Q1.Explain any three features of the class of landed aristocracy of Europe.

Answer -The three features of the class of landed aristocracy in Europe. 1. During the mid 18th century, a landed aristocracy was the dominant class in Europe both politically and socially. 2. They owned huge properties, big estates both in the rural and urban areas. 3. Their families were tied together by matrimonial relation and they wielded much power in their respective countries. Q2.What were the dissimilarities between the process of unification of Italy and Germany? Answer -Following were the dissimilarities between the processes of unification of Italy and Germany. i. Piedmont was main state in unification of Italy but it was a weak state. But Prussia which was leading the German unification was a powerful state. ii. Most of the Italian states were under great influence of Austria but Austria was only the head of German confederation of states. iii. Bismark always favoured the use of force in the unification of Germany but Cavour hardly believed in use of force in unification of Italy. Q3.Who was Garibaldi? What were his main achievements? Answeri. i. Garibaldi was one of the great revolutionaries of Italy. He was born in 1807 and his parents wanted to make him a priest but he had no interest in this profession. ii. He was a brave and courageous person who favoured the use of force for unification of Italy. iii. He started Young Italy movement with Mazzini. iv. He organized a force called White Shirts which defeated Austrian forces to liberate Naples and Sicily. It was later joined by Sardinia. In this way Garibaldi played a great role in the unification of Italy. Q4.What role did language play in developing nationalist sentiment? Answeri. i.Language played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments. After Russian occupation the Polish language was forced out of schools and the Russian language was imposed everywhere. ii. In 1813 an armed rebellion against the Russian rule took place whish was ultimately crushed. Following this many members of the clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon of national resistance. iii. The use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle against Russian dominance. Q5.What is meant by Imperialism? Give two features of imperialism. Answer-The term Imperialism means the practice extending the power, control or rule by a country over the political and economic life of area outside its own borders. The following are the two main features of Imperialism i. The first essential feature of imperialism is exploration of economic resources of the occupied areas for the benefit of the imperial country. ii. The imperial power subordinates the interests of the colonies and establishes its monopoly over the trade of its colonies.

a)Count Camillo de Cavour: He was a significant figure in the movement towards unification of Italy. He founded the Agrarian Association in 1842 and the newspaper IL Risorgimento. On becoming the Chief Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia, Cavour launched many reforms to strengthen the economy. For which he reorganized taxes, built steamships, railways and improved agriculture and business affairs of Piedmont-Sardinia. Cavours immediate aim was to increase territory of Piedmont-Sardinia by driving the Austrians out from North Italy in which he succeeded and became the architect of Italian unification. Role of Cavour: (1) Cavour tried to end all the privileges of the clergy and introduced various reforms for the promotion of trade and commerce. These reforms include agriculture and infrastructural facilities, i.e. roads and railways. (2) He supported the adventures and plans of Mazzini and Garibaldi. (3) By virtue of his tactful diplomatic alliance with France, he could defeat the Austrian forces in 1859. He drove away the Spanish rulers from two Sicilies in South Italy.

b) Napoleon : Napoleon was on enlightened despot who incorporated many principles of French Revolution in his legal framework called Napoleonic Code, which was exported to the regions under French rule. The code (Civil Code, 1804) contained the provisions: Napoleon simplified administrative divisions, abolished feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and many taxes to be paid to landlords (called manorial dues) He organized effective civil service by abolishing the privileges of birth and courts of nobles. In the towns, guilds (association of merchants and artisans who safeguard their own interests only) were abolished. Uniform weights and measures were introduced. Common national currency also facilitated the movement of goods from one region to another. Features of Napoleonic code He removed all discrimination based on birth, sex, and established equality before the law and secured the right to property. Changes took place after the establishment of Napoleonic code Napoleon simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues. Transport and communication systems were improved. Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessman enjoyed a newfound freedom. Businessmen and small-scale producers realized that uniform laws, standardized weight and measures and common currency would facilitate the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to another.

c)1848 Revolution of the liberals Liberals were actually the people wishing freedom for their living because the term liberalism derive from the Latin root liber meaning free. The revolution by middle classes in Germany, Italy, Poland against Austro-Hungarian Empire i.e. monarchy was called 1848th revolution of liberals. They wanted to establish constitutional and parliamentary government and national unification. They advocated freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law. These revolutionists were consisted of professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans.

Ideas supported by the Liberals:

(i) It is necessary to create a nation state on parliamentary principles. (ii) A national assembly akin to constituted in France is to be formed. (iii) A constitution is to be drafted. (iv) Freedom of Press and freedom of association is necessary: (v) Only people owning property are to be given universal suffrage (i.e., right to vote). (vi) Conservatism is to be removed. Contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe: 1st Example: Romanticism developed a particular form of nationalist sentiment. It included constitution of poetry/poems/hymns and paintings stimulating natural love and affection for the nation. German philosopher Johann Gottfied Herder claimed that the German culture was to be discovered among the common people through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances. For example, Grirnms Fairy Tales. IInd Example: The Dream of Worldwide Democratic and Social RepublicsA print prepared by Frederic Sorrieu in 1448 that exhibits the people of Europe and America (men and women) of all age and social classes marching in a long train and offering homage to the Statue of Liberty. IIIrd Example: The caricature titled as The Club of Thinkers creates public awareness that in monarchical pattern of government, people cannot enjoy freedom of press and expression.

Obstacles in the way of the Italian unification: There were many obstacles in the way of the unification of Italy in the 19th century. Some of the most important are the following: (1) Division of Italy into so many States. Italy, which was once the leader of Renaissance, became a very weak and powerless country in the 16th century. So Italy lost its unity and was parceled out into so many states. These states always used to quarrel among themselves and thus they rendered themselves quite weak. (2) Foreign Rule. Foreign invaders took advantage of Italys weakness and invaded it over and over again. Especially France and Austria established their rule over a great part of Italy. Napoleon, the French Emperor, had conquered the whole of Italy. Thus the foreign rule was great hurdle in the way of the Italian unification. (3) Congress of Vienna. After the downfall of Napolean, the Congress of Vienna once again divided Italy into small states. Lombardy and Venetia were handed over to Austria while Parma, Tuscany and Modena were handed over to France. Similarly, many old rulers, who were against the spirit of unity, were restored to their respective thrones. Thus the Congress played a great havoc with the task of Italian unification. (4) The Pope of Rome. The Pope of Rome was keeping Rome and its adjoining territories under his dominance. He was acting as the head of all the Christian countries of the world as such he was also proving a great hurdle in the way of the Italian unification. He had kept the foreign forces to throw out any attempt of the patriots to snatch Rome from him. (5) Reactionary Rulers. Even those states which were under the dominance of Italian rulers were not at all cooperative with the nationalists. They were reactionaries and were ever ready in curbing the nationalist feelings. These rulers were, thus, also proving a great hurdle in the way of Italian unification.

Study the given passage and answer the questions that follow. A nation is the culmination of a long past of endeavors, sacrifice and devotion,a heroic past, great men, glory that is the social capital upon which one bases a national idea., to have common glories in the past, to have a common will in the present, to have performed great deeds together, to wish to perform still more, these are the essential conditions of being a people. A nation is therefore a large scale solidarity.. . Its existence is a daily plebiscite . A province is its inhabitants; if anyone has the right to be consulted, it is the inhabitants. A nation never has any real interest in annexing or holding onto a country against its will. The existence of a nation is a good thing, a necessary evil. Their existence is a guarantee of liberty, which would be lost if the world had only one law and only one master. 1.1 From whose speech have these words been quoted?

1.2 Explain the meaning of plebiscite. 1.3 Examine the concept of nation as given in the above passage. Answer-1.1These words have taken from speech of Ernst Renan a great French Philosopher (1823 -1992.) 1.2Plebiscite means a direct vote by which all the people of a people of a region are asked to accept or reject a proposal. 1.3 A nation is the culmination or a long past of endevours, sacrifice and devotion. It involves having common glories in the past, common will in the present performing great deeds together and wishing to perform still more. Q6.Explain the concept of liberal nationalism which developed in Europe in early 18 th century. Answer-Liberalism meant different things to different people. In the political sphere, liberalism stood for: i. equality before the law. ii. Revolutionary French marked the first political experiment in liberal democracy in which right to vote and get elected was granted exclusive to property-owning men. iii. Men without property and all women were excluded from political rights. In the economic sphere liberalism stood for: i. Freedom of markets and abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movements of goods and capital. ii. Customs union or Zollarein was formed in Russia, joined by the German states. iii. The union abolished tariff barriers.Reduced the number of currencies from thirty to two. Q7. Define nation? What were the significant aspects of the nation-state in the early 19th century? Answer -According to Bryce, A nation is a nationality which has organized itself into a political body either independence or desiring to be independent. Thus a nation is a community which considers itself one and is held together by many ties. Following were the significant aspects of the nation-states in the early 19th century. i. Each nation wanted to have its own independent state. That is why it was called a nation state. ii. The nations-states held the people together on the basis of common territory, common language, common culture and economic independence. iii. In some nation state, the constitutional governments based on written or unwritten constitutions were established. iv. The establishment of nation states replaced the previous boundaries by new scientific system of boundaries. Q8.Which factors led to rise of nationalism in Europe after 1830s? Answer-Following factors were responsible for the rise of nationalism. i. Feudalism was one of the greatest obstacle in the way of nationalism. But various Feudal lords died in mutual wars and crusades also led to their fall. This led the way for decline of feudalism and rising of nationalism. ii. In medieval period church was very powerful and had a great power all over the world. But people were awakened by the movements like renaissance and reformation. It led to decline in the authority and power of pope. This led to establishment of national church in many countries. Weakness of papacy and the Holy Roman Empire. iii. Many wars have also arose sentiments of nationalism among the people. iv. Foreign Rules: Foreign Rulers generally liked to suppress the subject nation which played an important part in the growth of nationalism. v. Reaction against injustice and arbitrary rule of monarchs also gave birth to the feeling of nationalism. vi. Contribution of great writers: The writings of great poets, politicians and philosophers like Machiavelli, Mills, Mazzini, Garibaldi went a long way in rousing political consciousness and national spirit among the people. vii. Geographical Factor. Geographical factor also helped a lot in the rise of nationalism. National boundaries of

a country surely create the feeling of political consciousness and oneness among the people. For example, England is bounded by sea on all the sides. It facilitated the rise of the feelings of unity and nationalism among the English. Q9.Why did nationalist tension emerge in the Balkans? Answer -The states between the Black sea and Adriatic Sea like the Bulgaria, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina etc. are known as the Balkans states. For a long time these states were a bone of contention between various European powers and Turkey. Following were the main causes for immergence of nationalist tensions in the Balkans. i. The nationality of the people states were however Christians. The Muslims who were the ruling class oppressed them in many ways. ii. By the beginning of the 19th century, the Turkish Empire became very weak. This encouraged the Balkan people who were mostly Christians. iii. The French Revolution and the Napoleonic wars inspired the feelings of nationalism among them and they clamoured for independence. iv. At the same time there was a clash of interests among the big powers in the Balkans. This also contributed to the emergence of nationalist tensions in the Balkans. Q10.What steps did the French revolutionaries take to create a sense of collective identity among the French people? Answer -Following steps were taken by the French Revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity among the french people. i. First, ideas of Fatherland (La Patric) and the Citizen (La Citizen) laid emphasis on the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution. ii. A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former French monarch. iii. An elected body of active citizens known as the National Assembly, was formed to manage the state affairs. iv. New hymns were composed and martyrs were commemorated all in the name of the nation. v. A centralized system was set up to formulate uniform laws for all citizens within the French territory. vi. All custom duties were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures were adopted. vii. Regional dialects were discouraged and French was adopted as the common language of the nation.

SOURCE BASED QUESTION The Independence Day Pledge, 26 January 1930 We believe that it is the inalienable right of the Indian people, as of any other people, to have freedom and to enjoy the fruits of their toil and have the necessities of life, so that they may have full opportunities of growth. We believe also that if any government deprives people of these rights and the oppresses them, the people have a further right to alter it or to abolish it. The British Government in India has not only deprived the Indian people of their freedom but has based itself on the exploitation of the masses, and has ruined India: economically, politically, culturally, and spiritually. We believe, therefore, that India must severe the British connection and attain Purna Swaraj or Complete Independence. (1) What do you understand by the term Purna Swaraj? (2) How did the British Government exploited the Indian masses? Answers: Ans (1) Complete Independence Ans (2). The British Government in India has not only deprived the Indian people of their freedom but has based itself on the exploitation of the masses, and has ruined India economically, politically, culturally, and spiritually. QUESTION ANSWERS Q.1. How was the first World War responsible for the growth of the Indian national movement? Ans: First of all, the war created a new economic and political situation. 1. It led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes: 2.Customs duties were raised and income tax introduced. 3.Through the war years prices increased doubling between 1913 and 1918 leading to extreme hardship for the common people. 4.Villages were called upon to supply soldiers, and the forced recruitment in rural areas caused wide spread anger. 5.Then in 1918-19 and 1920-21, crops failed in many parts of India, resulting in acute shortages of food. This was accompanied by an influenza epidemic. According to the census of 1921, 12 to 13 million people perished as a result of famines and the epidemic. People hoped that their hardships would end after the war was over. But that did not happen. Q.2. Explain the idea of Satyagraha? Ans:

The idea of satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for truth. It suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor. Without seeking vengeance or being aggressive, a satyagrahi could win the battle through non-violence. This could be done by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor. People including the oppressors had to be persuaded to see the truth, instead of being forced to accept truth through the use of violence. By this struggle, truth was bound to ultimately triumph. Mahatma Gandhi believed that this dharma of non-violence could unite all Indians.

Q.3. Arrange the following in Chronological Order. Ans: a) Congress adopts the demand for Purna Swaraj. b)Second Round Table Conference. c)Non-Cooperation and Khilafat movement launched. d)Chauri Chaura e)Jallianwala Bagh massacre. f)Gandhiji begins Civil Disobedience Movement by breaking salt law at Dandi. Ans. e, c,d,a,f,b Q.4. How did Gandhiji want the Non Cooperation Movement to unfold? Explain Ans. Gandhiji proposed that the movement should unfold in stages. It should begin with the surrender of titles that the government awarded, and a boycott of civil services, army, police, courts and legislative councils, schools, and foreign goods. Then, in case the government used repression, a full civil disobedience campaign would be launched. Q.5 Different social groups that participated in the civil disobedience movement. Why did they join the movement? Ans. 1. In the countryside rich peasant communities, being producers of commercial crops, they were very hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices. 2. The poorer peasantry were not just interested in the lowering of the revenue demand. 3. Business classes wanted protection against imports of foreign goods, and a rupee sterling foreign exchange ratio that would discourage imports. Q.6. What do you know about the Rowlatt Act? How did Gandhiji plan to oppose this act? How did the Colonial government react to the popular upsurge? Ans: a)This Act had been hurriedly passed through the Imperial Legislative Council despite the united opposition of the Indian members. It gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities,and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years. b)Mahatma Gandhi wanted non-violent civil disobedience against such unjust laws, which would start with a hartal on 6 April1919.Rallies were organised in various cities, workers went on strike in railway workshops, and shops closed down. c) Alarmed by the popular upsurge, and scared that lines of communication such as the railways and telegraph would be disrupted, the British administration decided to clamp down on nationalists. Local leaders were picked up from Amritsar, and Mahatma Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi. On 10 April 1919, the police in Amritsar fired upon a peaceful procession, provoking widespread attacks on banks, post offices and railway stations. Martial law was imposed and General Dyer took command. d)On 13 April 1919 the infamous Jallianwalla Bagh incident took place. On that day a crowd of villagers who had come to Amritsar to attend a fair gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwalla Bagh. Being from outside the city, they were unaware of the martial law that had been imposed. Dyer entered the area, blocked the exit points, and opened fire on the crowd, killing hundreds.

Q.7. Write how Indians began to have a sense of national identity and a feeling of collective belonging?

Ans: The sense of nationalism and a feeling of collective belonging came partly through the experience of united struggles. But there were also a variety of cultural processes through which nationalism captured peoples imagination. History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols, all played a part in the making of nationalism. Apart from that the following efforts by intellectuals, scholars and nationalist leaders helped to reinforce those feelings: (i) through reinterpretation of history. By the end of the nineteenth century many Indians felt that to instill a sense of pride in the nation (ii) As the national movement developed, nationalist leaders became more and more aware of such icons and symbols in unifying people and inspiring in them a feeling of nationalism.. (iii) Movement to revive Indian folklore. In late-nineteenth-century India, nationalists began recording folk tales sung by bards and they toured villages to gather folk songs and legends. These tales, they believed, gave a true picture of traditional culture that had been corrupted and damaged by outside forces.. (iv) Leaders created an image of the nation in the form of Bharat Mata.This helped to create an image with which people can identify the nation. Q.8 Write about the significance of the Poona Pact of September 1932.
Ans. Dr B.R. Ambedkar, who organised the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930, clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at the second Round Table Conference by demanding separate electorates for dalits. When the British government conceded Ambedkars demand, Gandhiji began a fast unto death. He believed that separate electorates for dalits would slow down the process of their integration into society. Ambedkar ultimately accepted Gandhijis position and the result was the Poona Pact of September 1932.It gave the Depressed Classes (later to be known as the Schedule Castes) reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils, but they were to be voted in by the general electorate.

Q.10 Write about the role played by women in our struggle for freedom. Ans. Women picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. Many went to jail. In urban areas these women were from high-caste families; in rural areas they came from rich peasant households. Moved by Gandhijis call, they began to see service to the nation as a sacred duty of women. Yet, this increased public role did not necessarily mean any radical change in the way the position of women was visualised. Gandhi was convinced that it was the duty of women to look after home and hearth, be good mothers and good wives. And for a long time the Congress was reluctant to allow women to hold any position of authority within the organisation. It was keen only on their symbolic presence.