Introduction

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INTRODUCTION This is a power generating method from sunlight. This method of power generation is simple and is taken from natural resource. This needs only, maximum sunlight to generate power. This project helps for power generation by setting the equipment to get maximum sunlight automatically. This system is tracking for maximum .intensity of light, when there is decrease in intensity of light, this system automatically changes its direction to get maximum intensity of light. A Solar Tracker is basically a device onto which solar panels are fitted which tracks the motion of the sun across the sky ensuring that the maximum amount of sunlight strikes the panels throughout the day. After finding the sunlight, the tracker will try to navigate through the path ensuring the best sunlight is detected. The Solar Tracking System is made as a prototype to solve the problem. It is completely automatic and keeps the pane in front of sun until that is visible. The unique feature of this system is that instead of taking the earth as its reference, it takes the sun as a guiding source. Its active sensors constantly monitor the sunlight and rotate the panel towards the direction where the intensity of sunlight is maximum. The power generated from this process is then stored in a lead acid battery and is made to charge an emergency light and is made to glow during night.

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TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION Working Voltage - 12V DC Completely automatic system LDR based Sun Light detection Tracking Onboard individual preset to Set LDR Sensitivity LDR Detection LED indication Solar Panel direction LED indication DC motor output to move the" solar panel On board H -Bridge/Driver 1C to Controlled DC Motor Onboard regulator for regulated supply to the kit Diode protection for reverse polarity connection of DC supply to the PCS Operating Current- 1000ma Aprox On board Power LED (Green) indicator Microcontroller based design for greater flexibility

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Circuit Diagram

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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Circuit Description

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CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
MCU Clock An 11.0592MHz (X1) crystal provides a stable clock frequency. MCU Reset The reset of the circuitry is standard for micro controllers. Capacitor C1 and resistor R1 provide power on reset Light Detection See the circuit of the solar tracking system. The solar tracker comprises comparator 1C LM339 (U3), for light detection and a few discrete components. Lightdependent resistors LDR1 through LDR3 are used as sensors to detect the panel's position relative to the sun. These provide the signal to micro controller to move the solar panel in the sun's direction. LDR1 and LDR3 are fixed at the edges of the solar panel along the X axis, and LDR2 is fixed at the center of solar panel and LDR1 and LDR3. (Check the photograph of assembled projects in CD).LDR1, 2, and 3 connected to comparators A1, 2 and A4, respectively. Presets PR1, PR2 and PR3 are set to get low comparator output at pin 1, 2 and 14 of comparators A1, A4 and A2, respectively. Comparator active low output signal fed to MCU Port Pin P1.0, P1.1 and P1.2. Port Pin P1.0, P1.1, and P1.2 Used as a digital input Port and is pulled up via 10K resistors (R4, 5 and LED L1 to L3 indicates LDR Detection is operated. LED has a current limiting resistor in series.

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LED INTERFACE Four LEDs (L4 to L6) indicate the status of the solar panel direction. LED L4 to L6 3 to P1.5 (PIN no 15 to 17) via, 220E current limiting resistor.

MOTOR DRIVER C Motor is connected to port P3.4 and P3.5 of the micro controller through a Hbridge motor driver 1C (U2). DC Motor requires 12 volts at a current of around 250 ma, which cannot provided by the micro controller. So driver 1C is added. L293D is a dual H-bridge motor driver integrated circuit (1C). Motor drivers act as current amplifiers since they take a low-current control signal and provide a higher-current signal. This higher current signal is used to drive the motors. L293D contains two inbuilt H-bridge driver circuits, in its common mode of operation, two DC motors can be driven simultaneously, both in forward and reverse direction. The motor operations of two motors can be controlled by input logic at pins 2 & 7 and 10 & 15. Input logic 00 or 11 will stop the corresponding motor. Logic 01 and 10 will rotate it in clockwise and anticlockwise directions, respectively. Enable pins 1 and 9 (corresponding to the two motors) must be high for motors to start operating. When an enable input is high, the associated driver gets enabled. As a result, the outputs become active and work in phase with their inputs. Similarly, when the enable input is low, that driver is disabled, and their outputs are off and in the high-impedance state.

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POWER SUPPLY The power supply circuit. It's based on 3 terminal voltage regulators, which provide the required regulated +5V and unregulated +12V. Power is deliver initially from standard 12V AC/DC adapter or 12V battery- This is fed to diode D1. The output of which is then filtered using 1000uf electrolytic capacitor and fed to U4 (voltage regulator). U4 +5V output powers the micro controller and other logic circuitry. LED L7 and its associate IK current limiting resistors provide power indication. The unregulated voltage of approximately 12V is required for Motor driving circuit (U2) and DC Motor.

THEORY OF H - BRIDGE (DC MOTOR DRIVER) Let's start with the name, H-bridge. Sometimes called a "full bridge" the H-bridge is so named because it has four switching elements at the "corners" of the- H #nd the motor forms the cross bar. The basic bridge is shown in the figure to the right. The key fact to note is that there are, in theory, four switching elements within the bridge. These four elements are often called, high side left, high side right, low side right, and low side left (when traversing in clockwise order). The switches are turned on in pairs, either high left and lower right, or lower left and high right, but never both switches on the same "side" of the bridge. If both switches on one side of a bridge are turned on it creates a short circuit between the battery plus and battery minus terminals. If the bridge is sufficiently powerful it will absorb that load and your batteries will simply drain quickly, usually however the switches in question melt.

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To power the motor, you turn on two switches that are diagonally opposed. In the picture to the right, imagine that the high side left and low side right switches are turned on. The current flow is shown in green.

The current flows and the motor begins to turn in a "positive" direction. What happens if you turn on the high side right and low side left switches? Current flows the other direction through the motor and the motor turns in the opposite direction. Pretty simple stuff right? Actually it is just that simple, the tricky part comes in when you decide what to use for switches. Anything that can carry a current will work, from four SPST switches, one DPDT switch, relays, transistors, to enhancement mode power MOSFETs. One more topic in the basic theory section quadrants. If each switch can be controlled independently then you can do some interesting things with the bridge, some folks call such a bridge a "four quadrant device" (4QD get it?). If you built it out of a single DPDT relay, you can really only control forward or reverse. You can build a small truth table that tells you for each of the switch's states, what the bridge will do. As each switch has one of two states, and there are four switches, there are 16 possible states. However, since any state that turns both switches on

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one side on is "bad" (smoke issues forth: P), there are in fact only four useful states (the four quadrants) where the transistors are turned on.

MICROCONTROLLER A microcontroller is a computer on a single chip; it contains a CPU (usually called the core) and a variety peripherals which assist your application. In simple circuits the micro may be the only 1C! By contrast a typical CPU, like the x86 in your PC, contains only the core - ail peripherals, like timers and DMA controllers, are in external chips. Many micros can operate with no external components except an oscillator (a crystal or ceramic resonator) - some do not even require this, having an oscillator built in! You might not be aware of this, but micros greatly outnumber conventional CPUs (as used in PCs) on this planet, numbering in the billions. Almost all modern appliances include them to support the friendliness and programmability consumers expect these days. Micros can have a very long life span - chips first offered in the late 70s are still chosen for many new designs today.

THE MICRO WORLD J& the top level, micros are classified by the number of bits in a data (not instruction) word. The most popular segment by far is the 8-bit micro, which is what this document attempts to cover. 4-bit micros are used in many high-volume appliances with mini man computing needs, but they are not easily accessible to low-volume users. 16 and 32-bit micros are much more powerful and correspondingly larger - many 32-bit devices are designed to offer Pentium-class
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power at a fraction of the power and price for battery-operated computers, video gam consoles etc. 8-bit micros range in size from very small (only 8 pins!) to very large (over 200 pins), with some large chips providing power and expandability comparable to that of modern CPUs. Since applications for very large micros are specialized and expensive to pursue, we will concentrate on micros offering through-hole rather than surface-mount parts, which effectively limits us to 84-pin and smaller devices.

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Component Description

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COMPONENTS LIST
R1 -7 R8 ~ 13 R14 R15-17 PR1 - 3 C1, 7 C2 C3,4 C5 C6 X1 D1 L1-G L7 U1 L)2 U3 U4 CN1 1 nos 1 nos 1 nos 1 nos - 10K - 220E - 1K -5MMLDR [BROWN, BLACK, ORANGE] [RED, RED, BROWN] [BROWN, BLACK, RED] (Light Sensor) (3 Nos) (3 Nos) (2 NOS) (7 Nos) (6 Nos)

- 10K PRESET - 100KPF DISC (0.1UF/104) -10UF/25V Electrolytic -33PF Ceramic Disc - 1000UF / 16V Electrolytic -47UF/ 25V Electrolytic -11.0592 MHZ Crystal -1N4G07 Diode -3 mm OR 5 mm RED LED - 3 mm OR 5 mm GREEN LED - AT89C2051 - MICROCONTROLLER - L293D MOTOR DRIVE - LM'339 - COMPARATOR - LM7805 - +5V Voltage Regulator - 2 PIN SCREW TERMINALS BLOCK - 20 PIN 1C SOCKET FOR U1 - 16 PIN IC SOCKET FOR U2 - 14 PIN 1C SOCKET FOR U3 - 30 RPM DC GEARED MOTOR,

(2 NOS)

(6 NOS)

(Pre Programmed MCU)

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COMPONENT DESCRIPTION
MICRO CONTROLLER AT89C2051 The AT89C2051 is a low-voltage, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 2K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read-only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmel's high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C2051 is a powerful microcomputer which provides Q highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.

Compatible with MCS-51 Products 2K Bytes of Reprogrammable Flash Memory 2.7V to 6V Operating Range Two-level Program Memory Lock 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM 15 Programmable I/O Lines Two 16-bit Timer/Counters Six Interrupt Sources Programmable Serial UART Channel Direct LED Drive Outputs On-chip Analog Comparator
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L293 H-BRIDGE The L293 has 2 H-Bridges (actually 4 Half H-Bridges), can provide about 1 amp to each and occasional peak loads to 2 amps. The L293 contains 4 half H-bridges labeled 1, 2, 3 and 4 in the pin diagram, which can be used in pairs as two full H-Bridges. In this 1C there are two different power supplies (Vcc1 and Vcc2). Vcc1 is for logic input circuit while Vcc2 is supply for the output circuit. This means that you should apply about 5V to Vcc1 and whatever voltage required by the motor (upto 36V max for this 1C) to Vcc2. Each Half H-Bridge has an individual Ground. So you must ground the terminal corresponding to the Half H-Bridge you want to use or else you can also just ground all the 4 terminals.

Each Half H-Bridge has an Input (A) and output (Y). Also there are enable pins to turn on the Half H-Brides. (if 1.2EN (Pin1) is given +5V, then the 1 and 2 Half HBridges are turned on. if Pin1 is Ground, then the 1 and 2 Half H-Bridges are disabled. Similar for 3.4EN).

Once a Half H-bridge is enabled, it truth table is as follows:

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Input A Output Y L H L H OUTPUT 1Y L L H H OUTPUT 2Y L H L H Description Braking (both terminals of motor are Gnd) Forward Running Backward Running Braking (both terminals of motor at Vcc2)

INPUT 1A INPUT 2A L L H H L H L H

So you just give a High level when you want to turn the Half H-Bridge on and Low level when you want to turn it off. When the Half H-Bridge is on, the voltage at the output is equal to Vcc2. If you want to make a Full H-Bridge, you connect the motor (or the load) between the outputs of two Half H-Bridges and the inputs will be the two inputs of the Half H-Bridges. Suppose we have connected Half H-Bridges 1 and 2 to form a Full H-Bridge. Now the truth table is as follows

LM339 Comparator IC LM339 is a comparator IC with four inbuilt comparators. A comparator is a simple circuit that moves signals between the analog and digital worlds. It compares two input voltage levels and gives digital output to indicate the larger one. The two input pins are termed as inverting (V-) and non-inverting (V+). The output pin goes high when voltage at V+ is greater than that at \/-, and vice versa. In common applications, one of the pins is provided with a reference voltage and the other one
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receives analog input from a sensor or any external device. If inverting pin (V-) is set as reference, then V+ must exceed this reference to result in high output. For inverted logic, the reference is set at V+ pin, this comparator is designed for use in level detection, low-level sensing and memory applications in consumer automotive and industrial electronic applications.

CDS Elements (LDR) Some components can change resistance value by changes in the amount of light hitting them. One type is the Cadmium Sulfide Photocell. (Cd) The more light that hits it, the smaller its resistance value becomes. There are many types of these devices. They vary according to light sensitivity, size, resistance value etc.

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Pictured at the left is a typical CDS photocell, its diameter is 8 mm, 4 mm high, with a cylinder form. When bright light is hitting it, the value is about 200 ohms, and when in the dark, the resistance value is about 2M ohms.

CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR A crystal oscillator is an electronic circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very precise frequency. This frequency is commonly used to keep track of time (as in quartz wristwatches), to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters/receivers.

LM78Q5 (3 TERMINAL VOLTAGE REGULATER) This is used to make the stable voltage of +5V for circuits. The LM7805 is three terminal positive regulators are available in the TO-220 - package and with several

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fixed oujput voltages, making them useful in a wide range of applications. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shut down and safe operating area protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1A output current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, more information please refer Data sheet Of LM7-305

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Block Diagram

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BLOCK DIAGRAM

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Track Layout

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TRACK LAYOUT

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Components Overlay

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COMPONENTS OVERLAY

COMPONENTS OVERLAY

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Pin Diagram of Microcontroller

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PIN DIAGRAM OF MICROCONTROLLER

MICROCONTROLLER AT89C2051

L293 H-BRIDGE

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Description of Discrete

Component

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DESCRIPTION OF DISCRETE COMPONENT

Resistance A resistor or resistance is an electronic component which, as the name suggests, resists the flow of electrical current. For a fixed applied voltage, the higher the value of resistor, the more it will resist the flow of current, i.e. less current will flow. This relationship is proportion; and linear within normal working limits and forms the basis of the most common calculation in electronics, namely Ohms Law. Ohms law is shown below V=I x R Where V= voltage in volts, I= current in amps and R= rsistance in ohms

Capacitor: Capacitor (also referred to as a condenser) is a device that stores energy in the electric field created between a pair of conductors on which equal but opposite electric charges have been placed. Typical designs consist of two electrodes or plates, each of which stores an opposite charge. These two plates are conductive and are separated by an insulator or dielectric. The charge is stored at the surface of the plates, at the boundary with the dielectric. Because each plate stores an equal but opposite charge, the total charge in the device is always zero. The electrons in the molecules shift toward the positively charged left plate. The molecules then create a leftward electric field that partially annuls the field created

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by the plates. (The air gap is shown for clarity; in a real capacitor, the dielectric is in direct contact with the plates.) When electric charge accumulates on the plates, an electric field is created in the region between the plates that is proportional/to the amount of accumulated charge. This electric field creates a potential difference V = E-d across the plates of this simple parallel-plate capacitor Since the farad is a very large unit, values of capacitors are usually expressed in microfarads (uF), nanofarads (nF) or picofarads (pF). The capacitance is proportional to the surface area of the conducting plate and inversely proportional to the distance between the plates. It is also proportional to the permittivity of the dielectric (that is, no conducting) substance that separates the plates.

Diode: A diode is a two-terminal semiconductor (rectifying) device that exhibits a nonlinear current-voltage characteristic. The function of a diode is to allow current in one direction and to block current in the opposite direction. The terminals of a diode are called the anode and cathode. There are two kinds of semiconductor diodes: a P-N junction diode, which forms an electrical barrier at the interface between N- and P-type semiconductor layers, and a Schottky diode, whose barrier is formed between metal and semiconductor regions. Depending on the selection of impurities (often called dopants) added, semiconductor material of two electrically-different types can be created one that is

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electron-rich (called N-type), or one that is electron-poor (called P-type). Most of the "magic" of semiconductor devices occurs at the boundary between P-type and N-type semiconductor material ~ such a boundary is called a P-N junction.

Semiconductors are crystals that, in their pure state, are resistive (that is. their electrical properties lie between those of conductors and insulators) but when the proper impurities are added (this process i called doping) in trace amounts (often measured in parts per billion) display interesting and useful properties.

Different Diode Types : Zener diodes The Zener diode is designed to have a specific reverse breakdown voltage (i.e., conduction voltage when reverse-biased). Because of this, Zener diodes can be used by themselves as voltage-sensitive switches, or in series with a currentlimiting resistor to provide voltage regulation. Photodiodes All P-N junctions are light sensitive; photodiodes are just P-N junctions that are designed to optimize this effect. Photodiodes can be used two ways in a

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photovoltaic (here it becomes a current source when illuminated see solar cell), or photoconductive role.

To use a photodiode in its photoconductive mode, the photodiode is reversebiased; the photodiode will then allow a current to flow when it is illuminated.

Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) All diodes emit some light when forward-biased. LEDs are made from a special semiconductor (like gallium arsenide phosphide) which optimizes this light output. Unlike light bulbs, LEDs rarely burn out unless their current limit is passed.

When current is flowing through an LED the voltage on the positive leg is about 1A volts higher than the voltage on the negative side (this varies with LED type -infrared LEDs have a lower forward voltage requirement, others may need up to 1.8 V). Remember that there is very little resistance to limit the current, so a resistor must be used in series with the LED to avoid destroying it (note, though, that some panel-mount LEDs come from the factory with a current-limiting resistor soldered to them).

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VOLTAGE REGULATOR
The 78xx Series of Regulators : There are many types of regulator 1C and each type will have different pin-outs and will need to be connected up slightly differently. The 78xx series ICs are the most common regulator in use. There are seven regulators in the 78xx series, and each can pass up to 1A to any connected circuit. There are also regulators with similar type numbers that can pass a higher or lower current, as shown in the table below. In addition, variable regulators are available, as are regulators that can provide negative regulation voltages for circuits that require them.

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PCB Design and Fabrication The Printed Circuit Board (PCB) design starts right from the selection of laminates. The two main types of base laminates are epoxy glass and phenolic paper Phenolic paper. Phenolic paper laminates are generally used for simple circuits. Though it is very cheap and can be easily drilled, phenolic paper has poor electrical characteristics and it absorb more moisture in comparison with epoxy glass. Epoxy glass has higher mechanical strength also. The important property that has to be considered for selecting the PCB substrate are the dielectric strength, insulation resistance, water absorption property, coefficient of thermal expansion, shear strength hardness, dimensional stability etc. Proper selection of the substrate material goes a long way in getting a reliable service from the circuit.

Size of PCB (3x 4) The size of the PCB should also be properly selected. When the board is very big, trouble shooting it becomes more time - consuming, resulting in a higher machine downtime. Also, a fig PCB as a space in the stores implies that a good amount of money is simply blocked. On other hand the smaller PCB means more number of connectors and a more complicated back pane. Set of points to be considered when designing a PCB are The size of the PCB and the base laminate should properly selected.

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 The PCB line pattern should be analyzed to find out whether any further simplification is possible so that the number of jumpers on the board can be reduced still further. Before deciding on the line pattern the circuit should be studied properly and divided into separate blocks for easy signal from one corner to another corner of the PCB and using a logic gate within the existing 1C, it would be better to put an additional 1C and cut the signal track length. The track resistance, capacitance, inductance etc. Should be properly

analyzed with a view to avoid track heating, voltage drop, signal delay etc. Signal lines should be routed, as far as possible, such that there is less of cross talk between the tracks. Critical signal lines should be properly shielded. Provision should be made for fixing heat sinks for the hot components and they should be separated from the head sensitive components.

Though PCB design is very simple for normal circuits, for the high complexity circuits the design of PCB should be given almost as much importance as the circuit design itself in order to get required system reliability.

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Working

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WORKING SOLAR ENERGY POWER)

Solar Cell panels (Power plants) convert the sun's energy into solar electricity. The sun is the largest source of energy in the form of heat and light energy. Solar Power has a huge potential to make a major impact on the electricity requirement in homes and industries. That the sun supplies as much energy onto the earth in a single day that equals the annual energy requirement is enough to judge the amount of solar energy that goes untapped. Solar Power can be used to supply electricity to homes, commercial. There are various types of Solar Power systems. It would be ideal to use a stand-alone solar energy system. This type of system has lesser number of solar panels and batteries, making them economical. The function of the batteries is to collect solar energy

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during daytime. The system has an inverter that transforms the DC current into AC current that can be used by the appliances.

ITS WORK Here we are using three sensors in three directions to sense the direction of maximum intensity of light. The difference between the outputs of the sensors is given to the microcontroller unit. Here we are using the microcontroller for tracking and generating power from sunlight it will process the input voltage from the comparison circuit and control the direction in which the motor has to be rotated so that it will receive maximum intensity of light from the sun.

The full circuit of the Solar Tracking SYS is shown in circuit diagramed. The brain of the system is the Atmel AT89C2051 micro controller (U1). The micro controller examines incoming signals on Port P1 and controls the outputs over port P3. The microcontroller output is not sufficient to drive the DC Motor, so Motor driver 1C Is required for Motor Controlling & operation. AT89C2051 MCU is one of the 8051-based micro controllers from ATMEL the 1C is preprogrammed. Using a micro controller greatly reduces the component count while providing more features than could be found using dedicated logic ICs, Cost is also lower. It is preprogrammed with software to provide all the functions.

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Soldering

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HOW TO SOLDER
First a few safety precautions: Never touch the element or tip of the soldering iron when ON. They are very hot (about 400C) and will give a nasty burn. Take great care to avoid touching the mains flex with the tip of the iron. The iron should have a heatproof flex for extra protection. An ordinary plastic flex will melt immediately if touched by a hot iron and there is a serious risk of burns and electric shock. Always return the soldering iron to its stand when not in use. Never put it down on the workbench, even for a moment! Work in a well-ventilated area. The smoke formed as we melt solder is mostly from the flux and quite irritating. Avoid breathing it by keeping you head to the side of, not above, your work. Wash your hands after using solder. Solder contains lead which is a poisonous metal.

How to start soldering: Hold the soldering iron like a pen, near the base of the handle. Imagine you are going to write your name! Remember to never touch the hot element or tip. Touch the soldering iron onto the joint to be made. Make sure it touches both the component lead and the track. Hold the tip there for a few seconds and. Feed a little solder onto the joint. It should flow smoothly onto the lead and track to form a volcano shape as shown in the diagram. Apply the solder to the joint, not the iron. Remove the solder, then the iron, while keeping the joint still. Allow the joint a few seconds to cool before you move the circuit board. Inspect the joint closely. It should look shiny and have a Volcano1 shape. If not, you will need to reheat it and feed in a little more solder. This time ensure that both the lead and track are heated fully before applying solder.

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 It is very tempting to start soldering components onto the circuit board straight away, but please take time to identify all the parts first. You are much less likely to make a mistake if you do this. 1. Stick all the components onto a sheet of paper using sticky tape. 2. Identify each component and write its name or value beside it. 3. Add the code (Rl, R2, Cl etc.) if necessary. Many projects from books and magazines label the components with codes (Rl, R2, Cl, Dl etc.) and you should use the project's parts list to find these codes if they are given. 4. Resistor values can be found using the resistor colour code which is explained on our Resistors page. You can print out and make your own Resistor Colour Code Calculator to help you. 5. Capacitor values can be difficult to find because there are many types with different labeling systems! The various systems are explained on our Capacitors page, 6. Some components require special care when soldering. Many must be placed the correct way round and a few are easily damaged by the heat from soldering. Hence necessary precautions is needed while soldering. What is solder? Solder is an alloy (mixture) of tin and lead, typically 60% tin and 40% lead. It melts at a temperature of about 200C. Coating a surface with solder is called 'tinning' because of the tin content of solder. Lead is poisonous and you should always wash your hands after using solder. Solder for electronics use contains tiny cores of flux, like the wires inside a mains flex. The flux is corrosive, like an acid, and it cleans the metal surfaces as the solder melts. This is why you must melt the solder actually on the joint, not on the iron tip. Without flux most joints would fail because metals quickly oxidise and the solder itself will not flow properly onto a dirty, oxidised, metal surface. The best size of solder for electronics is 22swg (swg = standard wire gauge).

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Assembly Instructions

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ASSEMBLY INSTRUCTIONS
Use the component overlay on the PCB to place the components starting with the lowest height components first. Make sure that the diode, LED and electrolytic capacitors are inserted the right way around. 1. Resistors and diodes 2. 1C sockets 3. LED s, Make sure you insert them the correct way around 4. Ceramic capacitors. Preset, And crystal 5. LM7805 regulators. Use needle nosed pliers to bend the leads of the regulator. It does not require a heat sink. Screw down onto to PCB. 6. Terminal blocks. Note the terminal blocks do NOT slide together. Also make sure the wire entry side faces out from the PCB. 7. Electrolytic capacitors. Make sure you insert them the correct way around. 8. R15, 16, and 17 (LDR1, 2, and 3) connect externally using suitable wire

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