong gay nen trcn cue C cua n6 hrong dot bien duong Al.l co gia tr] 16'n. LUQng dot bien nay thong qua tu tang t6e C dua ve cue g6c cua transistor T2 nun cho U I3E2 tang len IOn han o. Transistor T2 ta.t mach chuyen ve trang thai can bang ban dau.

Qua trinh cir ticp tuc nhu vay & cac thai diem tiep thea, ket qua & tren dau ra cluing ta nhan diroc day xung hinh vuong, co 09 rorig xung ra phu

69

thuoc vao d¢ doc cua dien ap vao va chu ky xung ra phu thuoc vao chu ky dicn ap vao.

6.5. M~CH DAO DQNG BLOCKING

Dao dong nghet (dao dong Blocking) la mot mach tao xung hep c6 SHein doc va he so rang c6 thti Ian tai hang nghin Ian.

Tren nguyen 15' la mot mach khuech dai c6 hoi tiep duong sau, thong qua bien rip dung 16i sat khong baa hca hoac 15i ferit c6 dac tinh tir tre vuong g6e.

Tuong tv nhir cac mach dao dong xung da n6i den trong cac phan truoc, dao dong nghet co the lam viec 0 trang thai tu dao dong hoac trang thai doi.

6.6. M~CH DAO DQNG DUNG IC

6.6.1. Mach dao dQng dung IC 555

a) Sa de] ch.tin. va eii'u true eua Ie 555 Vi mach 555 duoc che tao thong dung nhat la dang vo plastic nhu hinh 6.13.

8

7

6

5

Chan 1: GND (noi datI Oian 5: Cootrol Voltage (di¢nap dieu kI1~)

Chan 2: Trigger Input Chan 6: Threshold (them - nguong)

Chan 3: Output (ngo raj Chan 7: Discharge (ph6ng clien)

Chan 4: Reset (hoi pbuc) Chan 8: +V<c (ngu6n diJang)

Ben trong vi mach 555 c6 hem 20 transistor V~l nhieu dien tro thuc hien clurc nang nhu trong hinh 6.14 gorn e6:

- Cau phan ap g6m 3 d ien tra 5kQ

noi tir ngu6n +V"" xu6ng mass cho ra hai dien ap chuan la l/3Vc'c va 2/3Vcc•

- OP-AMP CD 13 mach khuech dai so sanh e6 dau In nhan dien ap chuan 2/3V c c con diu Ip thl n6i ra chan 6. Tuy thuoc dien ap cua chan 6 so voi dien tip chuan 2/3Vcc rna OP-AMP CD c6 dien ap ra mire cao hay thap de lam tin hieu R (Reset) dieu khien Flip-Flop (FF).

- OP-AMP Q) la mach khuech dai so sanh dau Ip nhan dien ap chuan l/3V"" con dau In thi noi ra chan 2. Tuy thuoc dien ap chan 2 so voi dien ap chuan 1/3V"" rna OP-AMP a> e6 dien ap ra mire cao hay thap d~ lam tin hieu S (Set) dieu khicn Flip -Flop (FF).

1

2

3

4

Hinh 6.13. se do rc NE555

70

CD ®

••••• ~ •••••••• , •••• •••••••• • •••••• T •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• __ •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ~ ••••• _ ••••••••••••••• _ ••••••••• _ •••••••• ••• _._._ •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••• _ ••• _.

;

!

.---F-F---,I------..----;.---O-~-~-:-U-T--,I--------!I ®

Hinh 6.14. Sd do chan ella rc 555

- Mach Flip-Flop (FF) lil loai mach luang 6n kich mot ben. Khi chan Set co dien ap cao thl dien ap nay kich d6i trang thai FF lam cho d au ra Q

len rmrc cao va dau fa Q xuong mire thap. Khi chan Set dang 6 mire cao xu6ng l11U'C thap thi mach FF khong d6i trang thai. Khi chan Reset co dicn ap cao thl dicn ap nay k ich d6i trang thai cua FF lam cho dau ra

Q chu y en len rmrc cao con Q xuong mile thap. Khi chan Reset dang a mire cao xu6ng thap thl rnach FF khorig d6i trang thai.

- Mach OUTPUT 121. mach khuech dai ng5 ra de tang do khuech dong cap eho t ai . Day 121. mach khucch dai dao co dau vao la chan Q cua FF do

do khi Q (; rmrc cao t hi dau ra chan 3 cua IC sc co d ien ap thap (~ OV) va ngiroc la i khi Q (; mire thap thi dau ra 3 se co dicn ap cao (~ V,.J.

- Transistor T, co chan E noi vao mot d ieri ap chuan khoang l,4 V. T, la loai PNP nen khi eire B noi ra ngoai boi chan 4 c6 dien ap cao han l,4V thi T, ngirng dan nen T, kh6ng c6 anh huang den hoat dong cua mach, khi chan 4 co dicn trtr co tri s6 nho thfch hop n6i mass thi T, thong baa hoa dong thoi Hun mach OUTPUT cling dan baa hoa va dau ra xu6ng thap. Chan 4 duoc goi Ia chan Reset c6 nghia 121. n6 thiet lap lai trang thai cua Ie bat chap tinh trang cac dau vao khac, do d6 chan Reset dung d~ ke: thiic xung ra sam khi can. Neu khorig dung chuc nang Reset thl n6i chan 4 len + Vee de tranh mach bi Reset do nhieu.

71

- Transistor T;> l a transistor co cue C d~ h6 noi fa chan 7. Do cue B

- -

diroc phan cue boi rmrc dien up ra Q cua FF nen khi Q a mire cao thi T;>

baa hoa va cue Cella T2 eoi nlnr n6i mass, hie do dati ra chan 3 cling a muc thap, Khi Q 6' I11UC thap thi T2 ngat cue C cua T2 bi ho We do dau ra chan 3 co dicn ap cao. Trcn cue C cua T2 ra chan 7 co thti lam dau fa phu co mire dien ap cua dau ra chan 3.

b) Mo.ch. dao di)ng dung Ie 555 M~/CII dien nlur l1i1111 6.15

Ngll)'('/1 tdc IIO~11 dong

Dc phan tfeh nguyen I)" hoat R1

dong cua mach ta ctin phai ket hop mach d i en voi sa d6 cau true ella leSS5.

Khi cap ngu6n cho mach, tu C bat d.-ill nap do d6:

- OP-AMP CD co V+ < y-

I I

ne n chill ra cua CD VI)16 mire thap, dau vao R :::; 0 (rrurc {hap).

- OP-AMP 0 co V+ > Y·--

I I

c

8 4
7
555 3
2 V,
6
1 5
Co nell 16i ra co V02 a rrurc thap. dau vao S:::: 1 (mire cao).

- Mach FF c6 dau S :::: 1 nen Q :::: I va Q:::: O. Liic d6 J6i ra chan 3 co

Hinh 6.15. Sd do mach da hai phi 6n

v,. ~ V,'c- (do qua dao mach).

- Transistor T2 co Vm = 0 do O = 0 nen T2 ngat, It] C nap dien. Tu C nap dicn qua R. va R2 voi hang so thai gian khi nap la:

'Cnl.'p = (R t + R2)·C

Khi dien ap tren tu tang den mile l/3V"" thi OP-AMP @ d6i trang thai, J6i ra V02 6 rmrc thap, dau VaG S = O. Khi flay F/F khong d6i trang thai ncn dien ap (j 16i ra van a mire cao.

Khi dien ap tren 11f lang den rmrc 2/3V".: thi OP-AMP CD d6i trang thai, 16i fa VOl b mire cao, dau vao R = 1.

- Mach FF c6 R = 1 nen Q = I. Loi fa chan 3 co V r ;:::;: OV. Khi Q == 1 sc lam T, dun bao hoa va chan 7 noi mass lam tu C khong nap tiep dien

72

up diroc rna phai ph6ng dien qua R2, qua T2 r6i xu6ng mass. TI:I C ph6ng dien voi hang s6 thci gian la: Lph,\ng = R2.C

Khi dien up trcn tu (dien up tai chan 2 va chan 6) gram xuong duoi 2/3V,.1: thl OP-AMP CD tr6 lai trang thai cfl l a VOl 6 mire thap, chan R = O. Liic nay FF kh6ng d6i trang thai nco dien ap 16i fa van 6 rmrc thap. Khi dien ap tren 11} giam xuong den l/3V 1:<: thi lai co OP-AMP Q) lai co V,+ > Vi- nen 16i ra V02 sc a mire cao, chan S = 1. M<;1ch FF eo dau S = 1

nen Q = 1 va Q = O. Luc do 10i fa chan 3 c6 V r ~ V co.:' dong thoi T2 mat phan eire nen ngat, cham dut giai doan ph6ng dien cua tu.

Nhv vay, mach tr6 lai trang thai ban dau va tu 14;\i nap dien tir rrurc I/3Y,,~ len rmrc 2/3V c~' hien nrong nay se tiep dien lien tuc va tuan hoan.

LUll 5': Khi moi rna, tu dien C se 114;\P dien tir 0 len 2/3V cc f6i sau d6 ph6ng dien til 2/3Vco.: xuong l/3Y"" chir khong ph6ng dien xuong OV. Nhirng elm ky sau tu se nap tir Ij3V cc len 2/3V cc "

TInh roan cac th6ng s6 va dang xung ra tai cac chan (hlnh 6.16): - Dang xung tai cac chan:

(Chan 2 - 6)

2/3V cc

tnap

i.--.i

l tphC119

(Chan 7f

i------i: , .

v,

(Chan 3)

Hinh 6.16. D'tIng xung t'tll cac chan Ie 555

73

Hinh ve tren mo phong dang dien ap diu ra tai cac chan 2-6, chan 7 va chan 3 trong d6 khoang thai gian dien ap tang la thai gian tu nap, khoang thai gian dien ap giam 1a thai gian tu phong.

Khi tu dien nap thi chan 7 co dien ap cao hem chan 2-6, nhung khi tu ph6ng thl chan 7 giarn nhanh xuong OV do T2 trong Ie chay bao hoa chir khong giam thea ham s6 mil.

- Thai gian nap va ph6ng cua tu duoc tfnh thea cong thiic:

Thai gian nap: tn'.IP = O,69'tn~p

til"" = 0,69(R) + R2)C Thai gian ph6ng: tph(lIlg = 0,69'tph6[lg tph(ong = 0,69 R2C

- Dien ap tai chan 3 co dang hrnh vuong voi chu ky HI.: T = t!l~P + tph6ng T = 0,69(R[ + 2R2)C

Do thai gian n~p va thai gian ph6ng khong bang nhau t",,1' > tph<lng ncn tfn hieu hinh vucng ra khong doi xirng. Tan s6 cua tin hieu xung vuong la:

1

f = - = -------

T O,69(R) + 2R2)C

6.6.2. M~ch da hai dung Ie so a) Mqch. da hili phi ifn + Sa do mach (hlnh 6.17)

OIn cu vao dac tuyen truyen dat cu a cac IC so ta co the sir d u n g phan nghieng

ella d ac tuyen d~ str UV1

dung tro ng chc do

luang tu neu c ac rn ach

rei. IC2 thuoc ho TTL (Transistor - Transistor

- Logic).

D(lC tuyen cua rc va dang dien ap tai cac

diem A, B, C (hinh

6.18).

74

4,7K

C 100llF

Hlnh 6.17. Sd do mach da hai phi bn Slt dl:lng Ie so

K = 1

Ur

o

u

u

r1 ~ I
El 1 Eo
.. t
r---. , .L-- ...
0 r ! ~
r2 A"
- -
El 1 Eo
t
,
a T ..
,
, :011 • III .: T'

T"

Ecc

1K

1,2K

Hinh 6.18. csu true eua phan tu- NOR

6 che d9 logic:

+ Khi UA = UB = Ll thl URE '(1 mire cao lam cho T, bao hoa, T2 bao hoa, T3 tat. Khi do Dr = Eo (0 mire logic 0 ky hieu C\

+ Khi U A = U B = LO thi U RE b mire thap, lam eho T, tat, T2 tat, T3 bao hoa. Khi d6 U, = E\ (mire logic L').

75

Khi moi cap dien nguon, dong qua R - 0 do d6 Uri - U V I ~ Ur2 -.< UY2 == Uri lam thanh vong hoi tiep duong khep kin mach:

UV~ tt 4 UrI = UV2J. 4 Ur2 t C - Hoi tiep dL1dng

Khi d6 tu dicn C nap dierr thea vong:

Khi dong nap giam dan lam cho UY1 giarn dan. Khi UY1 giam t6i gia tri Ung1 thl mach lai tro vc vong hoi tiep duong dong kin mach:

UVI J.+ 4 UrI t = UV2 t 4 U'2+ Hoi tiep dUC1ng

Va khi do lai co dong qua R va tu dien C lai ph6ng dien theo chieu nguoc lai:

Khi dong ph6ng giam dan thl V VI hili c6 xu huang tang len mire "1". Khi tang den mire Ungl thi vong hoi tiep dirong lai d6ng kin va khi d6 xay ra qua trinh nap va mach tro ve trang thai UY1 := 1. va Uri == 0, khi d6 Vr2 == 1.

+ Chu ky T, diroc xac dinh bang thuc nghiern:

'r, ~ 3RC

R.;:::; O~5 -;- 10k de mach dao dong.

b) Mo.ch. da hili dan {/n

+ Sa do mach Ia hlnh 6.19:

Hinh 6.19. Sd do mach da hili don an Slt dl:lng Ie so

76

+ Nguyen 19 hoat dong * Trang thai ban ddu:

IC 1 d trang thai UrI = Eo; IC2 a trang thai U;2 = E1;

Can bang 6n dinh Ukl = E\. uY2

* Kich thicli tao xung:

u, Iii xung hep nr (1) t (0) va khi do UrI t (1) va UV2 t (1) him

cho Ur2 J., (0) bat dau qua trinh bien u., d6i cham, tu dien C duoc nap dien

voi hang so nap d uoc tfnh theo c6ng thuc:

u,

1:Il~ = C(RR1CI + R) u,

Khi dong nap giarn lam cho

U1'2 giarn va co xu huang giam xu6ng toi E().

Khi dat toi gia tri Ung2• vong 0

hoi tiep duong khep kin tat SO' do Tx

, '" ,...> Hinh 6.20. D~ng xung cua mach da hai

mach tro ve trang thai ban dau. don 6n dung rc

Do 1"911g xung tuy thuoc vao toe d¢ n<:1p dien ella tu dien C (hinh 6.20).

tr« die'm: Mach dieu khicn dicu hoa:

1:x ~ C(RRICI + R) In :1

ng2

Diode Do sir dung de bao ve mach vao cua IC2 khoi bi danh thung VI nhirng d¢t bien dien ap am 16n.

CA~HOI vA BAI T~P

1. Thiet ke mach da hai phi on dung T c6 tan so dao d¢ng 1 Hz, 1 kHz.

2. Cho mach di(ln nhu hinh 6.21, biet Ra = 10K, Rb = 100k, C = 100~lF,

Tfnh tan s6 dao d9n9 ella mach,

+Vcc

Hinh 6.21. MC}t mach dao d~mg

77

3. Mach cia hai phi 6n hlnh 6.22a. dung T, hay:

Ve danq xung ra cua mach:

Tfnh ehu ky va tan s6 dao d¢ng cua mach,

4. Ve d<.mg dien ap Iy tLtdng tal cac diem A, B, C, 0 tren so do hinh 6.22b. sau:

+5V

1K Q

2

a)

b)

Hinh 6.22. a) M~eh da hai phi 6n cua bai t~p 3 ; b) M~eh dao d9ng cua bili t~p 4

78

CHUaNG

CAe HE f)EM VA MA

•

7.1. cAc H~ DEM

Chung ta da quen 1hu9C voi mot he th6ng s6 dern rna trong do ITI9t tap hop co thu ur cua 10 ky hi~'u tir 0 den 9, goi la cac chir so, cluing duoc sir dung de bieu dien mot s6 bat kyo H~ thong nay diroc goi la he thap phan. Co s6 ella he thong s6 dern nay 13 10. Bat ky s6 nao trong he dern thap phan cling duoc bieu dien boi mot tap hop cac chtr s6 nay.

Ngoai he thap phan fa, ta cling eo th~ eo nhirng he th6ng s6 khac.

MQt vai he thong s6 thuong duoc sir dung la: he dern nhi phan (binary), he dcrn bat phan (he dern co s6 8 - octal) va he; dern thap luc phan (he dern co so 16 - Hexadecimal). Nhfrng he; thong dern nay rat hiru dung trong cac he thong s6.

N6i chung trong bat ky he th6ng 56 dern nao, mot tap hop co thir tu cac ky hieu - goi la chir s6 - cling voi cac luat diroc dinh nghia dung d(! thuc hien cac phep toan nhu cong, nhan ... Tap hop cac chir s6 nay tao fa mot s6 gam hai phan - nguyen va phan - ngan each boi dau phay eo so.

(N)11 = dn-1dn-2 .. • d .d., d_1d_2 .. • d_m N: mot 56;

b: co 56 cua h¢ thong s6 dern;

n: s6 chtr s6 trong phan nguyen; m: s6 chtr so trong phan phan: dn-1: chir s6 e6 nghia nhat;

d_m: chtr so It nghia nhat.

o < d, < b-l voi i = -m -:-- n-l

Trang do:

Cac ehfr 56 trong mot so duoc dat canh nhau va moi vi trf trong s6 d6 duoc gun mot trong hrong hay chi s6 ella SI! quan trong bang viii luat xac dinh truce.

7.1.1. H~ dem nh] phan

H¢ thong dern voi eo so 2 diroc goi If! he dem nhi phan.

79

Trang he th6ng dern nay hai ky hieu 0 va 1 diroc sir dung de bieu dien cac con s6. Moi V! tri cua chung trong s6 diroc goi Ia mot bit. Day la h~ thong s6 dem vi tri, nghia la rar ca. cac vi trf duoc gan mot trong hrong xac dinh.

Vi du: M9t 56 nhi phan: 1011,101

Chuy~n sang s6 thap phan

1.2~ + 0.22 + 1.21 + 1.2° + r.z' + o.r2 + i.z' = 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 + 1/2 + 0 + 1/8

= (11,625)iO

De chuyen d6i til so thap phan sang so nhi phan ta tlnrc hien bang cac phep chia cho hai lien tiep dong thai giG' lai cac so du (d6i voi phan nguyen).

Vi du: Chuycn s6 (l2)J(l sang he dem nhi phan:

12/2 6 0

6/2 3 0

. 3/2 1 1

1/2 0 1

(12)lO = (1100)2

D6i voi philo le (phan phan): Th1,fC hien chuyen d6i thea nguyen tac nhan 2 tru 1. D~t s6 ihap phan i:J tan cimg ben trai , nhan so he thap phan nay voi 2, neu tich Ian han 1 thl lay tich s6 trir di 1 dong thai dat 1 xu6ng hang duoi (hang nay Hl s6 nhi phan can tim), neu tlch s6 nho han 1 thl dat o xu6ng hang diror roi chuyen tfch so nay sang cot sau va tiep tuc nhan voi 2 cho den khi hieu s6 trir 1 bang ° thi dat duoc so nhi phan can tim.

Vi dt]: Chuyen s6 (O,8125)l[) sang he nhi phan: 0,08125 x 2 = 1,625 - 1 = 0,625 -7 I 0,625 x 2 = 1,25 - 1 = 0,25 ~ I 0,25 x.2 = 0,5 -7 0

0,5

x2 ==1-1

=0

S6 h¢ hai thu duoc la: 0, 1101

7.1.2. H~ dem bat phan

H~ thong dern voi co so 8 duoc goi 13 he dern bat phan,

Trong he thong dcrn nay tam ky hieu 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 diroc Slr dung d~ bi~u dien cac so, day cling la he dern phu thuoc vi tri.

Vi 1.Ii.[: M¢t so bat phan:

80

(273)8 = 2.82 + 7.81 + 3.80 = 128 + 56 + 3

= (187)10

D~ chuyen dbi tir s6 thap phan sang so bat phan ta thirc hien bang cac phep chia cho 8 lien ticp dong thai gifr lai cac s6 dir (doi voi phan nguyen).

Vi du: Chuy~n so (1054)10 sang co s6 tam:

1054/8 131 6

131/8 16/8 2/8

16 2 o

3 o 2

(1054)10 = (2036)8

H~ dcrn bat phan diroc Slr dung nhieu trong may tinh va may vi tinh d~ nhap dir Iieu. M6i chir s6 co s6 8 Hi mot t6 hop ella 3 chir s6 nhi phan. Boi vay, tap cac s6 nhi phan 3 bit e6 the bieudien bang cac chir co so 8, rat thuan tien cho nhap dlr lieu trong may tinh.

Vi du: Chuyen d6i co s6 8 sang nhi phan: (736)R = (111 011 110)2

Chuy~n so nhi phan sang so bat phan bang each g9P cac nh6m 3 bit bat dau tir bit it y nghia nhat va chuyen dan ve ph ia bit nhieu y nghia nhat (doi voi phan nguyen):

(1001101110)2 = 001 001 101 110 = (1156)8

7.1.3. Hq dem th~p luc phan

Co s6 ella he dern thap luc phan Ia 16, do do can co 16 ky hieu phan biet d~ d~ bieu dien cac s6. D6 la cac ky hieu tir 0 -:- 9 va cac chir cai tir A -:- F. Vi cac so va cac chir cai deu diroc dung den cho vice bieu dien cac so trong he dern thap lye phan nen day con diroc goi la he dern ky tu,

Vi du: Chuyen d6i s6 thap luc phan sang thap phan va ngiroc lai: (3A)16 = 3.161 + 10.16° = (58)10

(675)w = (?)16

675/16 42

42/16 21

3 o

2/16

o

2

(675)10 ::::: (2A3)16

81

H¢ dern thap luc phan nit thong dung trong may t inh. Co 16 16 hop cua s6 nhi phan 4 bit va t~p hop cac so nhi phan 4 bit c6 th€ nhap vao may tfnh duoi dang cac chfr s6 thap luc phan. S6 thap luc ph an dtroc bien d6i thanh dang nhi phan tnr6c khi chung duoc xu 1.9' boi cac mach so.

Vi du: Chuytn tir so thap luc phan sangso nhi phan va nguoc lai: (2F3I3)1(, = (0010 1111 0011 1011)2 (1101100010101101)2 = (D8AD)]1l

Clut _\': Doi khi trong phcp chuycn deSi ta phai them VaG cac s6 0 ben phai V~l ben tr.ii de: duoc nh6m au 4 bit.

Ciic I u;,~t cho cac phep toan s6 h9C voi s6 thap luc phan, s6 bat phan cung tuoug tv vci s6 nhi phan va s6 thap phan. Thong tin chi co thti duoc thao uic duoi dang' nhi phan trong mot mach s6 nhung n6 sc de dang han ncu nhap thong tin bang so thap luc phan. VI cac phep roan s6 hoc diroc thuc hicn boi cac mach s6 duoi dang nhi ph an nen so hexa nhap vao truce hct phui chuycn sang dang nhi phan.

Ciic he thong dcrn (huang Slr dung trang ky thuat so diroc minh hoa (rang bang 7. I .

Bang 7.1. Cac h~ thong dem thuClng Slt dl;lng

ce so 10 ce so 2 ce so B Cd so 16
a 00000 a a
_."
1 00001 1 1
2 00010 2 2
3 00011 3 3
4 00100 4 4
5 00101 5 5
6 00110 6 6
7 00111 7 7
8 01000 10 8
9 01001 11 9
10 01010 12 A
11 01011 12 B
12 01100 14 .C
13 01101 15 0
14 01110 16 E
15 01111 17 F
16 10000 20 10
17 10001 21 11
18 10010 22 12
.. , ... .. , ...
- 82

(9) I (I = (100 1 ) 2 = (11) H = (9) 1 6 (13)10 = (110L)2 == (15);-\ = (D)Hi (18)]0 = (10010)2 = (22»)( = (12)]6

7.1.4. Chuy~n d6i tt5ng quat giCta cac h~ thong dem 7.1.4.1. Chuyen dili phtin nguyen

Ph.in nguyen ella s6 N bat ky dU0C bicu dien nhu sau:

(N)" ::::: dn-Idn-2 ..• dido = dLl--I' bu-I + jd,,_2.b,,-2 + ... + d.. b I + d.,

Voi: b Iii eo so ella he dern:

d, 1ft cac chir so cua he dern (nguyen, dirong hoac bang 0)._

(1)

Chuy~n s6 N sang h¢. dem voi ca so s:

N I, d" d* d" d· n--] d' n-J 1* I d-

( \=( 11-1 I1'Z'" I 0= <I_lOS + n-2'S -+,.o+c I'S + 1\

Voi : s la eo so ella he; dern rnrri ;

d j¥ 1a cac chir s6 ella he dern maio Crill phai tim d '*0

LSy bicu thirc (2) chia cho s:

(2)

N _ d' .n -:! d' .n--:1 .r t(1 - - ,,_l'S + n-2's + .... + [ + -

(3)

s

s

Bieu tlurc (3) chia linn hai phan, nguyen va phan, tun duoc .r., Tier tuc chia cho co s6 s t irn diroc cac gia trt ella d'i'

Qu.v Ide c/lU)'(/1l d//i: Muon chuyen phan nguyen cua s6 N tir h¢- dern co s6 b sang he dcrn co s6 s , fa Ian Iuot l ay so d6 va cac ph.in nguyen nhan duoc chia cho eo so So Cac so dir nhan diroc lan I uot lu c.ic clur s6 cua N a he dcrn co so S, so du nhan diroc dau t icn (cr(J) El chef so co trong s6 thap nhat.

7.1.4.2. Chuyc'n d6"i p h.d n. phiin

Ph.in phan c ua so N bat ky duoc bieu d ien nlur sau:

(N); = <.I __ .d 20 .. d __ 1 = d l.b-l + d 20b 2 +.0. + d I.b I (4)

V6"i:

b lit eo so ella he dcm:

d, ia cue chir so cua h¢ dern (nguyen. duong hone bang 0).

Chuytn so N sang h¢ dcrn voi co s6 s:

N * '" d'" =i< I '* J - :;: !-

( ), = d _old -2"'-[ = d _1.5 + d _2'S - + ... + d lOS ())

~6i:

s· Ll co so cua h~ dern rnoi:

d", In. c.ic chir so cua he dem moi.

83

Can phai tim d*j'

Lay bieu thirc (5) nhan voi s:

N.s = d* _I + d" _2.S-1 + ... (6)

Bieu thirc (6) ehia lam hai phan, nguyen va phan, tim diroc d" -1'

Tiep tuc nhan voi co s6 s tun diroc cac gia tri ella d*j'

QilY lde chu.yen ddi: Muon chuyen phan phan cua so N tir he dern co so b sang he dern co s6 s, ta IAn hrot lay s6 d6 va cac phan phan nhan diroc nhan voi CO' s6 s. Cac phan nguyen nhan duoc Ian IU91la cac chtr s6 ella N a he dern co s6 s, phan nguyen nhan diroc dau tien (d*_l) la chir 56 c6 trong s6 16'n nhat.

7.1.4.3. Cac trudng hf!p dije bi~t

Quan he gifra b va s la luy thira nguyen Hin cua nhau: b = 8, 5 = 2 (8 = 2~)

Thay the mot chu s6 h¢ 8 bang mot nh6m 3 chtr so he 2 tuong irng: b=16,s=2(l6=24)

Thay the mot chfr s6 he 16 bang mot nh6m 4 chfr s6 he 2 tirong irng: b = 2, s = 8

Thay the mot nh6m 3 chir so he 2 bang mot chft s6 he 8 nrong irng: b = 2, s = 16

Thay the mot nh6m 4 chit s6 he 2 bang mot chit s6 he 16 luang irng.

7.1.5. Cac phep tinh so hoc trong h~ nh] phan

Xet cac phep tinh so hoc trong he nhi phan duoc thuc hien tren giay, con viec tfnh toan thuc hien nho cac mach dien til se diroc de cap b cac chuong sau.

7.1.5.1. Phep ct)ng nh] phiin

Phep cong hai s6 nhi phan 1 bit diroc thirc hien nhu sau:

0+0=0

0+ 1 = 1

1 + 0 = 1

1 + 1 = 10

Tong cua hai s6 1 trong he dern 2 H'1. 10, nghia la co xuat hien "nho", urong tu nhu phep cong hai s6 trong he thap phan, s6 nho se duoc chuyen len hang tren va cong voi con s6 ella hang tren do.

84

Xet phep cong hai 56 nhi phan nhieu bit Slr dung nguyen tac tren va

quan tam den 56 "nho":

S6 hang thu nhat 1 101(13)\0

So hang thu hai 1 1 1 1(15)10

Tong chua co nho 0 0 1 0

Cac so nho 1 1 1 1

T6ng cuoi cling 1 1 1 0 0 (28) 10.

Qua trlnh thuc hien cong hai s6 nhi phan tren diroc tom tat nhir sau: - Ghi ket qua corig khong nho a ben duoi hai so hang can cong.

~ 6 dong tiep thea ghi cac s6 nho (da diroc chuyen len hang tren).

~ Cong hai hang tren (tong khong nho va so nho) voi nhau thea dung thu nr cua cac chtr s6 tren tung hang se co ket qua cuoi cung.

7.1.5.2. Ph.ep tru nhi phon

Phep trir hai so nhi pharr mot bit ducc thuc hien nhu sau:

O~O==O 1-0=1

o - 1 = 1 phai muon 1 (10 - 1 = 1) 1-1=0

Khi trir hai so nhi phan nhieu bit, neu eo tnrong hop s6 0 trir eho s6 1 thi phai muon 1 a CQt co trong s6 Ian han, va thirc hien phep trir gi6ng nhu trir cac s6 trong he dem thap phan.

7.1.5.3. Ph.ep riluin. nh.i p lui.n

Phep nhan hai s6 nhi phan 1 bit duoc thuc hien nhu sau:

OxO=O 1xO=0 Oxl=O 1 x 1 = 1

Thuc hien nhan hai so nhi phan nhieu bit, nrong tu nhu phep nhan hai s6 trong he thap phan.

7.1.5.4. Ph.ep chia nh] phon

Phep chia hai s6 nhi phan mot bit dircc thuc hien nhu sau:

0: 1 = 0

1: 1 = 1

85

Tuong nr nhtr phep chia hai s6 trong he thap pharr, co hai trtrong hop: ~ so' hi cilia Ian hon s6' chia

Phep chia duoc thirc hien bat dau tll' phan trai cua s6 bi chiao Lay mot nh6m toi thieu cac hang cua s6 bi chia bang hoac Ian han mot hang so voi s6 chiao Neu phep chia nhom nay thirc hien diroc thl thirong s6 HI. 1, ngiroc lai thirong so 13 O.

Khi da chia den chir s6 cu6i cling ella s6 bi chia rna phep ehia van chua ket thuc thi ta Iay them phan le (neu can) bang each dat dau phay vao sau thirong s6 va them s6 0 vao sau s6 du d~ tiep tuc chia tiep,

~ so' hi cilia nho han s6' cilia

Dat tlnrong so b gia tri 0, dong thai them VaG so bi chia mot so 0, neu s6 bi ehia van chua du Ian thl tiep tuc them VaG thuong so do mot s6 0 (0 sau dau phay) va 0 s6 bi chia cung them mot s6 0, tiep tuc cho den khi s6 bi chia 16n han hoac bang s6 chia (co ket qua HI. 1 6 thirong so), Phep chia nay duoc tiep tuc thea trinh tu tren cho den khi thtrong s6 co s6 chir s6 Ie theo yeu cau,

7.2. MA

May tinh va cac mach s6 ducc dung de thao tac dfr lieu co the la s6, chtr cai hay cac ky ur dac bier. Vi cac mach s6 Him viec voi dang nhi phan nen cac so, cac chir cai va cac ky nr dac bier khac phai diroc dua ve khuon dang nhi phan, c6 nhieu each de lam viec nay va qua trinh nay goi la rna hoa.

- Md nil! phdn: La rna co trong s6, cac so thap phan diroc bien dcii sang dang nhi phan nrong duong cua no.

- Mil BCD (Binary Coded Decimal): La rna eo trong so, trong d6 cac chir 56 thap ph an tir 0 toi 9 diroc bitiu dien boi dang nhi phan tuong duong cua no, str dung 4 bit.

Clui y: Mot rna BCD phai viet du 4 bit.

St,r tuong irng chi ap dung cho so thap phan tir 0 den 9.

+ Ma BCD 8421 (Ma BCD c6 trong so tu nhien hay rna BCD thuong ~ NBeD): Moi 1 bit dai dien cho mot tri 56 co dinh, Neu cong tat ea tri so cua cac bit dai dien trong tir rna thl diroc tri so nrong ung cua s6 thap phan rna nr rna d6 bieu dien, Ma nay thuan tien va hiru fch cho cac phep vao ra trong cac mach 56.

r A :;::::; a].23 + a2.22 + al.21 + ao.2° :;::::; Sa, + 4.a2 +2 a, + lao

(8421)

86

+ Trong thuc te ky thuat, ngiroi ta sir dung cac rna BCD voi trong so khac nhu: 7421,5421,2421. Cac loai rna BCD diroc minh hoa trong bang 7.2.

Chu y: 6 bang nay cac rna 8421,7421 HI. duy nhat, con cac rna 5421, 2421 la khong duy nhat,

Vi du: Dng voi so 3 cua he 10 co the bieu dien la 0011 hoac 1001 khi sir dung rna 2421. nhung voi rna 8421 chi co mot each bieu dien duy nhat HI. 0011.

- Mil du 3 (excess - 3): Diroc tao ra bang each cong them 3 VaG rna nhi phan tuong irng. Ma du 3 Ia rna khong c6 trong 56 no c6 dac tinh tv bu ncn diroc dung trong cac phep toan so hoc.

- Mil Gray: La rna khong c6 trong so khong c6 dac tinh tu bu nen kh6ng duoc dung trong cac phep toan so hoc. Mil Gray duoc chon sao cho chi thay ddi 1 vi tr i bit gifra hai ttt rna canh nhau.

- Mil cia 3 Gray: Diroc tao fa bang each dich rna Gray di 3 hang, co dac diem gi6ng rna Gray.

- Mil Johnson: Diroc xay dung thea nguyen tac: Ma c6 n bit thi se co 2n trang thai. Mil co dac diem HI. khi chuyen sang so tiep theo rna se thay chfr so 0 bang chtr so 1 bat dau tir phai sang trai, cho den khi dat den t6 hop 11. ... 1 thi bat dau thuc hien thay the dan chir s6 1 bang chir so 0 cling theo chieu tir phai sang trai. De bicu thi cac so thap phan tir 0 den 9 bang rna Johnson, sir dung rna Johnson 5 bit.

Bang 7.2. cse leal rna BCD

Mii BCD
So h~ 10
8421 7421 5421 2421
a 0000 0000 0000 0000
1 0001 0001 0001 0001
2 0010 0010 0010 0010
3 0011 0011 0011 0011
4 0100 0100 0100 0100
5 0101 0101 1000 1010
6 0110 0110 1001 1100
7 0111 1000 1010 1101
8 1000 1001 1011 1110
9 1001 1010 1100 1111 87

- Md tluip pluin: Sir dung ttt rna 10 bit de bieu dien cac 56 trong he thap phan, moi mot ttt rna chi c6 mot bit duy nhat bang 1.

- Mii 7 vach: Dung tir rna codo dai 7 bit de bieu dien mot chtr so thap phan.

- Cae loai md ky tu

+ MIT ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange - Mil trao deSi thong tin ella hoi tieu chuan My): Dung 7 bit d~ rna hoa 128 ky tu, chir so.

+ Ma ASCII rna rong: Dung 8 bit d~ rna hoa cac ky tu, chu so.

+ MIT EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange CodeMa trao deSi thong tin BCD rna rong): Dung 8 bit rna hoa cho mot ky tu,

- Mil szra sai: Trong rna sua sai ngoai cac bit mang thong tin con co mot s6 bit them vao dt phat hien va sua sai. Ma sua sai dan gian nhat la rna chan le.

* Cac loai rna s6 thuong su dung duoc minh hoa trong bang 7.3.

Bang 7.3. Cac loal rna thllong 5lr dl}n9 tronq ky thu~t so

S6 Ma nh! Wid113 Ma Ma \h~p phan Ma 7 vacn
th~p Ma dl13 Ma Gray NBCO
phan phan Gray Johnson 0123456789 abcdefg
0 0000 0011 0000 0010 0000 00000 1000000000 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
1 0001 0100 0001 0110 0001 00001 0100000000 0110000
2 0010 0101 0011 0111 0010 00011 0010000000 1101101
3 0011 0110 0010 0101 0011 00111 0001000000 1111001
4 0100 0111 0110 0100 0100 01111 0000100000 0110011
5 0101 1000 0111 1100 0101 11111 0000010000 1011011
6 0110 1001 0101 1101 0110 11110 0000001000 1011111
7 0111 1010 0100 1111 0111 11100 0000000100 1110000
8 1000 1011 1100 1110 1000 11000 0000000010 1111111
9 1001 1100 1101 1010 1001 10000 0000000001 1111011
10 1010 1101 1111 1011
11 1011 1110 1110 1001
12 1100 1111 1010 1000
13 1101 0000 1011 0000
,
14 1110 0001 1001 0001
15 1111 0010 1000 0011 88

cAu HOI VA sAl T~P

1. H~ th6ng s6 nhi phan la gi?

2. Tai sao h$ nhj phan duoc dung b cac mach so?

3. Chuy§n doi 56 nh] phan sang thap phan va nglfgc lai, each chuyen doi nao dll va nhanh han?

4. H~ thong so' thap luc phan la 91? Tai sao kh6ng dung 56 nh] phan thuan tuy rna dung h~ thap luc pharr?

5. a h$ thong so thap luc phan so F d hang dan vi co gia tri thap phan Ie baa nhieu? so F d hang ke tren hang dan vi c6 gia tr] thap phan la baa nhieu?

6. Ooi cac 56 nh] phan sau thanh 56 thap phan:

1101101011

110110,1011

7. Doi cac so thap phan sau ra so nhj pharr:

47; 953; 47,125;

953,333

8. Can phal dung s6 nh] phan c6 baa nhieu bIt de diEm til cac so thap phan tLt Oden512:

10000

9. £)oi cac 56 bat phan sau sang so thap phan va so nhj phan:

32; 512; 1001

10. Doi CaG s6 thap phan va nh] phan sau sang so bat phan:

64; 100; 312

1000; 11011; 10000000

11. D6i cac 56 thap luc phan sau sang thap phan va nhj phan:

25; FE; 3FF; 7FFF

12. £)oi cac so nh] phan sau sang so thap luc phan:

1011;· 1011011; 101101110111011

13. Viet cac 56 thap phan sau thea rna BCD:

2003; 12090

14. £)e dien ta so thap phan 999 thl so bit cua 56 nhj phan [t han so bft cua so BCD 103 baa nhieu bit?

15. M9t lap co 42 hoc sinh, trong d6:

A noi: Lop c6 15 nam va 24 nii. B n6i: Lbp co 15 nam va 25 net.

Hoi: noi nhlf V?y eo dung kh6ng? Tal sao?

89

CHUaNG

, ~ ,

CAe (ONG lOGIC co BAN

8.1. D~I s6 LOGIC .8.1.1. Md dilu

Trong ky thuat so, cac ham va bien chi co hai gia tri 0 va 1. Gia tri 1 co nghia Hi. su kien dang diroc xet co xay ra va ttrong irng voi "51! khang dinh" hay cau tra loi "dung", "co". Ngiroc lai gia tri 0 Iii su "phil dinh" hay cau tra 10i "sai". "khong".

Gitra the ky XIX (nam 1854) George BODle, mot nha toan h9C ngiroi Anh, da gioi thieu khai niern cua h~ thong so nhi phan trong cong trinh nghicn ciru ly thuyet toan logic va da phat tricn dai so cua no goi Hi Dai 56 logic (hay dai so Boole). Dai 56 logic Hi nen tang ella tat ca cac h~ thong so.

8.1.2. Cac tiEm de va tinh chat ella dai so logic

Dai s6 logi~ nghien ciru cac moi lien h¢ (hay cac phep tfnh ca ban) giira cac bien 56 trang thai (bien logic), cac bien so nay chi nhan mot trong hai gia tri "1" hoac "0". Ket qua nghien ciru nay tht hien Hi mot ham trang thai cling chi nhan cac tri 56 "0" hoac "1".

Trong dai 56 logic co ba phep tinh co ban:

- Pilip pluc dinh logic (ddo): Ky hieu bang dau "-" 6 phfa tren ella bien

0= 1

-

1= 0

- Phep c¢ng logic (tuye'n): Ky hieu bang dau " + " gitra cac bien o + 0 = 0;0 + 1 = 1

1 + 0 = 1; 1 + 1 = 1

- Pilip nhdn logic (h¢i): Ky hieu bang dau ". ,. gifra cac bien

0.0 = OjO. 1 = 0

1. 0 = OJ 1. 1 = 1

90

Cac bien logic va cac phep toan logic tuan tbeo cac tien de va tinh chat sau:

- Tinh giao hoan: x+y=y+x x.y = y.x

- Tinb phan b6: x.(y + z) = (x.y) + (x .z) x + y.z = (x + y).(x + z)

- Ton tai cac phan tu trung hoa, ky hieu la "0" va "I" sao cho: x+O=x

x.I = x

- V 6i moi phan nr x ton tai phan nr bu, kg hieu x , sao cho: x + X= 1

X.x :::; 0

- Ket qua ella cac phep toan cong va nhan logic gifra hai phan tir ella tap hop bien {x, y, z ... } Ia duy nhat.

- Luat hoan nguyen (phu dinh hai Ian):

x = x

- Luat dong nhat giira phep cong va nhan logic: x+x=x

X.x = x

- Quy tac gifra bien va hang: x + 1 = 1

x.O = 0

- Luat nuot (tfnh chat loai trir): x.(x + y) = x

x + (x.y) = x.

- Luat dan:

x. (x+ y) = x.y x+x.y=x+y· - Dinh 1:9. Demorgan:

X.Y= x--y x+y= x.y

- Luat ket hop:

(x.y). z = x. (y.z)

(x + y) + z = x + (y + z)

91

~ M9t s6 cong thirc thuong dung: x.y + x = x

-

(x + y).(x + y) = x

x.y + x. z + y.z = x. y + x ,z * Cdc quy tdc vi ddng thuc

- Quy uk thay the:

Trong bat ky dfrng thirc logic nao, neu thay mot bien nao d6 bang ITI9t ham s6 thl dang thirc van thiet lap.

Quy tae nay c6 ling dung fat 16'n trong bien d6i cong thirc d~ tao fa cong tlnrc rnoi tir mot cong thuc da biet, mo rong pham vi iing dung cua cong tlnrc da biet,

V i du: Tir cong thtrc x.y = x + y , thay the ham f = x.z vao bien x ta co:

- ~ ~

(x.z).y= x.z+ y e (x +z ) + y

x.z.y= x+ z + y

- Quy tac tim dao cua mot ham s6:

f la dao cua ham f se c6 diroc tir f bang each d6i dau "." thanh dau "+" va nguoc Iai; s6 "0" thanh s6 "1" va nguoc lai; bien s6 thanh dao cua bien 56; dao bien so thanh nguyen bien s6.

Vi du: f = x , y + z.t + 0 c6 ham dao urong ling Hi:

-

f= (x + y)(z+t ),1

Clui y: Khi xu 1y cac phep toan can chii y tci thu tv Uti tien cua phep toano - Quy tac d6i ngau:

HaITI f va f goi la doi ngau, khi cac dati "+" va ".", cac gia tri "1" va "0" d6i cho cho nhau mot each nrong irng.

Vi du: f = x(y + z) r = x + y.z

8.1.3. Bien va Ham logic 8.1.3.1. Bien logic

Xet mot tap hop B chi chua hai phan tv 0 va 1 B { 0, 1 }. Xi duoc goi 1a bien logic neu nlnr Xi thuoc B, nrc 1a Xi chi co th~ lay gia tri 0 hoac 1.

Bien logic bi~u thi hai trang thai d6i l<\lp nhau nhu: Dung (D), Sai (S); Duong, Am; Dep, Xau: Dong, Mo ...

92

Bien logic Hi mot khai niern dung thay cho thuat ngfr "rnenh d~ tuy y" cac menh de nay co the dung (D) hoac sai (S) va khong co kha nang mot rnenh d~ vira dung vita sai, do do bien logic chi co the nhan mot trong hai trang thai dung (D) .hoac sai (S).

Ngtroi ta thtrong ky hieu cac bien logic la A, B, C ... hoac Xl' X2, X, ...

A = Nguyen van X la h9C sinh gioi.

B = Tran thi Y la hoc sinh kha, Tir hai bien logic A, B tren ta nhan thay ding:

Neu X Ia hoc sinh gioi thi A = D

Vi du :

Neu X khong phai la h9C sinh gioi thi A = S Neu Y Ia hoc sinh kha thl B = D

Neu Y khong phai la h9C sinh kha thl B = S

8.1.3.2. Ham logic

Ham f diroc goi Hi ham logic neu nhir ham f Ia ham cua mot tap bien logic va ban than ham f cling chi lay hai gia tri 0 hoac 1.

Ky hieu: f = [(Xn, Xn_1, ••• Xi' X,) E B Xi E B (voi i = }-;.-n)

Vi du: Thea vi du tren, neu biet ket hop voi phep toan nhan logic thl f = A.B se nhan gia tri dung khi ca X va Y deu la h9C sinh gioi, cac trirong hop khac ham [= S.

-7 f = [(A. B) = A.B

Ta c6 th~ bieu dien ham logic cua cac bien logic A. B, C ... hay cua bien logic XI' X2• X3 ••• nhir sau:

F = [(A, B, C, ... ) hay [= f(XI, X2, X3 ••.• )

NJuJn xet: MQt tap hop bien logic co the bieu dien 2n 16 hop gia tr] khac nhau, duoc minh hoa trong bang 8.1.

Bang 8.1. Cae t5 hC;Sp bien eua n bien logic

Th(( tv Xn Xn_, Xn_l ... XI " . Xl X,
1 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 1
3 0 0 0 0 1 1
. .
N 1 1 1 1 1 1 93

Vi du : M9t tap hai bien logic X, va X, SC co 22 = 4 t6 hop khac nhau:

Bang 8.2. Cae t6 hep bien cua 2 bien x" X2

Thltll! X2 X,
1 0 0
2 0 1
3 1 0
4 1 1 8.1.4, Cac ham logic cc ban

Nhu ta du bict voi n bien logic thl sc co 2" t6 hop bien khac nhau, irng voi moi t6 hop bien ham logic co hai gia tri khac nhau.

8,1.4.1. Flam logic milt bien

G iil tri ella cue ham logic mot bien f = [ex I) diroc bien dien nhu sau:

Bang 8.3. Cae ham m9t bien
f x, [ F" F, F2 F3
0 0 0 1
1 0 1 0 1
N/I~ilJ xet : F == 0 ham hang 0 t tIc I;) F, I uon I uon bang O~ F == X, ham 1~IP Iai gia tri cua XI:

F == X, ham dao hoac phu d inh cua XI;

F == I ham hang 1 11k Iii F; luon luon bang 1. 8.1.4.2, flam logic hai bien

v 6i s6 bien El hai (n = 2) ham sc co 16 gi a tri (2") dtroc bicu dien durri dang sau:

Bang 8.4. Cac ham hai bien

X, X, Fo F, F2 F1 F. Fs F6 F) Fa Fg F,o Fll F'2 F'3 Fl. FI5
--- -- --- ..
0 0 a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
-- - -. .
0 1 I 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
i---
1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 94

N luin xet : Cac ham doi xtrng nhau qua true giira F7 va FK Ia phil dinh cua nhau.

Mot sf;' helm delc bih

. ..

Fo == 0 \'oi moi Xi duoc goi lit ham hang O. F'5 == 1 voi moi X, duoc goi Iil. ham hang 1.

F] ::= XI.X2 bang 1 khi va chi khi XI = X2 = I ham nay dU\1C goi Itt ham "vi:t" (AND).

F7 = X, + X, bang 0 khi X, = X2 = 0 ham bang 1 khi It nhat melt trong cac bien cua ham bang 1 diroc goi Hi hum "hO(lC"(OR).

F, = X, EB Xl' bang 1 khi va chi khi X. -:t:. X;o. Day Iii ham khong urong duang hay con g91 la ham cong modul 2 hay ham cong \'6i s\.f loai trir (XOR).

F~ = F7 goi la ham "hoac phil dinh"(NOR). Fl4 = FI g91 Ia ham "va phil djnh"(NAND). F<) = F(, goi la ham urong dirong (XNOR).

8.2. cAc PHUONG PHAp BIEU OlEN HAM LOGIC

Tnroc het ta xet kh.ii niern ham xac dinh day du va ham xac dinh

kh6ng (H1Y du:

- Ham xac dinh day du ta ham c6 tri so xac dinh voi moi to hop bien.

- Ham kh6ng thea man dieu kien trcn la ham kh6ng xac dinh dAy duo

Tai nhfrng t6 hop bien rna tri so cua ham kh6ng xac dinh (c6 the: la 0 hoac 1) gia tri cuu hum sc duoc ky hicu bang dau "x'

8.2.1. Bi~u di~n ham logic bftng blmg chan 19' (bang gia trio bang tranq thai) Ncu ham so co n bien se c6 2" t6 hop bien (rnoi mot t6 hop co mot trong hai gia tri 10 hoac I} gi a tri nay duoc goi la gia tri xac dinh, ham c6 giu tri nay goi la ham x ac dinh).

Trong tnrong hop ling voi moi t6 hop bien a dau vao rna ham kh6ng bict lu bang 0 hay 1 khi ay goi la ham khong xac dinh,

Bang chan ly cua ham n bien logic thi co (n + 1) cot va eo 2" hang.

Trcn moi hang ta ghi I t6 hop bien, tren moi cot ta ghi giLl tri cua m91 bien, cot cu6i cung ta ghi gia trj cua ham.

9S

Gia tri thap phan bang: Xn.2n-1 + Xn~1.2n-2 + .... + X).2°

Bang nay-con goi 1a bang trang thai, bang gia tri hoac bang chirc nang:

Bang 8.5. Bif!u di~n ham n bien F tren bang chan 19"

Gia tr] th~p ph an Xn Xn_1 X2 X1 F
cua t5 h9P bien ...
0 0 0 .. 0 0 1
1 0 0 .. 1 0 0
2 0 0 .. 0 1 X
." .. .. . , " " ..
N-1 1 1 .. 1 1 0 Nhan xet: Phuong phap nay cong kenh, dac biet 1a neu s6 bien 16'n, nhirng uu diem cua n6 1a true quan d~ nhin, kh6 nharn bin.

V i du: Xet mot ham 3 bien co gia tri duoc eho trong bang sau:

Bimg 8.6. Bi~u di~~ ham 3 bien F tren bang chan Iy

Gia tr] th~p phin X3 X2 X, F
0 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 0
2 0 1 0 X
3 0 1 1 X
4 1 0 0 0
5 1 '0 1 1
6 1 1 0 X
7 1 1 1 1 Trang do:

X3 13. bit co trong so 16'n nhat;

XI Ia bit co trong s6 be nhat.

Tri thap phan cua t6 hop diroc xac dinh bang cong thirc sau:

X3.22 + X2.21 + X).2°

8.2.2. Bigu dien ham thea phLldng phap hinh h9C

Mien xac dinh cua ham duoc chuyen thanh mien khong gian n chieu, M6i mot t6 hop g ia tr] bien diroc bieu dien boi mot diem trong kh6ng gian do. Ham n bien thi nrong ung voi khong gian n chieu, nghia la se co 2n diem.

96

+ n = 1 (1 bien) thl co 2 kha nang luang img voi 2 diem trong khong gian 1 chieu:

o

1

x

Hirih 8.1. Bigu dien hinh hoc ham logic mqt bien

+ n = 2 (2 bien) thl dung kh6ng gian 2 chieu (bieu dien tren mat phang) (hlnh 8.2).

+ n = 3 (3 bien) thl bieu dien tren khong g ian 3 chieu (hinh 8.3).

10

011

110

11

100

00

01

Hinh 8.2. Bi~u dien hinh h9C ham logic hai bien

Hinh 8.3. Bi~u dien hinh hoc ham logic ba bien

+ n = 4 (4 bien) thi bieu dien tren h inh 16 dinh. + n = 5 (5 bien) la hlnh 32 dinh.

Nh dn xet: 6 phirong phap nay chi cho phep ta bicu dien t6i da la n = 14 VI khi s6 bien tang len thi ta phai bieu dien chung thea khong gian nhieu chieu, rat phirc tap.

8.2.3. Bi~u dien bang phLtdng phap dai so 8.2.3.1. Dq.ng chuiln tde tuyi'n (CTT)

Dang CIT day du l a tuycn (tong) ella nhieu thanh phan, moi thanh phan l a hoi (tfch) gorn day du n bien.

each viet bi eu tlurc 0 dang chuan tlk tuyen (CIT):

+ Chi quan tam den cac t6 hop bien rna ham logic c6 gia tri bang 1.

S6 h'in ham bang 1 chfnh la s6 tich cua bieu thirc.

+ Trang moi mot tich (hoi) cac bien c6 gia tri 1 diroc giir nguyen, con cac bien co gia tr] 0 thi lay phu dinh, nghia 13 ncu g ia tri ella Xi = 1 thl trong tfeh se duoc viet Ia Xi' con neu g ia tri cua Xi = 0 thi trong tfch sf

duoc viet l a Xi _

97

+ Ham f sc bang t6ng cac rich do. Vi du:

Bang 8.7. Cac tich (h9i) day du cua ham logic tal cac gia tr] thap p~an G, 5, 7

Gia tr] th~p phan T6 hc;:tp gia tr] bien Tich thanh phan
---
0 000 X3 X2 x,
-
5 101 X3 X2 Xl
7 111 X3 X2 x, F = X3 X2 x, + X3 X2 x, + X3 X2 x,

D~ cho gia tri ella mot ham logie a dang CIT thuong ky hieu nhu sau: f = L 0, 5, 7 voi N = 2,3, 6 '

Trang do: 0, 5, 7 la gia tri thap phan ella die t6 hop bien rna gia tri ella ham bang 1.

2, 3, 6 Hi gia tri thap phan ella cac t6 hop bien rna giri tri ella ham khong xac dinh.

8.2.3.2. Dqng chudn tdc h(ji (CTH)

Dang CTH day du la hoi (tich) cua nhieu thanh phan, moi thanh ph an Hi tuycn (t6ng) g6m day au n bien.

each viet bieu thirc a dang chuan tae hoi (CTH):

+ Chi quan tam den t6 hop bien rna ham c6 gia tri 0, s61<in ham bang kh6ng chinh la so tong eua bicu thirc.

+ Trang moi mot t6ng cac bien c6 gia tr] bang 0 duoc gifr nguyen, can cac bien c6 gia tri bang 1 lay phu dinh, nghia la:

X· = ° viet lit X·

I I

Xi = 1 viet la Xi + Ham f bang tich cac t6ng d6.

D~ cho gia tri cua ITI!?t haITI logic a dang CfH thuong ky hieu nhir sau: f = I1 1,4 voi N = 2, 3,6

Trang d6: 1. 4 Hl gia trj thap phan cua cac t6 hop bien rna gia tri ella ham bang 0.

2, 3, 6 la gia tri thap phan cua cac t6 hop bien rna gi<i tri ella ham khong xac dinh,

Vi du : Hay viet hitu thirc ham s6 tit bang chan 1y sau:

98

Bang 8.B. Biiju di~n ham ba bien b~ng bang chan Iy

X3 X2 x; F
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 Bai gidi: C6 hai each bieu dien ham s6:

Cd ch l : Dung dang C'TT nghia 1;\ chi quan tam den cac t6 hop bien rna ham s6 co gia tri bang 1 (e64 Ian haITI s6 bang 1).

- -

F = X, . X2• X, + X}' X2 • XI + X; x2• XI + X" X2· XI

Cdcli 2: Dung dang CTH nghia 1;\ chl quan tam den cac t6 hop bien rna ham s6 co gia tri bang 0 (co 4 Ian ham s6 bang 0).

F=(X3+X2+XJ(X}+X2+XI )'(XJ+X2 +XI).(X., +X2+X1)

8.2.4. Bie;'u dien bang bimg (bia) Karnaugh

D~ bieu dien bang bang Karnaugh ta can xay dung cau true cua bang,

nguyen dc xay dung bang nhir sau: Bang 8.9. Bang Karnaugh

- Neu ham c6 n bien thi sir cua ham 2 bien

dung bia Karnaugh co 2n 6 moi 6 luang irng voi mot t6 hop bien.

- Cac 6 canh nhau hoac d6i xirng nhau chi khac nhau mot bien. Cac cot va hang cua bang dtroc ghi cac t6 hop g ia tri bien sao cho nhirng C9t va hang canh nhau hoac d6i xirng nhau chi khac nhau mot bien.

f

x

X2 0 1
1
0 -- 1 -
0 X, X2 X, X2
1 2 - 3
X1X, X1 X2 Bang 8.10. Vi du ham logic 2 bie'n

f

- Trang cac 6 ghi gia tri ella X

ham tuong irng voi gia tl"! ella t6 hop bien tai 6 do.

+ Bang Karnaugh cho truong hop hai bien.

X2 0 1
1
0 0 0 1 1
1 2 1 3 x 99

Cac t6 hop bien duoc bi€u dien trong bang, cac so ghi ben trai Iii gia tri thap phan luang irng cua cac 16 hop bien voi quy iroc X2 la so co trong so nh6 (2(J), XI la so c6 trorig so Ion (21).

Vi du: Bi eu dien ham so sau tren bang Karnaugh:

F = 2: 1. 2 va N = 3

(N = 3 15. gia tri thap ph an b do ham kh6ng xac dinh. 1, 2 la gia tri thap phan cua cac t6 hop bien co gia tri ham bang 1).

+ Bang Karnaugh cho truong hop ba bien:

Bang 8.11. Bang Karnaugh cua ham 3 bien

F

x

X2Xl 00 01 11 10
1
0 0 X, )(2 )(3 1 X, X2 X3 3 ><3 X2 X3 2 X,X2)(3
1 4 XI)(2 )(3 5 X,)(2 X3 7 X, X2 X3 6 x, X2)(3 Vi du: Bieu dien ham s6 sau tren bang Karnaugh:

F = 2: 1, 3. 7 voi N = 2, 4

Bang 8.12. Vi du ham logic 3 bien F x X x

;.: 3
, 00 01 11 10
0 1 1 X
1 X 1 + Bang Karnaugh cho truong hop 4 bien (dang CfH):

Bang 8.13. Bang Karnaugh cua ham 4 bien

F

00

01

11

10

10

0 X 1 + x2 + X3 + X4 1 x, + Xl + Xl + X4 3 X, + Xl + Xl + X. 2 X1 + X2 + --x;- + X4
4 X, + X2 + X3 + X4 5 x, + Xl + X3 + x. 7 X, + X2 + X3 + X. 6 x, + X2 + Xl + X4
12 ~ + --x;- + XJ + x, n3~ +X; - - - -
+ x. + X4 15 XI + Xl + Xl + X4 14 x, + XL + Xl + X4
8 - + X2 + Xl +~ + X4
X1 + Xl + Xl + X4 9 Xl + X2 + X3 + >4 11 X1 10 X1 + Xl + Xl 00

01

11

100

11.3. cAc PHAN TV (CONG) LOGIC co BAN

8.3.1. Khai ni~m

Cac phan tir (e6ng) logic co ban la cac phan ti.'r dong vai tro chu yeu d~ thuc hien cac clnrc nang logic dan gian, dan gian nhat trong cac sa db logic (la cac sa db thuc hien ham logic nao do).

Cac ph an tir logic co ban thuong co mot hoac nhieu dau vao va mot dau ra. Til cac phan nr logic co ban ta co the; ket hop lai d~ tao ra nhieu mach logic thuc hien cac ham phirc tap han.

D~ mo ta du lieu ra vao ngiroi ta dung cac tin hieu dien, chung co th~ 13 tin hieu the hoac tin hieu xung.

* Bieu diln h[}ng lin hieu the: Dung hai rrnrc dien the khac nhau d~ bieu thi hai gia tri dung (1) hoac sai (0).

+ Phuong phap logic duang: Dien the dirong hem hay It am han la dung (1). Dien the am han hay it duong han la sai (0).

+ Phuong phap logic am: Dien the' am han hay it duang han la dung (1). Di~n the duong hem hay it am han la sai (0) (hlnh 8.4).

u U
1 0
1 s- ~ 0
a
0 1 a a
s- o ~
0 Hlnh 8.4. Bie;u di~n.cac mire logic b~ng tin hi~u di~n the

* Biill dien bang lin Izi¢ll xung: Hai gia tri logic Dung (1) hoac Sai (0) wang ung voi su xuat hien hoac khong xuat hien cua xung trong day tin hieu thea mot ehu ky T, nhat dinh (hlnh 8.5).

U

1 1 1
Tx
0 0 0 o

Hinh a.5. Bi~u di~n cac rmrc logic b~ng tin hi~u xung

101