Chapter #30: The War to End War Big Picture Themes 1.

. President Wilson outlined the wars objectives with his Fourteen Points. They set the goals of free seas, self-determination after the war, and establishing a body to prevent future wars. 2. A military draft was instituted, the first since the Civil War. 3. Women went to work more than theyd ever done and black soldiers were drafted into the military into segregated units. 4. The Americans focussed their military effort in protecting Paris from the Germans. 5. At the Treaty of Versailles, Wilson agreed to allow England and France to punish Germany for the war. In return, they agreed to start Wilsons League of Nations. 6. However, the US Senate rejected the Treaty/League. They didnt wish to turn over Americas decision-making to a foreign body like the League of Nations. Chapter #30 Identifications George Creel: He was the leader of the Committee on Public Information. He was also a journalist who publicized WWI and convinced the public to support it. He also convinced the public of the merits of Wilsonian war goals. Bernard Baruch: He worked on stocks and was given the position of leader of the War Industries Board by Wilson. He became a US delegate for the UN in the Cold War later on. Henry Cabot Lodge: He was the senator of Massachusetts. He came up with the Literacy Test Bill of 1896, which was vetoed by Cleveland. It was later brought back in 1917. He was also against the League of Nations and he came up with (rejected) amendments to the League Covenant. James M. Cox: In 1920, he was chosen by the democrats to run for president against Harding. Franklin Roosevelt was chosen as his running mate. Self-Determination: This is the idea that stated that people have the freedom to establish their own government, and was one of Wilsons fourteen points. Collective security: This stated the goal of the League of Nations whose purpose was to protect the independence and integrity of all nations. Normalcy: This was the idea that people wanted to go back to the way America used to be, what with a simpler life and less involvement in foreign affairs. Zimmerman Note: This was the note written by the German foreign secretary, Arthur Zimmerman. It called for a secret alliance that would be formed between Germany and

Mexico in a war against America. This led to the US involvement in WWI. Fourteen Points: This was Wilsons plan for peace after the war. He talked through each point during the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. However, only one point was accepted, which was the fourteenth (League of Nations). Each of the points benefited a nation involved in the war. League of Nations: This was similar to the UN, since Wilson planned for it to be an assembly in which all nations had a representative. The US chose not to join it. Committee on Public Information: This committee was led by journalist George Creel. Its goal was to get the public to support WWI. Espionage and Sedition Acts: Espionage Act of 1917; Sedition Act of 1918. These acts fought against Germans within the US and Americans who were against the war. Industrial Workers of the World: These people were also called Wobblies and they were a labor union that did not support the war. War Industries Board: Its leader was Bernard Baruch. This was made in order to keep the American economy stable. Nineteenth Amendment: This constitutional amendment gave women the right to vote. Food Administration: Quaker Herbert Hoover led this organization. This was created so that those who were negatively affected by the war in America and allied nations had access to food and supplies. Irreconcilables: These were people who didnt want the US to join the League of Nations. They were also called the Battalion of Death. They radically supported isolationism. Treaty of Versailles: This was the treaty signed after WWI. Germany was basically forced into accepting its terms. There were only four of Wilsons fourteen points in it, and it basically pushed all the blame on Germany. It had nothing to do with preventing future wars. Chapter #30 Guided Reading Questions War by Act of Germany Know: "Peace without Victory," Unlimited Submarine Warfare, Arthur Zimmermann 1. What events led Woodrow Wilson to ask Congress to declare war? First, Germany stated that it would no longer abide by the Sussex Pledge. Due to their policy of unrestricted submarine warfare, both merchant and war ships would be targeted by U-boats. Afterward, the Zimmerman Note was discovered by the US. The note was from Germany to Mexico, asking Mexico to enter an alliance against the US. Wilsonian Idealism Enthroned

Know: Jeannette Rankin 2. Name Wilsons twin war aims. How did these set America apart from the other combatants? Wilsons twin war aims were to make the world safe for democracy and to keep a hyperdestructive war from occurring. This set America apart from the other combatants since Wilsons goals centered on peace and the mediation of conflicts. Wilsons Fourteen Potent Points Know: Fourteen Points 3. List several of Wilsons Fourteen Points. The central points of Wilsons Fourteen Points Address were: prohibition of secret treaties, protection of the freedom of the seas, no more economic barriers between nations, selfdetermination for the oppressed, and the establishment of the League of Nations. Creel Manipulates Minds Know: Committee on Public Information, George Creel, Four-minute Men, The Hun, Over There 4. How were Americans motivated to help in the war effort? The Committee on Public Information, led by journalist George Creel, was basically a group the spread pro-war propaganda among the American people. The CPI used pamphlets, posters, billboards, and songs to get the citizens to think of the Germans as the enemy and support the troops. Enforcing Loyalty and Stifling Dissent Know: Liberty Cabbage, Espionage Act, Sedition Act, Eugene V. Debs, William D. Haywood 5. How was loyalty forced during WWI? The Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918 basically illustrated how scared Americans were of the German threat to America. Dozens of people were prosecuted because of these laws. The Industrial Workers of the World were against WWI, and were often prosecuted as well. Many people were arrested due to suspicion. The Nations Factories Go to War Know: Bernard Baruch, War Industries Board 6. Why was it difficult to mobilize industry for the war effort? First off, America was not prepared to enter a war. Its army wasnt too impressive, only fifteenth in the world, and due to laissez-faire, the government could not take control of the government. Bernard Baruch and the War Industries Board were meant to survey the economy and stabilize it for the war, but it was pretty much a failure. Workers in Wartime Know: "Work or Fight," National War Labor Board, Wobblies 7. How did the war affect the labor movement? T he war affected the labor movement both negatively and positively. Negatively because of inflation and strikes which occurred many times during the war. The immigration of Blacks to Northern cities due to the availability of jobs also caused racial tension and violence. Positively,

because unemployed men were encouraged (coerced) into taking up jobs. Suffering Until Suffrage Know: NAWSA, 19th Amendment, Womens Bureau 8. How did the war affect women? During the war, many of the men left to go fight. This left many vacant positions for women which then led to more opportunities for women. The 19th Amendment also gave women suffrage, the right to vote. The Womens Bureau came after the war and its purpose was to protect female workers. Forging a War Economy Know: Food Administration, Herbert Hoover, Meatless Tuesdays, Eighteenth Amendment, Heatless Mondays, Liberty Bonds 9. Did government become too intrusive in peoples lives during the war? Give examples to support your answer. In my opinion, the government did not become too intrusive in peoples lives during the war. In order to successfully fuel the war effort, the Food Administration was created in order to feed the people of America and its European allies. The observation of days like Meatless Tuesdays were supported by all people willingly, and not through coercion. Making Plowboys into Doughboys 10. Was the governments effort to raise an army fair and effective? I believe that the governments effort to raise an army was not fair but it was effective. The draft pulled in all able-bodied men, but it pulled in many troops for a desperate army. And even with the draft, many people lined up to volunteer for the army. After just a short period of time, the army grew to the size of 4 million men and women. Fighting in France--Belatedly 11. How were American troops used in Russia? American troops in Russia were mainly used in order to keep supplies and munitions from ending up in German or Japanese hands. They were also sent to Russia to keep the same thing from happening with the Bolsheviks. These American soldiers were also sent to rescue thousands of imprisoned Czechoslovakian troops. America Helps Hammer the Hun Know: Marshal Foch, John J. Pershing, Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Alvin York 12. Describe the effect of the American troops on the fighting. The American troops were integral in WWI in terms of their effect on the overall result. Once the Americans got their own army involved, Gen. John J. Pershing became its leader. Sgt. Alvin C. York was regarded as a hero for single-handedly defeating around a hundred Germans. All of these defeats demoralized German soldiers and the spread of Wilsonian ideas encouraged Germanys eventual surrender. The Fourteen Points Disarm Germany Know: Armistice 13. What role did America play in bringing Germany to surrender?

Americas constant bombardment of Germany which came in the form of the spread of propaganda and pamphlets demoralized the German people. Wilsons ideas were spread throughout Germany, and the thought of peace after the war due to the Fourteen Points was appealing. Also, the Germans did not like the thought of American troops staying around. Wilson Steps Down from Olympus Know: Henry Cabot Lodge 14. What political mistakes hurt Wilson in the months following the armistice? In 1918, the American public seemed to narrowly favor the Republicans which prevented Wilson from being supported by the majority. When he decided to go the Paris personally, the Republicans became angry since they thought it was just Wilson showing off. To add to further insult, Wilson didnt bring any Republicans with him, and even disregarded Republican Henry Cabot Lodge who later on became jealous of Wilson. The Idealist Battles the Imperialists in Paris Know: Vittorio Orlando, David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, League of Nations 15. How did Wilsons desire for the League of Nations affect his bargaining at the peace conference? Wilson, above all else, wanted peace after the war. He also wanted to keep any other large-scale wars from happening in the future. In order to achieve this, he bargained for the League of Nations. On the other hand, Britain and France wanted to punish Germany. Since Wilson wanted to establish the League of Nations, he agreed to the War Guilt Clause (which punished Germany), and in return, the other nations agreed to create the League of Nations. Hammering Out the Treaty Know: William Borah, Hiram Johnson, Irreconcilables 16. What compromises did Wilson make at the peace conference? It seemed that Wilson tried to please most of the nations involved in the peace conference. In his compromise with France, the US and Britain agreed to help France if Germany ever invaded again. When Japan threatened to walk out of the conference, his compromise basically stated that Japan could keep Germanys economic possessions which laid in Shantung, but that ultimately infuriated the Chinese. The Peace Treaty That Bred a New War Know: Treaty of Versailles 17. For what reasons did Wilson compromise his 14 Points? Wilson compromised his 14 points in order to prevent further conflict among the already tense nations. His plan with the 14 points would have prevented any more war, but since the other nations wanted to punish Germany, it didnt work. He compromised his 14 points since it was probably better to have some points established, like the League of Nations, than have nothing at all of his original plan. The Domestic Parade of Prejudice 18. Why was the treaty criticized back in America? Many people were not happy with the treaty compromised by Wilson. The anti-German people didnt think the treaty punished the Germans enough for their role in the war. The Irish were

completely against the League of Nations. Americans that hailed from other European countries thought that the treaty didnt do enough for their native homes. Wilsons Tour and Collapse (1919) 19. What was the purpose and result of Wilsons trip around the country when he returned to America? Due to the fierce backlash Wilson faced due to the treaty compromised at the peace conference, he decided to go on a trip around the country in order to gain more support. He found more support in the Rocky Mountain area as well as the Pacific Coast. He delivered messages which stated that his League of Nations would help keep peace around the world. Defeat Through Deadlock 20. Why was the treaty finally rejected? The treaty was finally rejected because of several factors such as Wilsons conflicts with Lodge, US isolationism, tradition, and disillusionment. After Lodge stated his reservations, which were attached to the pending treaty, Wilson urged his supporters to vote against the renewed treaty. This basically introduced a division on the subject which did not let the treaty pass. The "Solemn Referendum" of 1920 Know: Warren Harding, James M. Cox, Normalcy 21. What did the results of the 1920 election indicate? The winner of the election, Warren Harding, was very easygoing and popular. The fact that he won illustrated the fact that the American people wanted to return to Normalcy. The buzz that centered on the war and the treaty most likely tired the people on the subject. The Betrayal of Great Expectations 22. How much should the U.S. be blamed for the failure of the Treaty of Versailles? The US should not take all of the blame for the failure of the Treaty of Versailles, but they were partly responsible. At the time, they were the dominant world power, and so they should have taken a larger stand in terms of after-war affairs. However, due to the USs desire for isolationism, they turned a blind eye on what else was going on in the world. Varying Viewpoints: Woodrow Wilson: Realist or Idealist? Know: Realism, Idealism, Wilsonianism 23. To what extent was Wilson realistic when he called for a world of cooperation, equality and justice among nations? Wilson was not very realistic when he called for a world of cooperation, equality, and justice among nations. He was incredibly idealistic going into the peace conference. He was against the war to begin with, and supported American isolationism, which shows that he highly desired a peaceful end to all of the conflict. However, other nations were still enraged with what happened during World War I, and were not at all ready to accept peace and forgiveness toward Germany.