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Transformers are a critical and expensive component of the power system. Due to the long lead time for repair of and replacement of transformers, a major goal of transformer protection is limiting the damage to a faulted transformer. Some protection functions, such as overexcitation protection and temperature-based protection may aid this goal by identifying operating conditions that may cause transformer failure. The comprehensive transformer protection provided by multiple function protective relays is appropriate for critical transformers of all applications. The type of protection for the transformers varies depending on the application and the importance of the transformer. Transformers are protected primarily against faults and overloads. The type of protection used should minimize the time of disconnection for faults within the transformer and to reduce the risk of catastrophic failure to simplify eventual repair. Any extended operation of the transformer under abnormal condition such as faults or overloads compromises the life of the transformer, which means adequate protection should be provided for quicker isolation of the transformer under such conditions.
CONTENTS
1)INTRODUCTION 2)What is a protection system 3) Types of Faults in transformer 4) Magnetizing Inrush Current in Power Transformer 5) Classification of Protection Functions 6) Differential protection of transformer 7) Restricted earth fault protection 8) Over current & earth fault protection 9) PROTECTION AGAINST OVER FLUXING (V/F PROTECTION) IN TRANSFORMER 10) Surge arrester 11) Gas analysis 12) Buchholz Relay in transformer 13) Pressure monitoring System 14) Conclusion 15) Reference
INTRODUCTION
THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVE OF THE TRANSFORMER PROTECTION IS TO DETECT INTERNAL FAULTS IN THE TRANSFORMER WITH A HIGH DEGREE OF SENSITIVITY AND CAUSE SUBSEQUENT DE-ENERGISATION AND, AT THE SAME TIME BE IMMUNE TO FAULTS EXTERNAL TO THE TRANSFORMER I.E. THROUGH FAULTS. SENSITIVE DETECTION AND DEENERGISATION ENABLES THE FAULT DAMAGE AND HENCE NECESSARY REPAIRS TO BE LIMITED. HOWEVER, IT SHOULD BE ABLE TO PROVIDE BACK UP PROTECTION IN CASE OF THROUGH FAULTS ON THE SYSTEM, AS THESE COULD LEAD TO DETERIORATION AND ACCELERATED AGING, AND/OR FAILURE OF THE TRANSFORMER WINDING INSULATION DUE TO OVER HEATING AND HIGH IMPACT FORCES CAUSED IN THE WINDINGS DUE TO HIGH FAULT CURRENTS. IN ADDITION TO THE INTERNAL FAULTS, ABNORMAL SYSTEM CONDITIONS SUCH AS OVER EXCITATION, OVER VOLTAGE AND LOSS OF COOLING CAN LEAD TO DETERIORATION AND ACCELERATED AGING OR INTERNAL FAILURE OF THE TRANSFORMER. HENCE PROTECTION AGAIN THESE FAILURES SHOULD BE CONSIDERED IN AS PART OF THE COMPREHENSIVE TRANSFORMER PROTECTION SCHEME. TRANSFORMER PROTECTION CAN BE BROADLY CATEGORIZED AS ELECTRICAL PROTECTION IMPLEMENTED BY SENSING MAINLY THE CURRENT THROUGH IT, BUT ALSO VOLTAGE AND FREQUENCY AND, AS MECHANICAL PROTECTION IMPLEMENTED BY SENSING OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS LIKE OIL PRESSURE/ LEVEL, GAS EVOLVED, OIL & WINDING TEMPERATURE.LIKE IN MOST THINGS IN TRANSFORMER PROTECTION TOO, THE EXTENT OF PROTECTIVE DEVICES APPLIED TO A PARTICULAR TRANSFORMER IS DICTATED BY THE ECONOMICS OF THE PROTECTION SCHEME VIS--VIS THE PROBABILITY OF A PARTICULAR TYPE OF FAILURE AND THE COST OF REPLACING AND REPAIRING THE TRANSFORMER AS WELL THE POSSIBILITY OF THE FAILURE LEADING TO DAMAGE OF ADJACENT EQUIPMENT OR INFRASTRUCTURE. FAILURE COSTS INCLUDE ALL THE DIRECT AND INDIRECT COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH IT. THE PROTECTION SCHEME COST INCLUDES THE COST OF THE PROTECTIVE DEVICE BUT IS MAINLY THE COST OF THE DISCONNECTING DEVICE I.E. THE CIRCUIT BREAKER AND OTHER AUXILIARIES LIKE BATTERIES AND NECESSARY INFRASTRUCTURE. FURTHER THE LIFE CYCLE COST IS TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT.
WINDING FAULT
INTERNAL FAULTS
PHASE TO PHASE PHASE TO EARTH INTER TURN SHORT PROBLEM IN TAP CHANGER
INCIPIENT FAULTS
SHORT CIRCUIT IN LAMINATION CORE BOLT INSULATION FAILURE LOCAL HEATING DUE TO CLOGGING OF OIL COOLENT FAILURE EXCESS INGRESS OF AIR IN OIL SYSTEM
If the transformer is switched on at the instant of voltage zero, the flux wave is initiated from the same origin as voltage waveform, the value of flux at the end of first half cycle of the voltage waveform will be Where m is the maximum value of steady state flux. The transformer core are generally saturated just above the maximum steady state value of flux. But in our example, during switching on the transformer the maximum value of flux will jump to double of its steady state maximum value. As, after steady state maximum value of flux, the core becomes saturated, the current required to produced rest of flux will be very high. So transformer primary will draw a very high peaky current from the source which is called magnetizing inrush current in transformer or simply inrush current in transformer. Magnetizing inrush current in transformer is the current which is drown by a transformer at the time of energizing the transformer. This current is transient in nature and exists for few milliseconds. The inrush current may be up to 10 times higher than normal rated current of transformer. Although the magnitude of inrush current is so high but it generally does not create any permanent fault in transformer as it exists for very small time. But still inrush current in power transformer is a problem, because it interferes with the operation of circuits as they have been designed to function. Some effects of high inrush include nuisance fuse or breaker interruptions, as well as arcing and failure of primary circuit components, such as switches. High magnetizing inrush current in transformer also necessitate oversizing of fuses or breakers. Another side effect of high inrush is the injection of noise and distortion back into the mains
Restricted earth fault protection is provided in electrical power transformer for sensing internal earth fault of the transformer. In this scheme the CT secondary of each phase of electrical power transformer are connected together as shown in the figure. Then common terminals are connected to the secondary of a Neutral Current Transformer or NCT. The CT or Current Transformer connected to the neutral of power transformer is called Neutral Current Transformer or Neutral CT or simply NCT. Whenever there is an unbalancing in between three phases of the power transformer, a resultant unbalance current flow
through the close path connected to the common terminals of the CT secondaries. An unbalance current will also flow through the neutral of power transformer and hence there will be a secondary current in Neutral CT because of this unbalance neutral current. In Restricted Earth Fault scheme the common terminals of phase CTs are connected to the secondary of Neutral CT in such a manner that secondary unbalance current of phase CTs and the secondary current of Neutral CT will oppose each other. If these both electric currents are equal in amplitude there will not be any resultant current circulate through the said close path. The Restricted Earth Fault Relay is connected in this close path. Hence the relay will not response even there is an unbalancing in phase current of the power transfor mer.
Generally Differential protection is provided in the electrical power transformer rated more than 5MVA. The Differential Protection of Transformer has many advantages over other schemes of protection. The faults occur in the transformer inside the insulating oil can be detected by Buchholz relay. But if any fault occurs in the
transformer but not in oil then it can not be detected by Buchholz relay. Any flash over at the bushings are not adequately covered by Buchholz relay. Differential relays can detect such type of faults. Moreover Buchholz relay is provided in transformer for detecting any internal fault in the transformer but Differential Protection scheme detects the same in more faster way.
This is a core type transformer with three limbs. Every phase winding in zigzag connection is divided into two equal halves. One half of which is wound on one limb and other half is wound on another limb of thecore of transformer.
but the normal condition must be restored or the transformer must be isolated within one or two minutes at the most.Flux density is proportional to V/f and it is necessary to detect a ratio of V/f exceeding unity, V and f being expressed in per unit value of rated quantities. In a typical scheme designed for over fluxing protection, the system voltage as measured by the voltages transformer is applied to a resistance to product a proportionate electric current; this current on being passed through a capacitor, produces a voltage drop which is proportional to the functioning in question i.e. V/f and hence to flux in the power transformer. This is accompanied with a fixed reference D.C. voltage obtained across a Zener diode. When the peak A.C. signal exceeds the D.C. reference it triggers a transistor circuit which operates two electromechanical auxiliary elements. One is initiated after a fixed time delay, the other after an additional time delay which is adjustable. The over fluxing protection operates when the ratio of the terminal voltage to frequency exceeds a predetermined setting and resets when the ratio falls below 95 to 98% of the operating ratio. By adjustment of a potentiometer, the setting is calibrated from 1 to 1.25 times the ratio of rated volts to rated frequency.The output from the first auxiliary element, which operates after fixed time delay available between 20 to 120 secs. second output relay operates and performs the tripping function.It is already pointed out that high V/f occur in Generator Transformers and UnitAuxiliary Transformers if full exaltation is applied to generator before full synchronous speed is reached. V/f relay
is provided in the automatic voltage regulator of generator. This relay blocks and prevents increasing excitation current before full frequency is reached.
When applying V/f relay to step down transformer it is preferable to connect it to the secondary (L.V. said of the transformer so that change in tap position on the H.V. is automatically taken care of Further the relay should initiate an Alarm and the corrective operation be done / got done by the operator. On extreme eventuality the transformer controlling breaker may be allowed to.
Surge Arrester
A surge arrester is a product installed near the end of any conductor which is long enough before the conductor lands on its intended electrical component. The purpose is to divert damaging lightninginduced transients safely to ground through property changes to itsvaristor in parallel arrangement to the conductor inside the unit. Also called a surge protection device (SPD) or transient voltage surge suppressor (TVSS), they are only designed to protect against electrical transients resulting from the lightning flash, not a direct lightning termination to the conductors.Lightning termination to earth results in ground currents which pass over buried conductors and induce a transient that propagates outward towards the ends of the conductor. The same induction happens in overhead and above ground conductors which experience the passing energy of an atmospheric EMP caused by the flash. These devices only protect against induced transients characteristic of a lightning discharge's rapid rise-time and will not protect against electrification caused by a direct termination to the conductor. Transients similar to lightninginduced, such as from a high voltage system's switch faulting, may be safely diverted to ground, however, continuousovercurrents are not protected by these devices. The energy in the transient is infinitesimally small in comparison to that of a lightning discharge; however it is still of sufficient quantity to cause arcing between different circuit pathways within today's microprocessors.Without very thick insulation, which is generally cost prohibitive, most conductors running for any length whatsoever, say greater than about 50 feet, will experience lightning-induced transients some time. Because the transient is usually initiated at some point between the two ends of the conductor, most applications install a surge arrestor just before the conductor lands in each device to be protected. Each conductor must be protected, as each will have its own transient induced, and each SPD must provide a pathway to earth to safely divert the transient away from the protected component, be it instrument or computer, etc. The one notable exception where they are not installed at both ends is in high voltage distribution systems. In general, the induced voltage is not sufficient to do damage at the electric generation end of the lines; however, installation at the
service entrance to a building is key to protecting downstream products that are not as robust.
Gas Analysis
In oil immersed transformers different types of gases are generated due to different faults or due to degradation of different materials in the transformer. The major advantage of this gas evolution is that substantial amount of gas is evolved even for very incipient faults or material degradations. Thus analysis of this gas forms a very important means for monitoring the health of the transformer or for determining the fault in case of a fault.The gas evolved is present dissolved in the oil. The gas is analyzed either online in case of such systems have been installed on the transformer. Alternatively, oil samples are periodically withdrawn and the oil is analysed in a lab. The periodicity depends on the size and criticality of the transformer. In case a Gas Accumulation Relay (Buchholz Relay) is installed. These gases do get accumulated in it. Gas samples or gas relays can be used in this case. The implication of a few of the gases that may be observed in the oil is mentioned below. Actual cause analysis is done by observing the ratio in which these gases are observed and is beyond the scope of this report.Hydrogen is generated by Corona or partial discharges. In conjunction with other gases observed with it the source of the discharge can be determined Ethylene is associated with thermal degradation of oil. Trace quantities of methane and ethane are generated at 150 C. Ethylene is generated in significant quantities at 300 C. Carbon dioxide &Carbon monoxide are evolved on when cellulose (paper) insulation gets over heated.Acetylene is produced significant quantities by arcing in oil.
The lower element consists of a baffle plate and mercury switch. This plate is fitted on a hinge just in front of the inlet (main tank side ) of Buchholz Relay in transformer in such a way that when oil enters in the relay from that inlet in high pressure the alignment of the baffle plate along with the mercury switch attached to it,willchange.
In addition to these main elements a Buchholz Relayhas gas release pockets on top. The electrical leads from both mercury switches are taken out through a molded terminal block.
Buchholz Relay principle The Buchholz Relay working principle of is very simple. Buchholz Relay function is based on very simple mechanical phenomenon. It is mechanically actuated. Whenever there will be a minor internal fault in the transformer such as an insulation faults between turns, break down of core of transformer, core heating, the transformer insulating oil will be decomposed in different hydrocarbon gases, CO2 and CO. The gases produced due to decomposition of transformer insulating oil will accumulate in the upper part the Buchholz Container which causes fall of oil level in it. Fall of oil level means lowering the position of float and thereby tilting the mercury switch. The contacts of this mercury switch are closed and an alarm circuit energized. Sometime due to oil leakage on the main tank air bubbles may be accumulated in the upper part the Buchholz Container which may also cause fall of oil level in it and alarm circuit will be energized. By collecting the accumulated gases from the gas release pockets on the top of the relay and by analyzing them one can predict the type of fault in the transformer. More severe types of faults, such as short circuit between phases or to earth and faults in the tap changing equipment, are accompanied by a surge of oil which strikes the baffle plate and causes the mercury switch of the lower element to close. This switch energized the trip circuit of the Circuit Breakers associated with the transformer and immediately isolate the faulty transformer from the rest of the electrical power system by inter tripping the Circuit Breakers associated with both LV and
HV sides of the transformer. This is how Buchholz Relay functions. Buchholz Relay Operation Certain Precaution The Buchholz Relay operation may be actuated without any fault in the transformer. For instance, when oil is added to a transformer, air may get in together with oil, accumulated under the relay cover and thus cause a false Buchholz Relay operation. That is why mechanical lock is provided in that relay so that one can lock the movement of mercury switches when oil is topping up in the transformer. This mechanical locking also helps to prevent unnecessary movement of breakable glass bulb of mercury switches during transportation of the Buchholz Relays. The lower float may also falsely operate if the oil velocity in the connection pipe through, not due to internal fault, is sufficient to trip over the float. This can occurs in the event of external short circuit when over currents flowing through the winding cause overheated the copper and the oil and cause the oil to expand.
Working Principle:- For the case of Serious faults inside the transformer, oil pressure rises beyond the certain limit. Hence a pressure relief device provided on top of the transformer opens to allow discharge of oil and extends the tripping command. This device automatically closes as soon as the internal pressure falls below the critical level
REFERENCE
OPTCL www.wikipedia.com www.Seminarsforu.com