TECHNICAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION INFORMATION Classification and Characteristics of Rolling Bearings

1. Classification and Characteristics of Rolling Bearings

1.1 and Rolling bearing construction Classification Characteristics of Rolling Bearings
Most rolling bearings consist of rings with raceway
Outer ring Inner ring

1.1 Rolling(inner bearing ring construction and outer ring), rolling elements (either balls or rollers) and consist cage. The cage separates the rolling Most rolling bearings of rings with raceway (inner elements regular intervals, holds them within ring and outer ring), at rolling elements (either balls in orplace rollers) the inner outer raceways, and allows them to rotate and cage. The cageand separates the rolling elements at regular freely. intervals, holds them in place within the inner and outer raceways, and allows them to and rotate freely. Raceway (inner ring outer ring) or raceway washer 1)
The surface on which rolling elements roll is called the "raceway surface". The load placed on the bearing is 1) Raceway (inner ring and outer ring) or raceway washer supported by this contact surface. The surface on which rolling elements roll is called the Generally the inner ring fits on thebearing axle or shaft raceway surface. The load placed on the is and the outer ring on the housing.

Outer ring Inner ring

Cage Ball

Ball Cage

supported by this contact surface. Generally the inner ring fits Note 1: The raceway of thrust bearing is called "raceway washer," on the axle or shaft outer on the housing. Note 1: theand inner the ring is calledring the "shaft raceway washer" and the outer ring is called "housing raceway washer." The raceway of thrust bearing isthe called raceway washer, the inner ring isRolling called elements the shaft raceway washer and the outer ring is called Rolling the housing raceway elements classify washer. in two types: balls and rollers.

Deep groove ball bearing Fig A

Angular contact ball bearing Fig.B

Outer ring Inner ring

Outer ring Roller

Rollers come in four types: cylindrical, needle, tapered, Rolling elements and spherical. Ballsclassify geometrically contact with the raceway surfaces of Rolling elements in two types: balls and rollers. thein inner and outer rings at "points", while the contact Rollers come four types: cylindrical, needle, tapered, surface of geometrically rollers is a "line" contact.with the raceway and spherical. Balls contact Theoretically, rolling rings bearings are so constructed as to surfaces of the inner and outer at points, while the allow the rolling elements to rotate orbitally while also contact surface of rollers is a line contact. Theoretically, rotating on their own axes at the same time.

Cage Roller

Cage

rolling bearings are so constructed as to allow the rolling Cages elements to rotate orbitally while also rotating on their own Cages function to maintain rolling elements at a uniform axes at the same time. Cages Cages function to maintain pitch so is never applied directly to the cage and to rolling elements at load a uniform pitch so load is never applied prevent the rolling elements from falling out when directly to the cage and to prevent the rolling elements handling the bearing. Types of cages differ according to from falling out when handling the bearing. Types of cages way they are manufactured, and include pressed, differ according to way arecages. manufactured, and include machined andthey formed pressed, machined and formed cages.

Cylindrical roller bearing Fig. C

Needle roller bearing Fig. D

Outer ring Roller Cage Inner ring

Outer ring Inner ring Roller Cage

1.2 Classification of rolling bearings 1.2 Classification of rolling bearings Rolling bearings divide into two main ball Rolling bearings divide into classifications: two main classifications: ball bearings and roller bearings. Ball bearings are classified bearings and roller bearings. Ball bearings are classified according to theirring bearing ring configurations: deep according to their bearing configurations: deep groove groove contact type andtype. angular contact type. Roller bearings type and angular Roller bearings on the other on the other according hand are classified according to the shape of hand are classified to the shape of the rollers: the rollers: cylindrical, needle, tapered and spherical. cylindrical, needle, tapered and spherical. Rolling bearings can be further classified according to the direction in which Rolling bearings can be further classified according to the load is applied; radial bearings carry radial loads the direction in which the load is applied; radialand bearings thrust bearings carry axial loads. carry radial loads and thrust bearings carry axial loads. Other classification methods include: 1) number of rolling rows (single, Other double, or 4-row),methods 2) separable and non- of classification include: 1) number rolling rows (single, or 4-row), separable and separable, in which either thedouble, inner ring or the2) outer ring can non-separable, in which eitherdesigned the inner ring or the outer be detached. There are also bearings for special ring can as: be detached. applications, such railway car journal roller bearings, ball screw support bearings, turntable bearings, as well as linear There are also bearings designed for special motion bearings (linear ball bearings, linear roller bearings applications, such as: railway car journal roller bearings, and linear flat roller bearings).Types of rolling bearings are ball screw support bearings, turntable bearings, as well given in Fig. 1.2. as linear motion bearings (linear ball bearings, linear
roller bearings and linear flat roller bearings).Types of rolling bearings are given in Fig. 1.2.

Tapered roller bearing Fig. E Shaft raceway washer

Spherical roller bearing Fig. F Shaft raceway washer Roller

Ball

Cage Housing raceway washer Thrust ball bearing Fig. G

Cage Housing raceway washer Thrust roller bearing Fig. H

Fig. 1.1 Rolling bearing

A-5 201 Brighton Avenue Boston, MA 02134 Ph: 800.225.4587 Fx: 800.252.1996 www.actionbearing.com

201 Brighton Avenue Boston, MA 02134 Ph: 800.225.4587 Fx: 800.252.1996 www.actionbearing.com

1.3 Characteristics of rolling bearings

1.3.1 Characteristics of rolling bearings 1.3 Characteristics of rolling bearings Rolling bearings come in many shapes and varieties, 1.3.1 of rolling bearings each with Characteristics its own distinctive features. Rolling bearings comewith in many shapes and rolling varieties, However, when compared sliding bearings, each with its own distinctive features. bearings all have the following advantages: However, when compared with sliding bearings, rolling bearings all have the coefficient following advantages: (1) The starting friction is lower and there is 1.3 Characteristics of rolling bearings little difference between this and the dynamic 1.3.1 Characteristics of rolling bearings (1) The starting friction coefficient is lower and there is friction coefficient. Rolling bearings come in many shapes and varieties, each little difference between this and the dynamic (2) They are internationally standardized, interchangeable with its own distinctive features. However, when compared friction coefficient. and readily obtainable. with sliding bearings, rolling bearings all have the following (2) They internationally (3) They are are easy to lubricate standardized, and consumeinterchangeable less advantages: and readily obtainable. lubricant. (1) The starting friction coefficient is lower and there is little (3)aThey are rule, easy toand lubricate and consume less (4) As general one bearing can carry both radial difference between this the dynamic friction coefficient. lubricant. (2)and They are internationally standardized, interchangeable and axial loads at the same time. readily obtainable. (4) As a general rule, high one bearing can carry both radial (5) May be used in either or low temperature (3)applications. They are easyloads to lubricate consume and axial at the and same time. less lubricant. (4) As May a general rule, one bearing can carry both radial and (5) be used in either high or low temperature (6) Bearing rigidity can be improved by preloading. axial loads at the same time. applications. (5) (6) May be used in either high low temperature Bearing rigidity can be or improved by of preloading. Construction, classes, and special features rolling applications. bearings are fully described in the boundary dimensions (6) Bearing rigidity can be improved by preloading. Construction, classes, and special features of rolling and bearing numbering system section. bearings are fully described in the boundary dimensions Construction, classes, and special features of rolling bearings and bearing numbering system section. 1.3.2 Ball bearings and roller bearings are fully described in the boundary dimensions and bearing Table 1.1 gives a comparison numbering system section. of ball bearings and roller 1.3.2 Ball bearings and roller bearings bearings. Table 1.1 gives aand comparison of ball bearings and roller 1.3.2 Ball bearings roller bearings Table 1.1 gives a comparison of ball bearings and roller bearings.
Table 1.1 Comparison of ball bearings and roller bearings bearings. Roller bearings bearings of ball bearings Table 1.1Ball Comparison and roller bearings Contact with raceway Contact with raceway
2b 2b

1.3.3 Radial and thrust bearings Almost all types of rolling bearings can carry both radial Radial thrust bearings and 1.3.3 axial loads at and the same time. Almostbearings all types with of rolling bearings can carrythan both radial Generally, a contact angle of less and axial loads at theradial sameload time. 45 have a much greater capacity and are Generally, with a contact anglewhich of less than classed as radial bearings bearings; whereas bearings have 45 have a much greater radial load capacity and are a contact angle over 45 have a greater axial load classed radial bearings; whereas bearings which capacity andas are classed as thrust bearings. There are have contact angle over have bearings a greater which axial load alsoa bearings classed as 45 complex 1.3.3capacity Radial and thrust bearings and are characteristics classed as thrust bearings. combine the loading of both radialThere and are Almost all types of rolling bearings can carry both radial and also bearings classed as complex bearings which thrust bearings. axial loads at the same time. combine the loading characteristics of both radial and Generally, bearings with a contact angle of less than 45have thrust bearings. 1.3.4 Standard bearings and special bearings a much greater radial load capacity and are classed as radial The boundary dimensions and have shapes of bearings bearings; whereas bearings which a contact angle over 1.3.4 Standard bearings and and special bearings conforming to international standards are interchangeable 45have a greater axial load capacity are classed as The boundary and shapes bearings and can be obtained easily and economically over the thrust bearings. There dimensions are also bearings classedof as complex conforming to international standards are interchangeable bearings which combine the loading characteristics of both world over. It is therefore better to design mechanical radial and thrust bearings. and can obtained easily and economically over the equipment tobe use standard bearings. world over. It is therefore better to design mechanical 1.3.4 Standard bearings and special bearings equipment to use standard bearings. However, depending on the type of machine they are to The boundary dimensions and shapes of bearings be used in, and the expected application and function, a conforming to international are of interchangeable However, on the type machine non-standard or depending specially standards designed bearing may bethey bestare to and can be obtained easily and economically over the world be used in, and the expected and function, a to use. Bearings that are adapted application to specific applications, over. It is therefore better to design mechanical or specially designed bearing may and non-standard "unit bearings" which are integrated (built-in) intobe a best equipment to use standard bearings. to use.components, Bearings that areother adapted to specific applications, machine's and specially designed and "unit bearings" which integrated (built-in) into a bearings are also available. However, depending on the typeare of machine they are to be machine's components, and other specially designed The feature of typical standard bearings are as follows: used in, and the expected application and function, a nonbearings are also available. standard or specially designed bearing may be best to use. The feature of typical standard bearings are as follows: Bearings that are adapted to specific applications,
and unit bearings which are integrated (built-in) into a machines components, and other designed Deep groove ball specially bearings bearings are also available. The feature of typical standard The most type of bearing, groove ball bearings are common as follows: Deep groove balldeep bearings

Ball bearings
2a
2b

Roller bearings
r
2b

Point contact Linear contact Contact surface is2a oval when Contact surface is r generally load is applied. rectangular load is Point contact Linear when contact applied. Contact surface is oval when Contact surface is generally

Characteristics

Load capacity

Configuration

enables the bearings to bear an axial load in both directions.

A-8
A-8

Configuration

They also have superior acoustic characteristics. Load capacity is lower for Load capacity is higher for ball bearings, but radial rolling bearings. Cylindrical bearings are capable bearings equipped withfor Load capacity is of lower for rollerLoad capacity is higher bearing loads in both the a lip can bear slight radial ball bearings, but radial rolling bearings. Cylindrical radial and axial direction. Combining tapered bearings are capable of loads. roller bearings equipped with roller bearings in pairs bearing loads in both the a lip can bear slight radial enables the bearings totapered bear radial and axial direction. loads. Combining an axial load in both directions. roller bearings in pairs

load of is point applied. rectangular when load is Because of linear contact, Because contact applied. rotational torque is higher for there is little rolling bearings of than for contact, ball resistance, ball bearings are rollerBecause linear Because of point contact bearings, but rigidity is also suitable for low torque and rotational torque is higher for there is little rolling higher. high-speed applications. roller bearings than for ball resistance, ball bearings are Theysuitable also have superior bearings, but rigidity is also for low torque and acoustic characteristics. higher. high-speed applications.

Characteristics

The common type of bearing, deep groove ball Deep groove ball bearings groove ballmost bearings include shield bearings and sealed The most common type of bearing, deep groove ball Deep bearings are widely used in aeasier variety of fields. bearings with grease make them to use. bearings are ball widely used ininclude a variety of fields. Deep groove groove bearings bearings and sealed Deep groove ball bearings alsoshield include bearings with a ball bearings include shield bearings and sealed bearings bearings with grease make them easier to use. locating snap-ring to facilitate positioning when mounting with grease make them easier to use. Deep groove ball Deep groove ball bearings also include bearings the outer ring, expansion compensating bearings whichwith a bearings also snap-ring include bearings with a locating snap-ring to locating to facilitate positioning when mounting absorb dimension variation of the bearing fitting surface facilitate positioning when mounting the outer ring, expansion outer ring, expansionand compensating bearings which due the to housing temperature, TAB bearings that are compensating bearings which absorb dimension variation of absorb dimension variation of the bearing fitting surface able to withstand contamination in the lubricating oil. the bearing fitting surface due to housing temperature, and to housing temperature, and TAB bearings in that are TAB due bearings that are able to withstand contamination the able to withstand contamination in the lubricating oil. lubricating oil.
Table 1.2 Configuration of sealed ball bearings Shield Sealed Type Table 1.2 Configuration of sealed ball bearings and Non-contact Non-contact Contact Low torque symbol ZZ Shield LLB LLU LLH Sealed Type and Non-contact Non-contact Contact Low torque symbol ZZ LLB LLU LLH

bearings are widely used in a variety of fields. Deep

Load capacity

Classification and Characteristics of Rolling Bearings

Angular contact ball bearings

Angular contact ball bearings The line that unites point of contact of the inner ring, ball and outer ring runs at a certain angle (contact angle) The line that unites point of contact of the inner ring, in the ball radial direction. Bearings generally and outer ring runs at aare certain angle designed (contact angle) contact ball bearings with Angular three contact angles. in the radial direction. Bearings are generally designed The line that unites point of contact of the inner ring, ball and Angular ball bearings with contact three contact angles. can support an axial load, outer ring runs at a certain angle (contact angle)the in the radial but cannot be used by single bearing because Angular contact ball bearings can supportof an axial load, direction. Bearings are generally designed with three contact contact angle. They must instead be usedbecause in pairs of or the in but cannot be used by single bearing angles. Angular contact ball bearings can support an axial combinations. contact angle. They must instead be used in pairs or in load, Angular contact ball bearings include double row combinations. but cannot be used by single bearing because of the contact Angular ball bearings include double row angular contact ball bearings for which the inner angle. They contact must instead be used in pairs or in and combinations. angular contact ball bearings for which the inner and outer rings are combined as a single unit. The contact Angular contact ball bearings include double row angular outer rings are combined as a single unit. The contact angle of double row angular contact ball bearings is contact ball bearings for which the inner and outer 25. rings are angle double row unit. angular ball bearings is 25. There are of also four-point contact bearings that combined as a single Thecontact contact angle ofcan double row There areload also four-point contact bearings that can support an axial in both directions by themselves. angular contact ball bearings is 25. There are also foursupport an however axial loadrequire in both directions byaxial themselves. point contact bearings that can support an load in both These bearings caution because These bearings however require caution because directions by themselves. These bearings however problems such as excessive temperature rise and require problems such problems as excessive temperature rise and caution because such as excessive temperature wearing could occur depending on the load conditions.
wearing could occur on the load conditions. rise and wearing coulddepending occur depending on the load conditions.
Table 1.3 Contact angle and symbol

Cylindrical roller bearings

Cylindrical roller and bearings Uses rollers for rolling elements, therefore has a high load capacity. The rollers are guided by the ribs of Uses rollers for rolling elements, and therefore has a the inner or capacity. outer ring. The inner and outerby rings can of be high load The rollers are guided the ribs Cylindrical to roller bearings separated facilitate assembly, and both can be fit with the inner or outer ring. The inner and outer rings can be Uses rollers for rolling elements, therefore has a high shaft or housing tightly. If thereand is and no ribs, the inner separated to facilitate assembly, botheither can be fit with load capacity. The rollers are freely guided by the ribs direction. of the inner or the outer ring can move in the axial shaft or housing tightly. If there is no ribs, either the inner or outer ring. The bearings inner and are outer rings can be separated Cylindrical roller therefore to be used or the outer ring can move freely in the ideal axial direction. to facilitate assembly, and both can be fit with shaft or as Cylindrical so-called "free side bearings" that absorb shaft roller bearings are therefore ideal to be used housing tightly. If there is no ribs, either the inner or the expansion. In the case where there is a ribs, the bearing as so-called "free side bearings" that absorb shaft outer ring can move freely in the axial direction. Cylindrical expansion. In the case where there a ribs, the bearing can bear a slight axial load between the end the rollers roller bearings are therefore ideal to be is used as of so-called can bear a slight axial load between the end of the rollers and the ribs. Cylindrical roller bearings include the HT free side bearings that absorb shaft expansion. In the case and the ribs. roller bearings include the HT type which modifies the bearing shape of roller end face and ribs where there is aCylindrical ribs, the can bear a slight axial load type which modifies the shape of roller end face and ribs for increasing axial road capacity. And the E type with a between the end of the rollers and the ribs. Cylindrical roller for increasing axial road And the the E type with special internal for capacity. enhancing radial load capacity. bearings include design the HT type which modifies shape ofa special internal for enhancing radial load capacity. roller end face anddesign ribs for increasing axial road capacity. And The E type is standardized for small-diameter sizes. The E type is standardized for small-diameter sizes. the E type with a special internal design for enhancing radial Table 1.6 shows the basic configuration for cylindrical Table 1.6 shows basic configuration for cylindrical load capacity. The Ethe type is standardized for small-diameter roller bearings.
roller bearings. sizes. Table 1.6 shows the basic configuration for cylindrical roller bearings. In addition to these, there are cylindrical roller bearings In addition to these, there are cylindrical roller bearings with multiple rows ofof rollers and the SL type of full with multiple rowsthere rollers and the SL typebearings of full with In addition to these, are cylindrical roller complement roller bearing without cage. complement bearing without cage. multiple rows ofroller rollers and the SL type of full complement roller bearing without cage.
Table 1.6 Types ofof cylindrical roller Table 1.6 Types cylindrical rollerbearings bearings Type Type and and Symbol Symbol NU type NU type NN type type NJ NJtype type NF NFtype type NUP type NUP type type NH type NJ+HJ NJ+HJ

Table 1.3 Contact angle and symbol Contact angle Contact angle

Contact angleangle and contact angle symbol Contact and contact angle symbol Contact angleangle 15153030 40 Contact 40 Contact angleangle Contact C symbol symbol
C

Note 1: Contact symbol has been abbreviated Note 1: Contact angle angle symbol has been abbreviated as "A". as "A".

Table 1.4 Configuration of double row angular contact bearings Table 1.4 Configuration of double row angular contact ball ball bearings
Type Type and and symbol Open Open

symbol Configuration

Non-contact Contact Contact Non-contact Shield sealed sealed Shield sealed sealed ZZ LLM LLD ZZ LLM LLD

Drawings

Drawings

NU type NU type

NJtype type NJ

NUP type NUP type

Configuration

N type

N type

NF type

NF type

NH type

NH type

Table 1.5 Combinations of duplex angular contact ball bearings

Table 1.5 Combinations of duplex angular contact ball bearings

duplex and Back-to-back Type symbol duplex DB and symbol DB Type Back-to-back duplex Face-to-face duplexDF DF Face-to-face DT Tandem duplex DT Tandem duplex

Configuration

Configuration

A-9

A-9

Classification and Characteristics of Rolling Bearings

Tapered roller bearings
TaperedTapered roller bearings are designed so the inner/outer roller bearings ring raceway and apex of the tapered rollers intersect at Tapered roller bearings Tapered roller are centerline. designed so inner/outer one point onbearings the bearing Bythe receiving Tapered roller bearings are designed so the inner/outer ring combined raceway and apex of the tapered rollers at are load from inner and outer ring,intersect the rollers ring raceway and apex of the tapered rollers intersect at roller bearings one Tapered point on the bearing centerline. By receiving pushed against the inner ring rib and roll guided with rib. one point on the bearing centerline. By receiving Tapered roller bearings are designed sothe the inner/outer ringa combined load from inner and outer ring, rollers are Induced force is produced in the axial direction when combined load from inner and outer ring, the rollers are raceway and apex of the tapered rollers intersect at rib. one point pushed against the inner ring rib ring and roll guided with radial load is applied, so must be handled using a rib. pair pushed against the inner rib and roll by guided with on the bearing centerline. By receiving combined load from Induced force is produced in the axial direction when a a of bearings. The inner ring with rollers and outer ring Induced force is produced in the axial direction when inner and outer ring, the rollers are pushed against the inner load is facilitating applied, must be handled by using a pair radial loadradial is applied, so mustso be handled by using a pair come apart, thus mounting with clearance or ring rib roll guided with ring rib. Induced force is produced ofand bearings. The inner with rollers and outer of bearings. The inner ring with rollers and outer ringtoring preload. Assembled clearance is however hard in the come axial direction when a radial load is applied, so must apart, thus facilitating mounting with clearance come apart, thus mounting with clearance or or manage and requires special attention. Tapered roller be handled byfacilitating using a pair of bearings. The inner ring preload. Assembled clearance is however hard to with preload. Assembled clearance is however hard to bearings are capable of supporting large loads in both the rollersmanage and outer ring come special apart, thus facilitating mounting and requires attention. Tapered roller manage and requires special attention. Tapered roller axial and radial directions. with clearance or preload. clearance is in however bearings are capable Assembled of supporting large loads both the bearings are capable of requires supporting large loads inTapered bothto the NTN bearings with 4T-, ET-, Tand U attached the hard to manage and special attention. roller axial and radial directions. axialbearings and radial aredirections. capable of supporting large in both name conform to ISO and JIS standards sub-unit NTN bearings with 4T-, ET-, Tandloads U for attached tothe the axial and radial directions. NTN bearings with 4T-, ET-, T- and U attached to theend dimensions (nominal angle, nominal name conform to contact ISO and JIS standards forsmall sub-unit NTN bearings with 4T-, ET-, Tand U attached tosmall the name dimensions (nominal contact angle, nominal end name conform to ISO and JIS standards for sub-unit diameter of outer ring) and are internationally conform to ISO and JIS standards for sub-unit dimensions diameter of outer ring) and are internationally dimensions (nominal contact angle, nominal small end interchangeable. (nominal contact angle, nominal small end diameter of outer interchangeable. diameter of outer ring) andof are internationally NTN also has a line case hardened steel bearings ring) and are internationally interchangeable. NTN also has a line of case hardened steel bearings interchangeable. designed for longer life (ETA-, ET-, etc.). NTN tapered designed longer life hardened (ETA-, ET-, etc.). NTN tapered NTN also has a for line of case steel bearings NTN also has a line of case hardened steel bearings roller bearings also include bearings with two and four roller bearings also include bearings with tapered two and four designed for longer life (ETA-, ET-, etc.). NTN roller designed for longer life (ETA-, ET-, etc.). NTN tapered rows of tapered rollers for extra-heavy loads. rows of tapered for extra-heavy loads. bearings also include rollers bearings with two and four rows of roller bearings also include bearings with two and four tapered rollers for extra-heavy loads. rows of tapered rollers for extra-heavy loads.

Spherical roller bearings

Equipped with an outer ringbearings with a spherical raceway Spherical roller surface and an inner ring which holds two rows of barrelSpherical roller bearings Equipped anelements, outer ring NTN with a spherical raceway shaped with rolling spherical roller bearings Equipped with an outer ring with a spherical raceway surface ring which holds two rows of inclination barrelare and ablean to inner adjust center alignment to handle of surface roller and an inner ring which holds two rows of barrelSpherical bearings shaped rolling elements, NTN spherical roller bearings the axle or shaft. shaped rolling elements, NTN spherical roller bearings Equipped with an variety outer ring with a spherical raceway surface are able to adjust center alignment tohandle handle inclination There are of bearing types that differ according are able to adjust center alignment to inclination of of and axle an inner ring which holds two rows of barrelshaped the or or shaft. to axle internal design. the shaft. rolling elements, NTN spherical roller bearings are able to There are variety of bearing types that differ according Spherical roller include as type equipped with There are variety ofbearings bearing types that differ according adjust center alignment to handle inclination of the axle or toan internal design. to internal design. inner ring with a tapered bore. The bearing can easily shaft. There are variety of bearing types that differ according Spherical roller bearings include as equipped with Spherical roller bearings astype type equipped with be mounted on a shaftinclude by means of an adapter or to internal design. Spherical roller bearings include as type an inner ring with a tapered bore. The bearing can easily an inner ring with a tapered bore. The bearing can easily withdrawal sleeve. The bearing is capable of supporting equipped with be mounted on a shaftby by means means of an adapter or be mounted on aa shaft of an adapter heavy loads, and is therefore often used in or industrial an inner ring with tapered bore. is The bearing can easily be withdrawal sleeve. The bearing capable of supporting withdrawal sleeve. The bearing is capable of supporting machinery. When heavy axial load is applied to the mounted on a shaft bytherefore means of an adapter or withdrawal heavy loads, and is often used in industrial heavy loads, and isis therefore often used inheavy industrial bearing, the load on rollers of another row isloads, disappeared, sleeve. The bearing capable supporting machinery. When heavy axialof load is applied to the machinery. When heavy axial load is row applied to the and is therefore often used inof industrial machinery. When be and can cause problems. Attention must therefore bearing, the load on rollers another is disappeared, heavy axial load is applied to the bearing, the load on bearing, the load on rollers of another row is disappeared, paid tocause operating conditions. and can problems. Attention must therefore be rollers of another row is disappeared, and can cause problems. paid to operating conditions. and can cause problems. Attention must therefore be Table 1.7 Types of spherical roller bearings Attention must therefore be paid to operating conditions. paid to operating conditions. Table 1.7 Types of spherical roller bearings
Standard Table Type 1.7 Types of spherical roller bearings213 type C type E type Standard (B type) Type C type 213 type E type Configuration
Type
Configuration

Standard (B type)

(B type)

C type

213 type

E type

Configuration

Thrust bearings

Sub-unit dimensions

Sub-unit dimensions
Sub-unit dimensions
2 E

Thrust bearings There are many types of thrust bearings that differ There are many of thrust bearings differ There are many types oftypes thrust bearings that differthat according Thrust bearings according to shape of rolling element and application. to shape of rolling element application. according to shape ofand rolling element andspecial application. Allowable rotational speed is generally low Allowable and rotational speed is generally low and special attention attention must be paid to lubrication. There are many types of thrust that Allowable rotational speed is bearings generally low differ and special mustattention be paid to lubrication. to the ones given according to shape of rolling element and application. must be paidIn toaddition lubrication. In there addition tovarious the ones given below, there are various below, are types thrust bearings for special Allowable rotational speed is of generally low and special types of thrust bearings for special applications. For details, applications. For details, see the catalog devoted to the attention must be paid to lubrication. In addition to the ones given below, there are various see the catalog to the concerned type of bearing. concerned type ofdevoted bearing.

Thrust bearings

2
2 E

E : nominal small end diameter of outer ring : Nominal contact angle

types of thrust bearings for special applications. For details, Table Types of thrust bearings In addition to the ones given there aretype various see1.8 the catalog devoted tobelow, the concerned of bearing. Single direction thrust ball types of thrust bearings for special applications. For details, Type Needle roller thrust bearing bearing Table 1.8 Types of thrust bearings see the catalog devoted to the concerned type of bearing.
Type Single direction thrust ball bearing Table 1.8 Types of thrust bearings
Type
Configuration

E : nominal small end diameter of outer ring Fig. 1.3 Tapered roller bearings : Nominal contact angle E : nominal small end diameter of outer ring Fig. 1.3 Tapered : Nominal contact angle roller bearings
Fig. 1.3 Tapered roller bearings

Needle roller thrust bearing

AXK type

Single direction thrust ball bearing

Needle roller thrust bearing AS type raceway washer

AXK type
GS/WS type raceway washer washer AS type raceway AXK type

Configuration

Configuration

Cylindrical roller thrust bearing

Spherical roller thrust bearing AS type raceway washer GS/WS type raceway washer

Cylindrical roller thrust bearing Spherical roller thrust bearing GS/WS type raceway washer
Spherical roller thrust bearing
Center alignment angle

Cylindrical roller thrust bearing

A-10
Center alignment angle
Center alignment angle

A-10
A-10

Classification and Characteristics of Rolling Bearings

Needle roller bearings
Needle roller bearings use needle rollers as rolling Needle roller bearings elements. The needle rollers are a maximum of 5 mm in diameter and are 3 to 10 times as long as they in Needle roller bearings use needle rollersare as rolling Needle roller bearings diameter. Because the bearings use needle rollers as elements. The needle rollers are a maximum ofelements. 5 mm in Needle roller bearings use needle rollers as rolling rolling elements, the cross-section isas thin, but they have a diameter and are 3 to times as are in The needle rollers are a 10 maximum of long 5 mm in they diameter and high are load capacity for their size. Because of the large diameter. Because the bearings use needle rollers as 3 to 10 times as long as they are in diameter. Because the number of rolling elements, the bearings rigidity rolling elements, the cross-section ishave thin, high but they have a bearings use needle rollers as rolling elements, the crossand are ideally suited to wobbling or pivoting motion. high load capacity for their Because of the large section is thin, but they have size. a high load capacity for their size. Because of the large number of rolling have elements, number of rolling elements, the bearings highthe rigidity There a profusion of types of needle bearings, bearings have high rigidity and are ideally suited to wobbling andis are ideally suited to wobbling or roller pivoting motion. and just a few of the most representative types are or pivoting motion. covered here. For details, see the catalog devoted the There is a profusion of types of needle roller to bearings, There is a ofmost typesrepresentative of needle roller types bearings, concerned type of bearing. and just aprofusion few of the are and just a few of the most representative types are covered here. covered here. For details, see the catalog devoted to the For details, see the catalog devoted to the concerned type of type bearing. Tableconcerned 1.9 Main types of of needle roller bearings
bearing.
Type Needle roller bearing with cage Table 1.9 Main types of needle roller bearings
Type Needle roller bearing with cage
Grease fitting Ball
Ball

Bearing unit
A unit comprised of a ball bearing inserted into various Bearing unit types of housings. The housing can be bolted onto machinery and the inner ring can be easily mounted A unit comprised of a ball bearing inserted intoon various Bearing unit the shaft with a set screw. types of housings. The housing can be bolted onto A unit comprised of a ball bearing inserted into various types This means the bearing unitring cancan support rotating machinery the inner be easily mounted on of housings. Theand housing can be bolted onto machinery equipment without special design to allow for mounting. A the shaft with a set screw. and the inner ring can be easily mounted on the shaft with a variety of standardized housing shapes is available, This means thethe bearing unit can support rotating set screw. This means bearing unit can support rotating including pillow and flange types. The outer diameter of equipment without special design tofor allow for mounting. A equipment without special design to allow mounting. A the bearing is spherical just like the inner diameter of the variety of standardized housing shapesshapes is available, including variety of standardized housing is available, housing, so it capable of aligning itself The onof the shaft. pillow and flange types. The outertypes. diameter the bearing including pillow and flange outer diameter of lubrication, grease is sealed inside the bearing, is For spherical just like the inner diameter of the housing, so and the bearing is spherical just like the inner diameter of the it capable of aligning itself on the shaft. For lubrication, particle generation is prevented by a double seal. housing, so it capable of aligning itself on the For shaft. grease For is sealed inside the bearing, and details, see the catalog devoted to theparticle concerned type of and lubrication, grease is sealed inside generation the bearing, is prevented by a double seal. For details, see the catalog bearing. particle generation is prevented by a double seal. For devoted to the concerned type of bearing. details, see the catalog devoted to the concerned type of bearing.

Housing
Grease Spherical outer ring fitting Housing

Solid type needle roller bearings

Solid type needle roller bearings

Slinger Spherical outer ring Special rubber seal

Slinger Special rubber seal

Configuration

Configuration

Shell type needle roller bearings

Shell type needle roller bearings

Setscrew with ball

Setscrew with ball

Fig. 1.4 Oil-lubricated bearing unit Roller follower Cam follower

Cam follower Fig. 1.4 Oil-lubricated bearing unit

Roller follower

A-11
A-11

Bearing Internal Clearance and Preload

8. Bearing Internal Clearance and Preload
Bearing Internal Clearance and Preload Criteria for selecting bearingbearing internal clearance Bearing Internal Clearance and Preload 8.2.1 Criteria for selecting internal clearance 8.1 Bearing internal clearance A bearings life is theoretically maximum when operating A bearing's life is theoretically maximum when operating clearance is slightly negative at steady In reality Bearing internal clearance is the amount of internal free clearance Bearing internal clearance is slightly negative at steady operation. operation. In reality is however difficult to constantly movement before mounting. Bearing internal clearance is the amount of internal free it is however difficult toitconstantly maintain this optimal 8. Bearing Internal Clearance and Preload maintain this optimal condition. If the negativeenlarged clearance by movement before mounting. condition. If the negative clearance becomes becomes enlarged by fluctuating operating conditions, As shown in Fig. 8.1, when either the inner ring or the fluctuating operating conditions, heat will be produced and heat selecting will be produced life will decrease dramatically. outer ring is fixed and the other ring is free to move, 8.2.1 Criteria bearingand internal clearance As shown Fig. 8.1, when either the inner ring or the outer life will for decrease dramatically. Under ordinary circumstances 8.1 in Bearing internal clearance ordinary circumstances you should therefore displacement can take place in either an axial or radial A bearing'sUnder life is theoretically maximum when ring is fixed and the other ring is free to move, displacement you should therefore select an initial internal clearance select an initial internal clearance direction. This amount ofamount displacement (radially operating clearance is slightly negative at steady where the operating Bearing internal clearance is the of internal free or axially) can take placeisin either aninternal axial or radial direction. This on the where the operating clearance is slightly larger than zero. For is slightly larger to than zero. termed the clearance and, depending operation. In clearance reality it is however difficult constantly movement before mounting. amount of displacement (radially axially) is termed the ordinary operating conditions, use fitting ordinary loads. this optimal condition. If the negative clearance For ordinary operating conditions, usefor fitting for direction, is called the or radial internal clearance or themaintain enlarged by fluctuating operating conditions, shown in Fig. 8.1 , when either thethe inner ring or theis called becomes ordinary loads. If rotational speed and operating axial internal clearance. internal As clearance and, depending on direction, If rotational speed and operating temperature are ordinary, be produced and life will decrease dramatically. outer ring is fixed and the other ring is free to move, temperature are ordinary, selecting normal clearance the radial internal clearance or the axial internal clearance. heat will selecting normal clearance enables you to obtain the proper Under ordinary circumstances you should therefore displacement canthe take place in either an of axial or radial enables you to obtain the proper operating clearance. When internal clearance a bearing is measured, a operating clearance. Table 8.2 gives examples applying internal where the operating direction. slight This amount of displacement (radially axially) Table 8.2 clearance gives examples applying internal clearances measurement load is applied toor the raceway so select the an initial When the internal clearance of a bearing is measured, a slight internal clearances other CN (normal) clearance. clearance is slightly larger than zero.than is termed the internal clearance and, depending on the other than CN (normal) clearance. internal clearance may be measured accurately. For ordinary operating conditions, use fitting for direction, However, is called the radial internal clearance or the measurement load is applied to the raceway so the internal at this time, a slight amount of elastic ordinary loads. If rotational speed and operating axialmay internal clearance beclearance. measured accurately. However, atmeasurement this Calculation of operating clearance 8.2.2 Calculation of operating clearance deformation of the bearing occurs under the temperature are ordinary, selecting normal clearance time, a slight amount of elastic clearance of a bearing can be be calculated Operating clearance of a bearing can calculatedfrom load, and the clearance measurement value (measured Operating enables you to obtain the proper operating clearance. When the internal clearance of a bearing is measured, a from initial bearingclearance internal clearance and decrease in is slightly larger thanthe the measurement true clearance. This initial bearing deformation ofclearance) the bearing occurs internal and decrease in internal Table 8.2 gives examples applying internal clearances slight measurement load is appliedunder to the raceway so the internal clearance due to interference and decrease in difference between the true bearing clearance and the load, and theclearance clearance measurement value (measured due to interference and decrease in internal other clearance than CN (normal) clearance. internal may be measured accurately. internal clearance due to difference in temperature of theand increased amount due to the elastic deformation must be However, at this time, a slight of elastic clearance) is slightly larger thanamount the true clearance. This clearance due to difference in temperature of the inner inner of and outer rings. compensated for. These compensation values are given in Calculation 8.2.2 operating clearance deformation of the bearing occurs under the measurement difference between the true bearing clearance and the outer rings. 8.1. Formeasurement roller bearings the (measured amount of elastic Operating clearance of a bearing can be calculated load, andTable the clearance value increased amount due tocan thebe elastic deformation must be deformation ignored. eff o f t 8.1 from initial bearing internal clearance and decrease in clearance) is slightly larger than the true clearance. This compensated These compensation values are where, internal clearance due to interference and decrease in differencefor. between the true bearing clearance and thegiven in Table 8.1. For roller bearings the values amount elastic The internal clearance for of each bearing are eff Effective internal clearance, mm clearance due to:difference in temperature of the increased amount due to the elastic deformation must be classinternal shown in Tables 8.3 throughvalues 8.11. are given in o : Bearing internal clearance, mm inner and outer rings. compensated for. These compensation deformation can be ignored.
8.2canInternal clearance selection eff o f t 8.1 deformation be ignored. The internal clearance values for each bearing class are The internal clearance of a bearing under operating where, Table 8.1 Adjustment of radial internal clearance based on shown The in Tables 8.3 through 8.11. internal clearance values for each bearing class smaller are clearance, mm measured load (deep groove ball bearing) conditions (effective clearance) is usually than the eff : Effective internal Unitm
clearance adjustment amount Measuring of clearance dueInternal to Internal clearance selection Load operated. This is due to several factors including bearing f : Reduced d mm

Table 8.1. For roller bearings the amount of elastic

f : Reduced amount of clearance due to

shown in same Tables 8.3 through 8.11 . bearing's initial clearance before being installed and o : Bearing internal clearance, mm
Nominal Bore Diameter

Internal clearance selection Nkgf fit, the difference in temperature between the inner and C2 CN over incl. The internal clearance of a bearing under operating Table 8.1 Adjustment of radial internal clearance based on 1 outer rings, As a bearing's clearance has The internal clearance ofetc. a bearing under operating operating 10 load (deep 18 groove 24.5ball 2.5 34 4 measured bearing) conditions (effective clearance) is usually smaller than the Unitm an effect on bearing is life, heat generation, vibration, noise, conditions clearance) usually smaller than 18 50 49 5 45 5 same(effective bearing's initial clearance before being installed and the Nominal Bore Diameter Internal clearance adjustment etc.; care must be taken in selectinginstalled the most suitable 50Measuring 200 15 6 8 8 Load 147 same bearings initial clearance before operated. This is due to several factorsbeing including bearing and d mm operating clearance. between the inner and kgf is included in the group. 1 This N diameter fit, the difference in temperature

8.2

C3 4 6 9

C4 4 6 9

C5 4 6 9

operated. This is due to several factors including bearing fit, over C2 CN C3 C4 C5 incl. outer rings, As a bearing's operating clearance has outer 10 1 18 24.5 2.5 34 4 4 4 4 the difference in etc. temperature between the inner and an effect on bearing life, heat generation, vibration, noise, Table49 8.2 Examples of applications clearances 18 50 5 4 5 5 6 where 6 bearing 6 rings, etc. As a bearings operating clearance has an effect on other than CN (normal) clearance are etc.; care must be taken in selecting the most suitable 50 200 147 15 68 8 9 9 9 used bearing life, heat generation, vibration, noise, etc.; care must operating clearance. 1 This diameter is Operating included in the group. conditions Applications Selected clearance be taken in selecting the most suitable operating clearance.
2

Table 8.2 Examples applications where bearing clearances load, of clearance is large. Vibration screens other than CN (normal) clearance are used

With heavy or shock

Railway vehicle axles

C3

C3C4 C4 C4 C3C4 C3 C2CM C9NA C0NA C2

Railway vehicle traction Operating conditions Applications With indeterminate load, motors Selected clearance both inner Railway and outer C3 vehicle axles With heavy or shock rings are tight-fitted. Tractors and final speed load, clearance is large. Vibration screens regulators C3C4
Railway vehicle traction Paper making C4 machines With indeterminate load, motors Shaft or inner ring is and driers both inner and outer heated. rings are tight-fitted. Tractors and final speed mill table rollers Rolling C4 regulators

ReductionPaper of noise and making machines vibration when rotating. Micromotors C3C4 Shaft or inner ring is and driers
heated.

Radial clearance = Axial clearance =12 Fig. 8.1 Internal clearance

Radial clearance = Axial clearance =12 Fig. 8.1 Internal clearance

Reduction of noise and Micromotors Loose fitting for both vibration when rotating. Adjustment of clearance to minimize shaft runout. Loose fitting for both A-58 inner and outer rings.

Main spindles of lathes Adjustment of clearance C3 Rolling mill table (Double-row rollers cylindrical roller to minimize shaft runout. bearings)

Compressor roll neck inner and outer rings. Main spindles of lathes
(Double-row cylindrical roller bearings)

C2CM C9NA C0NA

Compressor roll neck

C2

Courtesy of NTN Bearing

A-58

Bearing Failure and Analysis Bearing Failure and Analysis

Bearing Failure are andprecision Analysismachine elements found in a Rolling bearings Rolling bearings are precision machine elements found in a wide variety of applications. They are typically reliable even wide of applications. They are typically reliable even undervariety the toughest conditions. Under normal operating under the toughest conditions. Under normal operating conditions, bearings have a substantial service life, which is conditions, bearings have a substantial service life, number which isof expressed as either a period of time or as the total expressed as either period of time or as the total number rotations before the a rolling elements inner and outer ring of rotations thethan rolling elements or inner andspecifically outer ring fatigue orbefore fail. Less 1 percent (0.35 percent fatigue or fail. Less than 1 percent percent specifically see Figure 1) of rolling bearings do (0.35 not reach their expected see Figure 1) FAG of rolling bearings do not reach their 1979.) expected life. (Source: Bearing Antriebtechnik 18 from life. (Source: FAG Bearing Antriebtechnik 18 from 1979.) Premature Bearing Failure Premature Bearing Failure

When a bearing does fail prematurely, it is usually due to When a that bearing does fail prematurely, is usually due to causes could have been avoided. it For this reason, the causes that have been avoided. For this reason, the possibility ofcould reaching conclusions about the cause of a possibility of reaching conclusions about theis cause of It a is defect by means of studying its appearance useful. defect by means of studying appearance is useful. It is most important to correct theits causes and prevent future most important correct causes and prevent future failures and the to costs that the follow. Most bearing failures such failures and the costs that follow. Most bearing failuresrust such as flaking and pitting, spalling, unusual wear patterns, as flaking and pitting, spalling, unusual wear patterns, rust and corrosion, creeping, skewing and others are usually and corrosion, creeping,small skewing and are usually attributed to a relatively group ofothers causes that are attributed to a relatively small group of causes that are often interrelated and correctable. These causes include often interrelated and correctable. These and causes include lubrication, mounting, operational stress bearing lubrication, mounting, operational stress and bearing selection and environmental influence. selection and environmental influence. Proper/Improper Lubrication and Proper/Improper Lubrication and Grease Service Life Grease Service Life The purpose of lubricating the bearing is to cover the rolling The of lubricating the bearing tofilm cover the rolling and purpose sliding contact surfaces with a thinis oil to avoid direct and sliding contact surfaces with a thin oil film it: to avoid direct metal to metal contact. When done effectively metal to metal contact. done effectively it: 1. Reduces friction and When abrasion 1. friction and abrasion 2. Reduces Transports heat generated by friction 2. heat generated by friction 3. Transports Prolongs service life 3. service 4. Prolongs Prevents rust andlife corrosion 4. andobjects corrosion 5. Prevents Excludes rust foreign and contamination from rolling 5. Excludes foreign objects and contamination from rolling elements elements Grease is generally used for lubricating bearings because Grease isto generally used for lubricating bearings because it is easy handle and simplifies the sealing system, while it is easy to handle and simplifies system, while oil lubrication is generally suitablethe for sealing high speed or high oil lubrication is generally suitable for high speed or high temperature operations. temperature operations. Generally lubrication failures occur due to: Generally lubrication failures 1. The wrong lubricant type occur due to: 1. wrong lubricant type 2. The Too little grease/oil 2. grease/oil 3. Too little much grease/oil 3. much grease/oil 4. Too Mixing of grease/oil 4. of grease/oil 5. Mixing Contamination of the grease/oil by objects or water 5. Contamination of the grease/oil by objects or water

In addition to considering normal bearing service life, normal In addition to considering normal service life, normal grease service life is important to bearing consider since together grease service bearing life is important to consider since together they maximize life. Grease service life is the time they maximize bearing life. Grease service life is the during which proper bearing function is sustained bytime a during which proper bearing function is sustained by a particular quantity and category of grease. This is especially particular quantity and category of grease. Thisprecision is especially critical in pump, compressor, motor and super critical in pump, compressor, motor and super precision applications. applications. Mounting and Installation of Bearings Mounting Installation of Bearings It is criticaland in the mounting and installation process to pay It is critical in the strict attention to:mounting and installation process to pay strict attention to: 1. Use of proper tools and ovens/induction heaters. Use a 1. Use to of impact proper tools and ovens/induction heaters. sleeve the entire inner ring face of the ringUse that a is sleeve to impact being press fit. the entire inner ring face of the ring that is being press 2. Verify the fit. shaft and housing tolerances. 2. Verify the shaft and housing tolerances. If the fit is too tight, too much preload is created. If the fit is If the fit is too tight, too much preload is created. If shaft the fitto is too loose, little resulting preload may allow the too loose, too little resulting preload allow the shaft to rotate or creep in the bearing. Checkmay for proper diameters, rotate or creep the bearing. Check for proper diameters, roundness and in chamfer radius. roundness and chamfer 3. Avoid misalignment orradius. shaft deflection. This is especially 3. Avoid or shaft deflection. This is especially critical inmisalignment mounting bearings that have separable components critical in mounting roller bearings that have separable components such as cylindrical bearings where successful load such as and cylindrical roller bearings whereor successful load bearing optimal life are established diminished at bearing and optimal life are established or diminished at installation. installation. 4. Be aware of radial internal clearance (see Figure 2). It is 4. Be aware of radial internal (see Figure 2). It is critical to maintain the properclearance RIC established in the original critical maintain thescale proper established in the originalis design.to The standard in RIC order of ascending clearance design. scale in order of ascending is C2, C0, The C3, standard C4, C5. The proper clearance for the clearance application C2, C0, C3, C4, it C5. The proper clearance for is critical in that allows for the challenges of:the application is critical in that it allows for the challenges of:

Lubrication. A proper film of lubricant must be established Lubrication. A proper film of Reducing lubricant must be clearance established between the rolling elements. internal between the rolling elements. Reducing internal clearance and impeding lubricant flow can lead to premature failure. and impeding lubricantin flow lead to premature failure. Shaft fit. A reduction thecan radial internal clearance is Shaft fit.when A reduction in theis radial internal clearance is inevitable the bearing press fit. inevitable the bearing is press fit. Heat. In when normal bearing operation, heat is produced that Heat. In normal bearing operation, heat is outer produced that creates thermal expansion of the inner and rings. This creates thermal expansion of the inner and outer rings. can reduce the internal clearance, which will reduce theThis can reduce the internal clearance, which will reduce the optimal bearing life. optimal bearing life.

Operational Stress and Bearing Selection It is generally the exception to find a bearing that has been improperly designed into an application. However, factors within the larger application may change. If loads become too high, overloading and early fatigue may follow. If they are too low, skidding and improper loading of the rolling elements occur. Early failure will follow in each situation. Similar issues arise with improper internal clearance. The first sign of these issues will be unusual noises and/or increased temperatures. Increased temperature. Bearing temperature generally rises with start-up and stabilizes at a temperature slightly lower than at start-up (normally 10 to 40 deg C higher than room temperature). A desirable bearing temperature is below 100 deg C. Noises. Abnormal bearing sounds typically indicate certain issues in the bearing application. While this is a subjective test, it is helpful to know that a screech or howl sound generally indicates too large an internal clearance or poor lubrication on a cylindrical roller bearing while a crunching felt when the shaft is rotated by hand usually indicates contamination of the raceways. See www.pump-zone.com for a table of abnormal bearing sounds. Operational stresses in the applications can impact bearing life as well. It is critical to isolate vibrations in associated equipment as they can cause uneven running and unusual noises. Environmental Inuence Even with the best design, lubrication and installation failures will occur if the operating environment is not considered. While many potential issues exist, the primary ones are: 1. Dust and dirt that can aggressively contaminate a bearing. Great care should be given to use proper sealing techniques. 2. Aggressive media or water. Once again, sealing is primary. The use of specialty type seals is recommended such as pump mechanical or labyrinth style seals that do not score the shaft. 3. External heat. The ambient operating temperature mandates many choices in radial internal clearance, high temperature lubricants, intermittent or continuous running and others that affect bearing life. 4. Current passage or electrolytic corrosion. If current is allowed to flow through the rolling elements, sparks can create pitting or fluting on the bearing surfaces. This should be corrected by creating a bypass circuit for the current or through the use of insulation on or within the bearing. This should be an inherent design consideration in applications such as wind turbines and all power generating equipment.

In conclusion, the first step in the overall prevention of bearing failure lies in the consideration of bearing technologies most suitable to the application with regard to specifications, recommendations, maintenance strategies, fatigue life and wear resistance of the bearing in relation to the application. That being said, premature bearing failure within a proper application is typically attributed to one or more of the causes discussed (lubrication, mounting, operational stress and bearing selection or environmental influence) and can and should be corrected to avoid future bearing failures and additional cost. P&S Sources Barden Corporation. Machine Tool Technical Bulletin for Engineering and Lubrication. 2010. FAG Bearings Corp. Rolling Bearing Damage. Publ. No. WL 82 102/2 December 1997. Fersa Bearings. Roller Bearings: Failure Diagnosis. 2009. Koyo Bearing Corp. Rolling Bearings: Failures, Causes and Countermeasures. Catalog No. 322E. December 1995. NTN Bearing Corp. Products and Technology. Care and Maintenance of Bearings. 2009. Figure 2. Radial internal clearance.

Courtesy of NTN Bearing

Bearing Damage and Corrective Measures

Bearing Damage and Corrective Measures

16. Bearing Damage and Corrective Measures

conditions and surrounding structure. If handled correctly, can generally be used If handled correctly, bearingsbearings can generally be used for a for long time before reaching their fatigue life.By If investigating damage occurs several possible causes surmised from the type of a long time before reaching their fatigue life. If damage prematurely, the problem could stem from improper bearing selection, handling or lubrication. In this occurs, take note of the damage and condition at the time the damage occurred, it occurs prematurely, the problem could stem from type of machine on which the bearings is used, the place where it is is possible mounted, service conditions surrounding to prevent the same kindand of damage from structure. improper bearing selection, handling or lubrication. In this By investigating several possible causes surmised from the type of damage and condition at the time the damage occurred, reoccurring. Table 16.1 gives the main causes of bearing occurs, take note of the type of machine on which the it is possible to prevent the kind of damage from reoccurring. Table 16.1 gives the causes bearing damage and damage and remedies formain correcting the of problem. bearings is used, thesame place where it is mounted, service remedies for correcting the problem.
Table 16.1 Bearing damage, main causes of bearing damage and remedies for correcting the problem Description

Flaking

Surface of the raceway and rolling elements peels away in flakes Conspicuous hills and valleys form soon afterward.

Excessive load, fatigue life, improper handling Improper mounting. Improper precision in the shaft or housing. Insufficient clearance. Contamination. Rust. Improper lubrication Drop in hardness due to abnormally high temperatures. Select a different type of bearing. Reevaluate the clearance. Improve the precision of the shaft and housing. Review application conditions. Improve assembly method and handling. Reevaluate the layout (design) of the area around the bearing. Review lubricant type and lubrication methods. Insufficient clearance (including clearances made smaller by local deformation). Insufficient lubrication or improper lubricant. Excessive loads (excessive preload). Skewed rollers. Reduction in hardness due to abnormal temperature rise Riview lubricant type and quantity. Check for proper clearance. (Increase clearances.) Take steps to prevent misalignment. Review application conditions. Improve assembly method and handling.

Causes Correction

Seizure

The bearing heats up and becomes discolored. Eventually the bearing will seize up.

Causes Correction

Cracking and notching

Localized flaking occurs. Little cracks or notches appear.

Excessive shock loads. Improper handling (use of steel hammer, cutting by large particles of foreign matter) Formation of decomposed surface layer due to improper lubrication Excessive interference. Large flaking. Friction cracking. Imprecision of mounting mate (oversized fillet radius) Review lubricant (friction crack prevention). Select proper interference and review materials. Review service conditions. Improve assembly procedures and take more care in handling.

Causes Correction

A-96

Bearing Damage and Corrective Measures

Table 16.1 Bearing damage, main causes of bearing damage and remedies for correcting the problem Description Cage damage Rivets break or become loose resulting in cage damage. Excessive moment loading. High speed or excessive speed fluctuations. Inadequate lubrication. Impact with foreign objects. Excessive vibration. Improper mounting. (Mounted misaligned) Reevaluation of lubrication conditions. Review of cage type selection. Investigate shaft and housing rigidity. Review service conditions. Improve assembly method and handling.

Causes Correction

Rolling path skewing

Abrasion or an irregular, rolling path skewing left by rolling elements along raceway surfaces.

Shaft or housing of insufficient accuracy. Improper installation. Insufficient shaft or housing rigidity. Shaft whirling caused by excessive internal bearing clearances.

Causes Correction

Reinspect bearings internal clearances. Review accuracy of shaft and housing finish. Review rigidity of shaft and housing.

Smearing and scuffing

The surface becomes rough and some small deposits form. Scuffing generally refers to roughness on the race collar and the ends of the rollers.

Inadequate lubrication. Entrapped foreign particles. Roller skewing due to a misaligned bearing. Bare spots in the collar oil film due to large axial loading. Surface roughness. Excessive slippage of the rolling elements. Reevaluation of the lubricant type and lubrication method. Bolster sealing performance. Review preload. Review service conditions. Improve assembly method and handling

Causes Correction

Rust and corrosion

The surface becomes either partially or fully rusted, and occasionally rust even occurs along the rolling element pitch lines.

Poor storage conditions. Poor packaging. Insufficient rust inhibitor. Penetration by water, acid, etc. Handling with bare hands.

Causes Correction

Take measures to prevent rusting while in storage. Periodically inspect the lubricating oil. Improve sealing performance. Improve assembly method and handling.

A-97

Bearing Damage and Corrective Measures

Table 16.1 Bearing damage, main causes of bearing damage and remedies for correcting the problem Description Fretting There are two types of fretting. In one, a rusty wear powder forms on the mating surfaces. In the other, brinelling indentations form on the raceway at the rolling element pitch.

Insufficient interference. Small bearing oscillation angle. Insufficient lubrication.(unlubricated) Fluctuating loads. Vibration during transport, vibration while stopped.

Causes Correction

Select a different kind of bearing. Select a different type of lubricant. Review the interference and apply a coat of lubricant to fitting surface. Pack the inner and outer rings separately for transport.

Wear

The surfaces wear and dimensional deformation results. Wear is often accompanied by roughness and scratches.

Entrapment of foreign particles in the lubricant. Inadequate lubrication. Skewed rollers.

Causes Correction

Review lubricant type and lubrication methods. Improve sealing performance. Take steps to prevent misalignment.

Electrolytic corrosion

Pits form on the raceway. The pits gradually grow into ripples.

Causes Correction

Electric current flowing through the rollers.

Create a bypass circuit for the current. Insulate the bearing.

Dents and scratches

Scoring during assembly, gouges due to hard foreign objects, and surface denting due to mechanical shock.

Entrapment of foreign objects. Bite-in on the flaked-off side. Dropping or other mechanical shocks due to careless handling. Assembled misaligned.

Causes Correction

Improve handling and assembly methods. Bolster sealing performance. (measures for preventing foreign matter from getting in) Check area surrounding bearing. (when caused by metal fragments)

A-98

Bearing Damage and Corrective Measures

Table 16.1 Bearing damage, main causes of bearing damage and remedies for correcting the problem Description Creeping Surface becomes mirrored by sliding of inside and outside diameter surfaces. May by accompanied by discoloration or score.

Insufficient interference in the mating section. Sleeve not fastened down properly. Abnormal temperature rise. Excessive loads.

Causes Correction

Reevaluate the interference. Reevaluate usage conditions. Review the precision of the shaft and housing. Raceway end panel scuffing

Speckles and discoloration

Luster of raceway surfaces is gone; surface is matted, rough, and / or evenly dimpled. Surface covered with minute dents.

Causes Correction

Infiltration of bearing by foreign matter. Insufficient lubrication.

Reevaluation of lubricant type and lubrication method. Review sealing mechanisms. Examine lubrication oil purity. (filter may be excessively dirty, etc.)

Peeling

Patches of minute flaking or peeling (size, approx. 10m). Innumerable hair-line cracks visible though not yet peeling. (This type of damage frequently seen on roller bearings.)

Causes Correction

Infiltration of bearing by foreign matter. Insufficient lubrication.

Reevaluation of lubricant type and lubrication method. Improve sealing performance. (to prevent infiltration of foreign matter) Take care to operate smoothly.

A-99

201 Brighton Avenue Boston, MA 02134 Ph: 800.225.4587 Fx: 800.252.1996 www.actionbearing.com