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ABSTRACT

Transformers are a critical and expensive component of the power system. Due to the long lead time for repair of and replacement of transformers, a major goal of transformer protection is limiting the damage to a faulted transformer. Some protection functions, such as overexcitation protection and temperature-based protection may aid this goal by identifying operating conditions that may cause transformer failure. The comprehensive transformer protection provided by multiple function protective relays is appropriate for critical transformers of all applications. The type of protection for the transformers varies depending on the application and the importance of the transformer. Transformers are protected primarily against faults and overloads. The type of protection used should minimize the time of disconnection for faults within the transformer and to reduce the risk of catastrophic failure to simplify eventual repair. Any extended operation of the transformer under abnormal condition such as faults or overloads compromises the life of the transformer, which means adequate protection should be provided for quicker isolation of the transformer under such conditions.

CONTENTS
1)INTRODUCTION 2)What is a protection system 3) Types of Faults in transformer 4) Magnetizing Inrush Current in Power Transformer 5) Classification of Protection Functions 6) Differential protection of transformer 7) Restricted earth fault protection 8) Over current & earth fault protection 9) PROTECTION AGAINST OVER FLUXING (V/F PROTECTION) IN TRANSFORMER 10) Surge arrester 11) Gas analysis 12) Buchholz Relay in transformer 13) Pressure monitoring System 14) Conclusion 15) Reference

INTRODUCTION
THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVE OF THE TRANSFORMER PROTECTION IS TO DETECT INTERNAL FAULTS IN THE TRANSFORMER WITH A HIGH DEGREE OF SENSITIVITY AND CAUSE SUBSEQUENT DE-ENERGISATION AND, AT THE SAME TIME BE IMMUNE TO FAULTS EXTERNAL TO THE TRANSFORMER I.E. THROUGH FAULTS. SENSITIVE DETECTION AND DEENERGISATION ENABLES THE FAULT DAMAGE AND HENCE NECESSARY REPAIRS TO BE LIMITED. HOWEVER, IT SHOULD BE ABLE TO PROVIDE BACK UP PROTECTION IN CASE OF THROUGH FAULTS ON THE SYSTEM, AS THESE COULD LEAD TO DETERIORATION AND ACCELERATED AGING, AND/OR FAILURE OF THE TRANSFORMER WINDING INSULATION DUE TO OVER HEATING AND HIGH IMPACT FORCES CAUSED IN THE WINDINGS DUE TO HIGH FAULT CURRENTS. IN ADDITION TO THE INTERNAL FAULTS, ABNORMAL SYSTEM CONDITIONS SUCH AS OVER EXCITATION, OVER VOLTAGE AND LOSS OF COOLING CAN LEAD TO DETERIORATION AND ACCELERATED AGING OR INTERNAL FAILURE OF THE TRANSFORMER. HENCE PROTECTION AGAIN THESE FAILURES SHOULD BE CONSIDERED IN AS PART OF THE COMPREHENSIVE TRANSFORMER PROTECTION SCHEME. TRANSFORMER PROTECTION CAN BE BROADLY CATEGORIZED AS ELECTRICAL PROTECTION IMPLEMENTED BY SENSING MAINLY THE CURRENT THROUGH IT, BUT ALSO VOLTAGE AND FREQUENCY AND, AS MECHANICAL PROTECTION IMPLEMENTED BY SENSING OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS LIKE OIL PRESSURE/ LEVEL, GAS EVOLVED, OIL & WINDING TEMPERATURE.LIKE IN MOST THINGS IN TRANSFORMER PROTECTION TOO, THE EXTENT OF PROTECTIVE DEVICES APPLIED TO A PARTICULAR TRANSFORMER IS DICTATED BY THE ECONOMICS OF THE PROTECTION SCHEME VIS--VIS THE PROBABILITY OF A PARTICULAR TYPE OF FAILURE AND THE COST OF REPLACING AND REPAIRING THE TRANSFORMER AS WELL THE POSSIBILITY OF THE FAILURE LEADING TO DAMAGE OF ADJACENT EQUIPMENT OR INFRASTRUCTURE. FAILURE COSTS INCLUDE ALL THE DIRECT AND INDIRECT COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH IT. THE PROTECTION SCHEME COST INCLUDES THE COST OF THE PROTECTIVE DEVICE BUT IS MAINLY THE COST OF THE DISCONNECTING DEVICE I.E. THE CIRCUIT BREAKER AND OTHER AUXILIARIES LIKE BATTERIES AND NECESSARY INFRASTRUCTURE. FURTHER THE LIFE CYCLE COST IS TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT.

WHAT IS A PROTECTION SYSTEM


PROTECTION MEANS TO PROTECT THE EQUIPMENT FROM ANY UNDESIRABLE FAULTS OR CONDITION. EVERY PROTECTION SYSTEM IS REQUIRED TO SATISFY FOUR BASIC REQUIREMENTS, 1:RELIABILITY 2:SELECTIVITY 3:SENSITIVITY 4:SPEED OF OPERATION

WHY PROTECTION IS NEEDED IN TRANSFORMER


1. TO MINIMIZE DAMAGE AND INTERRUPTION TO THE SERVICES. 2. PREVENTS THE ELECTRIC FAILURE SO CONVENIENCE TO THE CONSUMERS. 3. PREVENTS LOSS OF REVENUE DUE TO OUTAGE. 4. REDUCES DOWN TIME FOR REPAIR OR REPLACEMENT WHICH IS VERY HIGH.

Transformer Protection Overview


The type of protection for the transformers varies depending on the application and the importance of the transformer. Transformers are protected primarily against faults and overloads. The type of protection used should minimize the time of disconnection for faults within the transformer and to reduce the risk of catastrophic failure to simplify eventual repair. Any extended operation of the transformer under abnormal condition such as faults or overloads compromises the life of the transformer, which means adequate protection should be provided for quicker isolation of the transformer under such conditions

BURNING OF TRANSFORMER BUSHINGS AFTER FAULT

WINDING FAULT

TYPES OF FAULTS/ABNORMALITIES IN TRANSFORMER


EXTERNAL FAULTS
SHORT CIRCUITS HIGH VOLTAGE HIGH FREQUENCY EARTH FAULTS OVER LOAD CONDITION OVER EXCITATION

INTERNAL FAULTS
PHASE TO PHASE PHASE TO EARTH INTER TURN SHORT PROBLEM IN TAP CHANGER

INCIPIENT FAULTS
SHORT CIRCUIT IN LAMINATION CORE BOLT INSULATION FAILURE LOCAL HEATING DUE TO CLOGGING OF OIL COOLENT FAILURE EXCESS INGRESS OF AIR IN OIL SYSTEM

Magnetizing Inrush Current in Power Transformer


When a power transformer is switch on from primary side, with keeping its secondary circuit open, it acts as a simple inductance. When electrical power transformer runs normally, the flux produced in the core is in quadrature with applied voltage as shown in the figure below. That means, flux wave will reach its maximum value, cycle or /2 angle after, reaching maximum value of voltage wave. Hence as per the waves shown in the figure, at the instant when, the voltage is zero, the corresponding steady state value of flux should be negative maximum. But practically it is not possible to have flux at the instant of switching on the supply of transformer. This is because, there will be no flux linked to the core prior to switch on the supply. The steady state value of flux will only reach after a finite time, depending upon how fast the circuit can take energy. This is because the rate of energy transfer to a circuit cannot be infinity. So the flux in the core also will start from its zero value at the time of switching on the transformer. According to Faradays law of electromagnetic induction the voltage induced across the winding is is given as e = d/dt. Where is the flux in the core.

If the transformer is switched on at the instant of voltage zero, the flux wave is initiated from the same origin as voltage waveform, the value of flux at the end of first half cycle of the voltage waveform will be Where m is the maximum value of steady state flux. The transformer core are generally saturated just above the maximum steady state value of flux. But in our example, during switching on the transformer the maximum value of flux will jump to double of its steady state maximum value. As, after steady state maximum value of flux, the core becomes saturated, the current required to produced rest of flux will be very high. So transformer primary will draw a very high peaky current from the source which is called magnetizing inrush current in transformer or simply inrush current in transformer. Magnetizing inrush current in transformer is the current which is drown by a transformer at the time of energizing the transformer. This current is transient in nature and exists for few milliseconds. The inrush current may be up to 10 times higher than normal rated current of transformer. Although the magnitude of inrush current is so high but it generally does not create any permanent fault in transformer as it exists for very small time. But still inrush current in power transformer is a problem, because it interferes with the operation of circuits as they have been designed to function. Some effects of high inrush include nuisance fuse or breaker interruptions, as well as arcing and failure of primary circuit components, such as switches. High magnetizing inrush current in transformer also necessitate oversizing of fuses or breakers. Another side effect of high inrush is the injection of noise and distortion back into the mains

Classification of Protection Functions


1. Protection against Electrical Faults
Unit Protection (against Internal Faults) / Primary Protection Differential Protection. REF Protection. Non-Unit Protection (against uncleared external faults) / B/U Protn IDMT O/C, E/F Relays. Definite Time O/C, E/F Relays.

2.Protection against Abnormal Conditions


Over Load protection Over Fluxing Protection Over Voltage Protection Switching surge/ lightning

3. Protective Devices (Non-electrical)


Buchholz (Main Tank / OLTC) Oil / Winding Temperature Indicators / Relays Pressure Release Valve Oil Level Gauges / Indicators Air cell protector

Differential Protection Scheme in a Power Transformer


Principle of Differential Protection scheme is one simple conceptual technique. The differential relay actually compares between primary current and secondary current of power transformer, if any unbalance found in between primary and secondary currents the relay will actuate and inter trip both the primary and secondary circuit breaker of the transformer.Suppose you have one transformer which has primary rated current Ip and secondary current Is. If you install CT of ratio Ip/1A at primary side and similarly, CT of ratio Is/1A at secondary side of the transformer. The secondaries of these both CTs are connected together in such a manner that secondary currents of both CTs will oppose each other. In other words, the secondaries of both CTs should be connected to same current coil of differential relay in such a opposite manner that there will be no resultant current in that coil in normal working condition of the transformer. But if any major fault occurs inside the transformer due to which the normal ratio of the transformer disturbed then the secondary current of both transformer will not remain the same and one resultant current will flow through the current coil of the differential relay, which will actuate the relay and inter trip both the primary and secondary circuit breakers. To correct phase shift of current because of star delta connection of transformer winding in case of three phase transformer, the current transformer secondaries should be connected in delta and star as shown here

FUNDAMENTAL DIAGRAM FOR UNDERSTANDING DIFFERENTIAL RELAY

Restricted Earth Fault


An external fault in the star side will result in current flowing in the line current transformer of the affected phase and at the same time a balancing current flows in the neutral current transformer, hence the resultant electric current in the relay is therefore zero. So this REF relay will not be actuated for external earth fault. But during internal fault the neutral current transformer only carries the unbalance fault current and operation ofRestricted Earth Fault Relay takes place. This scheme of restricted earth fault protection is very sensitive for internal earth fault of electrical power transformer. The protection scheme is comparatively cheaper than differential protection scheme

Restricted earth fault protection is provided in electrical power transformer for sensing internal earth fault of the transformer. In this scheme the CT secondary of each phase of electrical power transformer are connected together as shown in the figure. Then common terminals are connected to the secondary of a Neutral Current Transformer or NCT. The CT or Current Transformer connected to the neutral of power transformer is called Neutral Current Transformer or Neutral CT or simply NCT. Whenever there is an unbalancing in between three phases of the power transformer, a resultant unbalance current flow

through the close path connected to the common terminals of the CT secondaries. An unbalance current will also flow through the neutral of power transformer and hence there will be a secondary current in Neutral CT because of this unbalance neutral current. In Restricted Earth Fault scheme the common terminals of phase CTs are connected to the secondary of Neutral CT in such a manner that secondary unbalance current of phase CTs and the secondary current of Neutral CT will oppose each other. If these both electric currents are equal in amplitude there will not be any resultant current circulate through the said close path. The Restricted Earth Fault Relay is connected in this close path. Hence the relay will not response even there is an unbalancing in phase current of the power transfor mer.

Generally Differential protection is provided in the electrical power transformer rated more than 5MVA. The Differential Protection of Transformer has many advantages over other schemes of protection. The faults occur in the transformer inside the insulating oil can be detected by Buchholz relay. But if any fault occurs in the

transformer but not in oil then it can not be detected by Buchholz relay. Any flash over at the bushings are not adequately covered by Buchholz relay. Differential relays can detect such type of faults. Moreover Buchholz relay is provided in transformer for detecting any internal fault in the transformer but Differential Protection scheme detects the same in more faster way.

Over Current and Earth Fault Protection of Transformer


Backup protection of electrical transformer is simple Over Current and Earth Fault protection applied against external short circuit and excessive over loads. These over current and earth Fault relays may be of Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT) or Definite Time type relays. Generally IDMT relays are connected to the in-feed side of the transformer.The over current relays can not distinguish between external short circuit, over load and internal faults of the transformer. For any of the above fault, backup protection i.e. over current and earth fault protection connected to in-feed side of the transformer will operate. Backup protection is although generally installed at in feed side of the transformer, but it should trip both the primary and secondary circuit breakers of the transformer. Over Current and Earth Fault protection relays may be also provided in load side of the transformer too, but it should not inter trip the primary side Circuit Breaker like the case of backup protection at in-feed side. The operation is governed primarily by current and time settings and the characteristic curve of the relay. To permit use of over load capacity of the transformer and co- ordination with other similar relays at about 125 to 150% of full load current of the transformer but below the minimum short circuit current.

Stability on External Earth Fault(E/F) on Delta Side of Y/ Power Transformer


If the earthing transformer on the Delta Side is outsides the Zone of protection the Earth Fault(E/F)in the delta system outside Current Transformer(CT) locations would produce current distributions as shown which circulate within the differential CT secondaries and is kept out of operating coils.ZigZag or inter connected star grounding transformer has normal magnetising impedance of high value but for E/F, currents flow in windings of the same core in such a manner that the ampere turn cancel and hence offer lower impedance.In cases where the neutral point of three phase system is not accessible like the system connected to the delta connected side of a electrical power transformer, an artificial neutral point may be created with help of a zigzag connected earthing transformer.

This is a core type transformer with three limbs. Every phase winding in zigzag connection is divided into two equal halves. One half of which is wound on one limb and other half is wound on another limb of thecore of transformer.

PROTECTION FOR ABNORMAL CONDITION

PROTECTION AGAINST OVER FLUXING (V/F PROTECTION) IN TRANSFORMER


The condition arising out of over-fluxing does not call for high speed tripping. Instantaneous operation is undesirable as this would cause tripping on momentary system disturbances which can be borne safely

but the normal condition must be restored or the transformer must be isolated within one or two minutes at the most.Flux density is proportional to V/f and it is necessary to detect a ratio of V/f exceeding unity, V and f being expressed in per unit value of rated quantities. In a typical scheme designed for over fluxing protection, the system voltage as measured by the voltages transformer is applied to a resistance to product a proportionate electric current; this current on being passed through a capacitor, produces a voltage drop which is proportional to the functioning in question i.e. V/f and hence to flux in the power transformer. This is accompanied with a fixed reference D.C. voltage obtained across a Zener diode. When the peak A.C. signal exceeds the D.C. reference it triggers a transistor circuit which operates two electromechanical auxiliary elements. One is initiated after a fixed time delay, the other after an additional time delay which is adjustable. The over fluxing protection operates when the ratio of the terminal voltage to frequency exceeds a predetermined setting and resets when the ratio falls below 95 to 98% of the operating ratio. By adjustment of a potentiometer, the setting is calibrated from 1 to 1.25 times the ratio of rated volts to rated frequency.The output from the first auxiliary element, which operates after fixed time delay available between 20 to 120 secs. second output relay operates and performs the tripping function.It is already pointed out that high V/f occur in Generator Transformers and UnitAuxiliary Transformers if full exaltation is applied to generator before full synchronous speed is reached. V/f relay

is provided in the automatic voltage regulator of generator. This relay blocks and prevents increasing excitation current before full frequency is reached.

When applying V/f relay to step down transformer it is preferable to connect it to the secondary (L.V. said of the transformer so that change in tap position on the H.V. is automatically taken care of Further the relay should initiate an Alarm and the corrective operation be done / got done by the operator. On extreme eventuality the transformer controlling breaker may be allowed to.

Surge Arrester
A surge arrester is a product installed near the end of any conductor which is long enough before the conductor lands on its intended electrical component. The purpose is to divert damaging lightninginduced transients safely to ground through property changes to itsvaristor in parallel arrangement to the conductor inside the unit. Also called a surge protection device (SPD) or transient voltage surge suppressor (TVSS), they are only designed to protect against electrical transients resulting from the lightning flash, not a direct lightning termination to the conductors.Lightning termination to earth results in ground currents which pass over buried conductors and induce a transient that propagates outward towards the ends of the conductor. The same induction happens in overhead and above ground conductors which experience the passing energy of an atmospheric EMP caused by the flash. These devices only protect against induced transients characteristic of a lightning discharge's rapid rise-time and will not protect against electrification caused by a direct termination to the conductor. Transients similar to lightninginduced, such as from a high voltage system's switch faulting, may be safely diverted to ground, however, continuousovercurrents are not protected by these devices. The energy in the transient is infinitesimally small in comparison to that of a lightning discharge; however it is still of sufficient quantity to cause arcing between different circuit pathways within today's microprocessors.Without very thick insulation, which is generally cost prohibitive, most conductors running for any length whatsoever, say greater than about 50 feet, will experience lightning-induced transients some time. Because the transient is usually initiated at some point between the two ends of the conductor, most applications install a surge arrestor just before the conductor lands in each device to be protected. Each conductor must be protected, as each will have its own transient induced, and each SPD must provide a pathway to earth to safely divert the transient away from the protected component, be it instrument or computer, etc. The one notable exception where they are not installed at both ends is in high voltage distribution systems. In general, the induced voltage is not sufficient to do damage at the electric generation end of the lines; however, installation at the

service entrance to a building is key to protecting downstream products that are not as robust.

Gas Analysis
In oil immersed transformers different types of gases are generated due to different faults or due to degradation of different materials in the transformer. The major advantage of this gas evolution is that substantial amount of gas is evolved even for very incipient faults or material degradations. Thus analysis of this gas forms a very important means for monitoring the health of the transformer or for determining the fault in case of a fault.The gas evolved is present dissolved in the oil. The gas is analyzed either online in case of such systems have been installed on the transformer. Alternatively, oil samples are periodically withdrawn and the oil is analysed in a lab. The periodicity depends on the size and criticality of the transformer. In case a Gas Accumulation Relay (Buchholz Relay) is installed. These gases do get accumulated in it. Gas samples or gas relays can be used in this case. The implication of a few of the gases that may be observed in the oil is mentioned below. Actual cause analysis is done by observing the ratio in which these gases are observed and is beyond the scope of this report.Hydrogen is generated by Corona or partial discharges. In conjunction with other gases observed with it the source of the discharge can be determined Ethylene is associated with thermal degradation of oil. Trace quantities of methane and ethane are generated at 150 C. Ethylene is generated in significant quantities at 300 C. Carbon dioxide &Carbon monoxide are evolved on when cellulose (paper) insulation gets over heated.Acetylene is produced significant quantities by arcing in oil.

Buchholz Relay in transformer | Buchholz Relay operation and principle


Construction of Buchholz Relay Buchholz Relay in transformer is an oil container housed the connecting pipe from main tank to conservator tank. It has mainly two elements. The upper element consists of a float. The float is attached to a hinge in such a way that it can move up and down depending upon the oil level in the Buchholz RelayContainer. One mercury switch is fixed on the float. The alignment of mercury switch hence depends upon the position of the float.

The lower element consists of a baffle plate and mercury switch. This plate is fitted on a hinge just in front of the inlet (main tank side ) of Buchholz Relay in transformer in such a way that when oil enters in the relay from that inlet in high pressure the alignment of the baffle plate along with the mercury switch attached to it,willchange.

In addition to these main elements a Buchholz Relayhas gas release pockets on top. The electrical leads from both mercury switches are taken out through a molded terminal block.

Buchholz Relay principle The Buchholz Relay working principle of is very simple. Buchholz Relay function is based on very simple mechanical phenomenon. It is mechanically actuated. Whenever there will be a minor internal fault in the transformer such as an insulation faults between turns, break down of core of transformer, core heating, the transformer insulating oil will be decomposed in different hydrocarbon gases, CO2 and CO. The gases produced due to decomposition of transformer insulating oil will accumulate in the upper part the Buchholz Container which causes fall of oil level in it. Fall of oil level means lowering the position of float and thereby tilting the mercury switch. The contacts of this mercury switch are closed and an alarm circuit energized. Sometime due to oil leakage on the main tank air bubbles may be accumulated in the upper part the Buchholz Container which may also cause fall of oil level in it and alarm circuit will be energized. By collecting the accumulated gases from the gas release pockets on the top of the relay and by analyzing them one can predict the type of fault in the transformer. More severe types of faults, such as short circuit between phases or to earth and faults in the tap changing equipment, are accompanied by a surge of oil which strikes the baffle plate and causes the mercury switch of the lower element to close. This switch energized the trip circuit of the Circuit Breakers associated with the transformer and immediately isolate the faulty transformer from the rest of the electrical power system by inter tripping the Circuit Breakers associated with both LV and

HV sides of the transformer. This is how Buchholz Relay functions. Buchholz Relay Operation Certain Precaution The Buchholz Relay operation may be actuated without any fault in the transformer. For instance, when oil is added to a transformer, air may get in together with oil, accumulated under the relay cover and thus cause a false Buchholz Relay operation. That is why mechanical lock is provided in that relay so that one can lock the movement of mercury switches when oil is topping up in the transformer. This mechanical locking also helps to prevent unnecessary movement of breakable glass bulb of mercury switches during transportation of the Buchholz Relays. The lower float may also falsely operate if the oil velocity in the connection pipe through, not due to internal fault, is sufficient to trip over the float. This can occurs in the event of external short circuit when over currents flowing through the winding cause overheated the copper and the oil and cause the oil to expand.

Air Cell protector


The inflated ballooning bag inside the conservator is floated in the oil. For the rise of oil pressure due to temperature, the air from the cell comes out through breather and vice versa.

Pressure monitoring System

Working Principle:- For the case of Serious faults inside the transformer, oil pressure rises beyond the certain limit. Hence a pressure relief device provided on top of the transformer opens to allow discharge of oil and extends the tripping command. This device automatically closes as soon as the internal pressure falls below the critical level

Diagram of Monitor/ Sensor

Conclusion:- Transformer is the most important


device for electrical system and needs to be protected from the abnormality change of electrical and mechanical parameters.

REFERENCE
OPTCL www.wikipedia.com www.Seminarsforu.com

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