Ship Structures Basic Course (MMA130)

Ragnar Larsson
Department of Applied Mechanics Chalmers University of Technology

Material and Computational Mechanics Group

 Ship Structures - Problem characteristics

Size
Largest man made mobile structure! Complex 3D geometry

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Functional multiplicity of components

Stability (against capsizing - structural stability) Low resistance High propulsive efficiency ...

Highly variable loading

Static loading (dead load, cargo, bouyant pressure in calm water) Dynamic loading (wind, wave induced, bouyant pressure, engine, propeller ...) Note, there is no fixed foundation! Load equilibrated by buoyant pressure Fluid structure interaction
Material and Computational Mechanics Group 2

 Ship failure modes

Structural failure is not allowed to occur!!! Crucial in ship design. Ship = redundant welded stiffened plate-shell structure Issues to be considered: - Excessive material yielding (stress analysis, material modeling) - Buckling phenomena induced by compressive stresses (stability analysis) - Fatigue phenomena (induced cracking) (fatigue modeling, fracture mechanics) - Brittle fracture (fracture mechanics)

Material and Computational Mechanics Group

L1. Ship structural loads, PNA 203-213

Static loads
Calm water loads
Difference between weight (ship+cargo) and the buoyancy of the ship in calm water Vary from voyage to voyage, various load cases due to ship loading Number of load cycles are 100-1000. Determined by - "typical" load cases - "worst" load case - Statistical methods
Material and Computational Mechanics Group 4

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 Max static loads

Mobile loads on ship: Heavy trains or trucks Wave induced loads (usually induces worst case):

Hogging Sagging

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Dynamic loads
Wave induced dynamic loads Low frequency loads: same periodicity as waves (T = 5 20 s ) Inertia can usually be omitted Quasi-static solution

Material and Computational Mechanics Group

 Modeling philosofy - Preliminary design stage

Note! All forces are taken from simple approximate methods (determined by classification societies) Note! loading have both global (overall) and local structural effects Note! Design concerns both: Stress (deformation) - Stability - Vibration analyses Primary (overall) structure a) Beam theory: bending - torsional response b) Classification rules (international codes) c) FE modeling (simplified structure) Second and tertiary (local) structures d) Plate theory (effective breadth of stiffened plating) e) Buckling phenomea (beams and plates) f) FE modeling (detailed structure) Note! a) main focus of this course d,e) main focus of Ship Structures Advanced course, Q4
Material and Computational Group c) main focus FEM course in Mechanics Q3 6

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Course outline
Aim of the course
The course intends to give the student basic knowledge of ship structures, focused on the analysis of their strength. The theory is general while the applications are mainly on ship structures. The randomness or uncertainty to predict both the loads imposed on ship structure and the ability of the structure to withstand those loads are studied.

Contents of the course

In this course the engineering theory of bending and torsion of thin-walled elastic beams is treated in depth. Topics studied include: Elongation of an axially loaded bar. Bending - Bernoulli's hypothesis. Navier's stress formula. Shearing stresses. Saint-Venant's theory of torsion. Thin-walled sections. Vlasov's theory of torsion. The effect of preventing warping. The reliability of structures is treated by studying deterministic (or safety factor) methods, 7 Material and Computational Group semiprobablilistic (or reliability index) Mechanics methods and fully probabilistic methods.

Material and Computational Mechanics Group

 Course Overview

Material and Computational Mechanics Group

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 Beam theory: integration of stress resultants

Static loads Quasi static loads

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Note! Loads /m = Buoyancy /m - Weight /m ; Weight = ship load + cargo May be integrated in practical situation as
V j = p i x i , j = 1, 2, 3. .. N
j i=1

(1)

M j = V i x i , j = 1, 2, 3. .. N
j i=1

(2)

Dynamics loads (inertia included, m x 0 ); Initial design: Static + quasi static loads and ship considered as thin-walled beam
Material and Computational Mechanics Group 12

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