Laplace Transforms

Laplace Transform in Circuit Analysis

The Laplace transform* is a technique for analyzing linear time-invariant systems such as electrical circuits It provides an alternative functional description that often simplifies:

The process of analyzing the behaviour of the system The synthesis of a new system based on a set of specifications

* After Pierre-Simon Laplace (1749 1827)

Laplace Transforms

Mechatronic System
Mechanical System Sensors Actuators Control Architecture Input Signal Conditioning & Interfacing

Output Signal Conditioning & Interfacing Operator Display System

Introduction to Transformations

Laplace Transforms

A mathematical transformation employs rules to change the form of data without altering its meaning Popular transformations used in signals

Fourier (suited to solving problems where input domain is either repetitive or if the input is on a loop) Z (suited for problems where the input is discrete instead of continuous) Laplace (suited to solving problems with known initial values)
02-01-ImplantDefribillator.wmv

Laplace Transforms

Laplace Transform

A powerful tool for circuit analysis The steps involved are

A set of differential equations describing a circuit converted to the complex frequency domain The variables of interest are solved Convert from frequency domain back to time domain

Laplace Transforms

Implant Defibrillator Problem

Implant defibrillator manufacturer Guidant found that the close spacing between a wire and device component could potentially arc between them and cause a short circuit In March 2005, a 21-year-old college student who had a Guidant defibrillator implanted in his chest died suddenly The type of defibrillator in his death was short-circuiting at a rate of about once a month from 2003 to 2004; but this finding was not reported until February 2005

Laplace Transforms

Breadboard (protoboard)
A breadboard (protoboard) is a construction base for a one-of-a-kind electronic circuit, a prototype. Because the solderless breadboard does not require soldering, it is reusable, and thus can be used for temporary prototypes and experimenting with circuit design more easily.

A breadboard with a completed circuit

Laplace Transforms

Printed Circuit Boards

Printed circuit boards (PCBs) are used to mechanically support and electrically connect electronic components using conductive pathways, or traces, etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate.

PCB for mobile phones

Laplace Transforms

Printed Circuit Board Design

Printed circuit board designs are normally very complex. Hence, this is normally done on computer software developed for this purpose. Most such software are able to perform auto-routing.

Screenshot of PCB design software

02-02-DNA_Circuits.wmv

Laplace Transforms

Soldering
Electrical components need to be physically attached to the right locations on the printed circuit board. This is accomplished using soldering.

Laplace Transforms

Surface Mount Technology

Surface mount technology (SMT) is a method for constructing electronic circuits in which the components are mounted directly onto the surface of printed circuit boards (PCBs). Electronic devices so made are called surface-mount devices or SMDs. In the industry it has largely replaced the previous construction method of fitting components with wire leads into holes in the circuit board (also called through-hole technology).

02-03-WedgeBonding.wmv 02-04-BallBonding.wmv

Definition of Laplace Transform

Laplace Transform is defined as s is a complex variable given by

Laplace Transforms

L f (t ) = F ( s ) = f (t )e st dt
0

s = + j
The inverse Laplace transform is defined as

L1 [F ( s ) ] = f (t ) =

1 + j st F ( s ) e ds + j 2 j

Uniqueness of Laplace Transform enables us to avoid the complex integration A list of Laplace transform pairs

Laplace Transforms

Laplace Transform Properties (1)

Linearity:

Scaling:

Laplace Transforms

Laplace Transform Properties (2)

Time Shift:
u(t-a) = 0 for t<a and u(t-a) = 1 for t>a

Frequency Shift:

Laplace Transforms

Laplace Transform Properties (3)

Time Differentiation:
Integrating by parts

With one more differentiation

In the general case

Laplace Transforms

Laplace Transform Properties (4)

Time Integration:
Integrating by parts

The first term is zero

Laplace Transforms

Laplace Transform Properties (5)

Frequency Differentiation:
Taking derivative wrt x

Laplace Transforms

Laplace Transform Properties (6)

Time Periodicity:
Periodic function

With the time-shift property

Using the identity

The transform of a periodic function is the transform of the first period of the function divided by 1 e-Ts
Decomposition of periodic function

Laplace Transforms

Laplace Transform Properties Summary

The properties of the Laplace Transform allow us to obtain transform properties without performing the integral.

Laplace Transforms

Laplace Transform of Circuit Elements

1 Voltage Source V ( s ) = s

Resistor

ZR = R

Capacitor

1 v (t ) = i (t ) dt C0
V (s) = 11 I (s) C s

t F (s) L f (t ) = 0 s 1 V (s) = Z C (s) = I ( s ) Cs

Inductor

d V (t ) = L i (t ) dt

d L f (t ) = sF ( s ) F (0) dt

V ( s ) = sLI ( s )

V (s) Z L ( s) = = Ls I (s)

Laplace Transforms

Laplace Transforms

Transfer Function
For excitation X(s) and response Y(s) in the complex frequency domain. The transfer function is given by

Y (s) H (s) = X (s)

The transfer function of a circuit describes how the output behaves with respect to the input. It also indicates how a signal is processed as it passes through a network.

02-05-SpaceShuttleAirlock.mpeg 02-06-SolarBlast.wmv