Company Profile

In c o rp or a t e d a nd p ro mo t e d i n 19 92 b y Mr Ka r t a r S i n gh, th e A mb e r Gr ou p i s a mo n g o t h e r t h i n gs , o ne o f t h e l a r ge s t o r i gi n a l e q u ip me n t ma n u f a c t u r e r o f h i t e go od s i n In d i a ! " ne f a c t o r th a t ha s e fo l l o s t r i c t qu a l i t y

l e d u s t h i s f a r i s ou r r e l e n t l e s s fo c u s on q ua l i t y! A t th e A mb e r Gr ou p p ro c e s s e s a nd

e ar e a n IS " 9# #1 $ 2# #% c e r t i f i e d c o mp a n y! &n de r t h e a e gi s of th e A mb e r Gr ou p

t h e r e a r e t o d i s t i n c t en t i t i e s ' A mb er (n t e r p r i s e s In d i a ) *t ! +t d ! an d A mb e r A *i a t i o n Ind i a ) *t ! +t d ! A mb er In du s t r i e s i s a c on gl o me r a t e of 9 ma n uf a c t u r i n g un i t s t h a t a r e i n *o l *e d i n p ro du c i n g o r i gi n a l e qu i p me n t f or s o me o f t h e b i gge s t br a nd s i n In d i a aircraft charters a nd training of h i l e A mb e r A *i a t i o n i s en ga ge d i n c o mme r c i a l pilots !

Some of top

hite good brands sta,e their reputations on our products e*ery day and ha*e done

so for years! -hat ma,es giants li,e +!G, .ideocon, Godre/, -hirpool, 0lue Star, )hilips and .oltas trust the insides of their products to us1 It can be summed up in one ord $ trust! "ur

customers trust us! -e manufacture and customi2e original equipment as per specifications and as per schedule! 3ustomer ser*ice is not a ord e use lightly!
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Why are we one of the most cost-effective white good OEMs in India?

-e are based at strategic locations and ell connected to the rest of the country! "ur in$house products, tool de*elopment facility and an acti*e 7;8 department ensure quality and inno*ation thereby reducing costs!

"ur bac, ard integration across a scale ,eeps our costs lo !

ide range of components along

ith economies of

Partial Product ist! 1! Split ; -indo Air 3onditioners for commercial and residential use! 2! )ac,age Air 3onditioners for Indian 7ail ays and commercial use! <! 9eat (=changers! >! Multi 6lo 3ondensers! ?! 9ome appliances li,e -ashing Machines, 7efrigerators ; Micro a*es!
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@! +uminaries for commercial use! A! )lastic (=trusion Sheets! %! .acuum 6orming 3omponents! 9! In/ection Molding 3omponents! 1#! 11! Sheet Metal 3omponents! Auto )arts!

"ir-Conditioning #ystems
An air$conditioning or 9.A3;7 system consists of components and equipment arranged in sequential order to heat or cool, humidify or dehumidify, clean and purify, attenuate ob/ectionable equipment noise, transport the conditioned outdoor air and recirculate air to the conditioned space, and control and maintain an indoor or enclosed en*ironment at optimum energy use!
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5he types of buildings hich the air$conditioning system ser*es can be classiBed as' C Institutional buildings, such as hospitals and nursing homes C 3ommercial buildings, such as offices, stores, and shopping centers Air$3onditioning and 7efrigeration 9$< C 7esidential buildings, including single$family and multifamily lo $rise buildings of three or fe er stories abo*e grade C Manufacturing buildings, hich manufacture and store products

$ypes of "ir-Conditioning #ystems

In institutional, commercial, and residential buildings, air$conditioning systems are mainly for the occupantsD health and comfort! 5hey are often called comfort air$conditioning systems! In manufacturing buildings, air$conditioning systems are pro*ided for product processing, or for the health and comfort of systems! 0ased on their si2e, construction, and operating characteristics, air$conditioning systems can be classiBed as the follo ing!
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or,ers as

ell as processing, and are called processing air$conditioning

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Individual %oom or Individual #ystems

An indi*idual air$conditioning system normally employs either a single, self$contained, pac,aged room air conditioner Einstalled in a outdoor units to ser*e an indi*idual room! indo or through a allF or separate indoor and

#pace-Conditioning #ystems or #pace #ystems&

5hese systems ha*e their air$conditioning cooling, heating, and Bltration performed predominantly in or abo*e the conditioned space!

"ir #ystems
An air system is also called an air handling system or the air side of an air$conditioning or 9.A3;7 system! Its function is to condition the air, distribute it, and control the indoor en*ironment according to requirements! 5he primary equipment in an air system is an A9& or air handlerG both of these include fan, coils, Blters, dampers, humidiBers EoptionalF, supply and return duct or,, supply outlets and return inlets, and controls!

Water #ystems

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5hese systems include chilled

ater, hot

ater, and condenser

ater systems! A

ater system

consists of pumps, piping or,, and accessories! 5he ater system is sometimes called the ater side of a central or space$conditioning system!

Main Components Compressor

3ompresses the refrigerant from lo pressure Elo temperatureF to high pressure Ehigh

temperatureF! 5his con*ersion raises the boiling point to higher temperature le*els, facilitating elimination of the heat brought by the outdoor air!

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Condenser
5his component recei*es gas at high pressure and high temperature from the compressor! In air$ cooled condensers, the metallic surfaces cool the gas hich changes status and turns to liquid! In the case of ater$cooled condensers, it is the circulation of the ater that produces the same

cooling effect!

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Evaporator
-hen the refrigerant e*aporates in the e*aporator, it absorbs heat from the surrounding air and produces cooled air!

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Capillary $u'e
A narro ing of the tube connected along the line bet een the condenser and the e*aporator ith diameters ranging from 1 to 2 mm! and lengths ranging bet een 1 and 2 m, allo s the ad/ustment of the amount of gas fed to the e*aporator!

Electrical Parts
(lectric and electronic components needed by the *arious air conditioner functions!
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Indoor (an
It e=hausts air from the indoor en*ironment and con*eys it through the e*aporatorG the air is no cool and distributed bac, into the en*ironment!

Outdoor (an
5his causes the air to circulate through the condenser in order to cool the refrigerant!

"ir-Conditioning Pro)ect *evelopment and #ystem *esign

$conditioningH9.A3;7 system is to pro*ide a healthy and comfortable indoor en*ironment ith acceptable indoor air quality, hile being energy efficient and cost effecti*e!

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AS97A( Standard @2$19%9 deBnes acceptable indoor air quality as Iair in

hich there are no ith

,no n contaminants at harmful concentrations as determined by cogni2ant authorities and

hich a sub$stantial ma/ority E%#J or moreF of the people e=posed do not e=press dissatisfaction!K In the building construction industry, air$conditioning or 9.A3;7 is one of the mechanical ser*icesG these also include plumbing, Bre protection, and escalators! Air$conditioning design is a process of selecting the optimum system, subsystem, equipment, and components from *arious alternati*es and preparing the dra ings and speciBcations! 9aines E199>F summari2ed this process in four phases' gather information, de*elop alternati*es, e*aluate alternati*es, and sell the best solution! 8esign determines the basic operating characteristics of a system! After an air$conditioning system is designed and constructed, it is difBcult and e=pensi*e to change its basic characteristics! 5he foundation of a successful pro/ect is team or, and coordination bet een designer, contractor, and operator and bet een mechanical engineer, electrical engineer, facility operator, architect, and structural engineer! 6ield e=perience is helpful to the designer! 0efore beginning the design process it is ad*isable to *isit similar pro/ects that ha*e operated for more than 2 years and tal, in*estigate actual performance! ith the operator to

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Engineer+s %esponsi'ilities
5he normal procedure in a design$bid construction pro/ect and the mechanical engineerDs responsibilities are 1! Initiation of a pro/ect by o ner or de*eloper 2! "rgani2ing a design team <! 8etermining the design criteria and indoor en*ironmental parameters >! 3alculation of cooling and heating loads!
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?! Selection of systems, subsystems, and their components! @! )reparation of schematic layoutsG si2ing of piping and duct or,! A! )reparation of contract documents' dra ings and speciBcations! %! 3ompetiti*e biddings by *arious contractorsG e*aluation of bidsG negotiations and modiBcations! 9! Ad*ice on a arding of contract! 1#! Monitoring, super*ision, and inspection of installationG re*ie ing shop dra ings! 11! Super*ision of commissioning!

Moist "ir
Abo*e the surface of the earth is a layer of air called the atmosphere, or atmospheric air! 5he lo er atmosphere, or homosphere, is composed of moist air, that is, a mi=ture of dry air and ater *apor! )sychrometrics is the science of studying the thermodynamic properties of moist air! It is idely used to illustrate and analy2e the change in properties and the thermal characteristics of the air$ conditioning process and cycles! 5he composition of dry air *aries slightly at different geographic locations and from time to time!

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5he appro=imate composition of dry air by *olume is nitrogen, A9!#%JG o=ygen, 2#!9?JG argon, #!9<JG carbon dio=ide, #!#<JG other gases Ee!g!, neon, sulfur dio=ideF, #!#1J! 5he amount of ater *apor contained in the moist air ithin the temperature range # to 1## 6 ater *apor has a critical inLuence on the

changes from #!#? to <J by mass! 5he *ariation of characteristics of moist air!

"ir-Conditioning Processes
An air$conditioning process describes the change in thermodynamic properties of moist air bet een the initial and Bnal stages of conditioning as ell as the corresponding energy and mass transfers bet een the moist air and a medium, such as ater, refrigerant, absorbent or adsorbent,

or moist air itself! 5he energy balance and conser*ation of mass are the t o principles used for the analysis and the calculation of the thermodynamic properties of the moist air! Generally, for a single air$conditioning process, heat transfer or mass transfer is positi*e! 9o e*er, for calculations that in*ol*e se*eral air$conditioning

processes, heat supplied to the moist air is ta,en as positi*e and heat re/ected is negati*e!

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"ir-Conditioning Cycle and Operating Modes

An air$conditioning cycle comprises se*eral air$conditioning processes that are connected in a sequential order! An air$conditioning cycle determines the operating performance of the air system in an air conditioning system! 5he or,ing substance to condition air may be chilled or hot desiccant, etc! 0ased on the outdoor eather and indoor operating conditions, the operating ater, refrigerant,

modes of air$conditioning cycles can be classiBed as' C Summer mode' conditions! C -inter mode' conditions! hen outdoor and indoor operating parameters are in inter hen outdoor and indoor operating parameters are in summer

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C Air economi2er mode'

hen all outdoor air or an amount of outdoor air that

e=ceeds the minimum amount of outdoor air required for the occupants is ta,en into the A9& or )& for cooling! 5he air economi2er mode sa*es energy use for refrigeration! 3ontinuous modes operate 2> hr a day and A days a that ser*e hospital ards and refrigerated ee,! (=amples are systems

arehouses! An intermittently ithin a 2>$hr operating

operated mode usually shuts do n once or se*eral times

cycle! Such systems ser*e ofBces, class rooms, retail stores, etc! 5he 2>$ hr day$ and$night cycle of an intermittently operated system can again be di*ided into' 1! 3ool$do n or arm$up period! -hen the space is not occupied and the space

air temperature is higher or lo er than the predetermined *alue, the space air should be cooled do n or armed up before the space is occupied!

2! 3onditioning period! 5he air$conditioning system is operated during the occupied period to maintain the required indoor en*ironment! <! 4ighttime shut$do n period! 5he air system or terminal is shut do n or only partly operating to maintain a set$bac, temperature! Summer, inter, air economi2er, and continuously operating modes consist of hen the

full$load Edesign loadF and part$load operations! )art load occurs

system load is less than the design load! 5he capacity of the equipment is selected to meet summer and in all operating modes!
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inter system design loads as

ell as system loads

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,asic "ir-Conditioning Cycle - #ummer Mode

A basic air$conditioning system is a pac,aged system of supply air at a constant *olume Lo rate, ser*ing a single 2one, equipped ith only a single hich a single supplyHreturn duct! A single 2one is a conditioned space for

controller is used to maintain a unique indoor operating parameter, probably indoor temperature! A basic air$conditioning cycle is the operating cycle of a basic air$conditioning system! 5he basic air$conditioning cycle of this system! In summer mode at design load, recirculation air from the conditioned space, a orship hall, enters the pac,aged unit through the return grill at point! It is mi=ed ith the required minimum amount of outdoor air at point o for acceptable indoor air quality and energy sa*ing!

,asic "ir-Conditioning Cycle - Winter Mode

-hen the basic air$conditioning systems are operated in inter mode, their air$

conditioning cycles can be classiBed into the follo ing four categories' In inter, for a fully occupied orship hall, if the heat loss is less than the

space sensible cooling load, a cold air supply is required to offset the space sensible cooling load and maintain a desirable indoor en*ironment as sho n by the lo er cycle in &sually, a humidiBer is not used!

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Window and through-wall

7oom air conditioners come in t o forms' unitary and pac,aged terminal E)5A3F systems! &nitary systems, the common one room air conditioners, sit in a indo or all opening, ith

interior controls! Interior air is cooled as a fan blo s it o*er the e*aporator! "n the e=terior the air is heated as a second fan blo s it o*er the condenser! In this process, heat is dra n from the room and discharged to the en*ironment! A large house or building may ha*e se*eral such units, permitting each room to be cooled separately! )5A3 systems are also ,no n as all$split air conditioning systems or ductless systems! M21N5hese )5A3 systems hich are frequently used in hotels ha*e t o separate units Eterminal pac,agesF, ith tubing passing

the e*aporati*e unit on the interior and the condensing unit on the e=terior, through the

all and connecting them! 5his minimi2es the interior system footprint and allo s

each room to be ad/usted independently! )5A3 systems may be adapted to pro*ide heating in cold eather, either directly by using an electric strip, gas or other heater, or by re*ersing the to heat the interior and dra heat from the e=terior air, con*erting the air hen

refrigerant flo

conditioner into a heat pump! -hile room air conditioning pro*ides ma=imum fle=ibility,

used to cool many rooms at a time it is generally more e=pensi*e than central air conditioning!

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An air conditioning unit

#plit #ystems
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Split$system air conditioners come in t o forms' central and mini$split! In both types, the inside$ en*ironment Ee*aporati*eF heat e=changer and fan is separated by some distance from the outside$en*ironment Econdensing unitF heat e=changer and fan! In central air conditioning, the inside heat$e=changer is typically placed inside the central furnaceHA3 unit of forced air heating system hich is then used in the summer to distribute chilled air throughout a residence or commercial building! A mini$split system typically supplied chilled air to only a single space, and thus as sometimes referred to as split-system single-

zone air conditioning! 5oday, ho e*er, one split$system compressor can supply chilled air to up to eight indoor units!M2<N If the split system contains a heat pump, as is often the case, the system may be easily s itched seasonally to supply heat instead of cold! 3ontrols can be or handheld Ethe si2e of the remote control for a tele*isionF! all$mounted

Porta'le .nits
A portable air conditioner is one on heels that can be easily transported inside a home or office! 5hey are currently a*ailable ith capacities of about ?,###O@#,### 05&Hh E1,%##O1%,### -

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outputF and

ith and

ithout electric$resistance heaters! )ortable air conditioners are either

e*aporati*e or refrigerate! )ortable refrigerati*e air conditioners come in t o forms, split and hose! 5hese compressor$ based refrigerant systems are air$cooled, meaning they use air to e=change heat, in the same ay

as a car or typical household air conditioner does! Such a system dehumidifies the air as it cools it! It collects ater condensed from the cooled air and produces hot air hich must be *ented

outside the cooled areaG doing so transfers heat from the air in the cooled area to the outside air! A portable split system has an indoor unit on heels connected to an outdoor unit *ia fle=ible

pipes, similar to a permanently fi=ed installed unit! 9ose systems, hich can be mono'loc/ or air-to-air, are *ented to the outside *ia air ducts! ater in a buc,et or tray and stops hen full! 5he air-to-

5he mono'loc/ type collects the air type re$e*aporates the continuously! A single$duct unit uses air from

ater and discharges it through the ducted hose and can run

ithin the room to cool its condenser, and then *ents it outside!

5his air is replaced by hot air from outside or other rooms, thus reducing the unitPs effecti*eness! Modern units might ha*e a coefficient of performance E3"), sometimes called QefficiencyQF of appro=imately < Ei!e!, 1 ,- of electricity ill produce < ,- of coolingF! A dual$duct unit dra s

air to cool its condenser from outside instead of from inside the room, and thus is more effecti*e than most single$duct units! (*aporati*e air coolers, sometimes called Qs amp coolersQ, do not ha*e a compressor or condenser! +iquid area! (*aporating ater is e*aporated on the cooling fins, releasing the *apour into the cooled ater absorbs a significant amount of heat, the latent heat of *apori2ation,

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cooling the air' humans and animals use the same mechanism to cool themsel*es by s eating! 5hey ha*e the ad*antage of needing no hoses to *ent heat outside the cooled area, ma,ing them truly portableG and they are *ery cheap to install and use less energy than refrigerati*e air conditioners! 8isad*antages are that unless ambient humidity is lo Eas in a dry climateF cooling is limited and the cooled air is *ery humid and can feel clammy! Also, they use a lot of hich is often at a premium in the dry climates here they or, best! A typical single hosed portable air conditioner can cool a room that is >A? sq ft E>>!1 m2F or smaller and has at most a cooling po er of 1?,### 05&sHh E>!< ,-F! 9o e*er, single hosed units cool a room less effecti*ely than dual hosed as the air e=pelled from the room through the single hose creates negati*e pressure inside the room! 0ecause of this, air Epotentially from neighboring rooms is pulled into the room ith the cooling unit to compensate! arm airF ater,

0eat pumps
Q9eat pumpQ is a term for a type of air conditioner in hich the refrigeration cycle can be

re*ersed, producing heating instead of cooling in the indoor en*ironment! 5hey are also commonly referred to, and mar,eted as, a Qre*erse cycle air conditionerQ! &sing an air conditioner in this ay to produce heat is significantly more energy efficient than electric hich is

resistance heating! Some homeo ners elect to ha*e a heat pump system installed,

simply a central air conditioner ith heat pump functionality Ethe refrigeration cycle can be re*ersed in cold eatherF! -hen the heat pump is in heating mode, the indoor e*aporator coil

s itches roles and becomes the condenser coil, producing heat! 5he outdoor condenser unit also s itches roles to ser*e as the e*aporator, and discharges cold air Ecolder than the ambient outdoor airF!
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9eat pumps are more popular in milder

inter climates

here the temperature is frequently in

the range of >#O??R6 E>O1<R3F, because heat pumps become inefficient in more e=treme cold! 5his is due to the problem of ice forming on the outdoor unitPs heat e=changer coil, hich bloc,s air flo o*er the coil! 5o compensate for this, the heat pump system must temporarily s itch

bac, into the regular air conditioning mode to s itch the outdoor e*aporator coil back to being the condenser coil, so that it can heat up and defrost! A heat pump system ill therefore ha*e a

form of electric resistance heating in the indoor air path that is acti*ated only in this mode in order to compensate for the temporary indoor air cooling, uncomfortable in the hich ould other ise be ith lo er outdoor

inter! 5he icing problem becomes much more se*ere

temperatures, so heat pumps are commonly installed in tandem ith a more con*entional form of heating, such as a natural gas or oil furnace, harsher hich is used instead of the heat pump during

inter temperatures! In this case, the heat pump is used efficiently during the milder hen the outdoor

temperatures, and the system is s itched to the con*entional heat source temperature is lo er! it also or,s on the basis of carnot cycle

Absorption heat pumps are actually a ,ind of air$source heat pump, but they do not depend on electricity to po er them! Instead, gas, solar po er, or heated ater is used as a main po er

source! Additionally, refrigerant is not used at all in the process! An absorption pump absorbs ammonia into ater! 4e=t, the ater and ammonia mi=ture is depressuri2ed to induce boiling,

and the ammonia is boiled off, resulting in cooling! Some more e=pensi*e indo air conditioning units ha*e a true heat pump function! 9o e*er, a indo unit that has a QheatQ selection is not necessarily a heat pump because some units use

only electric resistance heat hen heating is desired! A unit that has true heat pump functionality ill be indicated its specifications by the term Qheat pumpQ!
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.ses
Air$conditioning engineers broadly di*ide air$conditioning applications into comfort and process applications! Comfort applications aim to pro*ide a building indoor en*ironment that remains relati*ely constant despite changes in e=ternal eather conditions or in internal heat loads! Air conditioning ma,es deep plan buildings feasible, for other ise they narro er or ith light ould ha*e to be built hat they call

ells so that inner spaces recei*ed sufficient outdoor air *ia natural

*entilation! Air conditioning also allo s buildings to be taller, since ind speed increases significantly ith altitude ma,ing natural *entilation impractical for *ery tall buildings! N 3omfort applications are quite different for *arious building types and may be categori2ed as'

3ommercial buildings,

hich are built for commerce, including offices,

malls, shopping centers, restaurants, etc!

9igh$rise residential buildings, such as tall dormitories and apartment bloc,s Industrial spaces here thermal comfort of or,ers is desired

Institutional buildings, schools, etc!

hich includes go*ernment buildings, hospitals,

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+o $rise residential buildings, including single$family houses, duple=es, and small apartment buildings

Sports stadiums' recently, stadiums ha*e been built

ith air conditioning,

such as the &ni*ersity of )hoeni= Stadium and in Satar for the 2#22 6I6A -orld 3up! 5he structural impact of an air conditioning unit ill depend on the type and si2e of the unit! In addition to buildings, air conditioning can be used for many types of transportation, including motor$cars, buses and other land *ehicles, trains, ships, aircraft, and spacecraft! Process applications aim to pro*ide a suitable en*ironment for a process being carried out, regardless of internal heat and humidity loads and e=ternal eather conditions! It is the needs of

the process that determine conditions, not human preference! )rocess applications include these'

3hemical and biological laboratories 3lean rooms for the production of integrated circuits , pharmaceuticals , and the li,e, in hich *ery high le*els of air cleanliness and control of

temperature and humidity are required for the success of the process!

(n*ironmental control of data centers 6acilities for breeding laboratory animals ! Since many animals normally reproduce only in spring, holding them in rooms in hich conditions mirror

those of spring all year can cause them to reproduce year$round!

6ood coo,ing and processing areas 9ospital operating theatres , in reduce infection ris, and the hich air is filtered to high le*els to humidity controlled to limit patient

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dehydration! Although temperatures are often in the comfort range, some specialist procedures, such as open heart surgery, require lo Eabout 1% R3, @> R6F and others, such as neonatal, temperatures high

relati*ely

temperatures Eabout 2% R3, %2 R6F!

Industrial en*ironments Mining 4uclear po er facilities )hysical testing facilities )lants and farm gro ing areas 5e=tile manufacturing

In both comfort and process applications, the ob/ecti*e may be to not only control temperature, but also humidity, air quality, and air mo*ement from space to space!

*omestic use
Air conditioning is common in the &S, ith %%J of ne single$family homes constructed in

2#11 including air conditioning, ranging from 99J in the South to @2J in the -est! In (urope, home air conditioning is generally less common! Southern (uropean countries such as Greece ha*e seen a ide proliferation of home air$conditioning units in recent years! In

another southern (uropean country, Malta, it is estimated that around ??J of households ha*e an air conditioner installed! In India A3 sales ha*e dropped by >#J due to higher costs and stricter energy efficiency regulations!

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0ealth Issues
Air$conditioning systems can promote the gro th and spread of microorganisms, such as Legionella pneumophila, the infectious agent responsible for +egionnairesP disease, or thermophilic actinomycetesG ho e*er, this is only pre*alent in poorly maintained atercooling

to ers! As long as the cooling to er is ,ept clean Eusually by means of a chlorine treatmentF, these health ha2ards can be a*oided!
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3on*ersely, air conditioning Eincluding filtration, humidification, cooling and disinfectionF can be used to pro*ide a clean, safe,hypoallergenic atmosphere in hospital operating rooms and other en*ironments conditioning here an appropriate atmosphere is critical to patient safety and can ha*e a negati*e effect may on ha*e s,in, a drying positi*e it ell$being! Air can also

out, and on

cause dehydration! Air of allergies and asthma!

conditioning

effect

sufferers

)rior to 199>, most automoti*e air conditioning systems used 8ichlorodifluoromethane E%-12F as a refrigerant! It as usually sold under the brand name Freon-12 and is a chlorofluorocarbon halomethane E363F! 5he manufacture of 7$12 countries in 199> because of en*ironmental concerns, in compliance 5he 7$12 as replaced ith 7$1<>a refrigerant, as banned in many

ith the Montreal )rotocol!

hich has a lo er o2one depletion potential!

"ld 7$12 systems can be retrofitted to 7$1<>a by a complete flush and filterHdryer replacement to remo*e the mineral oil, hich is not compatible ith 7$1<>a!

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Humidity Control

Air conditioning units outside a classroom building at the &ni*ersity of 4orth 3arolina in 3hapel 9ill, 4orth 3arolina 7efrigeration air$conditioning equipment usually reduces the absolute humidity of the air processed by the system! 5he relati*ely cold Ebelo the de pointF e*aporator coil condenses ill condense ater on the

ater *apor from the processed air Emuch li,e an ice$cold drin, outside of a glassF, sending the ater to a drain and remo*ing

ater *apor from the cooled space

and lo ering the relati*e humidity in the room! Since humans perspire to pro*ide natural cooling by the e*aporation of perspiration from the s,in, drier air Eup to a pointF impro*es the comfort pro*ided! 5he comfort air conditioner is designed to create a >#J to @#J relati*e humidity in the occupied space! In food$retailing establishments, large open chiller cabinets act as highly effecti*e air dehumidifying units!
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A specific type of air conditioner that is used only for dehumidifying is called adehumidifier! A dehumidifier is different from a regular air conditioner in that both the e*aporator and condenser coils are placed in the same air path, and the entire unit is placed in the en*ironment that is intended to be conditioned Ein this case dehumidifiedF, rather than requiring the condenser coil to be outdoors! 9a*ing the condenser coil in the same air path as the e*aporator coil produces arm, dehumidified air! 5he e*aporator EcoldF coil is placed first in the air path, dehumidifying the air e=actly as a regular air conditioner does! 5he air ne=t passes o*er the condenser coil, re$ arming the no dehumidified air! 9a*ing the condenser coil in the main air path rather than in ith a regular air conditionerF results in t o consequences' the

a separate, outdoor air path Eas

output air is arm rather than cold, and the unit is able to be placed any here in the en*ironment to be conditioned, ithout a need to ha*e the condenser outdoors! &nli,e a regular air conditioner, a dehumidifier ill actually heat a room /ust as an electric ould! A regular air

heater that dra s the same amount of po er E attsF as the dehumidifier

conditioner transfers energy out of the room by means of the condenser coil, hich is outside the room EoutdoorsF! 5hat is, the room can be considered a thermodynamic system from energy is transferred to the e=ternal en*ironment! 3on*ersely, hich

ith a dehumidifier, no energy is

transferred out of the thermodynamic system EroomF because the air conditioning unit EdehumidifierF is entirely inside the room! 5herefore all of the po er consumed by the dehumidifier is energy that is input into the thermodynamic system Ethe roomF and remains in the room Eas heatF! In addition, if the condensed ater has been remo*ed from the room, the amount of heat needed to boil that ater has been added to the room! 5his is the in*erse of adding ater

to the room ith an e*aporati*e cooler!

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8ehumidifiers are commonly used in cold, damp climates to pre*ent mold gro th indoors, especially in basements! 5hey are also used to protect sensiti*e equipment from the ad*erse effects of e=cessi*e humidity in tropical countries! 5he engineering of physical and thermodynamic properties of gasO*apor mi=tures is called psychrometrics!

Energy
In a thermodynamically closed system, any po er dissipated into the system that is being maintained at a set temperature E hich is a standard mode of operation for modern air conditionersF requires that the rate of energy remo*al by the air conditioner increase! 5his increase has the effect that, for each unit of energy input into the system Esay to po er a light bulb in the closed systemF, the air conditioner remo*es that energy! In order to do so, the air conditioner must increase its po er consumption by the in*erse of its QefficiencyQ Ecoefficient of performanceF times the amount of po er dissipated into the system! As an e=ample, assume that inside the closed system a 1## - heating element is acti*ated, and the air conditioner has an coefficient of performance of 2##J! 5he air conditionerPs po er consumption po er!
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ill increase by

?# - to compensate for this, thus ma,ing the 1## - heating element cost a total of 1?# - of

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It is typical for air conditioners to operate at QefficienciesQ of significantly greater than 1##J! 9o e*er, it may be noted that the input electrical energy is of higher thermodynamic quality Elo er entropyF than the output thermal energy Eheat energyF! Air conditioner equipment po er in the &!S! is often described in terms of Qtons of refrigerationQ! A ton of refrigeration is appro=imately equal to the cooling po er of one short ton E2### pounds or 9#A ,ilogramsF of ice melting in a 2>$hour period! 5he *alue is defined as 12,### 05& per hour, or <?1A atts!M1@N 7esidential central air systems are usually from 1 to ?

tons E< to 2# ,ilo atts E,-FF in capacity!

,i'liography "m'er Enterprises Pvt& Engineer 3uidance %esearch td

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