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Experiment 7
Passive Analog Filters

OBJECTIVES

- Calculate and measure the frequency response of passive analog
LP and HP filters.


THEORY

The transfer function of a filter is the ratio of its phasor output voltage to
the phasor input voltage. Using phasor analysis, the transfer function of
the first-order passive RC low pass filter shown in Figure E7.1 may be determined as follows:

( )
1 1
1 1
V
V
out
in
j C
H j
R j C j RC
e
e
e e
= = =
+ +


The gain of the filter is the magnitude of this transfer function

( )
( )
2
1
1
Gain H j
RC
e
e
= =
+


and the phase delay is the phase angle of the transfer function

( ) ( ) arctan Phase H j RC e e = Z =

You are asked to derive similar expressions for a first-order passive RC high pass filter in the
accompanying PreLab exercises.

PROCEDURE

Exercise E7.1 Passive Low Pass Filter

1. Measure the 1 k resistor and the 1 F capacitor using the DMM. Enter these values
below.

Measured value of 1 k resistor = __________

Measured value of 1 F capacitor = __________

2. Construct the low pass filter circuit illustrated in Figure E7.1.
EQUIPMENT
1 Breadboard
1 DMM
1 Function
Generator
1 Oscilloscope

PARTS
1 1 k Resistor
1 1 F Capacitor
1 0.1 F Capacitor
Various Other
Components as
Determined in
PreLab Exercises
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Figure E7.1. The Passive Low Pass Filter Circuit.


3. Connect the function generator to the input side of your filter. Set the function generator
output to a sinusoid with an amplitude of 1 V peak-to-peak and a frequency of 50 Hz.

4. Connect oscilloscope Channel 1 to the input side of your filter, and Channel 2 to the
output side of your filter. Adjust both channels to the same volts/division setting.

5. Reposition so that 0 V is at the center line on both channels and the waveforms appear to
overlap. Adjust the volts/division to 200mV/division for both channels and the sec/division
to display at least one complete period.

6. Determine the voltage peak-peak amplitudes for both channels, and record them in
Table E7.1 for the frequency of 50 Hz.

Table E7.1. Passive Low Pass Filter Measurements and Calculation Results
f (Hz)
in
V

(CH1 pk-pk)
out
V

(CH2 pk-pk)
Gain
t A

Phase: "+" if
CH2 leads
V/V dB
50



100



200



500



800



1k



2k



5k



10k



20k



50k



7. Measure the difference in time between the peaks of the two waveforms. Record t A
in Table E7.1 for the frequency of 50 Hz.
R = 1 kO
C = 1 F
+
V
in

+
V
out

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8. Calculate the gain (magnitude) and phase using the following formulas and enter your
results in Table E7.1.
out
in
V
Gain
V
= 360 Phase Frequency t = A

9. Repeat steps 6 through 8 to make measurements for all frequencies shown in Table
E7.1 and record the results in Table E7.1.

10. Graph the Gain and Phase on the semi log paper provided. Use the same sheets you
used to plot your theoretical results.

Exercise E7.2 Passive High Pass Filter

1. Measure the 1 k resistor and the 0.1 F capacitor using the DMM. Enter these values
below.

Measured value of 1 k O resistor = __________

Measured value of 0.1 F capacitor = __________

2. Construct the high pass filter circuit illustrated in Figure E7.2.









Figure E7.2. The Passive High Pass Filter Circuit.

3. Connect the function generator to the input side of your filter. Set the function generator
output to a sinusoid with an amplitude of 1 V peak-to-peak and a frequency of 50 Hz.

4. Connect oscilloscope Channel 1 to the input side of your filter, and Channel 2 to the
output side of your filter. Adjust both channels to the same volts/division setting.

5. Reposition so that 0 V is at the center line on both channels and the waveforms appear to
overlap. Adjust the volts/division to 200 mV/division for both channels and the
sec/division to display at least one complete period.

6. Determine the voltage peak-peak amplitudes for both channels, and record them in Table
E7.2 for the frequency of 50 Hz.
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Table E7.2. Passive High Pass Filter Measurements and Calculation Results
f (Hz)
in
V

(CH1 pk-pk)
out
V

(CH2 pk-pk)
Gain
t A

Phase: "+" if
CH2 leads
V/V dB
50



100



200



500



800



1k



2k



5k



10k



20k



50k



7. Measure the difference in time between the peaks of the two waveforms. Record t A in
Table E7.2 for the frequency of 50 Hz.
8. Calculate the gain (magnitude) and phase using the following formulas and enter your
results in Table E7.2.

9. Repeat steps 6 through 8 to make measurements for all frequencies shown in Table E7.2
and record the results in Table E7.2.
10. Graph the Gain and Phase on the semi log paper provided. Use the same sheets you
used to plot your theoretical results.


QUESTIONS

1. Explain what is meant by the phrase low pass filter.

2. Explain what is meant by the phrase high pass filter.

3. How do your measured values compare with the theoretical values for each of the two filters
examined in this experiment? Explain.






2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1