Quantum Discord for Projective Measurements

February 28, 2014

Quantum Discord
Quantum discord quanties the disagreement between two classically equivalent expressions for mutual information in the quantum mechanical regime. We restrict ourselves to perfect measurements by projection operators. If {A j } denes a set of one dimensional projection operators then the discord is given as [1] D(S : A){A } = H (A) H (S, A) + H (S |{A j })
j

(1)

S denotes the quantum system under investigation and A denotes the measurement apparatus. Discord has the following properties 1 1. It is asymmetric under the change S A. 2. D(S : A){A } 0
j

H denotes the von Neumann Entropy. If is the density matrix of a quantum system then the associated entropy is given by H () = log2 () (2)

where runs over the spectrum of . Let S,A denotes the joint density matrix of S and A. Then we have the following relations. H (S, A) = H (S,A ) H (A) = H (T raceS S,A ) T raceS denotes the partial trace over S . If A j is a projection operator then, S |A =
j

A A j S,A j

T raceS,A A j S,A

(3)

The probability of this measurement is given by, pj = T raceS,A A j S,A Then the conditional entropy H (S |{A j }) is dened as, H (S |{A j }) =
j

(4)

pj H (S |A )
j

(5)

Minimal Discord More interesting is to nd the set {A j } that minimizes the discord given a certain S,A . Minimizing discord over the possible measurements of A correspond to nding the measurement that disturbs the overall quantum state the least and at the same time allows one to extract the most information about S .
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See appendix for a possible explantion

CASE STUDY - TWO QUBIT SYSTEMS

Consider two 2D-qubits given by, |0 = |1 = The initial state of the system is given by, |S = |0 + |1 2 (6) 1 0 0 1

System and apparatus are entangled using a CNOT gate prior to the measurement giving, |S,A
P

|00 + |11 2

(7)

If |0 and |1 of A are pointer states partial decoherence will suppress o-diagonal terms of the density matrix: 1 z S,A = (|00 00| + |11 11|) + (|00 11| + |11 00|) (8) 2 2 with 0 z < 1. Let the basis of measurement is B = {cos()|0 + ei sin()|1 , ei sin()|0 cos()|1 } This can be written in the column vector form as, |n1 = |n2 = Then the corresponding operators are dened by, 0 = I2 |n1 n1 | 1 = I2 |n2 n2 | I2 stands for the identity matrix of dimension 2 and the tensor product is owing to lift the L2 operators to L4 , since S,A is of dimension 4.2 We illustrate by taking = 1 rad. Other variables are, Parameter z Range (-1,1) (0,1) Meshsize 0.2 0.2 cos() ei sin() ei sin() cos() (9)

CODE
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ClearAll ( Orthonormal u n i t v e c t o r s ) e1 = { { 1 } , { 0 } } ; e2 = { { 0 } , { 1 } } ; ( Parametrized Basic Vectors ) p = 1;

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( D e c l a r e s t h e \ p h i a n g l e i s 1 rad )

Lj denotes the j dimensional Hilbert space

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( B a s i s o f measurement ) a = {{ Cos [ t ] } , { Exp [ I p ] S i n [ t ] } } ; b = {{ Exp[ I p ] S i n [ t ] } , { Cos [ t ] } } ; ( Fu ncti on D e f i n i t i o n s ) ( Tensor Product i n Maathematica i s g i v e n by t h e command K ro n e e c k e r P r o d u ct which i s i n l i n e d e f i n e d a s KP. C o n j u g a t e T r a n s p o s e i s i n l i n e d e f i n e d a s CT ) KP[ v1 , v2 ] : = KroneckerProduct [ v1 , v2 ] ; CT[ v ] : = C o n j u g a t e T r a n s p o s e [ v ] ; ( D e n s i t y Matrix S A D e f i n e s t h e j o i n t d e n s i t y matrix o f system and a p p a r a t u s p r i o r t o measurement e n t a n g l e s u s i n g a CNOT g a t e ) r s a = (KP[ e1 , e1 ] . CT[KP[ e1 , e1 ] ] +KP[ e2 , e2 ] . CT[KP[ e2 , e2 ] ] ) / 2 x ( (KP[ e1 , e1 ] . CT[KP[ e2 , e2 ] ] +KP[ e2 , e2 ] . CT[KP[ e1 , e1 ] ] ) ) / 2 ( Operator D e f i n i t i o n s )

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im = I d e n t i t y M a t r i x [ 2 ] ; ( I d e n t i t y Matrix o f d i m e n s i o n 2 ) po1 = a .CT[ a ] ; ( P r o j e c t i v e operators ) po2 = b .CT[ b ] ; o1 = KP[ im , po1 ] ; ( Tensor with I 2 ) o2 = KP[ im , po2 ] ;

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( Dicord C a l c u l a t i o n ) ( This s t e p c a l c u l a t e s t h e j o i n t e n t r o p y . Cases and Except used t o a v o i d t h e 0 log0 s i t u a t i o n ) hsa = T o t a l [ Cases [ E i g e n v a l u e s [ r s a ] , Except [ 0 ] ] Log [ 2 , Cases [ E i g e n v a l u e s [ r s a ] , Except [ 0 ] ] ] ]; ( In t h i s s t e p we t a k e t h e p a r t i a l t r a c e o f r s a o v e r S t o g e t d e n s i t y matrix o f apparatus ) r a = {{ r s a [ [ 1 , 1 ] ] + r s a [ [ 3 , 3 ] ] , r s a [ [ 1 , 2 ] ] + r s a [ [ 3 , 4 ] ] } , { rsa [ [ 2 , 1 ] ] + rsa [ [ 4 , 3 ] ] , rsa [[2 ,2]]+ rsa [ [ 4 , 4 ] ] } } ; ( This s t e p c a l c u l a t e s t h e e n t r o p y o f r a ) ha = T o t a l [ Cases [ E i g e n v a l u e s [ r a ] , Except [ 0 ] ] Log [ 2 , Cases [ E i g e n v a l u e s [ r a ] , Except [ 0 ] ] ] ];

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( The f o l l o w i n g c a l c u l a t e s c o n d i t i o n a l e n t r o p y ) hsgo1 = o1 . r s a . o1 ; p1 = Tr [ o1 . r s a ] ; hsgo2 = o2 . r s a . o2 ; p2 = Tr [ o2 . r s a ] ; h1 = T o t a l [ Cases [ E i g e n v a l u e s [ hsgo1 / p1 ] , Except [ 0 ] ] Log [ 2 , Cases [ E i g e n v a l u e s [ hsgo1 /p1 ] , Except [ 0 ] ] ] ]; h2 = T o t a l [ Cases [ E i g e n v a l u e s [ hsgo2 / p2 ] , Except [ 0 ] ] Log [ 2 , Cases [ E i g e n v a l u e s [ hsgo2 /p2 ] , Except [ 0 ] ] ] ]; hsga = h1 p1 + h2 p2 ; ( Weighted t o t a l o f i i n d i v i d u a l e n t r o p i e s ) d i s c o r d = ha hsa + hsga ; ( P l o t t i n g Steps ) Plot3D [ d i s c o r d , { x , 0 , 1 } , { t , 1 , 1} , Axes > True , AxesLabel > { z , \ t h e t a , \ d e l t a ( \ t h e t a , z , \ p h i ) } ,

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L a b e l S t y l e > D i r e c t i v e [ Black , 1 4 ] , T i c k s > { Range [ 0 , 1 , 0 . 2 ] , Range [ 1 , 1 , 0 . 2 ] , Range [ 0 , 1 , 0 . 2 ] } , FaceGrids > { { { 1 , 0 , 0 } , { Range [ 1 , 1 , 0 . 2 ] , Range [ 0 , 1 , 0 . 2 ] } } , {{ 0 , 1 ,0 } , { Range [ 0 , 1 , 0 . 2 ] , Range [ 0 , 1 , 0 . 2 ] } } , { { 0 , 0 , 1 } , { Range [ 0 , 1 , 0 . 2 ] , Range [ 1 , 1 , 0 . 2 ] } } } , F a c e G r i d s S t y l e > D i r e c t i v e [ Brown , Dashed ] , C o l o r F u n c t i o n > Rainbow , Boxed > F a l s e ]

3D Plot outcome of above code

References
[1] H.Ollivier and W.H Zurek, Phys. Rev. Lett, 88, 017901 (2011)