INTRODUCTION

The Rural Development Department was created on 1st July 1990 to deal with Minor Irrigation, Lift Irrigation, Rural Road, Rural Water Supply and Sanitation sectors. Later, in 1996, the Department was restructured and Minor Irrigation and Lift Irrigation were transferred to Water Resources Department, thus bringing together all irrigation works under one Department. The Rural Development Department in its present form consists of two organizations, (i) Rural Works and (ii) Rural Water Supply & Sanitation. In order to improve the quality of life in rural areas and address the multidimensional problems of people living in those areas, several programmes have been conceived and implemented. The success of a rural development programme largely depends upon organizational arrangements and adoption of an appropriate strategy for optimum utilization of resources and opportunities.

Rural Worked
ROADS Road connections to +38,484 villages above 1000 population and all 20,867 habitations above 500 population in hilly and tribal areas.

Bharat Nirman - Rural Roads

To upgrade rural infrastructure, the Government of India has conceived a timebound business plan under Bharat Nirman. It is a flagship programme for the country. A commitment of over Rs.1,74,000 crores has been made to Bharat Nirman with the objective of unleashing the growth potential of our villages. As part of the programme, Government of India intends that by end of financial year 2008 2009, every village of over 1000 population, or over 500 in hilly and tribal areas, has an all-weather road. To achieve the targets of Bharat Nirman, 1,46,185 kms. of road length is proposed to be constructed by 2009. This will benefit 66,802 unconnected eligible habitations in the country. To ensure full farm to market connectivity, it is also proposed to upgrade 1,94,132 kms. of the existing Associated Through Routes. A sum of approximately Rs.48,000 crore is proposed to be invested to achieve this

New Initiatives. The Rural Road Programme has taken many new initiatives and established several new standards in its endeavour to construct roads of the highest possible quality. The new initiatives taken as part of the programme include the following.

Formulation of District Rural Roads Plan - For the first time systematic District Rural Roads Plans have been prepared listing out the complete network of all roads in the district i.e., Village Roads, Major District Roads, State Roads and National Highways. The concept of Core Network has been operationalised for the first time in order to focus on the set of roads which are considered essential to provide connectivity to all habitations of the desired size. The Core Network is the basic instrumentality for prioritization of construction and allocation of funds for maintenance. Action has been initiated to develop GIS-based applications to further enhance the utility of the Core Network, and discussion has been held with C-DAC for the purpose. Preparation of a 20 years Vision Document - The Indian Roads Congress has been requested to prepare a 20 years perspective plan for rural roads in consultation with the State Governments in order to give policy direction and to identify management, technical and capacity issues that need to be addressed. The Document is likely to be ready by November, 2005. Consultation with public representatives - The PMGSY has an inbuilt mechanism for consultation with public representatives from Panchayat to Parliament at various points of the programme.Consultations with Members of Parliament are held at both the Core Network finalisation and Annual Proposals stages.In addition, at the stage of preparing DPRs, the DPIU conducts a transect walk along the road alignment, involving the local Panchayat. Rural Roads Manual - Following the launch of the PMGSY, the Ministry of Rural Development constituted 3 Committees in January 2001 to go into various aspects of rural road construction and the manuals on these different aspects brought out by the committees were combined into a separate Rural Roads Manual and published as an IRC publication (IRC:SP 20-2002) in supercession of an earlier manual. This Manual is now the basis of all works under the PMGSY. Outsourcing of technical and management inputs - In order to manage the programme at the national level and yet ensure that adequate technical inputs are locally available for planning and execution of rural roads programme, an elaborate structure consisting of Principal Technical Agencies (national level technical institutions) as well as State Technical Agencies (regional level technical institutions) has been successfully brought into the framework of the programme planning and execution through a Government academia partnership. Project Implementation Consultants (PIC) and Project Management Consultants are being outsourced on ACBS basis to help States expand implementational capacity.

Rural Road Safety - The State Governments have been requested that the Head of the DPIUs may be included into the District Rural Road Safety Committee and the State Quality Coordinator for PMGSY may be nominated to the State Roads Safety Council and to issue suitable instructions to ensure that these institutions meet with the requisite frequency.

Maintenance - The roads are constructed by the State Governments and are to be maintained by them. The State Government are required to furnish a certificate to the effect that the provision of funds for maintenance has been made in the State Budget separately for PMGSY Roads. The State Government willalso be required to give approval for routine maintenance of every work in the proposal.The estimates of each work under PMGSY will be made in two parts.The first part will be the estimate for Construction of the Road and the second part will be the estimate of year wise routine maintenance for 5 years. In respect of rural Through Routes taken up under PMGSY there will be a second 5-year maintenance contract on Batch basis, in order to cover the design life of 10 years.
RURAL BRIDGES

The Rural Development Department looks after the new construction, repair and maintenance of the bridges on RD roads. BRIDGES under NABARD Assistance No. of projects sanctioned since inception - 244 No. of projects completed since inception -170 No. of projects dropped since inception - 18 Balance to be taken up -57 Projects under progress - 42 Not started - 14 Target for completion during the year - 28 Allotment given Rs.2940.07 lakh Cumulative Expenditure Rs.864.86 lak Expenditure incurred during the month Rs.204.69 lakh
RURAL BUILDINGS

The Rural Development Department looks after the new construction, repair and maintenance of all the Government Buildings in the rural areas. The constructions, repair and maintenance of teh buildings include civil works, sanitary installation and electric installation. The funds required for these activities are made available through Budget. The Rural Buildings are broadly classified into two categories. (i) Non-Residential Buildings (ii) Residential Buildings Non-Residential Buildings Non-Residential Buildings in rural areas normally means to all Government offices situated in rural areas. In total there are 32,99,831.815 Sqm plinth area for

the Non-Residential Buildings. These buildings belong to different Department such as Rural Development, Home, Education, Health, Revenue, Fisheries, Agriculture and Finance Department etc. Residential Buildings Residential buildings means the Government Quarters provided in rural areas. In total there are 11,83,197.700 sqm plinth area for the Residential Buildings belonging to different Departments but borne in the book of R.D. Department for their up keep. The annual maintenance grants for both the categories of Non-Residential and Residential buildings are made available through special reapir grants through the budget. 12th Finance Commissioner Award Realizing the urgent need for repair and maintenance of the Government buildings, and also considering the insufficient budgetary allocation for the purpose, the Central Government has made a meaningful interventions, through the 12th Finance Commission Award for funding the repair of the non-residential buildings to the tune of Rs.167.14 crores spread over a period of 4 years i.e. from 2009-10 to 20012-13 for liming of this Department.
THE STATEMENT SHOWING DIVISIONWISE TOTAL PLINTH AREA UNDER R.D. DEPARTMENT RESIDENTIAL & NON-RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS Non Residential Residential No. of Plinth No. of Plinth Buildings Area Buildings Area (in (in Sqm) Sqm) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Central Circle, RW, Bhubaneswar. 1 R.W.Division, Cuttack 873 161764.100 549 49154.170 2 R.W.Division, Puri 3 R.W.Division, Bhubaneswar 4 R.W.Division, Nayagarh 5 R.W.Division, Kendrapara 6 R.W.Division, Jajpur 7 R.W.Division, Jagatsinghpur RW Circle, Berhampur 370 598 460 476 516 521 122264.420 130399.720 261760.000 116888.190 275568.590 100219.610 341 408 244 390 307 275 29958.150 80635.840 56246.000 28750.090 24321.380 24051.760 Sl No Name of the Division

8 R.W.Division, Ganjam-I 9 R.W.Division, Ganjam-II 10 R.W.Division, Gajapati 11 R.W.Division, Phulbani RW.S. Circle, Sunabeda 12 R.W.Division, Koraput 13 R.W.Division, Malkangiri 14 R.W.Division, Rayagada 15 R.W.Division, Nawarangpur 16 R.W.Division, Bhawanipatna 17 R.W.Division, Nuapada 18 R.W.Division, Bolangir 19 R.W.Division, Sonepur RW N.Circle, Angul 20 R.W.Division, Sambalpur 21 R.W.Division, Bargarh 22 R.W.Division, Sundargarh 23 R.W.Division, Dhenkanal 24 R.W.Division, Angul RW N&E Circle, Keonjhar 25 R.W.Division, Balasore 26 R.W.Division, Bhadrak 27 R.W.Division, Baripada 28 R.W.Division, Karanjia 29 R.W.Division, Keonjhar 30 R.W.Division, Deogarh Total

702 464 362 839 539 132 566 330 293 44 540 156 401 529 636 384 389

117017.430 105048.750 64589.460 165544.000 72338.426 15678.030 110059.000 39869.890 40210.930 3976.480 136086.000 42985.000 78817.390 85325.000 183455.505 77993.484 195542.000

145 238 353 626 1100 321 413 318 515 94 241 236 325 493 1327 279 295

13047.370 41276.934 29485.120 73730.000 102816.020 14294.496 69336.000 17479.810 33466.360 7355.360 39619.000 16606.000 40728.120 42614.000 94855.480 30714.450 20801.000

1054 442 692 545 456 134 14443

234514.660 105468.000 87350.600 71189.600 78473.150 19434.400 3299831.815

430 223 534 334 575 148 12077

41367.080 19537.000 46327.020 38682.000 44751.520 11190.170 1183197.700

PRADHAN MANTRI GRAM SADAK YOJANA (PMGSY)A PROGRAMME FOR COMPLETE RURAL CONNECTIVITY The programme, Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY), was launched on 25th December 2000 by Honble Prime Minister at New Delhi and simultaneously by Honble Chief Minister Sri Navin Patnaik in Orissa. The

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) is a 100% Centrally Sponsored Scheme. 50% of the Cess on High Speed Diesel (HSD) is earmarked for this Programme. The primary objective of the PMGSY is to provide Connectivity, by way of an All-weather Road (with necessary culverts and cross-drainage structures, which is operable throughout the year), to the unconnected Habitations in the rural areas, in such a way that Habitations with a population of 1000 persons and above are covered in three years (2000-2003) and all Unconnected Habitations with a population of 500 persons and above by the end of the Tenth Plan Period (2007). In respect of the Hill States (North-East, Sikkim, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttaranchal) and the Desert Areas (as identified in the Desert Development Programme) as well as the Tribal (Schedule V) areas, the objective would be to connect Habitations with a population of 250 persons and above. Objectives: (i) To provide road connectivity to the villages through good all-weather roads, to all rural habitations with a population of more than 500 persons by the year 2007 (end of Tenth Plan period). In the process, all unconnected habitations having a population of more than 1000 persons would be covered in the next three years. Accordingly, for the year 2000-2001, the Programme would cover Habitations having a population of more than 1000 persons. Where a State has no uncovered Habitations of this population size, smaller Habitations may also be covered, subject to the minimum population size being 500. In case of hilly/desert tracts, this may not be less than 250. (ii) The primary focus of the Programme will be on construction of new roads. However, upgradation (to prescribed standards) of existing roads will be permitted to be taken up so as to achieve connectivity through good all-weather roads only after all villages have been provided with connectivity. Upgradation would involve conversion, depending on the need, of gravel roads/ Water Bound Macadam (WBM) roads to Black-Topped(B.T). Extension of existing roads to the SC/ST Habitation in the village would also be covered under upgradation. Upgradation would, however, not cover repairs of existing roads. IMPLEMENTATION & EXECUTION Under this programme the projects to be completed in 9 months - extendable to 12 months in exceptional cases. There will be competitive bidding for packages and the specifications of MOST and IRC to be followed. No time/cost overrun will be

borne by Govt. of India. Suitable penalty clauses will be provided to avoid such contingencies. The standard of the road will be high so that no repairs will be needed for 5 years. Roadwork to be photographed at 3 stages - beginning, middle and at final stages. Ministry of Rural Development to engage Independent Monitors for works inspection and monitoring. In Orissa, the Rural Development Department is the executing agency for PMGSY. There are 29 Project Implementation Units for 30 districts each headed by the Executive Engineer (Rural Works). State Level Agency named Orissa State Rural Road Agency has been registered under the Society Registration Act, 1860 under the Chairmanship of Honble Minister for Rural Development. Govt. of India is providing the funds for PMGSY through this Agency. Funds have been released to OSRRAs Bank Account and at the time of payment the funds it is to be transferred to the earmarked bank account of Executive Engineers of the concerned Division. There is a Project Implementation Unit (PIU) to prepare core network plans, master plan for each block & district take approval of concerned Zilla Parishad before sending it to Govt. and to look after the works. Technical Specification of the works The specifications for construction of new roads have been adopted as per IRC Guidelines with a carriage way of 3.75 mtr. with a top formation of 7.5 metres. Top formation can be of 6 m. width & carriage way 3 m. width if traffic intensity is below 100 motor vehicles per day. Provision has been made for two layers of IRC Grade-II metalling, one layer of IRC Grade-III metalling, surface dressing and seal coating. The embankment height has been kept at 0.6 mtr. above the local flooding level. For poor sub-grade and black-cotton areas, adequate depth of sand and morrum filling base have been provided. Provision for necessary C.D. Works has also been made in the estimate. For improvement of the existing roads, balance requirements of sub-grade improvement, metalling, surface dressing and seal coating have been provided. In each district the number of works in a particular Block has been grouped to form one package and for convenience of execution. PIUs (Project Implementation Units) have been setup at Division level headed by Asst. Engineer/Asst. Executive Engineer for the proper implementation of PMGSY work. The Core Network Plans, District Rural Road Plan have been prepared. Each road to be taken under PMGSY has to be approved by the concerned Zilla Parishads. Selection of roads A Core Network, the minimal network of roads (routes) that is essential to provide basic access to essential social economic services to all eligible habitations in the selected areas. It consists of the existing roads as well as all the roads

proposed for New Connectivity. The roads taken under PMGSY is part of the Core Network and duly approved by concerned Zilla Parishad. Monitoring As per the guidelines, the works under PMGSY are being monitored on three-tire basis. The first one is through PIUs, 2 nd is through State Quality Monitors, deployed by State Govt., and the 3 rd is through National Quality Monitors, deployed by the Govt. of India. The retired engineers (SE and above) are engaged as Quality. The works are also being monitored on online basis. CONCLUSION
Rural development is a process of qualitative and quantitative changes to improve conditions in rural regions. Such a process needs to be an integrated programme where all aspects of rural life should be taken into account. The rural underprivileged must receive Non-formal Education essentially to become literate and employable in better jobs. Generally the non-formal stream of education can be divided into three groups: (1) literacy for non school going children, (2) vocational education and family welfare programmes for youth and (3) functional literacy and self-employment programme for adults. Through this study, an attempt is made to find out the impad of Non-Formal Education to the uplift of the rural coastal people. The system of NFE now emerged as a complementay of formal system of education. The area of NFE is vast and wide, and cannot be brought into a specific framework. The present study tries to analyse and evaluate certain specific programmes, which is more suitable to the development of rural poor with modifications. Th~sk ind of education will have been more scope in the future in a county like India. The majority of the rural people are deprived of adequate educational facilities. Rural development has received a priority attention in our country. Since India got independence, nation wide rural development programmes were started by the Government of India with the objective of socio-economic development of rural people. NFE programmes give prior attention to rural development. Non-Formal Education has its own role to play in development. It can provide the knowledge with which we can develop the kind of socio-cultural settings that will met the pressing demands of our time.Development is a process of liberating the individual and society with fullest utilization of physical as well as human resources. Education and more specifically Non-Formal Education is viewed as a component within the existing socioeconomic-political framework. NFE through its multifarious programmes of literacy, numeracy, functionality and social awareness and raising the quality of life of an individual through changes in attitudes, habits and ways of personal life. Functional literacy and extension through NFE programmes simultaneously contribute to higher productivity through job oriented courses, improvement in the existing techniques of

production and quantitative and qualitative development in human resources. Developmental agencies, who are already functioning in the process ofdevelopmental programmes, closely work with Non-Formal Education. Programmes of improved health and sanitation, better environmental conservation, improved social relationships, sustained preservation of culture etc.