SINTEF Energy Research

Dejan Susa on behalf of SINTEF Electric Power Technology Department

dejan.susa@sintef.no
1
POWER TRANSFORMERS
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Transformer design
Insulation
Liquid, Air
Solid
Stresses
Thermal
Dielectric
Mechanical
2
Electrical Breakdown
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Insulation Degradation: Remaining lifetime
3
T R
E
END NOW
A
e
A
DP DP
e mainingLif Re

=
1 1
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Transformer Life Parameters
H2O
DGA
Top-Oil Temp.
Load Current
Hot-Spot Temp.
Bottom-Oil Temp.
Ambient Temp.
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Characteristic Temperatures
C
o
o
l
e
r
C
o
r
e
L
V

w
i
n
d
i
n
g
H
V

w
i
n
d
i
n
g
H x gr
gr
Bottom Oil-
Winding
Ambient
Top Oil-Winding
Average Winding
Top Oil Tank
Average Oil
Temperature
rise
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e


P
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
Hot-Spot
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Temperature limits are based on expected lifetime
6
IEC 60076-2: Temperature rises
Requirements for
Temperature rise limits
K
Top liquid 60
Average winding (by winding resistance variation):
65
70
ON.. and OF.. cooling methods
OD.. cooling method
Hot-spot winding 78
Ambient temperatures
C
Correction of
temperature
rise
K *
yearly average
monthly
average
maximum
20 30 40 0
25 35 45 5
30 40 50 10
35 45 55 15
* Referred to the values given in Table 1.
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HEAT RUN TEST
The heat run test, i.e. temperature rise test, is the type test carried out to verify the
guaranteed temperature rises for oil and windings
It is also used to reveal the possible overheated locations inside and outside windings due
to high stray fields for the high powers
In addition, as indicated above, the temperature rises obtained during a heat-run test are
used for estimating transformer loading capability by application of the relevant thermal
models
During a heat run test the following temperatures could be directly measured:
Ambient temperature
Top-oil temperature
Bottom-oil temperature
Hot-spot temperature, hottest winding temperature (if fiber optic sensors are installed)
There are two methods used for performing the heat run test:
short circuit
back-to-back
7
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Hot-Spot Temperature Direct Measurements
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Transient state: Hot-spot and Top-oil Temperatures
9
Hot-spot to top-oil gradient
Top-oil rise over ambient
Ambient Temperature
= H g
r
K
y
f
hs-oil
(t)
=(Top-oil rise)
r
[(1+RK
2
)/(1+R)]
x
f
oil
(t)
Ambient Temperature
T
o
p
-
o
i
l

t
e
m
p
.
H
o
t
-
s
p
o
t


t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
f
1
(t)
t
oil
TIME
TIME
f
2
(t)
k
21
f
oil
(t)=f
1
(t)=(1-e
-t/(k
11
t
o,r
)
) f
hs-oil
(t)=f
2
(t)=k
21
[1-e
-t/(k
22
t
w,r
)
]-(k
21
-1) [1-e
-t/(t
o
/k
22
)
]
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10
Recommended thermal characteristics for exponential
equations
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 100 200 300
Time, min
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
,

d
e
g
C

Hot-Spot Temperature:400 MVA ONAF UNIT/120 kV WDG
IEC 76-7: New and Active Guide Measured
IEC 354: OLD GUIDE
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IEC 60076-7 versus IEC 354
1. Oil pocket
2. CT
3. Heating element
4. Matching Resistance
1
2
3
4
TIME
-IEC 76-7
u
oil
t
oil
u
oil,ss
1
TIME
3,4
TIME
-IEC 354
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Oil Viscosity Effect on Power Transformer Thermal
Performance: New Oils
TIME
-IEC 76-7
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Transformer Oils:
Mineral Oil- Natural Ester Synthetic Ester
Viscosity-temperature
relationship is not strictly
Arrhenius type
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Transformer Oils
15
Ester
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Accelerated Ageing Testing
lnk
1/T
t
DP DP
k
START END
1 1

=
t
DP
0
t
Ageing rate of paper:
T R
E
A
e A k

=
T R
E
END NOW
A
e
A
DP DP
e mainingLif Re

=
1 1
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A and E Parameters
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Moisture in Paper
Equilibrium Charts
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Pictures Paper Sampler Rig
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Paper Sampler Rig - schematic
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Characteristic Ageing Parameters
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22
Application
Load History
Temperature
A:Contamination
Moisture, LMA
Age
E
A
:Process
Material
New Now End
Year
2011
?
1000
?
200
DP scale
Age scale
Condition scale
Load Forecast
Temperature
A:Contamination Forecast
Moisture, LMA
E
A
:Process Forecast
Material
T R
E
END NOW
A
e
A
DP DP
e mainingLif Re

=
1 1
1
1

(
(

+ =
START
T R
E
NOW
DP
t e A DP
A
SINTEF Energy Research 23
Example:Eidsiva Anlegg AS; Gjvik T1
Top-Oil Temperature=40 degC
Moisture in Paper=1.5% (Equilibrium Curves)
Production Year: 1986
DP
START
=1000
DP
END
=200
T R
E
END NOW
A
e
A
DP DP
e mainingLif Re

=
1 1
1
1

(
(

+ =
START
T R
E
NOW
DP
t e A DP
A
SINTEF Energy Research 24
Example: Loss of Life (IEC 60076-7)
Relative Aging Rate due to Hot-Spot Temperature (V):
Non-thermally Upgraded Paper
Thermally Upgraded Paper
The relative ageing rate V = 1,0 corresponds to a temperature of 98 C for non-thermally
upgraded paper and to 110 C for thermally upgraded paper:
6 / ) 98 (
2

=
h
V
u
)
273
15000
273 110
15000
(
+

+
=
h
e V
u
Loss-of-Life (L)
Over certain period: L=V
n
xt
n
, where n(1,N)
SINTEF Energy Research 25
Loss of Life Example
Load Steps of the Transformer
0,00
0,50
1,00
1,50
2,00
2,50
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Time (hour s)
L
o
a
d

F
a
c
t
o
r
Hot Spot Temperature Calculation
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Time (hour s)
H
o
t

S
p
o
t

T
e
m
p

(
D
e
g

C
)
Loss of Lif e Calculation
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Time (hour s)
L
o
s
s

o
f

L
i
f
e

(
d
a
y
s
)
Dry and Clean IEC 76-7
Load Profile Hot-Spot Temperature Profile
Time, hours
Time, hours
Time, hours
L
o
a
d

f
a
c
t
o
r
,

K
L
o
s
s

o
f

l
i
f
e
,

d
a
y
s
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
,

d
e
g
C
SINTEF Energy Research 26
Monitoring Gasses
DGA
Limited gas range monitor
Complete gas range monitor
Hydrogen, H2
Methane, CH4
Ethane, C2H6
Ethylene*, C2H4
Acetylene*, C2H2
Carbon Monoxide, CO
Carbon Dioxide, CO2
Oxygen, O2
Nitrogen, N2
Hydrogen, H2 (100%)
Ethylene, C2H4 (8 %)
Acetylene, C2H2 (1.5)
Carbon Monoxide, CO(18%)
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Typical gasses generated:
27
IN CASE OF TRACKING DISCHARGE IN WET INSULATION
IN CASE OF CORE CIRCULATION CURRENTS
Low energy electrical discharge: Hydrogen H2, Methane CH4
Circulation currents in the core: Ethylene C2H4, Methane CH4 and Hydrogen H2
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Typical gasses generated:
28
IN CASE OF OVERHEATED CONNECTION
IN CASE OF WINDING OVERHEATING
Local hot-spots: CO and Ethylene C2H4, Methane CH
Thermal degradation of insulating paper: CO