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PUMPS

P I S T O N P U M P S
P L U N G E R P U M P S
D I A P H R A G M P U M P S
R E C I P R O C A T I N G P U M P S
G E A R P U M P S
L O B E P U M P S
S C R E W P U M P S
C A M P U M P S
V A N E P U M P S
R O T A R Y P U M P S
P O S I T I V E D I S P L A C E M E N T P U M P S C E N T R I F U G A L P U M P S
P U M P S
NARESH BAKI Assistant Professor
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
Unit - 3
WORKING MECHANISM OF A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

Energy changes occur by virtue


of impeller and volute

Liquid is fed into the pump at the


center of a rotating impeller and
thrown outward by centrifugal
force

The conversion of kinetic energy


into pressure energy supplies the
pressure difference between the
suction side and delivery side of
the pump
Liquid flow path inside a
centrifugal pump
NARESH BAKI

Assistant Professor

he h!draulic machines which con"ert the


mechanical energ! into h!draulic energ! are
called Pumps#

he h!draulic energ! is in the form of


pressure energ!#

If the mechanical energ! is con"erted into


pressure energ! $! means of centrifugal
force acting on the fluid% the h!draulic
machine is called centrifugal pump#

he centrifugal pump acts as a re"erse of an


inward radial flow reaction tur$ine#
NARESH BAKI Assistant Professor

he flow in centrifugal pumps is in the radial outward


directions#

he centrifugal pump wor&s on the principle of forced


"orte' flow( which means that when a certain mass of
liquid is rotated $! an e'ternal torque% the rise in
pressure head of the rotating liquid ta&es place)#

he rise in pressure head at an! point of the rotating


liquid is proportional to the square of tangential
"elocit! of the liquid at that point
(i#e#% rise in pressure head * "+,+g or -+r+,+g)#
NARESH BAKI Assistant Professor

Thus at the outlet of the impeller, where radius


is more, the rise in pressure head will be more
and the liquid will be discharged at the outlet
with a high pressure head.

Due to this high pressure head , the liquid can


be lifted to a high level.
NARESH BAKI Assistant Professor
MAIN PAT! "# A $ % N T I # & ' A ( P & MP
.ain parts of a
centrifugal pump/
0# Impeller
+# 1asing
2# Suction pipe with a
foot "al"e and a
strainer#
3# 4eli"er! pipe#
NARESH BAKI Assistant Professor
56RK 46NE B7 HE 1ENRI89:AL P9.P (6R B7 I.PELLER) 6N 5AER
Let
N * Speed of the impeller in r#p#m
40 * 4iameter of impeller at inlet#
u0 * angential "elocit! of impeller at
inlet
)*
+
N D

4+ * 4iameter of impeller at outlet#


u+ * angential "elocit! of impeller at
outlet
)*
,
N D

NARESH BAKI Assistant Professor


56RK 46NE B7 HE 1ENRI89:AL P9.P (6R B7 I.PELLER) 6N 5AER
;0 * A$solute "elocit! of water at inlet#
;r0 * Relati"e "elocit! of water at inlet#
< * Angle made $! a$solute "elocit!
(;0 ) at inlet with the direction of
motion of "ane#
= * Angle made $! relati"e "elocit! (;r0 )
at inlet with the direction of motion of
"ane#
;r+ % > and ? are the corresponding
"alues at outlet#
As the water enters the impeller
r adi al l ! which means the a$solute
"elocit! of water at inlet is in the radial
direction (hence < * @A and ;w0 * A#
NARESH BAKI Assistant Professor
56RK 46NE B7 HE 1ENRI89:AL P9.P (6R B7 I.PELLER) 6N 5AER
A centrifugal pump is the re"erse of a radiall!
inward flow reaction tur$ine#
But in case of a radiall! inward flow reaction
tur$ine% the wor& done $! the water on the
runner per second per unit weight of the
water stri&ing per second is gi"en $!
equation
[ ]
, , + +
+
u V u V
g
w w

5or& done $! the impeller on the water per second per unit weight of
water stri&ing per second * B Cwor& done in case of tur$ineD
( ) [ ]
+ + , , , , + +
+ +
u V u V
g
u V u V
g
w w w w

1
]
1


NARESH BAKI Assistant Professor
56RK 46NE B7 HE 1ENRI89:AL P9.P (6R B7 I.PELLER) 6N 5AER
[ ]
, ,
+
u V
g
w
( ) here V
w
*
+

[ ]
, ,
u V
g
W
w

Work done by impeller on water per


second
5here
5* 5eight of water
* E F g F G
G * Volume of water
* Area F ;elocit! of flow
* H 40 B0 F ;f0 * H 4+ B+ F ;f+
5here B0 and B+ are width of impeller at inlet and outlet
;f0 and ;f+ are "elocities of flow at inlet and outlet


NARESH BAKI Assistant Professor
HEA4S 68 A 1ENRI89:AL P9.P
0# Suction head (hs)/
+# 4eli"er! Head (hd)/
2# Static Head (Hs)/ hs I hd
3# .anometric Head (Hm)/ he .anometric head is defined as the head
against which a centrifugal pump has to wor&#
(i) Hm * Head imparted $! the impeller to the water J Loss of
head in the pump
g ca and impeller in head of Loss
g
u V
w
sin
, ,

zero is pump of Loss if
g
u V
H
w
m

, ,
NARESH BAKI Assistant Professor
HEA4S 68 A 1ENRI89:AL P9.P
(ii) Hm * HstaticI Losses in Pipes I
g
V
h h h h H
d
f f d s m
d s
,
- . - .
,
+ + + +
g
V
d
,
,
5here
hs * suction head
hd * deli"er! head
hfs * friction head loss in the suction pipe
hfd * friction head loss in the deli"er! pipe
;d * "elocit! of liquid in deli"er! pipe
NARESH BAKI Assistant Professor
HEA4S A 68 A 1ENRI89:AL P9.P
(iii) Hm * otal head at outlet of the pump J otal
head at the inlet of the pump

,
_

+ +

,
_

+ +
g
V
g
V
h
g
P
where
Z
g
V
g
P
Z
g
V
g
P
d o
d
o
i
i i
o
o o
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,


Pressure head at outlet
;elocit! head at outlet
Ko * 4atum head at outlet
NARESH BAKI Assistant Professor
HEA4S 68 A 1ENRI89:AL P9.P
Total, Gross or effective Head: It is equal to the
static head plus all the head losses occurring in flow
$efore% through and after the impeller#
NARESH BAKI Assistant Professor
PR!"#$/ he internal and e'ternal diameters of the impeller of a centrifugal pump
are 2AA mm and LAA mm respecti"el!# he pump is running at 0AAA r#p#m# he "ane
angles at inlet and out let are +AA and 2AA respecti"el!# he water enters the impeller
radiall! and "elocit! of flow is constant# 4etermine the wor& done $! the impeller per
unit weight of water# CLM#M@ Nm,ND
5or& done $! the impeller on
water ,unit weight of water
NARESH BAKI Assistant Professor
Efficiencies of %entrifugal Pump
&' $anometric efficiency (Nmano )
&&' Volumetric efficiency ( )v *
&&&'$ec+anical efficiency ( )mec+anical *
&V'verall efficiency ( No )
NARESH BAKI Assistant Professor
$anometric efficiency ()mano *

he ratio of the manometric head de"eloped $!


the pump to the head imparted $! the impeller to
the liquid is &nown as manometric efficienc!#
liquid to impeller by imparted head
pump the by developed head manometric
mano

,
,
,
,
u V
gH
g
u V
H
w
mano
w
mano
mano

NARESH BAKI Assistant Professor
Volumetric efficiency ()v *

he ratio of quantit! of liquid discharged per


second from the pump to quantit! passing per
second through the impeller is &nown as
;olumetric efficienc!#
impeller the through per g pa liquid of uantity
pump the from per ed disch Liquid
V
sec sin
sec arg

q

V
+

5here
G * Actual liquid discharged at the pump outlet per
sec
q * Lea&age of liquid per sec from the impeller
(through the clearance $etween the impeller and
casing)
NARESH BAKI Assistant Professor
$ec+anical efficiency ()m *

he ratio of the power de"eloped $! the impeller


to the liquid to the power input to the pump shaft
is &nown as .echanical efficienc!#
shaft pump the to input power
liquid the to impeller the by deliverd power
m

P
g u V q w
w
m
- / -. .
, ,
+

,
_

P
wH
mano

q
g
u V
H
w
mano
+

,
_

, ,

P
P P
losses mech
m
.


NARESH BAKI Assistant Professor
verall efficiency ()o *

he ratio of power output of the pump to the


power input to the pump is &nown as 6"erall
efficienc!#
shaft pump the to input power
pump the of output power
o
/

P
wH
mano

,
_

,
_

+

P
g
u V
q w
q

g
u V
H
w
w
mano
, ,
, ,
- .
m V mano o

P
wH
mano
o

NARESH BAKI Assistant Professor
PROBLEM/ A centrifugal pump has the following characteristics/ outer diameter of
impeller*MAA mmO width of impeller "anes at outlet*0AA mmO angle of impeller "anes
at outlet*3AA# the impeller runs at PPA r#p#m and deli"ers A#@M cu$ic meters of water
per second under an effecti"e head of 2Pm# A PAA &5 motor is used to dri"e the
pump# 4etermine the manometric% mechanical and o"erall efficiencies of the pump#
Assume water enters the impeller "anes radiall! at inlet#
PROBLEM/ A 1entrifugal pump ha"ing outer diameter equal to two times
the inner diameter and running at 0AAA rpm# 5or&s against a total head of
3A m# he "anes are set $ac& at an angle of 3AA at outlet# If the outer
diameter of the impeller is PAA mm and width at outlet is PA mm% determine/
(i) "ane angle at inlet%
(ii) wor& done $! impeller on water per second and
(iii) .anometric efficienc!#
Ans#C0A#M0A % 00@++Q#@ Nm,s% L3#3RD
NARESH BAKI Assistant Professor
Pressure rise across t+e impeller
Appl! energ! equation $etween the inlet and outlet % we
ha"e
losse e
h z
g
V
w
P
H z
g
V
w
P
+ + + + + +
,
,
, ,
+
,
+ +
, ,
loss e
h
g
V V
H
w
p p
rise essure

,
, Pr
,
,
,
+ + ,
8ind the rise in pressure in the impeller of a centrifugal pump
through which water is flowing at the rate of 0Plts,sec# he internal
and e'ternal diameters of the impeller are +AAmm and 3AAmm
respecti"el!# he widths of the impeller at inlet and outlet are 0L
mm and M mm respecti"el!# he pump is running at 0+AA rpm#
he water enters the impeller radiall! at inlet and impeller "ane
angle at outlet is 2AA# Loss of head through the impeller ma! $e
assumed as 0#0Pm
NARESH BAKI Assistant Professor
.ulti stage 1entrifugal pumps
If a centrifugal pump consists of two or more impellers,
the pump is called a multistage centrifugal pump#
he impellers ma! $e mounted on the same shaft or on
different shafts#
A multistage pumps ha"ing the two important functions
o produce a +ig+ +ead% (impellers are connected in series)
o disc+arge a large ,uantity of liquid (impellers or pumps are
connected in parallel)
NARESH BAKI Assistant Professor
$ultistage centrifugal pumps for +ig+ Heads
8or developing a +ig+ +eads t+e
number of impellers are mounted in
series or on the same shaft#
he water from suction pipe enters the
0st impeller at inlet and is discharged at
outlet with increased pressure#
he water with increased pressure from
the outlet of the 0st impeller is ta&en to
the inlet of the +nd impeller with the help
of a connecting pipe as shown in fig#
At the outlet of the +nd impeller% the
pressure of water will $e more than the
pressure of water at the outlet of the 0st
impeller#
If more impellers are mounted on the
same shaft% the pressure at the outlet
will $e increased further#
NARESH BAKI Assistant Professor
$-"T&.T/G# %#0TR&1-G/" P-$P. 1R H&GH 2&.%H/RG#
8or o$taining high discharge the
pumps should $e connected in
parallel#
Each of the pumps lifts the water
from a common sump and
discharges water to a common
pipe to which the deli"er! pipes of
each pump is connected#
Each of the pump is wor&ing
against the same head#
Let
n* Num$er of identical pumps arranged in parallel#
G * 4ischarge from one pump#
herefore Total 2isc+arge * n ' G
NARESH BAKI Assistant Professor
A three stage centrifugal pump has impellers 3A cm in diameter and + cm wide at outlet# he "anes are
cur"ed $ac& at the outlet at 3PA and reduce the circumferential area $! 0A R # he manometric
efficienc! is @AR and the o"erall efficienc! is MAR# 4etermine the head generated $! the pump when
running at 0AAA r#p#m# deli"ering PA liters per second# 5hat should $e the shaft horse powerS
NARESH BAKI Assistant Professor
.inimum speed for starting a 1entrifugal Pump

5hen a centrifugal pump is started% it will


start deli"ering liquid onl! if the pressure
rise in the impeller is more than or equal to
the manometric head (Hmano)#

here will $e no flow of liquid until the


speed of the pump is such that the required
centrifugal head caused $! the centrifugal
force on rotating water when the impeller is
rotating% $ut there is no flow#
NARESH BAKI Assistant Professor
g
u u
g
u
g
u
, , ,
,
+
,
,
,
+
,
,


NARESH BAKI Assistant Professor
mano
H
g
u u
if only commence will !low

,
,
+
,
,
,
,
,
,
u V
gH
g
u V
H
w
mano
w
mano
mano

Priming of a centrifugal pump
NARESH BAKI Assistant Professor
NARESH BAKI Assistant Professor
1a"itation in 1entrifugal Pumps
1a"itation $egins to appear in centrifugal pumps when the
pressure at the suction falls $elow the "apour pressure of
the liquid#

he intensit! of 1a"itation increases with the decrease


in "alue of NPSH#

he 1a"itation in a pump can $e noted $! a sudden


drop in efficienc!% head and power requirement#

1a"itation imposes limitation on the flow rate and speed


of rotation of pump#
NARESH BAKI Assistant Professor
1a"itation in 1entrifugal Pumps
homaTs ca"itation factor is used to indicate the onset of
ca"itation#
8or pumps Thomas cavitation factor is defined as/
head "anometric H
head suction positive Net H
head suction #otal H
head water of metres in ressed pressure vapour H
head water of metres in ressed pressure c $tmospheri H
where
H
H
H
H H H
mamo
sv
s
v
a
mano
sv
mano
v s a

e0p
e0p
,

The cavitation will occur if the value of is less than the critical value
at which the cavitation just begins.

The cavitation parameter is a function of specific speed efficiency


of the pump and number of vanes.
The harmful effects of cavitation are!

"itting and erosion of surface.

#udden drop in head efficiency and the power delivered to the fluid.

$oise and vibration %produced by the collapse of bubbles&


NARESH BAKI Assistant Professor
c

.P#%&1&% .P##2 (0s* of a centrifugal pump


NARESH BAKI Assistant Professor
The specific speed of a centrifugal pump is defined as the speed of
a geometricall1 similar pump which would deliver unit quantity
against a unit head.

which can be used as a basis for comparing the performance of


different pumps.
2 / 3
- .
,
mamo
s
H
N
N %peed %pecific
Performance and characteristic cur"es
Main characteristic curves
he main characteristic cur"es of a
centrifugal pump consists of
"ariation of head% power and
discharge with respect to speed#

8or plotting cur"es of manometric


head "ersus speed% discharge is
&ept constant#

8or plotting discharge "ersus


speed% manometric head (Hm) is
&ept constant#

8or plotting power "ersus speed%


the manometric head and
discharge are &ept constant#
NARESH BAKI Assistant Professor
Performance and characteristic cur"es
Operating
characteristic
curves
If the speed is &ept
constant% the
"ariation of
manometric head%
power and
efficienc! with
respect to
discharge gi"es
the operating
characteristics of
the pump#
NARESH BAKI Assistant Professor
Constant Efficiency curves
8or o$taining constant
efficienc! cur"es for a pump%
+ead "ersus disc+arge
cur"es and efficienc! "ersus
discharge cur"es for different
speed are used#
NARESH BAKI Assistant Professor
END

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