Base Oil Manufacture & Classification

Base Oil for Lubricants - Manufacture & classification
Hussam Adeni
Lube.specialist@gmail.com
What are Lubricants Lubricants Special materials to

Reduce friction Reduce wear
In machine elements
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What are lubricants

Lubricants come in a variety of
forms
Liquids fluids Semi solids - grease Even solid, at times - graphite
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What are lubricants Lubricants are Mineral Oils Vegetable oils Synthetic
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What are Lubricants Lubricant comprise of Base oil or carrier fluid Specially formulated additives
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Flow chart Lube manufacture
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What are lubricants
Finished lubricants - a careful blend of

Base Oils And additives
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Base Oil manufacture

Overview of the process A series of steps
To improve desirable lube properties
Viscosity Index Oxidation Heat resistance Low temperature fluidity
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Base oil manufacture Starting with crude oil, typical process of making lube oil consists of
Separation Removal Distillation Dewaxing Finishing
Hussam Adeni Lube.specialist@gmail.com
Base oil manufacture

Crude oil distillation - First the lighter ends removed Motor spirit Kerosene Solvents - Middle distillates separated Lube base stocks
Base Oil manufacture - Flowchart
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Distillation Top fraction
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Base oil manufacturing process

Middle distillates refined further
Vacuum distillation Propane de asphalting Solvent refining Solvent dewaxing Treating Clay filtering
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Base oil manufacturing process

Lubes base stocks
- Vacuum distillation Single stage Multi stage required for removal of balance - lighter ends
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Base oil manufacture Flowchart
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Distillation middle fraction
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Base oil manufacturing Lubes base stocks - Dewaxing

- MEK Toulene - For Pour Point reduction
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Base oil manufacturing

Hydrofinishing - Reduction with hydrogen
- For removal of Sulphur Nitrogen Oxygen
Improves heat & oxidation stability

Base oil manufacturing

De asphalting - Reduction with propane
- For removal of Asphaltic compounds
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Crude Oil composition

Composition (weight %) Carbon 84% Hydrogen 14% Sulphur 1.5% Others (nitrogen, Oxygen, Metals, salts) < 2%
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Yield Base Oil manufacturing process

Yield in percentages Gasoline 44% Diesel 21% Kerosene /Jet Fuel 9% Others ( Coke , asphalt, residual fuel oil) 25% Lube Oil base stock 1%
Base Oils types
Paraffinic Naphthenic Aromatic
60% 28% 12%
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Base Oil classification

Pale Oils Lighter ends Neutrals Middle ends Bright stock Heavy ends
Typical base oils

Solvent neutrals SN 70 SN 100 SN 150 SN 300 SN 350 SN 500 SN 650 SN 900
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Typical base oils

Bright stock BS 150
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API classifications Base Oils

American Petroleum Institute (API)
Group I, II, II+

Mineral Oils
Group III, IV, V

Synthetic Oils
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API classifications Base Oils

American Petroleum Institute (API)
Group I,
Solvent Refined base stocks Mineral Oils
Group II, II+,III

Solvent refined and Hydro treated
Group IV, V
Synthetics Polymerized olefins from petrochemical source
API Base Oil Interchange Guidelines

Base Oil category Sulphur (%) Saturates (%) Viscosity Index (VI)
Group I Group II Group III Group IV Group V
> 0.03 < 0.03 < 0.03
< 90 > 90 > 90
80 to 120 80 to 120 > 120
All polyalphaolefins (PAO) All others not included in Group I, II, III or IV
Typical cost of base oils

From crude oils - Yield of Lube
stocks is 1% If crude price is X Lube base oil price = 2X In short base oil costs can be upto twice price of crude oil
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What is a lubricant
Finished lubricants - Careful blend of

Base Oils additives
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What is a lubricant
Finished lubricants
=
Base Oils + Additives
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What are additives
Lubricant additives
- classified on their functional capability 1. Enhance existing property 2. Suppress undesirable property 3. Impart new property
What are additives 1. Enhance existing property

Anti oxidant Corrosion inhibitor Anti foam agent Demulsifying agent
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What are additives 2. Suppress undesirable base oil property

Pour Point depressant VI improver
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What are additives 3. Impart new property

E P additive Anti wear agents Detergents Dispersants Metal deactivators Tackiness agents
Base oils Holly Lubricants & Specialities Ltd
Hussam Adeni
Thank you
Hussam Adeni

Base Oil Manufacture &amp; Classification

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Base Oil Manufacture &amp; Classification

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Base Oil for Lubricants - Manufacture & classification

What are Lubricants Lubricants Special materials to

What are lubricants

Flow chart Lube manufacture

What are lubricants

Finished lubricants - a careful blend of

Base Oil manufacture

Base oil manufacture

Base Oil manufacture - Flowchart

Distillation Top fraction

Base oil manufacturing process

Base oil manufacturing process

Base oil manufacture Flowchart

Distillation middle fraction

Base oil manufacturing Lubes base stocks - Dewaxing

Base oil manufacturing

Improves heat & oxidation stability

Base oil manufacturing

Crude Oil composition

Yield Base Oil manufacturing process

Base Oils types

Paraffinic Naphthenic Aromatic

60% 28% 12%

Base Oil classification

Typical base oils

Typical base oils

API classifications Base Oils

Group I, II, II+

Group III, IV, V

API classifications Base Oils

Group II, II+,III

API Base Oil Interchange Guidelines

Group I Group II Group III Group IV Group V

> 0.03 < 0.03 < 0.03

< 90 > 90 > 90

80 to 120 80 to 120 > 120

Typical cost of base oils

Finished lubricants - Careful blend of

What are additives

What are additives 1. Enhance existing property

What are additives 2. Suppress undesirable base oil property

What are additives 3. Impart new property

Base oils Holly Lubricants & Specialities Ltd

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Base Oil Manufacture & Classification

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