CONTENTS

1. Introduction
ElectronicsAtomic structureStructure of elementsThe electronEnergy of an electron Valence electronsFree electronsVoltage sourceConstant voltage sourceConstant current sourceConversion of voltage source into current sourceMaximum power transfer theoremThevenins theoremProcedure for finding thevenin equivalent circuitNorton's theoremProcedure for finding norton equivalent circuit Chassis and ground.

127

2. Electron Emission

2837

Electron emissionTypes of electron emissionThermionic emissionThermionic emitterCommonly used thermionic emittersCathode construction Field emissionSecondary emissionPhoto electric emission.

3. Gas-Filled T ubes Tubes

3847

Gas-filled tubesConduction in a gasCold-cathode gas diodeCharacteristics of cold-cathode diodeApplications of glow tubesHot-cathode gas diodeThyratronApplications of Thyratron.
(vii)

4. Atomic Structure

4854

Bohrs atomic modelEnergy levelsEnergy bands lmportant energy bands in solids Classification of solids and energy bands Silicon.

5. Semiconductor Physics

5575

SemiconductorBonds in semiconductorsCrystals Commonly used semiconductors Energy band description of semiconductorsEffect of temperature on semiconductorsHole currentIntrinsic semiconductorExtrinsic semiconductor n -type semiconductorp-type semiconductorCharge on ntype and p -type semiconductors Majority and minority carriers pn -junctionProperties of pn -junctionApplying D.C. voltage acrosspn junctionVolt-ampere characteristics of pn-junction Important termsLimitations in the operating conditions of pn-junction.

6. Semiconductor Diode

76124

Semiconductor diodeCrystal diode as a rectifier Resistance of crystal DiodeEquivalent circuit of crystal diodeCrystal diode equivalent circuits lmportant termsCrystal diode rectifiersHalf-wave rectifierOutput frequency of Half-wave rectifier Efficiency of half-wave rectifierFull-wave rectifier Centre-tap full-wave rectifierFull-wave bridge rectifierOutput frequency of full-wave rectifierEfficiency of full-wave rectifierFaults in centre-tap full-wave rectifierNature of rectifier output Ripple factorComparison of rectifiersFilter circuitsTypes of filter circuits Voltage multipliersHalf-wave voltage doublerVoltage stabilisationZener diodeEquivalent circuit of zener diodeZener diode as voltage stabiliser Solving zener diode circuitsCrystal diodes versus vacuum-diodes.

7. Special-Purpose Diodes

125140

Zener diodeLight-emitting diode (LED)LED voltage and currentAdvantages of LEDMulticolour LEDsApplications of LEDsPhoto-diodePhoto-diode operation Characteristics of photo-diodeApplications of PhotodiodesOptoisolatorTunnel diodeTunnel diode oscillatorVaractor diodeApplication of varactor diode Shockley diode.
(viii)

8. Transistors

141191

TransistorNaming the transistor terminalsSome facts about the transistorTransistor actionTransistor symbolsTransistor as an amplifierTransistor connectionsCommon base connection Characteristics of common base connection Common emitter connectionMeasurement of leakage currentCharacteristics of common emitter connectionCommon collector connectionComparison of transistor connections Commonly used transistor connectionTransistor as an amplifier in CE arrangementTransistor load line analysisOperating pointPractical way of drawing CE circuitOutput from transistor amplifierPerformance of transistor amplifierCut off and saturation pointsPower rating of transistor Determination of transistor configurationSemiconductor devices numbering systemTransistor lead identificationTransistor testing Applications of common base amplifiersTransistors versus vacuum tubes.

9. Transistor Biasing

192239

Faithful amplificationTransistor biasinglnherent variations of transistor parametersStabilisationEssentials of a transistor biasing circuitStability factorMethods of transistor biasingBase resistor methodEmitter bias circuitCircuit analysis of emitter biasBiasing with collector feedback resistorVoltage divider bias methodStability factor for potential divider biasDesign of transistor biasing circuitsMid-point biasingWhich value of to be usedMiscellaneous bias circuits Silicon versus germaniumInstantaneous current and voltage waveformsSummary of transistor bias circuits.

10. Single Stage T ransistor Amplifiers Transistor

240279

Single stage transistor amplifierHow transistor amplifies? Graphical demonstration of transistor amplifierPractical circuit of transistor amplifierPhase reversalInput/output phase relationshipsD.C. and A.C. equivalent circuits Load line analysisVoltage gainA.C. emitter resistance Formula for A.C. emitter resistanceVoltage gain of CE amplifierVoltage gain of unloaded CE amplifierVoltage gain of CE amplifier without CEInput impedance of CE amplifierVoltage gain stabilitySwamped AmplifierClassification of amplifiersAmplifier equivalent circuitEquivalent circuit with signal source Gain and transistor configurations.
(ix)

11. Multistage T ransistor Amplifiers Transistor

Multistage transistor amplifierRole of capacitors in transistor amplifierslmportant termsProperties of db gainR.C. coupled transistor amplifierTransformer coupled amplifiersDirect-coupled amplifierComparison of different types of couplingDifference between transistor and tube amplifiers.

280305

12. Transistor Audio Power Amplifiers

306334

Transistor audio power amplifierSmall-signal and large-signal amplifiers Output power of amplifierDifference between voltage and power amplifiersPer formance quantities of power amplifiersClassification of power amplifiers Expression for collector efficiencyMaximum collector efficiency for series-fed class A amplifier Maximum collector efficiency of transformer coupled class A power amplifierImportant points about class A power amplifierThermal runawayHeat sink Mathematical analysisStages of a practical power amplifierDriver stageOutput stagePush pull amplifierMaximum efficiency for class B operationComplementary-symmetry amplifier.

13. Amplifiers With Negative Feedback

335363

FeedbackPrinciples of negative voltage feedback in amplifiersGain of negative voltage feedback amplifierAdvantages of negative voltage feedbackFeedback circuitPrinciples of negative current feedbackCurrent gain with negative current feedbackEffects of negative current feedbackEmitter followerD.C. analysis of emitter followerVoltage gain of emitter followerInput impedance of emitter followerOutput impedance of emitter follower Applications of emitter followerDarlington amplifier.

14. Sinusoidal Oscillators

364388

Sinusoidal oscillatorTypes of sinusoidal oscillations Oscillatory circuitUndamped oscillations from tank circuitPositive feedback amplifierOscillator Essentials of transistor oscillatorExplanation of barkhausen criterionDifferent types of transistor oscillatorsTuned collector oscillatorColpitt's
( x)

oscillatorsHartley oscillatorPrinciples of phase shift oscillatorsPhase shift oscillatorWien bridge oscillator Limitations of LC and RC oscillators Piezoelectric crystalsWorking of quartz crystalEquivalent circuit of crystal Frequency response of crystalTransistor crystal oscillator.

15. Transistor T uned Amplifiers Tuned

389410

Tuned amplifiersDistinction between tuned amplifiers and other amplifiersAnalysis of paralled tuned circuitCharacteristics of parallel resonant circuitAdvantages of tuned amplifiersWhy not tuned amplifiers for low frequency amplification? Frequency response of tuned amplifierRelation between Q and bandwidthSingle tuned amplifierAnalysis of tuned amplifierA.C. equivalent circuit of tuned amplifierDouble tuned amplifierBandwidth of double-tuned amplifierPractical application of double tuned amplifierTuned class C amplifierClass C operationD.C. and A.C. loadsMaximum A.C. output power.

16. Modulation And Demodulation

411441

Radio broadcasting, transmission and receptionModulationTypes of modulationAmplitude modulationModulation factorAnalysis of amplitude modulated waveSideband frequencies in AM waveTransistor AM modulatorPower in AM waveLimitations of amplitude modulationFrequency modulationTheory of frequency modulationComparison of FM and AM DemodulationEssentials in demodulationA.M. diode detectorA.M. radio receiversTypes of A.M. radio receiversStages of superhetrodyne radio receiverAdvantages of superhetrodyne circuitFM receiverDifference between FM and AM receivers.

17. Regulated D.C. Power Supply

442467

Ordinary D.C. power supplylmportant terms Regulated power supplyTypes of voltage regulatorsZener diode voltage regulatorCondition for proper operation of zener regulatorTransistor series voltage regulatorSeries feedback voltage regulatorShort-circuit protectionTransistor shunt voltage regulatorShunt feedback voltage regulatorGlow-tube voltage regulatorSeries triode voltage regu(xi)

latorSeries double triode voltage regulatorIC voltage regulatorsFixed positive voltage regulatorsFixed negative voltage regulatorsAdjustable voltage regulatorsDual-tracking voltage regulators.

18. Solid-State Switching Circuits

468505

Switching circuitSwitchMechanical switchElectromechanical switch or relayElectronic switchesAdvantages of electronic switchesImportant termsSwitching transistorsSwitching action of a transistorMultivibratorsTypes of multivibratorsTransistor astable multivibratorTransistor monostable multivibratorTransistor bistable multivibratorDifferentiating circuitIntegrating circuitImportant applications of diodesClipping circuitsApplications of clippersClamping circuitsBasic idea of a clamperPositive clamperNegative clamper.

19. Field Ef fect T ransistors Effect Transistors

506553

Types of field effect transistorsJunction field effect transistor (JFET)Principle and working of JFETSchematic symbol of JFETImportance of JFET Difference between JFET and bipolar transistorJFET as an amplifierOutput characteristics of JFETSalient features of of JFETImportant termsExpression for drain currentAdvantages of JFETParameters of JFETRelation among JFET parametersVariation of transconductance (gm or gfs) of JFETJFET biasingJFET biasing by bias batterySelf-bias for JFET JFET with voltage-divider biasJFET connections Practical JFET amplifierD.C. and A.C. equivalent circuits of JFETD.C. load line analysisVoltage gain of JFET amplifier (with source resistance RS)JFET applicationsMetal oxide semiconductor FET (MOSFET)Types of MOSFET Symbols for D-MOSFETCircuit operation of D-MOSFETD-MOSFET transfer characteristicTransconductance and input impedance of D-MOSFETDMOSFET biasingCommon source D-MOSFET amplifierD-MOSFETs versus JFETsE-MOSFETE-MOSFET biasing circuitsD-MOSFETs versus E-MOSFETs.

20. Silicon Controlled Rectifiers

554576

Silicon Controlled rectifier (SCR)Working of SCR Equivalent circuit of SCR-V-I characteristics of SCRSCR in normal operationSCR as a switchSCR switching SCR half-wave rectifierSCR full-wave rectifierSinglephase SCR inverter circuitApplications of SCR-Lightactivated SCR.
(xii)

21. Power Electronics

Power electronicsThe triacTriac constructionSCR equivalent circuit of triacTriac operationTriac phase control circuitApplications of triacThe Diac Applications of diacUnijunction transistor (UJT) Equivalent circuit of a UJTCharacteristics of UJT Advantages of UJTApplications of UJT.

577600

22. Electronic Instruments

601626

Electronic instrumentsMultimeterApplications of multimeterSensitivity of multimeterMerits and demerits of multimeterMeter protectionElectronic voltmetersVacuum tube voltmeter (VTVM) Applications of VTVMMerits and demerits of VTVM Transistor voltmeter circuitBridge rectifier voltmeter Cathode ray oscilloscopeCathode ray tube Deflection sensitivity of CRTApplying signal across vertical platesDisplay of signal waveform on CRO Signal pattern on screenVarious controls of CRO Applications of CRO.

23. Integrated Circuits

Integrated circuitsAdvantages and disadvantages of integrated circuitsInside an IC packageIC classificationsMaking monolithic ICFabrication of components on monolithic ICSimple monolithic ICs IC packingsIC symbolsScale of integrationSome circuits using ICs.

627641

24. Hybrid Parameters

642661

Hybrid parametersDetermination of h parameters h parameter equivalent circuit Performance of a linear circuit in h parameters The h parameters of a transistorNomenclature for transistor h parametersTransistor circuit performance in h parametersApproximate hybrid formulas for transistor amplifierExperimental determination of transistor h parametersLimitations of h parameters.
(xiii)

25. Operational Amplifiers

662728

Operational amplifierDifferential amplifier (DA)Basic circuit of differential amplifier Operation of differential amplifierCommonmode and differential-mode signalsDoubleended input operation of DAVoltage gains of DACommon-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) D.C. analysis of differential amplifier (DA) Overview of differential amplifierParameters of DA (or OP-amp) due to mismatch of transistorsInput bias currentA.C. analysis of differential amplifierCommon-mode voltage gainOperational amplifier (OP-amp)Schematic symbol of operational amplifierOutput voltage from OP-ampA.C. analysis of OP-ampBandwidth of an OP-amp Slew rateFrequency response of an OP-amp OP-amp with negative feedbackApplications of OP-ampInverting amplifierInput and output impedance of inverting amplifierNoninverting amplifierVoltage follower Multistage OP-amp circuitsEffect of negative feedback on OP-amp impedancesFaults in feedback circuitsSummary of OP-amp configurationsSumming amplifiersApplications of summing amplifiers OP-amp integrators and differentiatorsOP-amp integratorCritical frequency of integratorsOP-amp differentiatorComparators Comparator circuits.

26. Digital Electronics

729773

Analog and digital signalsDigital circuitBinary number systemPlace valueDecimal to binary conversionBinary to decimal conversionOctal number systemHexadecimal number system Binary-coded decimal code (BCD code)Logic gatesThree basic logic gatesOR gateAND gateNOT gate or inverterCombination of basic logic gatesNAND gate as a universal gateExclusive OR gateEncoders and decodersAdvantages and disadvantages of digital electronicsBoolean algebraBoolean theorems DeMorgans theoremsOperator precedenceCombinational logic circuitsBoolean expressions for combinational logic circuitsAND and OR operations in Boolean expressionTruth table from logic circuitDeveloping logic circuit from its Boolean expressionSum-of-products form Simplification of Boolean expressionsBinary additionElectronic adders Flip-flops.

Index
(xiv)

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