import java.util.

Scanner; /* * Basic Definitions of Key Terms: * * Class - File that contains code * Method - A snippet of code found in a class. When a method is run, it is said to be 'called'. More information can be found in the 'Methods' tutorial. * Reserved Word - A special word used by Java that you are not allowed to use t o name variables. Examples include 'public' and 'new'. They show up in purple in Eclipse. * Null - The absence of data. More on this later. * */ public class Basics { public static void main(String[] args) { // This is a special method automat ically called when the program starts System.out.println("This is an example program!"); // Prints the text in quotes // Remember the format for variables: "Type name = value"; int x = 3; // Creates a new variable of type 'int' with the name 'x' and a value of '3'. An 'int' variable stores an integer. System.out.println(x); // Prints out '3' x = 6; // Sets x to 6. Note that 'int' is not written because Java is al ready aware of x's type. System.out.println(x); // Prints out '6' x = x + 1; // Sets x equal to itself plus one x += 1; // Shorthand for the above x++; // Even shorter hand // Try printing x to see what it does /* * Variable Types: * * There are two categories of variable types: primitives and objects * Primitives are basic data types. Examples include 'int' and 'boolean' . They show up in purple (but not the only thing that shows up in purple!) when written in Eclipse. There are only 8 primitive data types. * Objects are more complex. Examples include 'Scanner' and 'String'. Th ey are made up of variables and methods that use primitives and other objects. O bjects come from classes. * Now our definition of a class becomes more complex: A class is a blue print for an object. It outlines the variables and methods that will be in the o bject. * An object is created using the 'new' reserved word. * * To create a primitive variable, you can continue to use the basic var iable format: * Generalized: type name = value; * Example: int x = 3; * * When creating an object variable, our generalization can get a little more detailed: * Generalized: Type name = new Type(parameters); * Example: Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

* * If you would like to create a variable without giving it a value, you can set it to null. Null is the absence of value. * Scanner input = null; * You can also just omit the '= null' * Scanner input; * Both lines are equivalent when working with object variables. * You can also use the second method with primitives. * int x; * However, primitives cannot be null. * int x = null; * Would give you an error. Omitting the equals sign with a primitive va riable will assign it a default value, which is usually 0. * * Other important differences include: * You cannot call methods on primitive data types. * You can use '==' to check if two primitive data types are equal, but you should use the equals() method with objects. * All primitive data types have corresponding classes that can be used to wrap them. This is not important at the moment. * * Note that a String is an object. Using that, you might conclude that the proper way to create a String is with: * String str = new String(); * This would work. However, Java has literals for certain data types. L iterals are essentially shortcuts for defining variables. * All primitive variables are created with literals. Java also provides a literal for the String object. You are probably familiar with this literal. * Strings can be defined by surrounding text in double quotes. So, as y ou are likely already aware of, you can define String variables using their lite ral like this: * String str = "Hello World!"; * */ Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); // Creates a Scanner object vari able called 'input' String word = input.next(); // Creates a variable called 'word' with the type 'String' and assigns it to the next word typed in by the user. System.out.println("Your word was " + word); // Let's try the grades project int grade = input.nextInt(); // We can reuse the te that we also use nextInt() instead of next() to get a e user puts in a non-integer value, they will receive an String letter; // letter is now null. if(grade >= 96) { letter = "A+"; // letter is already defined, n } else if(grade >= 90) { letter = "A"; } else if(grade >= 86) { letter = "B+"; } else if(grade >= 80) { letter = "B"; } else if(grade >= 76) { letter = "C+"; } else if(grade >= 70) { letter = "C"; } else if(grade >= 65) { same Scanner object. No number. Note that if th ugly error. so the type is not give

letter = "D"; } else { // at this point, we know grade < 65 letter = "F"; } System.out.println("You got a " + letter); } }