Presentation of Data

method of processing the raw data become information that can be used

Method of Presentation
Table

Histograms
Line

Graphs Pie Charts

Table

Advantages

Disadvantages

Easy to reference Precise way to present a mass of data More accurate to take the results Easy to make a detailed headings for the data

Lack of visual impact of graph and chart

Bar Chart
The

method of present the data by measure the height/length of the bars to see the relative value

Simple bar charts

Precentage bar chart

Component bar chart

Advantages
Easy

Disadvantages
Difficult

comparison between different item

to read the values if there were more than a few subdivisions of data

Histograms
Measure

by the area/width of the bars to see the relative value Use to measure relative frequencies from grouped data Data measure continuously(no gaps between the bar)

Frequency polygon

Line graphs
Showing

changes in variable over time(time series graphs) Formed by joining the coordinates together Easy reference to trends In the data and shows up seasonal fluctuations clearly

Pie Charts
To

display data in such a way that the proportions of the total are clearly shown The data split into different sections Easy to compare the results to see the proportions has changed The size of each section is determined by the angle at the centre of the circle

How to draw it ?

Use this formula

Advantages
Useful

Disadvantages
Not

way to show the changing relative importance of values over time

allow changes in the total size of pie Less useful for showing precise values

Average
A

typical or representative measure of a set of data. The 3 most method that commonly use for average is Arithmetic mean (mean) , Mode and median. All the 3 average method are calculated differently and also give different information.

Arithmetic mean
Calculated

by totalling all the results and dividing by the number of results Total of data number of data

Mode
The

value that occurs most frequently in a set of data It can give a clear picture of the overall central tendency, or average of the results.

Median
The

value of the middle item when data have been ordered or ranked. It divides the data into two equal parts The median is the middle item in a range of ordered data.

Formula to find the median of the data

If

the number of values is an odd number : Number of values +1 2 If the number of results gathered is large enough/ if it is even number :

Number of values 2

Frequency data
When

data are presented in a table it is common to show them in a frequency form rather than showing each result individually

Grouped frequency data

Data

are presented in this form when what is being measured is not a whole number, but a range of possible responses In this form, it is complicated to estimate the mode because it lies somewhere within the modal group.

Measures of dispresion or spread of data

To measure it there is 2 kinds of methods which are : Range Interquartile range

Range
The

difference between the highest and lowest value

Formula to find the range is : Highest result-lowest result = range

Butler range
Where

the highest and the lowest result are excluded because of the extreme result

The inter-quartile range

The The

range of the middle 50% of the data

aim of the inter-quartile range is to overcome the problem of one result giving a misleading picture when the range is used calculated range of the middle half of the data and ignores the lowest 25% and the highest 25% result of the data

 The

interquartile range is calculated by dividing the data into quartiles-or quarter sections median divided the data into two halves; quartiles divide each half again.

The

The

qurtile can also be expressed in symbol such as Lower quartile : Q1 Upper-middle quartile : Q2 Upper quartile : Q 3