Name: __________________ Chapter 22: Gas Exchange

1. Explain why organisms that are larger need respiratory systems in the first place. Then briefly name/describe three types of respiratory system that are seen in animals. Larger organisms need respiratory systems because they are unable to allow the diffusion of oxygen through their skins. First, these larger organisms ha e drier skin so they can li e farther from the water, which pre ents the flow of air through skin. !econd, the presence of larger organ systems within the body means that there needs to be a more complex system to disseminate oxygen to cells. "ills # most fish ha e gills. $s the air flows across the gills %respiratory surfaces& in a lamella, which are attached to the body surface of the organism, the oxygen diffuses into capillaries, and the '() diffuses out of the capillaries. Tracheal systems # *n a tracheal system, there are respiratory surfaces %tips of the tracheae& inside the body surface that are directly ad+acent to body cells with no capillaries. $s the air crosses the body surface, the oxygen diffuses in and '() diffuses out. Lungs # in lungs, the air tra els through the nose/mouth into the lungs, which hold respiratory surfaces. *n the respiratory surfaces, the oxygen diffuses in and '() diffuses out, and the oxygen tra els through the capillaries and blood essels to different organs in the body. ). ,escribe the process of inhalation and exhalation. -e sure to incorporate the role of the diaphragm and ribs in the process. $ir is inhaled through the nostrils and goes through a filtering process. The air is filtered by the hairs and mucus, warmed and humidified, and sampled for odors. .ext, air goes through the pharynx, the larynx, and into the trachea. Following the trachea, air goes through the branched bronchi into the bronchioles and finally the al eoli, small grapelike air sacs where the gas exchange occurs. The diaphragm controls the inhalation and exhalation process. /hen the rib cage expands, the diaphragm mo es downward, so the airpressure in the lungs decreases as the olume increases. -ecause of an air pressure gradient, the air tra els from the en ironment into the lungs. This process is negati e pressure breathing. 0. /here does gas exchange occur in the lungs1 2ow does it occur1 /hat is the role of surfactants in this process1 "as exchange occurs in the al eoli, the grape3like air sacs in the lungs. The gas exchange occurs primarily as a result of the partial pressure gradient. The gradient facilitates the

diffusion, which re4uires a difference in the partial pressure of the gasses across a membrane, an example of which is the countercurrent exchange in gills. The surfactants are special secretions that keep the al eoli5s walls from sticking shut # this allows the diffusion process to continue occurring. 6. ,escribe some ways that the respiratory system could be damaged and how one could a oid that damage. 7remature babies often ha e respiratory distress if they are born 8 weeks or more before their due date as a result of inade4uate lung surfactant. These babies are kept on hea y medication to protect their respiratory systems. $sthma occurs when the air passages become inflamed, thick, and filled with mucus. This also re4uires medical attention. $dditionally, pollutants and irritants may cause 'hronic (bstructi e 7ulmonary ,isease %'(7,&, which undermines lung entilation and gas exchange. This can be pre ented by a oiding pollutants such as smoking, which can also cause lung cancer, cardio ascular disease, and emphysema.

Chapter 23 : Circulatory System

1. ,escribe why organisms need circulatory systems and describe se eral circulatory systems found in animals %include a comparison of open and closed circulatory systems.& $ circulatory system facilitates gas exchange among all body tissues. $ll cells need to recei e nutrients, exchange gases, and remo e waste in order to sur i e and act effecti ely. -ecause diffusion alone is insufficient in large organisms, circulatory systems are essential. (pen circulatory systems are found in arthropods and molluscs. These are comprised of a heart, open3ended essels, and blood that directly interacts with cells and acts as 9interstitial fluid,: the fluid contained in ca ities. 'losed circulatory systems, often found in ertebrates, earthworms, s4uids, and octopuses, contain a heart and essels with confined blood that is distinct from the interstitial fluid. *n ertebrates, the circulatory system is referred to as the cardio ascular system, in which arteries carry blood away from the heart, eins carry blood to the heart, and capillaries %tiny, thin blood essels& transfer blood between eins and arteries. The capillaries also host gas exchange processes.

*n fish, the cardio ascular system has a )3chamber heart. The atrium recei es blood from the eins and the entricle pumps blood to gills. The arteries from the gills branch out into arterioles, which turn into capillaries, and finally enules. Terrestrial ertebrates, on the other hand, ha e a two3part circulation system in ol ing a separate pulmonary circuit %which pumps blood to the lungs and back& and a systemic circuit %which pumps blood to the rest of the body&. ;ost reptiles and amphibians ha e 03 chambered hearts with ) atria and 1 undi ided entricle. Four3chambered hearts are found in most mammals and birds, and they separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. ). ,escribe the path of blood flow through the cardio ascular system. *n each structure, tell whether the blood is oxygen poor or oxygen rich. -lue # deoxygenated <ed # oxygenated -lood enters the heart from the superior ena ca a. -lood enters the right atrium and tra els through an antrio entricular al e to the right entricle. From the right entricle, the blood tra els through a semilunar al e to the pulmonary artery, which carries the blood to the lungs. *n the lungs, the blood picks up oxygen and becomes oxygenated. The blood then tra els through the pulmonary ein into the left atrium, passing through another semilunar al e in the process. $fter tra elling through an atrio entricular al e into the left entricle, the blood is pumped through a semilunar al e into the aorta, which carries blood to the rest of the body *n the capillaries, gas exchange occurs and the blood is brought back to the heart. 0. 'ontrast the structural differences between arteries with eins %use an illustration to enhance your memory&. -oth arteries and eins ha e a layer of epithelial cells and elastic layers to allow recoil after stretching. $rteries ha e a thicker structure and are firmer because the heart pumps blood directly to the arteries. $s a result of the pressure of the blood being pumped, arteries need to be thick and firm. $rteries also ha e smooth muscle that can constrict and reduce blood flow. ;eanwhile, eins are much more flimsy and loose because the blood flowing through them is not being pumped. $s a result, the blood in eins tra els more slowly and without much pressure. =eins also ha e al es to pre ent backward flow of blood. 6. Explain the cardiac cycle and how the heart keeps its rhythm.

,uring the diastole, the heart refills with blood as blood flows from eins into heart chambers. ,uring the systole, the blood flows from the atria into entricles and into arteries as the entricles pump the blood to the rest of the body. The contraction and relaxation of heart muscles is the cardiac cycle. Electrical nodes maintain the heart5s rhythm. The sinoatrial node generates signals in the atria and the atrio entricular node transmits these signals to the entricles, causing them to contract and pump blood. >. ,escribe how blood pressure is measured and why it is important to monitor. -lood pressure refers to the force exerted by the blood on the walls of the blood essels. -lood pressure depends on the heart5s pumping force and the essels5 resilience and firmness. $s blood mo es away from the heart, blood pressure decreases. -lood pressure is measured using a sphygmomanometer as systolic pressure, which is caused by the contraction of entricles, and diastolic pressure, the low pressure between contractions. ;easuring blood pressure is important to recogni?e the onset of hypertension, which is a dangerous condition in which blood pressure is too high %o er 16@/A@&. *t causes the heart to work much harder, weakening the heart, increasing pla4ue in essels, and potentially causing blood clots to form. This can cause heart attacks, kidney failure, or strokes. 8. ,escribe how smooth muscle controls the distribution of blood. !mooth muscle controls the blood distribution by contracting or expanding the blood essel to allow different amounts of blood through. *n capillaries, precapillary sphincters can be opened or closed to allow more or less blood through the essels. *n this way, the blood flow to particular areas can be aried depending on the necessity of oxygen in particular cells. B. Explain how capillaries allow the transfer of substances through their walls. 'apillaries are thin, narrow blood essels that increase the surface area to allow blood cells carrying oxygen to access the cells. -ecause the walls of capillaries are so thin, molecules can diffuse in and out of the capillaries. /hen the red blood cells %carrying oxygen& transfer molecules to the interstitial fluid, the oxygen molecules can tra el to the cells that need oxygen. C. !tate the main components of blood. ,escribe the function%s& of each component. 7lasma # the cells in the blood are suspended in the plasma, which is a fluid composed A@D of water.

<ed blood cells # also known as erythrocytes, these cells transport () that is attached to hemoglobin. /hite blood cells # also known as leukocytes, whiteblood cells fight infections/cancer and act as the primary parts of the immune system. 7latelets # 7latelets release clotting factors that facilitate the transformation from fibrinogen to fibrin, which is a threadlike protein that clots to plug leaks in blood essels. (ther chemicals released by platelets also facilitate cell di ision in smooth muscle and connecti e tissue.