Some Reference Sources for Classical Studies I.

Classical Encyclopedias
The Pauly-Wissowa Family RE Paulys Real-Encyclopdie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft. Reihe I 47 in 48 vols, Reihe II 19 vols. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, 1893-1972. Paulys Real-Encyclopdie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft: Supplement. Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler, 19031978.
Usually referred to as the RE or the Pauly-Wissowa, this comprehensive work remains the fundamental encyclopedia of Greco-Roman antiquity, representing the efforts of several generations of German scholars. The exhaustive references to ancient literary sources included in most articles remain one of the key features of the REin this respect it has aged very well. However, the RE for the most part lacks the thematic and conceptual articles that are common in more recent reference works. The length and detail of many articles make it unwieldy for ready referencein fact, several of the articles on major figures amount to independent monographs, and some have been published separately as such. It is a complicated work: the RE was published in two series A-Q, and R-Z, as well as a separate series of supplements. Volumes often include a section of Nachtrge with corrections and additions to earlier volumes. The supplementary volumes also contain revisions, as well as new articles. Some major articles, e.g. Jacoby on Herodotus, appear in the supplements and are not in alphabetical sequence.

Murphy, John P. Index to the Supplements and Suppl. Volumes of Pauly-Wissowas R. E.: Index to the Nachtrge and Berichtigungen in Vols. I-XXIV of the First Series, Vols. I-X of the Second Series, and Supplementary Vols. I-XIV of Pauly-Wissowa-Krolls Realenzyklopadie. Chicago: Ares, 1976. Gartner, Hans, and Albert Wunsch. Paulys Realencyclopdie der Classischen Alterumswissenschaft: Register der Nachtrge und Supplemente. Munchen: A. Druckenmuller, 1980. Erler, Tobias, ed. Paulys Realencyclopdie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft: Gesamtregister. 1 v. + 2 CD-ROMs . Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, 1997.

Effective use of the RE requires an index. These indices list RE entries in alphabetical sequence indicating where in the main series, supplements, and Nachtrge information on the subject appears. Erler also includes an index of authors, and, on the CD-Roms, a subject index.

Ziegler, Konrat Julius Furchtegott, and Walther Sontheimer, eds. Der Kleine Pauly: Lexikon der Antike. Stuttgart: A. Druckenmuller, 19641975. 5 vols.

A more manageable condensation and revision of the RE. It has now largely been superseded by der Neue Pauly, but remains a handy reference work. Due to its frequent references to the unabridged RE, it can serve as a guide to the larger work.

Der Neue Pauly Cancik, Hubert, and Helmuth Schneider, eds. Der Neue Pauly: Enzyklopdie der Antike. 16 vols. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, 1996-2002. Cancik, Hubert, Helmuth Schneider, and Manfred Landfester, eds. Der Neue Pauly: Supplemente. 7 vols. Stuttgart: Metzler, 2004-2010.

Reference Sources for Classical Studies

BNP Cancik, Hubert, and Helmuth Schneider, eds. Brills New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World. 16 vols. Leiden: Brill, 20022008. Landfester, Manfred, Hubert Cancik, and Helmuth Schneider, eds. Brills New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World. Classical Tradition. 6 vols. Leiden: Brill, 20062011. Cancik, Hubert, Manfred Landfester, and Helmuth Schneider, eds. Brills New Pauly. Supplements. Leiden: Brill, 2007 PaulyOnline: http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/cluster/New%20Pauly%20Online
While the Neue Pauly is not intended as a replacement for the Alte Pauly, it is the largest complete encyclopedia of antiquity published since World War II. And the translation, the New Pauly, is the largest such encyclopedia ever published in English. (Unfortunately, its English sometimes lacks polish.) It is divided into two parts: 15 volumes and an index on Greco-Roman antiquity, with some coverage of neighboring regions and cultures, and 6 volumes and an index on the reception of the classical tradition and the history of classical scholarship. The length of the entries vary, but they tend to be closer to the OCD than the RE; as a result there are lots of entrieseven for obscure persons and places and recondite topics. (The Classical Tradition articles tend to be longer.) While all articles provide bibliographies, their form and comprehensiveness varies. The bibliographies are decidedly, if understandably, Eurocentric, though an attempt was made to include more English works in the translation. The New Pauly is complemented by a series of supplements which now include: Chronologies of the Ancient World: Names, Dates and Dynasties, Dictionary of Greek and Latin Authors and Texts, Historical Atlas of the Ancient World, and Reception of Myth and Mythology. The entire encyclopedia, is available through Brill Online.

The Oxford Classical Dictionary and Related Works OCD4 Hornblower, Simon, and Anthony Spaworth, eds. The Oxford Classical Dictionary. 4th ed. Rev. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2012 http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198606413.001.0001/acref9780198606413.
This is the best one-volume reference work for the study of ancient Greece and Romeboth as a reliable source for finding facts and a place to begin more in-depth research. The judiciously selected bibliographies that conclude almost all entries are especially valuable, though the extent to which they were updated for the 4th edition varies. No illustrations or maps are included. The OCD has been the basis of a number of subsequent smaller reference works from Oxford that you may encounterthese provide little if any new material and can safely be passed over if you have access to the OCD. Despite some of the editors claims, the OCD is largely not written for a laypersonentries typically presuppose a great deal of background knowledge; indeed, this is one of the reasons such a concise dictionary can be so useful to scholars.

Two recent encyclopedias were explicitly developed with the strengths and limitations of the third edition of the OCD in mind. They aim more squarely at an audience of general readers (and undergraduates). Nevertheless, they are works that even a professional scholar can consult on occasion with profit.

CDCC Shipley, Graham, et al. eds. The Cambridge Dictionary of Classical Civilization. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. 2

Reference Sources for Classical Studies

Not intended as a competitor to the OCD, this work aims for accessibility and increased attention to social, economic, and cultural features. It even has a list of articles for which there is no equivalent in the OCD (pp. xxxii-xxxiv) such as manure, New Testament, and riots, as well as a helpful classified list of headwords. It includes a substantial number of maps, tables, and illustrations, an area where the OCD is lacking. Most articles have very brief bibliographies.

OEAGR Gagarin, Michael, ed. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome. 7 vols. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010. http://www.oxford-greecerome.com/
While it runs to seven volumes, the OEAGR comprises fewer total words than the outstandingly dense OCD. According to the editor, the OCD contains about 1.7 million words in more than sixty-two hundred articles, OEAGR about 1.5 million words in more than eleven hundred articles. While it has fewer entries, they tend to be longer and provide more in-depth overviews that presuppose less background knowledge than the OCD. The concern is more with what aspects of classical antiquity mean and less on the compilation of sources and facts. There is also some coverage of the history of reception and of classical scholarship. It is largely accessible to the general reader and the undergraduate, but many of the articles are of interest to a more experienced researcher seeking an overview of a topic, as well. Full bibliographies are included, as is a 73-page chronology

EAH Bagnall, Roger S., Kai Brodersen, Craige H. Champion, Andrew Erskine, and Sabine R. Huebner, eds. The Encyclopedia of Ancient History. 13 vols. Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell, 2012. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/book/10.1002/9781444338386
A major new encyclopedia covering the history of the ancient Mediterranean and the Near East from the late Bronze age to the 7th Century A.D including the Ancient Near East, Pharaonic Egypt, and Jewish History as well as the Classical World. Its scope is the broadest of all encyclopedic works here considered. Over five thousand entries by two thousand contributors and cover all aspects of ancient history, including intellectual and cultural history, though literature receives less overall attention than in other reference works. The electronic version of the Encyclopedia will be continuously updated and expanded. All articles include fairly extensive bibliographies and are often illustrated.

Other Encyclopedias Andersen, Carl, et al. eds. Lexikon der Alten Welt. 3 vols. Zrich: Artemis Verlag, 1965 (rpt. 1990).
Often referred to as the Artemis Lexikon, it remains a useful, larger-scale, though now somewhat dated complement to the OCD, independent of the Pauly-Wissowa tradition. The last volume includes useful, though far from comprehensive, lists of ancient portraits, manuscripts, papyri, and excavations. Still worth checking as an alternative to the New Pauly.

Brodersen, Kai, and Bernhard Zimmermann, eds. Metzler Lexikon Antike. Stuttgart: Metzler, 2000.
A convenient one-volume encyclopedia, not as in-depth as the OCD and with minimal bibliography. However it has a useful series of appendices with chronologies, genealogies, tables of weights and measures, and other miscellaneous information.

Reference Sources for Classical Studies

Daremberg-Saglio (Dar.-Sag.) Daremberg, Charles, and Edm. Saglio, eds. Dictionnaire des Antiquits Grecques et Romaines dAprs les Textes et les Monuments. 5 in 9 vols. Paris: Hachette, 18771919. http://dagr.univ-tlse2.fr/sdx/dagr/index.xsp
The level of detail with which this work treats Realia, the material culture of Greco-Roman Antiquity, has not been surpassed. It is strictly an encyclopedia of antiquities, both material, social, and abstract: there are no entries on people or places, in contrast with the approach of the roughly contemporaneous RE. Like the RE, references to literary sources are usually close-to-comprehensive. It is illustrated throughout by over 7,000 engravings. While reflecting the scholarship of the late Nineteenth century, it remains the most comprehensive reference work for the material culture of classical antiquity.

Enciclopedia Classica. 11 vols. Torino: Societ editrice internazionale, 1957.

A major Italian classical encyclopedia that remains incompleteless than half of the projected volumes have been published, and no new volume has appeared since. It is organized topically, rather than in an A to Z sequence, hence the published parts are often complete in themselves.

Leclant, Jean, ed. Dictionnaire de lantiquit. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2005.
The closest French equivalent to the OCD or Metzler Lexikon. Its scope, however, includes the ancient Near East, Egypt, and Europe as well as the ancient Greek and Roman worlds.

Speake, Graham, ed. A Dictionary of Ancient History. Oxford: Blackwell Reference, 1994.
Intended for the general reader, scholars will prefer the OCD under most circumstances.

II. Other General Works and Collections

ANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der rmischen Welt : Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung. Berlin: De Gruyter, 19721997.
Originating as a Festschrift for Joseph Vogt, this project mushroomed into a massive (over five dozen volumes) collection of survey articles on all aspects of Roman Antiquity, both Greek and Latin. Articles may be in German, French, English, or Italian. It consists of three parts, though no volumes in the final part, on late antiquity, have yet appeared. In fact no new volumes have been published since the late 90s, though a number are still listed as in preparation. The first two parts deal with the Republic (4 volumes) and the Empire (60 volumes). Each of these parts are further divided into the following sections: 1. Political History; 2. Law; 3. Religion; 4. Language and Literature; 5. Philosophy and the Sciences; 6. The Arts. Tables of contents for each volume are available online from the Institute for the Classical Tradition at Boston University, and an index is available from the University of Kentucky: http://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/scaife/anrw.html.

Bowersock, G.W., Peter Brown, & Oleg Grabar, eds. Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World. Harvard University Press Reference Library. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1999. http://www.credoreference.com/vol/537
This well-constructed guide contains a series of synoptic essays and an A to Z encyclopedia. It covers the Mediterranean world from 250 to 800 A.D., including early Islam and its expansion. Church History and Early Christianity is covered less extensively, due to the ready availability of other reference works in those areas.

Reference Sources for Classical Studies

Brunschwig, Jacques, and G. E. R Lloyd, eds. Greek Thought: A Guide to Classical Knowledge. Translated by Catherine Porter. Harvard University Press Reference Library. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2000.
A translation of Savoir Grec: Dictionnaire Critique (Paris: Flammarion, 1996), consisting of thematically arranged essays that provide an overview of all aspects of Greek thought.

Grafton, Anthony, Glenn W Most, and Salvatore Settis, eds. The Classical Tradition. Harvard University Press Reference Library. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2010.
An encyclopedia of the reception of the classical tradition written by an international team of prominent scholars. Makes for some very interesting reading.

Grant, Michael, and Rachel Kitzinger, eds. Civilization of the Ancient Mediterranean: Greece and Rome. 3 vols. New York: Scribners, 1988.
Consisting of 97 in-depth topical essays, many by distinguished scholars; this collection provides extended, introductory overviews of aspects of Classical Civilization. The quality and approach of each essay varies, but for the most part, they can be recommended for someone seeking for something more than an encyclopedia article, but less than a monograph, on a particular topic. A detailed index is included.

Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft. Nordlingen, Munich: C.H. Beck, 1885 .

A venerable series of comprehensive Handbcher founded by Iwan von Mller. The first edition was published from 1885-91. It covers all aspects of the ancient Greek and Roman World. After 1920 coverage was expanded to include the Ancient Near East as well. Many of the older volumes have been supplanted, but some remain very useful. The subdivision of the series into Abteilungen, Banden, and Teilen can be a bit confusing. The broadest divisions, the Abteilungen, cover the following areas: I. Introductory and Ancillary Disciplines; II. Greek and Latin Grammar; Rhetoric; III. Ancient Near Eastern, Greek, and Roman History; IV. Greek Political Science, Greek and Roman Military Affairs; V. History of Philosophy, Mathematics, Natural Sciences, Religion; VI. Archaeology; VII. History of Greek Literature; VIII. History of Roman Literature; IX. History of Medieval Latin Literature; X. Legal History; XI. Byzantine Studies. Individual volumes are generally cataloged separately and treated as independent works, though they are usually shelved together

Klauser, Theodor, ed. Reallexikon fr Antike und Christentum: Sachwrterbuch zur Auseinandersetzung des Christentums mit der Antiken Welt. 23 vols. Stuttgart: Anton Hiersemann, 1950.
Though focusing on the history of Christianity through the sixth-century, it includes a great deal of information on all aspects of Greco-Roman antiquity, particularly for the Hellenistic and later periods. After sixty years, REAC is still in progress: volume 23 (through Manes) was completed in 2010.

III. Companions and Handbooks

The past fifteen years or so have seen the publication of a profusion of companions on classical topics from an increasing number of scholarly publishers. While this may in fact be a case of too much of a good thing, companions do provide an easy way to get an overview and sense of the status quaestionis in the area covered. One advantage over most traditional reference works is that they often include discussion of unsettled issues and debates on their subjects.

Reference Sources for Classical Studies

The major series of companions in English are Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World some available in: http://www.blackwellreference.com Brill Companions in Classical Studies http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/brills_companions_in_classical_studies_online_i Cambridge Companions to Literature and Classics: available online http://cco.cambridge.org/ Oxford Handbooks Some other series to note: Approaching the Ancient World (Routledge) Aspects of Greek and Roman Life (Thames and Hudson, Cornell University Press) Blackwell Introductions to the Classical World (Wiley-Blackwell) Classical Foundations (Routledge) Einfhrungen Altertumwissenschaften (WBG) Enzyklopdie der griechisch-rmischen Antike (Oldenbourg Verlag)

IV. General Introductions and Overviews

Ameling, Walter, and H. G. Nesselrath, eds. Einleitung in die Griechische Philologie. Stuttgart: Teubner, 1997.
Provides a concise, authoritative overview of ancient Greek philology, history, and archaeology, including ancillary disciplines such as papyrology. Textual transmission and the history of the discipline receive exemplary coverage, as does the literature and history of the Byzantine world.

Barchiesi, Alessandro, and Walter Scheidel, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Roman Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. Bispham, Edward, Thomas J Harrison, and Brian A Sparkes, eds. The Edinburgh Companion to Ancient Greece and Rome. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2006.
On the whole, a very useful overview with significant attention devoted to the material remains and culture of antiquity, though the quality and scope of individual contributions varies.

Boys-Stones, G. R, Barbara Graziosi, and Phiroze Vasunia, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Hellenic Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. Graf, Fritz, ed. Einleitung in die Lateinische Philologie. Einleitung in die Altertumswissenschaft. Stuttgart: Teubner, 1997.
The Latin equivalent of Ameling and Nesselrath, which together are intended to replace Gerke and Nordens Einleitung (see below). Its scope includes Medieval and Neo-Latin.

Jenkins, Fred W. Classical Studies: A Guide to the Reference Literature. 2nd ed. Westport, Conn: Libraries Unlimited, 2006. (SML Z7016 J4X 2006)
Extensive annotated listing of Classical reference sources. Reference literature is construed broadly, and Jenkins includes sections on journals, internet resources, collections of primary sources in translations, and singleauthor lexicons and bibliographies. While the scholarly sources one would expect are included, so are many

Reference Sources for Classical Studies

popular and idiosyncratic publicationsusually noted as such. Its a very useful book, though already slightly dated.

Schaps, David M. Handbook for Classical Research. London: Routledge, 2011. (Classics, SML Ref. DE71 .S27X 2011)
The only book in English to provide a broad overview of research areas and methods in classical studies and its ancillary disciplines.

Some older books that remain useful: Gercke, Alfred, and Eduard Norden, eds. Einleitung in die Altertumswissenschaft. 3 vols. 3rd ed. Leipzig, Berlin: B.G. Teubner, 1914-1927
Largely replaced by Graf and Amelings and Nesselraths Einleitungen. Some noteworthy monographs began their life as sections of Gercke-Norden, including Wilamowitzs History of Classical Scholarship, Maass Textual Criticism, and Ehrenbergs The Greek State.

Sandys, John Edwin, ed. A Companion to Latin Studies. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1938. Whibley, Leonard, ed. A Companion to Greek Studies. 4th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1931.
While outdated, both Sandys and Whibley include chapters on some topics, e.g. fauna and flora, that have not been covered with the same detail in more recent reference works.

V. History
Methodological Works Bengtson, Hermann. Introduction to Ancient History. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1970.
A translation of the 6th edition of Bengtsons Einfhrung in die alte Geschichte, first published in 1949. This book is reaching the end of its useful life, but its account of the history of the field and its overview of older, mainly German, bibliography are still of interest.

Corvisier, Jean-Nicolas. Sources et mthodes en histoire ancienne. Collection Premier cycle. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1997. Crawford, Michael H, ed. Sources for Ancient History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
With chapters on literature by Emilio Gabba, epigraphy by Fergus Millar, archaeology by Anthony Snodgrass, and numismatics by Michael Crawford, this work provides an excellent account of the use of sources in the study of ancient history.

Hendrick, Charles W. Ancient History: Monuments and Documents. Blackwell introductions to the classical world. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006.
A theoretically informed and yet conversational overview of the study of Graeco-Roman history. It emphasizes the distance between our experience of the ancient sources (as documents) and the role of those sources in antiquity (as monuments.)

Reference Sources for Classical Studies

Leppin, Hartmut. Einfhrung in die Alte Geschichte. C.H. Beck Studium. Mnchen: Beck, 2005.
Chronological outline with brief, but well-selected, bibliographies.

Morley, Neville. Theories, Models and Concepts in Ancient History. Approaching the Ancient World. London: Routledge, 2004. Major Histories CAH The Cambridge Ancient History. 14 vols. 2nd and 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 19702004.
The first volume of CAH was published in 1923, and revised volumes have appeared regularly since the end of the Second World War. Currently, all volumes are either in their second or third edition. It covers the history of the Mediterranean area and the Near East from prehistory to 600 A.D. The CAH is the most comprehensive history of the ancient Western world, and includes extensive bibliographies and illustrations.

Bradley, Keith, and Paul Cartledge, eds. The Cambridge World History of Slavery. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. Vol.1: The Ancient Mediterranean World. Sabin, Philip A. G, Hans van Wees, and Michael Whitby, eds. The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare. 2 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Scheidel, Walter, Ian Morris, and Richard P Saller, eds. The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. These and other Cambridge Histories are available online: http://histories.cambridge.org Momigliano, Arnaldo, and Aldo Schiavone, eds. Storia di Roma. 4 vols. Torino: Einaudi, 1988. Key Ancient History Book Series Blackwell History of the Ancient World Edinburgh History of Ancient Rome Edinburgh History of the Greeks Fontana History of the Ancient World (Published by Harvard University Press in the U.S.) Routledge History of the Ancient World

VI. Literature
General Berkowitz, Luci, and Karl A Squitier. Thesaurus Linguae Graecae Canon of Greek Authors and Works. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.
While no longer an accurate guide to the texts included in the TLG, this remains a very useful list of ancient Greek writers (almost 3200 of them) and their works (more than 9400 of them), each with a citation of the

Reference Sources for Classical Studies

edition that was chosen by the APA Advisory Committee as of the late 80s. The current TLG cannon is online (http://www.tlg.uci.edu/canon), but it lacks some of the details of the print edition.

Buchwald, Wolfgang, Armin Hohlweg, and Otto Prinz, eds. Tusculum-Lexikon Griechischer und Lateinischer Autoren des Altertums und des Mittelalters. 3rd ed. Munchen: Artemis, 1982.
Most useful for its coverage of post-classical Greek and Latin writers.

Della Corte, Francesco, ed. Dizionario degli Scrittori Greci e Latini. 3 vols. Milano: Marzorati, 1987In-depth essays on major classical and early Christian authors and genres. Less important authors are treated in general collective essays, such as Annalisti, and Epici latini minori. All articles include extensive bibliographies.

Dihle, Albrecht. Greek and Latin Literature of the Roman Empire: From Augustus to Justinian. London; New York: Routledge, 1994.
Especially useful for its coverage of Empire and late-antique Greek authors, areas that are far from the center of attention in most other histories of Greek literature.

CHCL Easterling, P.E, et al., eds. Cambridge History of Classical Literature. 2 Vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982-1985. Online at http://histories.cambridge.org/. Howaston, M.C., ed. The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature. 3rd ed. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/BOOK_SEARCH.html?book=t9
A revision of Sir Paul Harveys Companion first published in 1937. While not geared towards specialists and without references and bibliography, it can be useful for it succinct explanations of literary matters.

CHLC Kennedy, George Alexander, ed. The Cambridge History of Literary Criticism: Classical Criticism. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. Online at http://histories.cambridge.org/. Luce, T. James, ed. Ancient Writers: Greece and Rome. 2 vols. New York: Scribner, 1982.
In-depth, critical essays on major ancient authors arranged chronologically

Nickel, Rainer. Lexikon der Antiken Literatur. Dusseldorf: Artemis & Winkler, 1999. (Classics, Divinity Ref. PA31 N53 1999)
Entries are by title of work, rather than author, with indexes arranging titles by author and genre.

Zimmermann, Bernhard, ed. Metzler Lexikon Antiker Literatur: Autoren, Gattungen, Begriffe. Stuttgart: Metzler, 2004. (Classics PA31 .M485 2004)

Schutze, Oliver, ed. Metzler Lexikon Antiker Autoren. 1st ed. Stuttgart: Metzler, 1997.

Greek 9

Reference Sources for Classical Studies

Dover, Kenneth James et al., eds. Ancient Greek Literature. 2nd ed. Opus. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.
A concise history focusing on the archaic and classical periods.

Lesky, Albin. A History of Greek Literature. Translated by James Willis and Cornelis de Heer. London: Indianapolis: G. Duckworth; Hackett Pub, 1996 (1966).
Though now largely supplanted in English by the Cambridge History of Classical Literature, this translation of Geschichte der griechischen Literatur (Bern: Francke, 1966) remains useful. Many minor authors are omitted, and literature after the Hellenistic period is given very cursory coverage. The focus is very much on the archaic and classical periods.

Rose, H. J. A Handbook of Greek Literature from Homer to the Age of Lucian. 4th ed. London: Methuen, 1950.
While outdated in most respects, Roses Handbook remains a useful source for basic biographical and historical information, though little space is devoted to minor authors.

Said, Suzanne, and Monique Trd. A Short History of Greek Literature. London: Routledge, 1999. Said, Suzanne, Monique Trd, and Alain Le Boulluec. Histoire de la Littrature Grecque. 1st ed. Collection Premier cycle. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1997.

Schmid-Sthlin Schmid, Wilhelm, and Otto Sthlin, eds. Geschichte der Griechischen Literatur. 7 vols. Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft 7. Abt. Mnchen: Beck, 1920.
Also cited as Christ-Schmind-Sthlin, this remains most comprehensive history of Greek literature. Full details are provided for minor authors, though major authors receive additional essays. It is now being replaced by the Handbuch der Griechischen Literatur der Antike, edited by Bernhard Zimmermann. The first volume appeared in 2011

Zimmerman, Bernhard, ed. Die Literatur der Archaischen und Klassischen Zeit. Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft Abt. 7, Bd.1. Munich: C.H. Beck, 2011.

Latin Albrecht, Michael von. Geschichte der Rmischen Literatur: von Andronicus bis Boethius und ihr Fortwirken. Dritte, verbesserte und erweiterte Auflage. 2 vols. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2012. ----------. A History of Roman Literature: from Livius Andronicus to Boethius: with Special Regard to its Influence on World Literature. 2 vols. Leiden: Brill. 1997. [A revised translation of the second German edition.] Cavallo, Guglielmo, Paolo Fedeli, and Andrea Giardina, eds. Lo Spazio Letterario di Roma Antica. 5 vols. Roma: Salerno editrice, 1989-1991
An overview of ancient Roman literature that emphasizes the circulation, transmission, and reception of literary texts in a broader social context.

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Reference Sources for Classical Studies

Conte, Gian Biagio. Latin Literature: A History. Translated by Joseph B. Solodow. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994. Schanz, Martin von. Geschichte der Rmischen Litteratur bis zum Gesetzgebungswerk des Kaisers Justinian. 7 vols. Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft Abt. 8. Munich: C.H. Beck, 19051935
Schanz-Hosius, old, but still not completely replaced by Herzog-Schmidt.

Herzog-Schmidt Handbuch der lateinischen Literatur der Antike, a subdivision of the Handbuch der Altertumswissenchaften (Abteilungen 8), that will eventually replace Shanz-Hosius. The following volumes have been published so far: Herzog, Reinhart, ed. Restauration und Erneuerung: die Lateinische Literatur von 284 Bis 374 N. Chr. Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft. Abt. 8, Handbuch der lateinischen Literatur der Antike Abt. 8, Bd. 5. Mnchen: C.H. Beck, 1989. Sallmann, Klaus, ed. Die Literatur des Umbruchs: Von der Rmischen zur Christlichen Literatur, 117 bis 284 N. Chr. Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft 8. Abt., 4. Bd. Mnchen: C.H. Beck, 1997. Suerbaum, Werner, ed. Die Archaische Literatur: Von den Anfngen bis Sullas Tod: Die Vorliterarische Periode und die Zeit von 240 Bis 78 V. Chr. Handbuch der Lateinischen Literatur der Antike Abt. 8 Bd. 1. Mnchen: C.H. Beck, 2002. Single-author Encyclopedias

While these multivolume encyclopedias each concentrate on the work of a single ancient author, they all include plenty of material on more general aspects of classical antiquity and its reception.
Della Corte, Francesco, ed. Virgilio: Enciclopedia Virgiliana. 5 vols. Roma: Istituto della Enciclopedia italiana, 1984. Finkelberg, Margalit, ed. The Homer Encyclopedia. 3 vols. Chichester, West Sussex; Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. Orazio: Enciclopedia Oraziana. Ed. speciale per la collana Orsa maggiore. 3 vols. Roma: Istituto della Enciclopedia italiana, 1996.

VII. Mythology and Religion

Gantz, Timothy. Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993. 11

Reference Sources for Classical Studies

Grimal, Pierre. The Dictionary of Classical Mythology. Blackwell Reference. Oxford: Blackwell, 1985.
Probably the best dictionary for quick reference, a translation of Grimals Dictionnaire de la mythologie grecque et romaine, first published in 1951.

Hard, Robin. The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Roses Handbook of Greek Mythology. London; New York: Routledge, 2004.
The most recent manifestation of Roses often revised and reprinted Handbook of Greek Mythology, now almost completely rewritten. Its lack of references to secondary literature is a limitation.

Johnston, Sarah Iles, ed. Religions of the Ancient World: A Guide. Harvard University Press Reference Library. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2004. (Classics, Divinity Ref. BL687 .R47X 2004)
Integrated topical presentation of ancient Mediterranean religions.

LIMC Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae (LIMC). 8 Vols. Zurich: Artemis, 19812009

Catalogs and details sources for the representation of mythological figures in both literature and art. Individual articles may be in German, Italian, French, or English. Each volume consists of two parts: text (including line drawings) and plates. While focused on the iconographic aspects of myth, the extensive reference and discussion of other evidence makes this an essential reference for serious work on classical mythology in all its manifestations. Extensive references to secondary literature, as well as primary sources are provided. Supplemented by a number of online databases (LIMCicon, LIMCbiblio, and LIMCabrev) at http://www.limcfrance.fr.

Roscher, Wilhelm Heinrich. Ausfhrliches Lexikon der Griechischen und Romischen Mythologie. 10 vols. Leipzig: B.G. Teubner, 18841937

Still the most comprehensive encyclopedia of Classical Mythology. Its extensive references to primary sources, as they were known at the time remain useful, though the interpretations are now only of historical interest.

ThesCRA Thesaurus Cultus et Rituum Antiquorum (ThesCRA). 7 vols. Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 2004 2011
A sequel to the LIMC, this work catalogs ancient cults and rituals, the substantial aspects of Greek, Roman, and Etruscan religion, apart from any assessment of the purely spiritual or philosophical. It is divided into a Level of Dynamic Elements, of activities, (vols.1 to 3) and a Level of Static Elements (vol. 4-8). Entries may be written in English, Italian, German, or French, and catalog and explicate relevant literary, epigraphic, archaeological iconographic sourcesoften with illustrations. The final volume is an index of museums, collections, and sites.

Appendix: Books on Research Altick, Richard D. and John J. Fenstermaker. The Art of Literary Research. 4th ed. New York: Norton, 1993. Barzun, Jacques and Henry Graff. The Modern Researcher. 5th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1992. 12

Reference Sources for Classical Studies

Booth, Wayne C., Gregory C. Colomb and Joseph M. Williams. The Craft of Research. 3rd Ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008. Howell, Martha C. From a Reliable Sources An Introduction to Historical Methods. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2001. Mann, Thomas. The Oxford Guide to Library Research. 3rd Ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.

Prepared by Colin McCaffrey, Yale Classics Library, September 2012, rev. Sept. 2013 colin.mccaffrey@yale.edu, http://guides.library.yale.edu/classics

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