Mult y Family

Universidad Politcnica de Catalunya Departamento de Construcciones Arquitectnicas I Master Oficial en Tecnologa de la Arquitectura Construccin e Innovacin Tecnolgica
Master Dissertation: Multifamily Open Building:

Application of open building approach in design and construction process of multifamily housing
Jelena Nikolic Tutor: Prof.Jos Mria Gonzlez Barroso Barcelona, September, 2011
Multifamily Open Building September 2011 Universidad Politcnica de Catalunya Departamento de Construcciones Arquitectnicas I Master Oficial en Tecnologa de la Arquitectura Construccin e Innovacin Tecnolgica
Multifamily Open Building:

Application of open building approach in multifamily housing design and construction process
arch. Jelena Nikolic Tutor: Prof.Jos Mria Gonzlez Barroso http://mastersuniversitaris.upc.edu/tecnologiaarquitectura/ mail: jela.nikoli@gmail.com
Barcelona 02 de septiembre 2009
Multifamily Open Building September 2011
Acknowledgements
My special thanks to Professor Jos Mara Gonzlez Barrso for his firm support. It has been a great privilege to share ideas and to have his guidance and mentorship during all these work.
CONTENT
CHAPTER 1: Introduction to MULTIFAMILY OPEN BUILDING
1.1. What is Open Building? 1.1.1. Two principal concepts that define Open Building 1.1.2. Conclusion 1.2. What is Multifamily Open Building? 1.2.1. Main Problem definition 1.2.2. Main objectives 1.2.3. How the residential Open Building works? (ANNEX 1) 1.2.4. Some basic questions: 2 -9
10 - 22
***
CHAPTER 2: Evolution of Open Building approach in Multifamily Housing

2.1. Residential Open Buildings: First initiatives and relevant experiences 2.1.1. The Netherlands case 2.1.2. The Japan Case 2.2. From Mass Housing to Residential Open Building 2.2.1. 1920s: The Minimal Dwelling in modern times 2.2.2. 1930s - 1960s: The Industrialization of Housing and Mass Housing Production. 2.2.3. 1970s: Open Building and Participation and User Choice 2.3. The main transition in the conceptual framework 24 - 34
35 - 41
41 - 43
***
CHAPTER 3: How the Multifamily Open Buildings work? PRINCIPLES, STRATEGIES AND METHODS
3.1. Key conceptual framework 3.1.1. Flexibility 3.1.2. Adaptability 3.1.3. Transformation 3.1.4. Customization 3.2. Specific technical strategies 3.2.1. Summary 3.2.2. Making INDEPENDENT LEVELS OF CONTROL. 3.2.3. Design characteristics of Open Building System for Multifamily Building. Functional decomposition Systematization of building components and subsystems 45 - 54
55 - 58

Open system hierarchy and base element specification. Controlled assembly sequences. Dray joints connection and simple interface geometry. 59 -82
3.3. Key development strategies 3.3.1. A STUDY ON THE APLICATION OF THE OPEN BUILDING APPROACH IN MULTIFAMILY HOUSING DESIGN AND BUILDING The best practice: NEXT 21 Spain state-of-the-art: Parallel view of the case studies 3.3.2. Systematic design according to Levels of Control and Building System method 3.3.3. Application of Open system to support and infill level 3.4. Methods 3.4.1 IFD (Industrialized, Flexible, Demountable) System Introduction IFD principles and strategies IFD method applied at the infill level IFD method applied at the support level Specificities of IFD system Conclusion
83 - 92
***
CHAPTER 4: RELATED WORKS

1927 | The Weissenhofsiedlung Experimental Housing Project | Mies van der Rohe | Stuttgart | Germany | 1952 | Kristalbouw | Jan Trapman | Amsterdam | The Netherlands | 1960 | Kallebck Experimental Housing | Erik Friberger | Sweden 1972 | Genterstrasse | Otto Steidle | Munich 1976 | Dwelling of Tomorrow | Wohnen Morgen | Ottokar Uhl and Jos P. Weber, Arbeitsgemeinschaft fr Architektur | Austria 2001 | Flexsus House 22 | Takenaka Corporation | Japan 2003 | Siedlung Hegianwandweg | EM2N Architekten | Switzerland
93 - 103
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES
104 - 106
References 111 Bibliography . 107 List of figures 113
Antecedents
We need a new vision of process, not just productThe world, and our clients, have seen what has been accomplished in other manufacturing fields: ships, airplanes and cars. Higher quality and added scope and features are there, along with lower cost and shorter time to fabricate. The old equilibrium between cost and time no longer holds. The mandate for change has now shifted to architecture. We cannot continue to build architecture at ever higher costs, longer schedules, and lower quality. We must act. (Kieran and Timberlake 2004) *** ...don't build for technology, we built for people... (Dietmar Eberle of B&E Baumschalge & Eberle Gmbh, Austria) Four strategies are available and frequently used by the other industries to generate individualization within mass production: Flexibility of the Product, Flexibility of the Tool, Multipurpose Framework and Combinability(R. B. Richard, 2006). Architects must consider whether to think of buildings as complete artifacts or perpetual works-in-progress (Jonathan Hugehes). ...existing tools need to be updated, most of all because of the long time and fragmentation of delivery system, of the low levels of industrialization and because of the difficulties in implementing new shared technical and management process models. ( R. Di Giulio, M. Coccagna, G.-J. van den Brand, L. Quah Kiang) . ... The investigation of the thesis, here put forward that the housing shortage is indeed the result of the silent straggle between man and method. It will mean the condemnation of mass housing. It will mean that the mode of operation which has been followed until now has prevented us from providing the kind and quantity of housing we need.(Habraken 1975)
***
CHAPTER 1: Introduction to OPEN BUILDING

1.1. What is Open Building?
Open Building is a multidisciplinary approach applied in building design that supports building adaptability according to different requirements: in built environment, in production and construction methods, in the market of products and product technology and in the users demand for the suitable place. Throughout the world many non-residential buildings are constructed according to Open Building principles and strategies, for instance, many office buildings with open plan layout to support a variety of work space distribution. The main objective of Open Building approach is reaching building transformations according to requirements of different participants in design and building process: design and construction teams, lenders, owners, tenants, product manufacturers. New Open Architecture introduces flexibility in building design and construction practices which create capacity for transformation. The origins of the Open Building concept is best assumed by one of John Habrakens statements: We should not to forecast what will happen, but try to make provisions for the unforeseen(Habraken, 1961). In order to accommodate the future changes and building adaptations, he suggested introducing the levels of control (Habraken, 1961). and controlled hierarchies (Habraken, 1961) of building parts in building design. Independent levels have supported building division in two mayor groups of part: parts that correspond to building infrastructure building support (Habraken, 1976), and parts that correspond to building units-infill (Habraken, 1976). This division is done according to different life circle of different building parts. Building parts with shorter life span (dwelling partitions, finishing) change more rapidly than the long lasting parts (building structure).
Fig 1: Housing for the Millions: John Habraken and the SAR (1960-2000): support and infill system division)
In the figure 1 support and infill system division is clearly expressed with the highway road and traffic. The road is support for the traffic . Highway is permanent structure that supports less permanent traffic. Traffic is what is called "infill- many kinds, types and sizes of vehicles, and it has many transformations in time. The highway is permanent support that should be flexible for the traffic transformations. Habraken promoted the concept of Open Building in the 1960s. The term Open Building covers a number of ideas relating to a building and its environment which Habraken (2006) defined, in part, as: The idea that, more generally, designing is a process with multiple participants also including different kinds of professionals. The idea that the interface between technical systems allows the replacement of one system with another performing the same function. The idea that built environment is in constant transformation and change must be recognized and understood. Habraken (2006) In Habrakens statement building design stands for more systematical view of both: Building design process referring spatial organization and functional disposition Building construction process referring technical composition and building configuration. From improved participants decisions and possibility for choice, to standardized interfaces between building systems that are compatible and sustainable, the Open Building approach is introduced in multifamily housing design and building process. ***
1.1.1. Two principal concepts that define Open Building

LEVELS OF CONTROL Theory of levels is the base frame for the new design strategy that recognizes different parts of the building with different life cycles. The first step towards design for change is to separate levels, that have different degrees of durability. How can independent levels be recognized and made? Research that deals with the changes in built environment in the past decades have had different interpretations of the levels. Some studies have seen it through functions, which have different life cycles, others through the levels of responsibility or technical levels. In building design are introduced levels of technical composition, which deal with integration of functional and physical levels. They play an important role within building changes. In Every building functions change more rapidly than levels of building configuration (building structure). The natural interdependency between functions and materials (load bearing partition wall) has become a boundary for building transformations (fig 2). The life circle of one set of function-construction relationships becomes shorter because of rapid functional change and static configuration set. That is to say that durability of functional levels determines the durability of physical levels. When the life circle of 3
Multifamily Open Building September 2011 technical levels becomes independent of the life cycle of functional levels, the durability of technical systems and their materials can be extended. This is the main goal of sustainable construction.
Fig 2: Social Housing in Granollers, Spain, 2007: Conventional way of building (load bearing partition walls, load bearing faade panel)
In the figure 2 is shown the conventional building as mixed system of different levels. Load bearing partition walls represent the mixture of two functions: bearing and partitioning and are fixed together in load bearing structure. The same occurs with faade panel. Different functional levels are closely dependent because one component is used for more functions. Different technical levels are also dependent by using fixed connections between components. Strong dependency between levels and fixed joints between elements are boundary condition for building transformations and building is considered closed- static. To control one building composed from different elements, building should be defined through the different types of independent levels. Levels are usually defined according to the changes of studied aspects (functional, technical, spatial, material). The theory of levels introduces systematization of studied aspects into number of independent levels, hierarchy, and relations between the fast changing and slow changing building elements. Finally building is considered as a system that can be represented through different types of levels.
Fig.3: Decision-Making Levels in Open Building. Diagram courtesy of Age van Randen.
Habraken suggested that the built environment could be divided into three levels of decision making, namely: urban fabric or tissue, base building or support, and fit out or infill (Habraken, 1961) (fig 3). This hierarchy of levels was developed following the pattern of responsibilities or control. Community is responsible for the urban tissue; some community organizations are responsible for support and individual user is responsible for fit out level. In Open Building technical practice is established infill- (fit-out) level for the building parts that change faster (fast cycling elements / Durmisevic, 2006) and support(base building) for the building parts that are more permanent (low cycling elements / Durmisevic, 2006)(fig 4). The infill may be determined for each individual space without affecting the building structure. Independent decisions on the support level involve building parts which are common to all users. Main support parts are: load bearing structure, building common mechanical and conveyance systems an public areas and also building faade.
SUPPORT
INFILL
Fig. 4: Fast cycling elements SUPPORT level; slow cycling elements INFILL level / Image drown by Kamo 2000
Another approach to systematization of changing levels within the building is done by a group of researchers Duffy and Brand who argue that systematization of building should be followed by the use life cycle of different building components. While analyzing the nature of change in office buildings, Duffy defined building through four layers the so-called four Ss: Shell, Services, Scenery, and Set.(Figure 5). Shell is the main structure of the building and has a life span as a building. Services are installed such as cabling, plumbing, air conditioning, and vertical communications (lifts).. Scenery is the layout of partitions, ceilings, and finishes. Set is the furniture that is placed and moved by the occupants.
Fig. 5: Building layers according to Duffy (Duffy 1998)
Duffy and Brand defined functional levels within a building in order to identify functions with different changing circle in a building.(fig 6, 7)
Fig 6,7: Building layers according to Brand Sharing layers of change (Brand 1995)
Following Brands layer diagram (fig. 7), building is usually composed of five main parts that correspond to the main building functions: Building SITE, STRUCTURE, SKIN, SERVICES, SPACE PLAN and STAFF. Site: the urban location. The site lives longer than buildings. Structure: the foundation and load-bearing elements, which last between 30-300 years. Skin: the exterior finishing including roofs and faades. These are upgraded or changed approximately every 20 years. Services: heating, ventilating, and air conditioning, communication, and electrical wiring. They wear out after 7-15 years. Space plan: the interior layout including vertical partitions, doors, ceiling, and floors. According to Brand, commercial space can change every 3 years. Stuff: the furniture that is moved daily, weekly or monthly.
Leupen used the theory of levels as a basis to analyze flexibility in housing. He used Habrakens definition of support and infill to separate building parts with different life circle. The name support is not derived from its definition as a physical load bearing construction, but from the consideration that it serves as a communal property in the building. Elements forming the faade might be part of the support in one case and part of the infill in another (windows, doors). The same is true for the services. Leupen has added two more levels: installations, and stuff. He suggested that flexibility and variation is derived primarily through combination of five functional levels of the building site, support, infill, installations, and stuff on two levels of decision-making support and infill (see Figure 8). Figure 8 left presents a solution where the load bearing structure and faade are part of a support, Figure 8 x Middle: installations and separation wall as support and Figure 8 right: load bearing structure as support. By making such analysis Leupen argued that the combinations within the support and infill levels of control have an impact on the variation of architectural design.
Fig. 8: Type of flexibility determined by the combination of fixed and flexible levels /Leupen 2002
BUILDING SYSTEM APPROACH In an industrialized building industry the products are not buildings but mainly Building Systems. Building System is a set of parts and rules where the details are resolved so as to generate many different and customized buildings. Therefore, the construction method is not re-invented each time a building is planned, as it is still the case with the traditional set of working drawings. (Richard, 2005) The main parts of the building system are its sub-systems. Subsystem is a set of predetermined, standardized, industrial components. Different Building System may have different subsystems. If all subsystems components are put together to form one single mass, the building system is closed-static. The performance of the Crystal Palace fig 9, for example, is not determined by a components list, but by the integration of components in some mayor subsystems and then into one system. In the current state of housing we do one-way design for building, searching for a unique outside look! One-Way-one level design, or one single form, where all elements has been joined together is considered closed system.
Cristal Palace is a truly industrialized building system and is significant by the fact that it illustrates the real potential of building system, where standardization, variation and customization support each other, in achieving an optimal materialization process for the desired design solution. After the Exhibition 1851, it was completely decomposed and moved on Sydenham Hill overlooking London
a) 7
b)
Fig. 9: Crisal Palace, London,1851 a) Kit of parts Building system b) Detail of roof construction: demountable dray joints c) Cristal Palace, London , 1851 c)
The sub-systems in one building system correspond to the main functions of the building: STRUCTURE, ENVELOPE, PARTITIONS, SERVICES and EQUIPMENT. Building system composed from independent subsystem is open system. An open system can exchange parts, components and subsystems outside its original production contest. Open systems are then considered interchangeable. Interchangeable components and subsystems offer an opportunity for many manufactures to participate in the system configuration. Exchangeability of components between different manufactures are possible if the dimensions and their interface geometry are compatible. In Japanese wooden architecture, wooden house is a complete building system of independent components and subsystems in which the expansion, remodeling, removal and reconstruction of building are possible. Industrialized Building Systems offer increased adaptability to changes through the precise jointing features of the factory-made components and sub-systems. Since most factory-made components or sub-systems are designed to facilitate site installation, they could also be dismantled to generate change without any partial or total demolition, thereby addressing the sustainability agenda and contributing to the formation of Industrialized, Flexible and Demountable systems. (Quah et al 2004). Open building system should not only be able to configure different types of arrangements from the same set, but be able to reconfigure and adapt current arrangement during its life.(Richard, 2005) CLOSED AND OPEN BUILDING SYSTEM In building industrialization, industrial product can be considered in two ways: The industrial product is entire building. The industrial products are building parts. The first case is developed as an industrial method of models, and the second as industrial method of elements. Multifamily building as a finished product is identified with the closed system (a building made of large concrete panels, tunnel formwork system, etc.). Closed 8
Multifamily Open Building September 2011 systems were used for "Mass Housing" production after the Second World War. Open building approach is based on open system method by interchangeable components and subsystems. The main criteria for open system are INDEPENDENCE and EXCHANGEBILITY of its components and subsystems. FLEXIBLE SYSTEM A building system that can respond to different requirements for changes will be considered flexible. All the sub-systems will be considered adaptable, changeable, and compatible. Flexible systems generate user friendly building: Freedom of choice. Opportunity to modify the layout. Evolution of the layout. Individualization and customization. Flexible components and subsystems joined by dry-jointing connections allow changes without the usual destruction of elements associated with renovation. DEMOUNTABLE SYSTEMS Demountable system is a system capable of major reconfiguration, to be rebuilt somewhere else. Demountable system is a essence to extend the life of total building system. Demountable system is open and flexible. Demountable components and subsystems joined by dry-jointing connections support reconfiguration of the building without demolition waste. Architects must consider, writes Jonathan Hughes, whether to think of buildings as complete artifacts or perpetual works-in-progress. 1.1.2. CONCLUSION This research introduces the buildings as open building systems composed from flexible and demountable components and subassemblies systematized into levels of control, respecting different building functions and life circle of different components and materials. Technical levels are used to systematize building components and subsystems into building system configuration. Technical levels represent integration of functional levels and allow easy access for fast cycling components that change rapidly. Building design according to independent functions through independent levels of technical composition help to identify independent elements that have different use and technical life cycle, and more importantly to allow independence of elements that have huge disproportion between functional use life and technical life cycle, what makes them even more disassembly sensitive than the others. The levels that have longer durability (the slow cycling levels / Durmisevic, 2006) will be designed and constructed independently from less durable levels (the fast cycling levels / Durmisevic, 2006)- partitioning and interior partitions walls will be separated from bearing and load bearing walls. Systematization of building parts into different levels according to main design aspects (functional, technical, spatial, and physical) is to reduce interrelated connections between functional and technical levels within building. Fast changing functional levels may provoke demolition of slower changing technical levels. When the building layout doesnt work according to occupant requirements and load bearing partitions cant be rearranged, necessity for changes at the level of interior partitions will affect integrity of slower changing functional levels (load bearing structure) because in that case interior partitions deal with more than one function (partitioning and bearing). This may result in demolition of some building parts as well. In order to avoid this dependence, slow levels should be independent, such as building structure that should become more flexible and open-ended. 9
1.2.
What is Multifamily Open Building?
Developments toward Multifamily Open Building stand to support tenants rights within industrial production of housing and industrial building systems. Multifamily Open Building is a new approach to be applied in multifamily building design and construction process. Open Building principles and strategies stand for participantcentered open architecture and for reorganization of the building process to support building adaptability, according to different users requirements. In new residential Open Building practice is established infill (Habraken , 1976)- fit-out (Kenball, 2004) level dwelling units level, as changeable and user responsive (fig 10). The infill may be determined for each individual unit without affecting the building structure. Independent decisions on the support level involve building parts which are common to all occupants. Main support subsystems in multifamily building are: load bearing structure, building common mechanical and conveyance systems, public areas and also building faade. The infill typically comprises all components specific to the dwelling units: partitioning; equipment; unit heating, ventilating, and air conditioning systems; and all ducts, pipes and cables as the parts of individual unit services, finishing and equipment. The building interacts with inhabitants at the infill level (inhabitants define the infill level), the tenant organization is responsible for the support level, and the whole community is responsible for the tissue levels.
Fig 10: Distinction between a Base Building and a Fit-Out Level (Kendall)
Figure 10 shows the support that concerns what is shared by everyone and infill concerns what is decided by each tenant independently. Multifamily Open Building approach is introduced as an extension of open building concept to achieve spatial and structural building transformations based on open system method in multifamily housing. Every new transformation means an adaptation of the building according to the changes in the life of its occupants. An open buildingapproach enables a more dynamic balance between physical assets and changing household inputs and status over time. ( Kendall, 2005)
10
Multifamily Open Building September 2011 To make that possible the support must be kept physically distinct from its less permanent infill. To enable the independence of the infill, buildings can not be built as a single integrated finished products of industrial components and decisions. Infill system and its parts will be changed many times throughout the life cycle of the building in which it is placed. Therefore support should be designed and installed for flexibility of independent layout, construction, partial transformations and replacement. Independent decisions at the infill level stands for longer durability of the support by extending building lifespan. The most important question that residential open architecture advocates is: How do we design and built multifamily buildings to support: STABILITY - in respect to long term interests of the community and sustainability in regenerative residential environment - and CHANGE - in respect to individual occupant requirements?(Kendall, 2003)
***
1.2.1 Main Problem definition

The real problem in multifamily housing appeared after the WWII with Mass Production of housing. Under the term Mass Housing, were built many multifamily buildings mostly in precast concrete panels and skeleton frames (Fig. 11). The huge demand for dwelling units required an economic and fast solution. Solution was a uniform building as a finished product made by standardized components and subsystems. Final result was the thousands of hundreds of dwelling units that couldnt be transformed and adapted according to different requirements for changes during the time.
Fig 11: Review- Industrialization of the multifamily housing after the IIWW
Multifamily building as a finished product is a synonym for the building where different building parts are fixed together. Closed system could be described by fixed integration of all building components at connections. In such buildings, elements are very dependent since they are assembled with no regard to different life circle and different functional purposes they have in the building. In order to replace one component the relations with other components have to be disturbed or completely demolished. Typical examples have mechanical and wiring pipes and ducts embedded into the load bearing structure. 11
Multifamily Open Building September 2011 Usually load bearing elements are placed in the middle of the building span and even as the partition walls in prefabricated concrete panel constructions. Obviously, it is impossible to remove the partitions without disturbing the mechanical system, or adapt the mechanical wirings without completely destroying the partition wall. Finally we cant change anything in building layout if the interior partition is load bearing wall, except the total building demolition (fig 12).
Fig 13: CLOSED SYSTEM
Fig 12: Demolition of Mass Housing building (Kaptejins 1992) Left: Diagram of functional and technical dependences
The main characteristic of most of conventional systems is that they are built in a form of closed (static) systems, due to the fixed integration of technical systems into functional building systems. Figure 13 demonstrates the closed system. Closed Building Systems are designed and built: Without FUNCTIONAL DECOMPOSITION (two or more functions are integrated into one building element). (fig. 14)
Fig.14: Closed Building System: Functional dependency
CLOSED HIERARCHIES of different elements / traditionally all building elements are closely related to each other creating dependent hierarchy within the structure. Embedded materials into the permanently fixed (closed) subsystems (fig 13, 12)
Without SYSTEMATIZATION AND BASE ELEMENT SPECIFICATION between building elements / many relations between finished assemblies and components within the building system. (fig 15).
12
Fig 15: Granollers Social Housing, Spain, 2007: a) detail of horizontal section of the faade angle; b) detail of vertical section between interior partition wall and floor slab
High complicity of connection between elements without INTERFACE GEOMETRY / FIXED JOINTS (fig 15) Traditional brick masonry way of building on site was literary translated by industrial technologies into concrete masonry work with the components made at the assembly line. The real problem is that right now the building multifamily housing is done at ever higher costs, longer schedules, and lower quality. Many of the multifamily buildings today dont support the transformations and cant be adapted. These buildings have to be demolished. Process of demolition has many additional problems (fig 12, 17): Production of waste High amount of embodied energy. High value of operational and demolition costs.
Fig. 16: The large concrete panel with dimensions about 6 to 12 m and order of about 5 tons of weight was the main logo of the European reconstruction after the WWII.
Advantages RESUME: The application of mass production system got to: Increase the construction level at the level of existing needs, at least from a quantitative standpoint. Reduce costs or at least control them. Check and improve the quality of the building by industrial production. 13
Multifamily Open Building September 2011 Projects with minimal formal variations to reduce the number of different elements. Lineal housing blocks, to avoid changing the ways of the tower cranes Design the structure spans to meet the transport condition.
Fig. 17: Mass Housing Building and process of demolition
Fig.18 Cross-bearing structure by large concrete panels without any flexibility on the floor plan (Foto J. Salas).
14
Disadvantage RESUME: Zero "flexibility" of floor plan distribution: also the partition panels formed part of the cross-bearing supporting concrete structure (fig. 18) Elements of the systems were not interchangeable. All building parts were fixed together without demountable joints. (fig. 15) The elements of the different systems were not interchangeable. One component is not possible to replace with some components from different producer. The system of large concrete panels is made without a possibility to replace components. This system is considered completely closed.
CONCLUCION The main characteristic of most of conventional systems is that they are built in a form of closed (static) systems, due to the fixed integration of technical and functional systems (levels). The problem is based on a wrong focused decision for building the multifamily housing as a short-time view of the current state of housing, and not on a long-term survey of users needs and market conditions. Therefore, most apartment blocks have to be demolished because of their inability to adapt to new requirements. Conventional building structures usually follow the pattern of fixed integration of industrial products into closed systems-system that cant be transformed. (see ANEX 1: Social Housing in Spain Catalua / STATE-OF-THE-ART). In the multifamily building, dwelling units are expected to be transformable and the structure should be the flexible framework. The new vision of the design and building process stands for achieving the flexibility and adaptability of the dwellings layout according to user requirements.Infill level will be user responsive and completely independent from building structure.
***
15
1.2.2. MAIN OBJECTIVES
Conventional multifamily buildings are not designed and built for change. For that reason every transformation within the building has to do with demolition of parts of a building or sometimes whole built structure. In order to increase the buildings transformation capacity the building design and construction has to focus on systematization of building elements according to independent levels. It has to be consider how could be accessed and replaced parts of existing building systems and components, and how should be designed and integrated building systems in order to transform them later on. Open Building approach had introduced the participation and user choice as a new factor in design and building of multifamily housing. The building process has become more customer-focused. New dynamics in use and user participation in design process need more flexibility of the building layout. Infill level (dwelling units) will be considered the systems composed of independent subsystems for easy replacement, reconfiguration or components exchangeability. The base structure framework has to support the transformations of individual dwelling. Design process cannot be observed independently from building process, since transformations of space are directly related to the technical composition of the building. Adaptability of spatial systems is difficult to achieve if: Interfaces between the components in the system, are not designed as demountable. The two or more functions are integrated into one building component. There is large number of relations between components within the system. The elements are closely related to each other creating closed hierarchies. In closed hierarchy the replacement of one component will disturb many components and assemblies. In open hierarchy building parts are kept independent from each other. Term TRANSFORMATION is introduced for the dynamic behavior of multifamily open building system on spatial, technical and material level. Three basic aspects of transformation are elimination, addition and relocation(Habraken, 1976) of system components. To reach building transformations is introduced open-dynamic building system based on. Spatial transformation (implies functional decomposition); Structural transformation (implies technical decomposition); Material/element transformation (implies physical decomposition). Design characteristics of dynamic building system to be developed are: (fig 19) 1. FUNCTIONAL DECOMPOSITION 2. OPEN HIERARCHIES 3. SYSTEMATIZATION 16
Multifamily Open Building September 2011 4. BASE ELEMENT SPECIFICATION 5. COMPONENT`S INTERFACE 6. TYPE OF CONNECTION
Fig. 19: Design characteristics of dynamic building system
For the new generation multi-unit housing-in-progress the existing tools, applied in the design and building process need to be updated to reach spatial and technical flexibility for transformations according to different users requirements. Main objective of the multifamily Open Building approach is spatial and structural building transformation to extend the lifespan in use of multi-family buildings. Open Building principles and strategies will be applied in reconstruction of design and building process to reach the flexibility for transformation on different building levels. Every new transformation means an adaptation of the residential space according to the changes in the life the occupants.
Fig x: Open Building conceptual and strategy framework
17 and strategy framework Fig 20: Open Building conceptual
OBJECTIVES FOR BUILDING DESIGN: Design the building to provide affordable, customized and flexible residential space improving the quality of residents life / Functional decomposition. Design building layout with possibility of functional decomposition of building parts to support transformations. Design building infrastructure to support transformations. OBJECTIVES FOR BUILDING PROCESS: Search for new, more efficacious, safe, flexible and sustainable structural system / ITEGRATED- IFD (Industrialized, Flexible, Demountable) building system. Organization of the building process according to levels of control (building framework and dwelling units). Building process based on integrated design method. OBJECTIVES FOR THE DESIGN AND BUILDING PROCESS: Application of open system method to multifamily housing design and construction. For the new generation of transformable housing the existing tools, applied in the building process need to be updated to reach demountable properties and to allow building transformations according to different requirements. Every new phase in building use implies new requirements for spatial organization. This involves transformations of the building and means that after each use phase, an assessment-building system should be design and built to indicate the building suitability for new requirements. If there is no suitable technical solution or economic justification for changes, the buildings reach the end of their lifespan before the end of their technical lifespan. Design and demolition/disassembly phases of the building depend on the technical, spatial and physical characteristics of the building system. Technical refers to how the building parts are put together; spatial refers to how the building is designed and physical deals with material and how the material is used. New building process is searching for the spatial and technical system flexibility. Multi-unit building should be design to support disassembly of building parts and should be supported by technical flexibility and demountable properties, aimed spatial and structural transformations.
1.2.3. How the multifamily Open Building works? / ANNEX 1

User participation in housing design requires independent level for its decisionmaking (Habraken, 1976) and separation of the dwelling units from building framework. 18
Multifamily Open Building September 2011 Individual occupants decisions stand to transform individual living space independently from their neighbors requirements and their dwelling units, and independently from building structure. All family members develop their own life scenario in multifamily open building. The multifamily building transformation- T can be defined as a sum of independent dwelling units transformations t. That is to conclude that building system should be designed and constructed to support independent transformations of dwelling units in time.(equation 1) T(constant) = t1 + t2+ t3 + t4+ t5+ +tn n- number of dwelling units. (1)
Building transformation T is constant when the building infrastructure is permanent system but designed to be flexible for the dwelling unit transformations. Building structure is considered flexible if is possible to achieve different transformations of independent dwelling units. Flexibility of building structure and main mechanical and wiring system has been gained at the design stage and was supported during the building process according to open building development strategies and open building system method. T(variable) = t1 + t2+ t3 + t4+ t5+ +tn n- number of dwelling units. (2)
Building transformation T is variable when both levels transform. Support level transforms to achieve more flexibility at the infill level (equation 2). As we have already explained, transformations of residential space stand to support tenants requirements. Transformations of building infrastructure stand to: To support transformations of residential space Support community decisions and market conditions. Support industrial technology and its innovations.
Fig. 21 : Siedlung Brombeeriweg, Zrich, Switzerland (architect: EM2N Architekten, 2003): Transformations in the dwelling unit`s layout On the figure 21 twenty-five scenarios show the variability in plan that can be achieved through the internal rearrangement of walls. This potential makes it possible for the building, to react to changing demand and needs of new and existing tenants.
19
The multifamily building transformation T depends on the higher level conditions (urban level conditions). Permanent building structure should be designed to allow flexibility for transformations at the lower levels. Every dwellings transformation is independent in time, space and in the building framework. In the 60 Residential Open Building approach developed by Niklas Habraken and organization SAR (Stichting Architecten Research), offered a separations of permanent building parts from building parts that change more rapidly (individual units inside the permanent structural framework). This is known as SI (support-infill) system. The SAR approach is now treated by the Open Building movement, rallied under the Working Commission W-104 of the International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction (CIB). The support is called Basic Building by the CIB W-104 specialists (Kendall 2004) and Detachable Units are called infill. The support would normally be limited to the structure, the collective circulations, the wet services main conduits and envelope. The building is completed with the Detachable Units, which include the partitions and the service & equipment sub-systems. These Units can be interchangeable and in most cases installed by the occupants themselves. The Detachable Units are under the control of support, which provides a series of served and serving zones together with intermediate margins that can be allocated to one or another zone. Building division into different parts will allow independent decisions, applications, replacement, and substitution during the whole lifespan of the building. Systematization of building parts to support two mayor groups of participants (the dwellers and the society) is done according to: BUILDING LEVELS and BUILDING SYSTEM. Support and infill levels and SI building system (fig. 22) are introduces in Multifamily Housing design and construction process as completely independent levels. Support and Infill are used to support customer choice within industrial production of housing and building transformations to extend lifespan in building use. SI Building System is open system based on independent and exchangeable subsystems and components.
Fig. 22: SUPPORT and INFILL levels and SI building system, image by Komo (2000)
Building levels are used to organize different building parts respecting their life circle. Two main levels are established: Support level and Infill level. Support is building structure and common building services, should be designed and constructed to support transformations of residential space. All dwelling unit in one building belong to infill level(fig 23).
20
Fig. 23: Flexus House, Takanaka Corporation Japan, 2000, Support Structure / Base Building Detachable Units / Infill
Organization of the building parts into levels is done according to building system hierarchy, different lifespan of the elements and different decision-making that corresponds to each part. Different levels will be established according to different production and construction method to be applied in the building process. In multifamily housing occupant`s decisions at the infill level dont affect the level of base building (building support). Within the urban structure, independent decisions on the support level will affect load bearing structure, buildings common mechanical systems, public areas as well its other skin. Individual tenant changes can and should leave Support unaffected. Systems and parts associated with the infill level will change more rapidly in 10 to 20 years and inevitably have to be changed many times throughout the life cycle of the building. Transformations will occur according to tenant requirements for technical and functional upgrade of their leaving space, or by changes in the levels of support. Multifamily Open Building projects use two levels of decision-making to: Support Participation and user choice for more dynamics in use. Support decision making of all participants in design and building process. Subdivide technical, aesthetic, financial and social decisions. Support different life circle of building parts and components. ***
1.2.4. Some basic questions

What is exactly the building framework and what belongs to individual units? The separation of dwelling units from building structure is done to allow tenants decision-making for its own living space. What is the role of occupant, what is the role of architect and engineer, and what is the role of the construction industry? Different roles mean different participants decisions in building design and building process. For different participants should be allowed making decision on different level during the building life span. What is the relationship between the building and industrial system? Building system is an assembly of different subsystems and components. All subsystems are industrial systems. In the future work we will search for an integrated building 21
Multifamily Open Building September 2011 system according to building design to support all future transformations according to new requirements. What is the difference between the building system and open system? Building system is an assembly of different subsystems and components. Open system is composed from independent subsystems and supports building assembly and disassembly. Independency of system components supports the replacement of different components according to the needs. At the dwelling unit level individual user will make changes in its dwelling system using demountable properties of open system.
***
22
CHAPTER 2: Evolution of Open Building approach

in Multifamily Housing
2.1. Residential Open Buildings: First initiatives and relevant experiences 2.1.1. The Netherlands case 2.1.2. The Japan Case 2.2. From Mass Housing to Residential Open Building 2.2.1. 1920s: The Minimal Dwelling in modern times 2.2.2. 1930s - 1960s: The Industrialization of Housing and Mass Housing Production. 2.2.3. 1970s: Open Building and Participation and User Choice 2.3. The main transition in the conceptual framework
23
CHAPTER 2: Evolution of Open Building approach in multifamily housing

2.1. Multifamily Open Buildings: First initiatives and relevant experiences
The Supports movement first arose in Europe and Japan in direct response to the effects of post-World War II mass housing production.
2.1.1. The Netherland case

The first reaction on closed systems and mass housing production theory is the SAR (Stichting Architecten Reseach) founded in 1960 by N. John Habraken. In Habrakens book De dragers en de mensen, 1961 (later published in English as Supports: an alternative to mass housing), he proposed a radical alternative to existing mass housing in the Netherlands. He had in mind to offer the occupant of a mass-produced dwelling the opportunity to make a personal statement about his leaving space, and for that, he introduced the concept of support and infill building levels. The support is considered permanent and the infill has been separated to allow different changes in tame according the tenants requirements (fig 1). Everything that contributes to the realization of an alternative to mass housing methods, for multifamily housing production became the subject of the SAR theory and studies. The SAR method considers a residential building like a mechanism of two independent parts (fig 1): The Support / "Support system" (Habraken 1976) / "Base Building (CIB W104, 2005), under the responsibility of the community and is capable of holding x 1dwelling units, designed as a demountable and removable systems . The "Infill" (CIB W104, 2005) / "Detachable Units" (Habraken 1976) / is the sphere of responsibility of the tenants. Detachable unit has an ability to change the distribution and to renovate according to the specific needs of a particular user.
24
Fig 1: Mass Housing and total building system (left); support-infill building system (right)
Supports provide serviced space for occupancy. Supports can be constructed using many alternative technical systems or materials. In all cases, they provide space to be divided into dwellings. It results from analyses in which the design team proceeds through a series of steps to develop the best SUPPORT DESIGN - one with optimum capacity for dwelling variation.(fig. 2)
Fig 2: Support structure design Left: Dwelling of Tomorrow, Wohnen Morgen, Ottokar Uhl and Jos P. Weber, Austria, 1976 Middle: NEXT 21 Prototype Multi-Family Housing Complex , Yositika UTIDA, Shu-Ko-Sha, Osaka, Japan, 1994 Right: Flexsus House 22', Takenaka Corporation, Japan, 2000
Support-Infill (SI) method has been developed and described in Variations: The Systematic Design of Supports (Habraken et al., 1976), which states: The basic concept of a support presupposes that at least two participants are making decisions independently and sequentially. First there is the designer of the support who provides an infrastructure in which, at a later date, the resident will create a dwelling using an independent decision making process. What options does the first party leave the second? How can these be analyzed and annotated? Secondly, there is the problem of coordinating the design of the infill which is used to make independent dwellings in the support. These are two separate design processes that operate independently but in parallel, separated physically but not necessarily in time. How can these efforts be coordinated? The designer of the support operates in a social framework in which his work is tested against generally accepted standards about what constitutes well designed dwellings, as well as the more specific standards of the client, the investor and developer of the building which will be leased or sold to a set of occupants who are not yet known. At least three participants are involved: the designer, the regulatory official, and the client. They have to comply with clearly formulated norms and standards in such a way that these can be effectively applied to compare different series of possible uses of the support. Finally the design of a support involves a number of technical experts: the architect, structural, electrical, sanitary, heating and air-conditioning engineers, and builder. As in any other building their various efforts have to be integrated, but in this case they all operate within narrow cost and space limits while having to arrive at a flexible solution. If a predetermined floor plan is not available to coordinate their services, other means of communication and coordination are needed. The basic building systems which form the Support may be grouped in different ways. Additional systems may also be appropriated to the Support. Ultimately, all Supports include a structural framework, facade and mechanical systems.
25
Structural framework
The most of Open Building projects in Netherlands used different variations of reinforced concrete structural frames. They were of two basic assembly types: concrete slab, beam and column (fig 3), or concrete slab supported by concrete walls. Many use almost entirely cast-in-place concrete but many examples include both: pre-cast or post-tensioned elements and cast-in-place concrete; or masonry bearing walls and concrete slabs either castin-place or utilizing precast planks. The tunnel form Support is used throughout the Netherlands in OB projects as well as in conventional residential construction. It is economical and suited to rapid and systematic construction and for the OB it was carefully designed. Long spans are good for residential space and offer a high degree of unit layout variation. Dorine van Hoogstraten on Habrakens basic idea 1998: The support structure itself, which is not housing, can be seen as building land in the air, which contains connections for electricity, sewage, and other general facilities. The support structure, for which the community (government) bears responsibility, has a much longer life span than the dwelling assembled within it and must, therefore, be independent of this dwelling. The architect designs support structures, and the urban designer organizes them into a city. The support is not a neutral structure; on the contrary, it clears the way for outstanding talent in the field of design. (Housing for the Millions: John Habraken and the SAR (1960-2000), p. 92)
Fig.3 1952_Kristalbouw| Jan Trapman | Amsterdam |The Netherlands Left: Reinforced concrete structural frame(concrete slab, beam and column) Right: Dwelling unit`s layout
. Mechanical systems In OB projects, building mechanical systems, are separated completely from building structure on two levels: Support and infill. A significant portion of the mechanical systems, particularly the horizontal distribution of water, drainage, gas, electricity, data and signal wires, heating and cooling now occur at the infill level.Support cabling, ducts, and pipes are placed in vertical mechanical shafts inside the building.
26
Multifamily Open Building September 2011 ***
Functional levels and SAR theory about zones and margins for the multifamily building design.
Distribution diagrams on which operates SAR methodology are characterized by the presence of zones and margins (fig. 4)which help to design and distribute different functional areas within the multifamily building. These correspond to fixed bands within which the spaces were being designed. For example, rooms can be placed on one or more areas, but they will finish in the margins. In Respect to these zones will be used for functional distribution and margins for functional adaptability of dwelling layout. Distribution of functions in the building layout according to division in zones and margins introduces systematization in building design. Different spatial zones and functions will be supported with corresponding systematization into technical levels of subsystems and components. Groping of housing functions will divided the floor layout into independent spatial levels.
Fig.4: Zone : An area designed for private use inside and adjacent to an exterior wall Zone : Internal area designed for private use and is not adjacent to an exterior wall Zone : may be internal or external, but is meant for public use. Zone : external area is designed for private use
1974. N.J. Habraken. The systematic design of supports. Division of the space in bands: margins and zones.
According to zones and margins conventional multifamily building in concrete panel system can be converted into more dynamic systems with the special emphases on the 27
Multifamily Open Building September 2011 building structure. Building structure will be designed as an independent demountable system into independent spatial zone. Schemes 1-3 illustrates the building structure design according to established spatial zones.
SCHEME 1:
Transversal load bearing support structure / low-rise building
SCHEME 2:
Support system BIJLMER / LOW-RISE BUILDING
SCHEME 3:
TWINS Support System / low-rise building
28
Multifamily Open Building September 2011 The success of the theory lies in the type of grouping of the dwelling functions as the essence for the support-infill subsystems distribution into different zones and margins. Some of the zones are permanent and some are more adaptable.Margins are considered to support the principal functional zones, their extensions and adaptability. The best Japanese multifamily practice, NEXT 21 is designed with marginal band between the support structure and infill-detachable unit.(fig5). This zone supports both: the infill layout for constant transformation, and the support subsystems, structure and communal services to stay permanent..
Fig 5: margin zone in NEXT 21 multifamily building
NEXT 21 margin zone is used for dwelling units spatial transformations to bridge the difference between the permanent support structure and independent infill content. Figure 6 demonstrates the overlapping between infill zone and margin zone as part of the transformations in dwellings layout.
Fig 6: Zones and Margins in NEXT 21 Multifamily Housing
The link between general-spaces and spaces for specific use, with service areas are distributed in margin area. Margin area allow to differentiate the support from infill and to design it to be suitable for certain types of rooms. Leave the main residential area free from support elements allows for the users to design their own housing unit. They valued 29
Multifamily Open Building September 2011 parts of the area more than another, making decisions about the position of different types of spaces and functions. Within the Netherlands, OBOM and its followers focus on extending, developing and implementing SAR models of Support/Infill housing, albeit with a more technical orientation. The first generation of Supports in Europe and Japan incorporated flexible column-free spaces.
The Japan case Developments toward Open Building in Japan

In Japan, principally because seismic conditions, the skeleton has been more the focus of attention in the evolution of Open Building. At least six criteria are commonly used in evaluating Support structural systems (Fukao, 1998): durability basic adaptability of living space capacity for enlargement of dwelling space flexibility for changing dwelling layouts and interior finish adaptability for elderly occupants Engineering design of S/I housing in Japan has generated many important support skeleton variants. Among those constructed of reinforced concrete, are the following types: 1. Rigid beam/slab/column type.(fig.7) a. continuous flat slab over beams b. depressed slab between concrete beams (HUDc)
Fig. 7: Conventional structural system for residential buildings in Japan. Drawing courtesy of Building Research Institute, Ministry of Construction.
Fig. 8:Inverted Slab/Beam Support structure. Drawing courtesy of Building ResearchInstitute, Ministry of Construction.
30
2. Inverted slab/beam/column (fig.8) 3. Thickened, voided flat slab and columns (Shimizu) 4. Bearing wall structure a. continuous flat slab over beams b. depressed slab between alternating beams (HUDc) 5. Flat beam structure (HUDc) 6. z-beam/slab/column type (HUDc) The construction of apartment buildings began immediately after the Great Earthquake in 1923, when reinforced concrete began to be used for buildings. Fig 9: shows Harumi Apartment Building, which was built in 1958 in skeleton construction with reinforced concrete column and beams. The interior construction was designed employing the conventional production organization a traditional Japanese wooden house was built in a reinforced concrete skeleton.( Fig 10)The building was thus constructed with the support and the infill being physically separated.
Fig 9: Harumi Apartment Building, 1958 / image by Seiichi Fukao
Fig 10: Interior of Harumi Project / Traditional Japanese wooden house / image by Seiichi Fukao
Construction method using large precast concrete panel was also developed, but skeleton system allowed more freedom for the infill content. The traditional Japans wooden house was introduced as the infill level for SI apartment project. Traditional Japanese wooden house was built in a reinforced concrete skeleton as an open system for diversity on the infill level. The floor plan of the constructed building is planed to have a large space in the skeleton to be divided freely with partition panels or to be designed various types of rooms with movable partitions. In accordance with this increase, organizations specialized in infill for apartment buildings were created, which made the interior of apartment buildings and that of wooden houses more different. In 1971 was the first introduction of systems building in Japan. SI apartment project were developed according the system buildingcomposed from subsystems and components. Associated with this movement the Japan Housing Corporation shifted its focus from technological development, in particular the development of building structures using industrial prefabricated technologies. All the assembly lines demonstrate the capacity to accommodate the requirements of each client through flexibility of the tooling and combinability, reaching a high level of mass 31
Multifamily Open Building September 2011 customization. Each manufactured house in Japan is designed and produced according to the buyers needs and demands, while the design components are fully standardized or mass produced. (Richard and Noguchi 2006)(fig.11)
Fig 11: KEP experimental Skeleton, 1974 / image by Seiichi Fukao
Fig12: KEP system catalogue / image by Seiichi Fukao
The KEP system developed 1974 (fig. 11), consisted of four subsystems. The first was a system for external walls, called a shelter. The second was an interior system, the third a system for sanitary facilities, and the fourth a system for ventilation and air conditioning. Performance specifications were set for each of the subsystems and manufacturers developed their products according to the performance specifications (fig.12). Figure 13(a,b,c,d) presents an apartment building called Free Space, designed by Kudan Architect office at the request of the Japan Housing Corporation. The building has three spaces on the north, center and south sides, and the reinforced concrete floor slab in the center space is 200 mm lower than the north and south spaces. The floor finishing panel is placed 300 mm higher than the upper surface of the slab, allowing free layout of drain and water-supply pipes in the space between the floor panels and the slab. Also there is a light well, where vertical plumbing is set up. Since there are no shared pipes running vertically in each apartment, the apartment rooms as well as sanitary zones can be freely remodeled.
Fig 13a: JHC Free Space, image by Seiichi Fukao
Fig 13b: Free Space (skeleton), image by Seiichi Fukao
32
Fig 13d: Free Space (plan & section), image by Seiichi Fukao
The next project called Century Housing System (CHS, 1980) aimed to achieve longer life of entire multifamily buildings and examined the new option of independent development of building components of different durability. It determined the expected durability of various types of components and set interface rules for each type. The project also proposed not to install vertical common plumbing in the center of apartments. Figure 14 shows the building named Teradamachi Apartment supplied by Osaka City Housing Corporation, where the apartment unit has a recessed water facility zone as shown in (fig.15).
Fig.14: CHS Teradamachi Apartment / image by Seiichi Fukao
Fig.15: CHS Teradamachi Apartment: Plan and section / image by Seiichi Fukao
Figure 16 presents Green Village Utsukidai open building cooperative housing project constructed in 1992 coordinated by Japan Housing Corporation. The building has a large void in the center of each unit, which is used as a space for vertical plumbing. As shown in a figure 17 , the central slab of the apartments adjacent to the void is recessed to create a space for horizontal plumbing. The planning and design of about 100 apartments was done by many architects, and the apartments have different room layouts and different interior finishes.
Conclusion
Fig 16: Green Village Utsukidai, Japan Housing Corporation,1992 / image by Seiichi Fukao Fig 17: Green Village Utsukidai: Plan and section / image by Seiichi Fukao
33
Multifamily Open Building September 2011 NEXT21 built in 1994, Osaka, Japan, has produced a substantial reaction in Japan, highlighted the idea of skeleton- infill separation (fig. 18). The concept emphasizes physical separation of apartment building components by their life circle. This project is the best example of SI building systems. This I stands for infill and S for skeleton, not for support. S for the support has introduced the new idea of skeleton design for high level flexibility of building frame.
Fig.18: NEXT 21, Osaka, Japan, 1994: SI(support-infill) system
Fig.19: NEXT 21 dwelling unit number 302 (drown by Kozo Kadovaki)
Figure 19 demonstrates the dwelling unit number 302 and its layout organization. Its clearly expressed the permanent construction module (7.2x 7.2 m) and the flexible extension of infill content outside this module into the margin zone. The dwelling arrangement based on open building system of demountable partitions and independent and exchangeable water supply pipes and ducts, has been changed many times. In 2000, Takenaka Corporation and others constructed an experimental SI multifamily building Flexsus 22 in Aichi Prefecture in the House Japan Project (Fig.20). They employed a seismic-isolated structure, eliminating beams, to realize the building frame with a high degree of freedom. The shared pipe shafts were installed on the north side of the corridor and there was a horizontal plumbing zone above the slab of the corridor (fig. 21).
Fig.20: Flexsus House 22, 2000 /image by Seiichi Fukao
Fig. 21: Flexsus House 22 (corridor) /image by Seiichi Fukao
34
***
2.2.
From Mass Housing to Residential Open Building
Characteristics of multifamily open buildings and methods to achieve flexibility for transformations are evaluated with reference to the Open Building approach. The three phases in the evolution of multifamily open building in the twentieth century are introduced. 1920s:The Minimal Dwelling and Modernism 1930s - 1960s: The Industrialization of Housing and Mass Housing Production 1970s: Open Building and Participation and User Choice
This research focuses on the examples that reflect open building strategies in design and construction process as a key project in the transition from closed-static to open dynamic building systems. Flexibility is one of the main Open Building conceptual strategies applied first for the building layout. The key words: standardization, minimum dwelling, base structures, polyvalent organizations, adaptable space, modular design, support and infill system, customization, user participation and integrated design, inform the transitions from flexible building layout to permanent flexibility of total building system.
1920s: The Minimal Dwelling in Modernism
Schneider and Till emphasize that: architects, particularly in the 1920s, were questioning existing patterns of living and approached the building as something that could change over time and something that could adapt to the wishes of its inhabitants (2005, p. 158). In respect to this, the first examples built in 1920s and 1930s, demonstrate the first intentions in developing the flexibility in multifamily buildings. Concept of flexibility and minimal dwelling
Minimal Dwelling, reflects the first transition from conventional way of building to new systematic design and construction process, according to changes in the lifestyles of individual users. The idea of minimal dwelling was to find out the limited space standards of housing to satisfy the housing demand. The concept of flexibility played a crucial role in the development of minimal dwelling. Schneider and Till set out that if 35
Multifamily Open Building September 2011 there was less space, then that space needed to be used in as efficient and flexible manner as possible. (2007, p. 16).
a)
Fig: 22: The Weissenhofsiedlung Experimental Housing Project, Mies van der Rohe, Stuttgart, Germany a) b) c) Design layout of building support concrete s tructure Design layout of dwelling units: many transformations in of the residential space The Weissenhofsiedlung Experimental Housing Project: Outside look
c) b)
Open Building under the term Flexible Housing and Minimal Dwelling
Flexibility is a key term for understanding an Open Building approach. Flexible Housing corresponds to housing that can adapt to the changing needs of users(Till & Schneider, 2005, p. 287). It includes the possibility for adaptability of housing layout prior the occupation or ability for change over time. Minimal dwelling was designed and built with flexibility of architectural layout for achieving adaptability of unit space according the occupant needs and more flexibility for building structure for achieving changes in building layout. Minimal dwellingwas built with permanent building structure, but was designed to allow flexibility for the interior space transformations, leaving the residential area free from load bearing elements (fig. 22 a). Introducing the different stages of flexibility, starting from architectural layout flexibility and flexibility of some building parts to flexibility of total building, we are reaching the best Open Multifamily Building practices.
36
Multifamily Open Building September 2011 Minimal dwelling and Free plan
The first approach in the design of minimal dwelling is to determine the base structures which are designed as permanent with special emphases on a variety of configurations and changes of the residential space. Free organization of the building layout is known as a free plan. The multifamily building structure is considered flexible permanent boundary for flexibility of the dwelling space by removable partitions and interior rearrangement of the space. Free plan shows a regular grid of load bearing columns integrated into the layer of the external envelope against which the internal partition walls can be built. The differentiates between the load bearing column and non-load bearing wall, which can be removed or added according to a user's needs leads the movement to total separation between the building structure and dwellings.(Related works : The Weissenhofsiedlung housing project by Mies van der Rohe; The Hufeisensiedlung multi-storey apartment block. (fig.22) The Weissenhofsiedlung experimental housing project, designed by Mies van der Rohe for the Werkbund Exhibition Die Wohnung, Stuttgart 1927 is representative example of minimal dwelling and free plan layout (fig.22). Van der Rohe designed the permanent components of the building in order to provide an indeterminate open space to be arranged by the users. The large spans of column and beam system with perimeter walls, and the infrastructure for the service spaces of the blocks were predetermined and built. Blocks are configured as frame construction, which Mies van der Rohe thought to be the most appropriate form of construction to balance the fixed needs for efficient forms of construction with the changing needs of its occupants (Schneider & Till, 2007, p. 20). In this way, he granted freedom to users by allowing them to fill the free plan with light infill partitions wherever they want (fig 23).
Fig.23: The Weissenhofsiedlung housing project by Mies van der Rohe, 1927 Variation of the some function in different units layouts
Conclusion
In 1920s and 1930s, there were two controversial approaches to flexibility in architectural design reflected directly on building process and building system. On one hand, there is a tendency to advocate the necessity of minimal dwellings designed in the form of indeterminate building layout plan-free plan, and on the other hand, the tendency to support more determinate new models of housing with technical and mechanical equipments and fixed partition walls in the form of indeterminate use of the rooms Starting from 1930s, the second tendencies have continued by adopting industrial solutions to construction techniques in housing an provoked the Mass Housing production.
*** 1930s - 1960s: The Industrialization of Housing and Mass Housing Production
37
Multifamily Open Building September 2011 Mass Production of Housing and Total Building System.
While the first period was guided by social und cultural aspects, the second part focused on the technical and economic aspects of housing production. New construction techniques and industrial technologies, made a link between the minimal dwelling, and industrial production resulting with mass housing (fig. . Huge demand for dwelling units after the World War II, introduced new decisions about housing standardization, normalization, rationalization, constructivism, functionalism, economy prefabrication in building construction process. Most of postwar multifamily buildings were built as a finished products with no possibility to be transformed and adapted to new users requirements. According to Le Corbusier, the standardized solutions in skeleton system called Maison Dom-ino (1919) are offered. The industrial developments made possible standardized and comparatively perfect types of production. They also led to a standardized solution that is universally accepted as the proper and appropriate type of housing for all human beings. From this point of view, the neutral skeleton system called Maison Dom-ino (1919) by Le Corbusier can be regarded as one of the pioneering schemes for mass-produced housing constructions and it cant be equaled with support. The skeleton support is separated from the in-fill parts of the building that are added later.
Fig 24: A Support is not a Skeleton. Image courtesy of N.J. Habraken
A Support is not a skeleton (fig.24) Habrakens expression is to underline that this skeleton cant be neutral; it has to be designed and built for specific architecture layout. Support is a physical set that offers space and possibility to make dwellings and stands as a boundary conditions for the dwellings. A serviced plot of ground with regulated use, building placement and size restrictions is, in fact, a limited sort of Support (Habraken, 1976). Once erected, the form of the Support is closed in. The common services are all installed. From the perspective of the community, the Support appears complete. Next to be installed are different and independent dwelling layouts.
38
Fig. 25: Daigram: From Mass Housing to Residential Open Building
The component, the subsystem
According to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) a component is any part of a system that, once placed where it belongs in the building immediately fulfils a function that has been assigned to it in that building (structural, spatial, supply etc.). The industrial technologies and techniques introduced the component as the base element in mass production of building systems. Some values were added to control and to coordinate the component to satisfy the efficiency of production for lower costs. Different components were joined to form industrial subsystems. In Mass Housing production all subsystems and components were fixed together in one closed system. It is important to make this distinction, as there are many construction materials such as brick that even though they are produced industrially do not fulfill the component issue. In order for a brick to begin to work in the way load bearing wall or partitions work, many more bricks are needed until the wall in question can be built in-situ (the brick fabric). Every component has is function and from the moment it is installed, it fulfills its function, otherwise it is not a component. One Brick as it has to be joined with thousand of bricks for the load bearing purposes is a component of the system but it`s not an independent component. Also the function of one brick is to be part of the load bearing wall, and for difference, the reinforced concrete panel is a load bearing wall. One brick, however industrialized it is, will never be considered a component of the system as it does not support the weights in the way the load bearing wall does and of which it forms a part. Obviously one brick in the load bearing brick wall is depending component in the system. It serves its function in relation with other bricks. Prefabrication of the component and assembly condition developed the idea of independent component. Independent component can be replaced. The Industrial components are jointed together to form the subsystem. The joint conditions will be analyzed later on, but the most important state in make the joint is to make a demountable joint. Demountable joint is a condition for Open Building System. More independent subsystems and components will be joined to form IFD subsystems. IFD subsystems is a customized product of the industrialized technologies for the Open Building.
Support-Infill SI system
The process of standardization, led to the development of the modular design and prototypes in housing. Habrakens Support and Infill method is applied for restructuring of the building process developed in mass housing. He advocates in-built opportunity in 39
Multifamily Open Building September 2011 residential blocks for a variety of types by making the architectural layout independent from the structural system. This approach clime that the users are the important input in the design process, thus buildings allow users to make adaptations of their dwellings in the future. In brief, the support and infill system in the design of housing units seems to be based on a separation of the structural system and the dwellings. Users have no right to interfere to structural system while the infill system refers to configuration of the detachable units according to users needs and wishes.
Related works:
Kristalbouw project (1952) by Jan Trapman (fig 26 )is an example of SupportInfill multifamily building. It is a concrete frame structure with an offset outer line of balconies, which can be accessed via inner access units or open access galleries. Beside the permanent components, the interior space is left open to be arranged according to the need of future occupant.
Fig 26: Kristalbouw project (1952) by Jan Trapman, Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Support structure and infill division of the building layout
Kallebck experimental housing (1960) by Erik Friberger, (fig.27). The support structure is Kit of parts column and slab system. At the infill level were installed demountable partition walls to allowed the users to make extension of their units by moving the partition walls. In this way, architect allows user to participate in design process.
Fig.27: Kallebck experimental housing (1960) by Erik Friberger, Sweden: left: support structure; middle:infill partitions and dwelling layouts; right; building faade
Flexible Housing versus Mass Housing The basic interventions on building in Mass Housing for Flexible Housing:
40
Multifamily Open Building September 2011 1. Reduction of load bearing or solid internal partitions that blocked automatically the possibility of future adaptation to achieve more indeterminate space with larger spans and open plan allowing non-load bearing partitions to be installed in and removed according to the needs. 2. Reduction of non-adaptable or non-accessible services. 3. Reduction of load bearing partitions with inserted services. 4. Elimination of tight-fit functionalism and rooms that are predetermined and can be used in only one way, to provide more generic free space. 5. Restructuring of the building process excluding all the point expressed in advance.
1970s-: Open Building and Participation and User Choice
Innovations in design techniques for achieving flexibility allow users involvement in the design stage. SI (support-infill) method for multifamily housing establishes the infill level to be easy adaptable according the needs of the users and support level to be flexible to support infill changes.Free plan and polyvalent space of infill layout achieved the flexibility for user choice. Flexibility for choice in the individual unit layout allows free arrangement of the individual dwellings. Independent infill system allows displacement of the boundaries of the individual dwellings by demountable partition walls. The use of standardized components allows adaptation over time, in terms of replacement or additions. SI multifamily buildings and industrialized construction technologies offer prefabricated components from which the users can pick whatever they want to customize their dwellings. The approaches to housing design related to flexibility and open building in the twentieth century are discussed under three episodes. These episodes are labeled by Schneider and Till (2007) according to the social, technical and economic dynamics in the twentieth century. In the first epoch, the discussion was based on new models of housing schemes with respect to minimal space standards. In the next epoch, the focus was shifted to standardized construction models of houses. The last epoch, 1960s, introduced new themes such as customization, individualization future intended design through user participation in the design process. This brief presentation of the developments in flexible housing under the term Open Building, pointed to the changing demands such as the need for housing and limited space standards, innovations in construction techniques and technology, and user participation in the design stage.
*** 2.3. The main transitions in the conceptual framework: From Minimal dwelling to Open Multifamily Building
The Main transitions in the conceptual framework will highlight different key spots in development toward multifamily open building. Special emphases are done facing the transitions referred to building structure and the major changes brought up with it.
41
Multifamily Open Building September 2011 FP- FREE PLAN Free plan and minimal dwelling highlighted the flexibility in building layout. At the level of dwelling units is gained flexibility for tenants to arrange the dwelling layout (interior partitions, function distribution) independently of building structure. Building common services have been set around the building cores with the bathrooms and kitchen permanent positioned. Main exit was the design and construction of building structure to allow free residential space for different unit`s arrangements. Resume: Building structure is designed as permanent system, but flexible for dwelling unit arrangement. Residential area is left open driving all or almost all load bearing mid-span elements outside of interior space. On the fig 28 we see the building system based on load bearing cores and column and beam skeleton system.
Fig.28: The Weissenhofsiedlung Experimental Housing Project, Mies van der Rohe, Stuttgart, Germany, 1927
FP (free plan)
SI System (support-infill)
SI (support-infill) buildings drive the concept one step toward clear separation between building infrastructure (more permanent building parts) and dwelling units (infill). Main attention is on the building support. The initial idea about the separation of building structure was extended to building support. Support contains all permanent building parts: building structure, common building services and the faade system. Permanent building parts are separated from dwellings that change more rapidly. Separation of the components with the different life circle stands for extension of the total building life span respecting the life of long-lasting components while less durable can be replaced.
Resume: Building structure is permanent part of the building. Common services and building faade are considered permanent building parts as well. Permanent building parts belong to support level. Dwelling units are completely independent entities in the building support and can be easy transformed (fig. 29). 42
Fig.29 : 1960_ Kallebck Experimental Housing | Erik Friberger | Sweden: Left: Load bearing structure and commn building services Right: Free arrangement of the infill layout
SI (support-infill) System
OB (Open Building)System
SI system is developed into OB (Open Buildnig) system. Support and infill are designed as independent levels. For both levels is applied open building system method. Open Building system is composed from independent subsystems and components and stands for exchangeability and independence of system components. For Multifamily building are distinguished major subsystem at both level. Here are introduced interchangeably issue and demountable properties between system components. Building structure as one of the major support subsystems is design according the new interchangeability and demountable properties.
Fig.30: 1972_Genterstrasse | Otto Steidle | Munich _ Building structure design
Fig.31: 1972_Genterstrasse | Otto Steidle | Munich _ Dwelling units design
Resume: Building structure is design and built as demountable system (fig.30). The flexibility is achieved with re-adjustable space to the principal structure. Concrete columns with the corbel allows structural transformations (fig.32). Space and volumes can be expand or deduced according to the user demands. To achieve that: components had to be prefabricated and having them not permanently fixed to one-another. Separation of dwelling units at the level of mechanical systems, pipes and ducts and electric wirings, allowed for the kitchens and bathrooms to change position in the building layout.(Fig.31)
Fig.32: 1972_Genterstrasse | Otto Steidle | Munich : Prefabricated concrete column with corbels.
43
CHAPTER 3: How the Multifamily Open Buildings work? PRINCIPLES, STRATEGIES AND METHODS
3.1. Key conceptual framework 3.1.1. Flexibility 3.1.2. Adaptability 3.1.3. Transformation 3.1.4. Customization 3.2. Specific technical strategies 3.2.1. Summary 3.2.2. Making INDEPENDENT LEVELS OF CONTROL. 3.2.3. Design characteristics of Open Building System for Multifamily Building. Functional decomposition Systematization of building components and subsystems Open system hierarchy and base element specification. Controlled assembly sequences. Dray joints connection and simple interface geometry. 3.3. Key development strategies 3.3.1. A STUDY ON THE APLICATION OF THE OPEN BUILDING APPROACH IN MULTIFAMILY HOUSING DESIGN AND BUILDING The best practice: NEXT 21 Spain state-of-the-art: Parallel view of the case studies 3.3.2. Systematic design according to Levels of Control and Building System method 3.3.3. Application of Open system to support and infill level 3.4. Methods 3.4.1 IFD (Industrialized, Flexible, Demountable) System Introduction IFD principles and strategies IFD method applied at the infill level IFD method applied at the support level IFD building system 44 Specificities of IFD system Conclusion
CHAPTER 3: How the Multifamily Building work? PRINCIPLES, STRATEGIES AND METHODS FOR SYSTEMATIC APPROACH
Different concepts, strategies and method have been investigated for restructuring the multifamily building design process to achieve more dynamics in use. This dynamics referred to flexibility of the living space to be adapted. Different methods are used to reach full potential flexibility for constant change and for a longer life circle of the more permanent building parts building structure? Multifamily Open Building is a multi facetted concept aiming flexibility in functional, technical, organizational, physical, financial and sustainable multifamily project solutions that can adapt to changing needs over time. It supports user participation, industrial production of housing and community decisions to achieve flexibility for change according to different requirements. If the change is the problem, a leveled organization of the building process can provide at least a part of the solution.(Ype Cuperus) One uniform mass housing building project will be converted into adaptable hierarchy set of parts organized into independent levels to control in a form of open building system composed from independent components and subsystems. This new approach is introduced under the term open system. Open system will be considered as a transformable system and will be established different conceptual, technical and development strategies for its design and construction. The key Open Building principles, strategies and methods will be highlighted in analysis of two case studies: Japanese case study: NEXT21 | Osaka Gas with SHU-KO-SHA | Japan | 1994 Spain case study: 112 SOCIAL DWELLING IN THE POLVOR DISTRICT, BARCELONA. 2005.
45
***
3.1 Basic conceptual strategies:

FLEXIBILITY and ADAPATABILITY
The concept of flexibility is an important concern for design Open Building multifamily housing. Flexibility refers to the idea of accommodating change over time. Flexible housing corresponds to housing that can adapt to the changing needs of users (Till & Schneider, 2005, p. 287). The study claims, through different examples, that a concern for flexibility can inspire, in N. John Habrakens (2008) words, a new and challenging kind of residential architecture (p. 291). The English colloquial usage of the word flexibility is: 1. Capability of being bent; pliancy. 2. Susceptibility of modification or alteration; capacity for ready adaptation to various purposes or conditions; freedom from stiffness or rigidity.(Oxford English Dictionary Online, 2010) In its ordinary usage, flexibility denotes not only a spatial-functional change, but also physical change, modification or adaptation, for a variety of purposes or uses. The word flexibility points out: the quality of being adaptable; capacity of being adapted (Oxford English Dictionary Online, 2010). It accommodates a meaning of fitting or suiting for a variety of purposes. In Multifamily buildings, flexibility will consider the question how the permanent parts of the buildings (subsystems on the support level, the structural system and the common services) are configured: The organization of the rooms, their dimensions, the relation between the rooms and their functions are the concern for adaptability. To sum up, Rabeneck, Sheppard and Town claim that while the design decisions about the structure and service spaces are related to flexibility, the consideration about the architectural layouts of the remaining spaces are associated with adaptability. Our objective will be: Design the flexibility of building support for the adaptability of dwelling units. Flexible support structures will be more suitable for the transformation at infill level (dwelling unit level). We can distinguish four flexibility levels in Multifamily Housing design and building process. (fig. 1)
Fig. 1: Flexibility levels
46
Multifamily Open Building September 2011 INITIAL FLEXIBILITY flexibility for choice at the design stage for the typological variety of individual dwelling units (fig. 2,3:NEXT 21 project: initial flexibility of building framework for 18 different dwelling typologies.
Fig 2: NEXT 21: floor plan with different dwelling typologies
Fig 3: NEXT 21: Dwelling unit typologies
IN-BUILT FLEXIBILITY flexibility as an opportunity for adaptability of the dwelling unit ( NEXT 21: independent unit may be adapted independently from other units and independently from building infrastructure), fig. 4;
Fig. 4: NEXT 21: dwelling unit transformation
47
FULL POTENCIAL FLEXIBILITY for full potential of housing for constant change; flexibility of support for the adaptability of the detachable unit and dwelling unit`s transformation according to user preferences.
Fig. 5: NEXT 21: The flat 202 FULL POTRNCIAL FLEXIBILITY of dwelling unit layout / (a,b,c,d,e are transormations)
PERMANENT FLEXIBILITYof total building system for changes over time(fig. 6).
Fig 6: NEXT21 before remodeling (left); NEXT21 after remodeling (right)
According Schneider and Till (2005a, 2005b, 2007), flexibility is to accommodate change in housing related with the current and future needs of the users. First, it offers variety in the architectural layout of the dwelling units inside the building framework INITIAL FLEXIBILITY. Secondly, it includes adjustability and adaptability of housing units over time INBUILT FLEXIBILITY. And finally, it allows buildings to accommodate to new functions, even to change completely the principal use, to be dismantled and relocate FULL POTENCIAL FLEXIBILITY AND PERMANENT FLEXIBILITY. Minimal dwellingand free plan in multifamily housing is the best practice to achieve the initial flexibility of individual unit layout. With SI(support- infill) system was highlighted the in-built flexibility for choice of every individual dwelling (fig. 7). Open Buildingapproach is searching now for the new method to achieve full potentialflexibility of multifamily housing in Spain and other European country.
48
To achieve flexibility, architects should take in account the possible future needs of occupants, during the design and building process. The benefits of flexibility in housing are discussed both from the perspective of users and in terms of innovative industrial construction. Within this framework, this research tries to find answers to the next questions: 1- How does the idea of flexibility inform an Open Building approach? 2- What methods are used for approving flexibility within the context of Open Building? 3- What does flexibility mean in restructuring of the building process for Open Multifamily Building. 4- What are the extents and limitations of flexibility in multifamily housing in Spain?
***
Spatial and structural flexibility in multifamily housing

Multifamily buildings that support special and structural transformation have been considered flexible. Space transformation happens during the use phase of the residential building. Therefore, indicators of spatial flexibility can be defined as: Extendibility (enlargement of the space), Partitioning (rearrangement of units space), Multi-functionality (rearrangement within space units), Functional mutation (mutation from one function to another) Structural flexibility is related to the ability of building components and systems to be easily replaced, displaced, reconfigured, reused, and recycled. The indicators of technical flexibility are: Accessibility, Replaceability, Reconfiguring, Separation In order to achieve special flexibility building should be designed for disassembly. In that respect structural flexibility with associated disassembly properties can be seen as a key for sustainable construction. Structural flexibility makes sustainable building possible not only by reuse and recycling possibility but also by making building adaptable to follow trends and technological developments. There is natural interdependency between structural flexibility and architectural layout flexibility and they cannot be isolated from each other. Structural flexibility is a condition for special flexibility.
49
Multifamily Open Building September 2011 Work of Cedric Price,Fun Palace designed by 1961 concerns the application of different industrial technologies to achieve flexibility for adaptability and greater building efficiency. Cedric Price was an architect who pursued the idea of flexible assemblage of independent components in the 1960s, through his conceptual drawings for the Fun Palace. (fig x)
Fig 8: Cedric Price Fun Palac, 1961
Main conditions for spatial and structural flexibility: Clear distinction between the different functional groups of the building Building techniques that improve structural and material performance and offered variety of products to answer different requirements. Exclude fixed building structures whose end-of life is associated with demolition processes Include disassembly aspects into integrated design plans. Flexibility through the integration of different life cycle of the building parts Assembly and disassembly of building parts.
This means that we must consider how we can access and replace parts of existing building systems and components, and accordingly, how we can design and integrate building systems by components and subsystems with different life circle in order to be able to replace them later on. Building assembly is based on open system hierarchy where the long lasting building elements are placed on the hierarchy top (higher level) and the fast changing components belong to lower level for easy access. Flexibility for enabling efficiency and variety
The word variety is: 1. Tendency to change; change of purpose or plans. 2. Diversity of nature or character; absence of monotony, sameness, or uniformity. 3. A different form of some thing, quality, or condition; something which differs or varies from others of the same class or kind; a kind or sort. (Oxford English Dictionary Online, 2009) The meaning of typological variety is more obvious comparing to flexibility and adaptability and in the context of multifamily housing it points to freedom of choice for diverse users. It has to be achieved for individual unit in one multifamily building as typological variety of individual unit layouts.
50
Multifamily Open Building September 2011 The multifamily housing received a synonym "FLEXIBLE HOUSING. First results referred to "flexibility" are of the interior layout. These early examples of flexibility for architectural layout are what is called "open plan". For the open plan it was adopted clear span load bearing system and free floor plan for variety of units arrangement. The best example is maybe the Weissenhofsiedlung Experimental Housing Project, Mies van der Rohe, Stuttgart, Germany (fig 9)
Fig 9: Weissenhofsiedlung Experimental Housing Project, Mies van der Rohe, , Stuttgart, Germany, 1927
ADAPTABILITY
In architectural discourse, flexibility and adaptability have been defined in different ways. Some of these definitions are compiled in (table 1). In this table, definitions by Schneider and Till (2005a, 2005b, 2007) and N. John Habraken (2008), Andrew Rabeneck, David Sheppard and Peter Town (1973, 1974), Herman Hertzberger (1991), Steven Grok (1992), Gerard Maccreanor (1998) and Adrian Forty (2000) are included. The adaptable approach emphasizes both planning and building layout and constructional technique and services distribution. It is based on carefully considered variations in room sizes, relationship between rooms, slightly generous openings between spaces and little over expression of room function. (Rabeneck, Sheppard, & Town, 1974, p. 86). From the other side we will analyze the adaptability of building system and its subsystems. Adaptability of building framework (skeleton) to extend the total multifamily building life.
51
52
TRANSFORMATION
TRANSFORMATION is every change of the house layout or its structure. The multifamily building transformation- T can be defined as a sum of independent dwelling units-transformations (t). T(constant) = t1 + t2+ t3 + t4+ t5+ + tn n- number of dwelling units New vision of design and building multifamily housing stands for approving the transformation of the buildings according to different requirements. We can discuss different transformation type according to the needs of different participation groups. To satisfy diverse group requirements is necessary to find one uniform integrated solution. Customers as the users of residential space require the transformations of the interior space. The possibility to transform the building layout depends on building system condition as it may be completely closed, just what was happened in mass housing production. Mass housing system, where all building parts are joined together doesnt support any transformation. Otherwise Open Building system organized into levels of control as a building system composed of independent subsystems and components could be transformed. Customers will require more dynamics in use of their living space; Society will search for the sustainable development of residential architecture considered the optimization of lifecycle impact of buildings and, construction industry will work to achieve high quality for lees time and lower costs. To satisfy different requirements of different participant groups multifamily buildings should be designed and built to transform them later on. Our final goal is to achieve the possibility for transformation of the individual dwelling layout by its occupants and transformation at the level of support to support lower level transformations. For the Mass Housing the closed design floor plan was a condition for closed-static system with no possibility to be transformed. Figure 10 illustrates the transformations of prefabricated panel structure from closed-static system to opendynamic system. For system transformations have been applied open building strategies for
53
Multifamily Open Building September 2011 structure design and building process. Lest case in the image is IFD building system that is completely demountable.
For
Fig 10: Building systems with concrete panel
The transformation capacity of different systems depends on system design and building system construction process. CASE 1- CLOSED SYSTEM / All panels were jointed together to form the building as a monoblock. This is closed system with the building as a finished product. CASE 2,3- SI-Building System /THE PANEL IS A COMPONENT OF SUPPORT SYSTEM ( SUPPORT STRUCTURE)- is considered permanent because of the wet joints. INFILL is independent from SUPPORT. CASE 4-OPEN SYSTEM / PANEL IS WITHIN THE IFD MACRO MODULE of the building core. Concrete panel is used for the support subsystem that has the longest lifespan and is independent.
***
Fig 11: Closed-static and open-dynamic building system for building structure
CUSTOMIZATION
Term CUSTOMIZATION means the possibility for dwellers to customize their leaving space according to their needs in multifamily housing. In open building framework or (skeleton frame) all dwelling unit are customized independently from each other and from 54
Multifamily Open Building September 2011 skeleton frame (fig. 12). Customization means Personalization, as using technology to accommodate differences between individuals. Open Building System deals with ADAPTIVE Customization. Components and subsystems are produced by firms as a standardized products, but this products are customizable in the hands of the end-user (the customers alter the product themselves).
Fig. 12: NEXT 21 SI(support-infill) detachable unit
3.2.
Specific Technical strategies
3.2.1. Summary
The benefits of flexibility in housing are discussed both from the perspective of users and in terms of innovative construction systems and as main objective for restructuring of the building process. Different stages for flexible use in multifamily housing inform the building scienceto explore the different strategies and methods for flexible housing design. For instance, as mentioned before, for initial flexibility, the layout of the building should offer a variety of choices for different users. For permanent flexibility, the residential unit should give the opportunity to make physical arrangements and adaptations over time, according to the changing needs of the users. To create housing that provide flexibility, the configuration of permanent parts, structural system and service spaces on the support level, play a major role in building process. The degree of flexibility in the interior space depends of the configuration of permanent parts at the support level. There are a number of ways for achieving flexibility in housing design. This section aims to underline basic open building strategies that suggest alternative methods to create flexibility for adaptation and transformations in multifamily building. The existing strategies and the innovative ones will be applied on the levels of control and building system method. Two main criteria for new SYSTEMATIC APROACH are INDEPENDANECE and EXCHANGEBILITY. Independence is a condition for making
55
Multifamily Open Building September 2011 levels of control. Independence and Exchangeability are the new design aspects for dynamic building system. The process of transformation from massive to decomposable structures represents the process of separation of the buildings functions such as support, enclosure, fittings, services and partitioning and alters them from fixed to less dependent conditions. Besides functional decomposition this articulates the concern for technical composition and physical relations between building components. Two main criteria of deconstruction of structural configuration are independence and exchangeability.
3.2.2. Making INDEPENDENT LEVELS OF CONTROL To approach new Systematic Design in Multifamily Housing the levels of control should be planed as completely independent. All adaptations and transformations in building layout and building system will happen according to independent levels of control. Two levels of decision-making Functional levels of control Technical levels of control.
Fig. 13:Diagram :Illustrates the number of independent functional and technical levels within theNext 21 project_ Durmisevic 2007
3.2.3. DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS OF OPEN BUILDING SYSTEM For Open Building System are established principal design characteristics.
56
Multifamily Open Building September 2011 FUNCTIONAL DECOMPOSITON - The design of dynamic system stands for total separation between different functions on all levels of building integration.
SISTEMATIZATION OF BUILDING COMPONENTS AND SUBSYSTEMS into independent functional (special), technical and decision-making levels. The first step toward demountable system is to minimize the number of relations between finished subsystems within the building. Systematization is based on specifying group of parts subsystems. Subsystems components correspond to same the function. Different groups of elements can be assembled independently of other parts of the building. Connections between subassemblies and within subassembly are demountable (fig.14).
Fig 14: Systematization of building parts (M.Tichem 1997)
OPEN BUILDING-SYSTEM HIERACHY AND BASE ELEMENT SPECIFICATION The evolution of building configuration from fixed to dynamic is represented by transformation of complex relational diagram and closed hierarchies between elements into an ordered tree path down of connections (fig.15).
57
Fig.15: Closed versus dynamic system hierarchy
We can conclude that the building structure is defined by a number of independent assemblies, and that each assembly of sub-assemblies and components would have one element that would act as a base subsystem for other subassembly components. According to this, building structures could be defined through relations between the base elements that are placed on different levels of structural integration/ technical configuration. On the support level the load-bearing structure is the base subsystem for other subsystems, such as faade, roof, floors, installations, etc. On the sub-assembly level such as faade, an element such as a wall-frame can be the base element for all other parts of this sub-assembly, such as windows, ventilation openings, doors, etc. Furthermore the window would have base element, which connect all parts of the window. Such systematization of building through base elements and their connecting parts stands for the better control of the structure, the use of exchangeable parts of the building, and total disassembly at the end of the design life of the building if the physical integration of parts is suitable for disassembly. An example of such configuration is the design of Yach house by R. Hordon (Figx). In such dynamic configurations, sub-assemblies represent independent sub-functions of main functions as faade, roof, structural frame, infill and foundation. CONTROLED ASSEMBLY SEQUENCES In open hierarchy building parts are kept independent from each other by creating dependent relation only to the base element of assembly. Each subassembly should define its base element which will collect all surrounding elements of the group. The base element has a dual function: one being as a connector of all independent elements in assembly, the other being connection with other assemblies. DREY JOINT CONNECTIONS AND SIMPLE INTERFACE GEOMETRY (positional and dimensional co-ordination of building component, their interface geometry and type of connections are the main aspects). In order to evaluate the open system characteristics in structural configurations, two types of relations have to be considered: one between assemblies-subsystems and one within assemblies. An important goal of physical integration is to reduce the number of assembly sequences, especially during replacement procedures. Physical integration between elements is defined by: the type of connection, the geometry of elements edge, and the assembly chains of components. Having in mind the level of functional, structural and physical domain in building structures this research supports a development of new integrated solutions based on new systematic approach that include both: design and construction process of building system. Dynamic systems deal with decomposable structures that define a method of construction in which building is made of integrated structural, mechanical, electrical, envelop and partitioning systems in a why to support their independence and exchangeability. The most important aspect of such buildings is decoupling of levels that have different functional and life cycle expectance. The building functions could be allocated through the independent building systems and subsystems. 58
***
3.3. KEY DEVELOPMENT STARTEGIES

3.3.1. A STUDY ON THE APLICATION OF THE OPEN BUILDING APPROACH IN MULTIFAMILY HOUSING DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
The best practice: NEXT 21: A Prototype Multi-Family Housing Complex, Osaka, Japan, 1994
1. Introduction - Open Building strategies in restructuring the conventional building process. - TWO-LEVELS DESIGN AND BUILDING PROCESS two levels of decision making two levels of control - SI(Support-Infill) system. - BUILDING SYSTEM method applied for support and infill level - Subsystems at the Support level. - Subsystems at the Infill level. 2. Open Building as a design concept. 3. Open building as building concept.
1. Introduction NEXT 21 multifamily housing complex in Osaka is considered the best practice built according to Open Building strategies. The building has six floors above ground and one basement. Building skeleton frame was finished in September 1993, and the design of the 59
Multifamily Open Building September 2011 units continued until December 1993. The building consists of 18 individual dwelling units, which were designed by 13 different architects in different time distances. The NEXT 21 is an Open Building project that incorporates two principal concepts in its design: THE BUILDING SYSTEM and THE TWO DECISION-MAKING LEVEL BUILDING. TWO LEVEL BUILDING / SI Building / SUPPORT-INFILL Building SI Building System is based on permanent support structure, and demountable dwelling units. (fig. 1) 1- Building SUPPORT 2- Building INFILL
Fig. 1: NEXT 21 two levels: SUPPORT and INFILL
The support system is regarded as a shared property and the infill as a personal property of the individual owners. The supportis designed to be permanent, and the infill, which has a shorter life is designed to be easy replaceable. Support-infill division is done according to different life spans and production methods of the subsystems and components. The decomposition of the building into a collection of subsystems allows for flexibility of building system and enables easy disassembly of each part as its life expires. (fig.2) BUILDING SYSTEM APPROACH For the support and infill level is applied Kit of parts open building system
Fig 2: NEXT 21 Building System
Kit-of-parts term refers to the study and application of building system, where components are pre-designed / pre-engineered /pre-fabricated to be installed in joint-based (linear element), panel-based (planar element), module-based (solid element), and deployable (time element) construction systems.(Wikipedia) Kit-of-parts OPEN SYSTEM is a special 60
Multifamily Open Building September 2011 subset of components and evidently is the most appropriate type of construction for the building system sets that attempts to achieve flexibility in assembly, possible collaboration with the construction in situ or other components producers and efficiency in achieving transformation of the support structure. The different Kit-of-parts subsystems are applied for disassembly, and reuse and can be assembled and taken apart in a variety of ways. - This Kit-of-parts building system takes account particular life span of each component. - Building components are divided into two groups: long-life elements that provide the support structure (columns, beams and floors), and short-life elements in both communal and private areas (partition walls, services and equipment), which can be modified without any influence on the integrity of the support system. Open Building system is composed from independent subsystems and components. According to two levels of control (Habraken. 1976), all building subsystems and components are systematized into spatial and technical independent levels. SPATIAL LEVELS / distribution of main building function according to life of each function and life cycle of corresponding building components. BEARING ENCLOSING SERVICING FINISHING FURNISHING TECHNICAL LEVLES / building system, subsystems and components. LOAD BEARING STRUCTURE FASADE SERVICE SYSTEM INTERIOR PARTITIONS FURNITURE
Diagram : illustrates the number of independent spatial and technical levels within the Next 21 project_ Durmisevic 2007
61
OVERVIEW OF THE MAYOR SUBSYSTEMS THAT MAKE HOUSE DESIGN: This division is based on the different life spans and production methods of the subsystems components. Subsystems for support level: STRUCTURE
Fig.3: NEXT 21 Building structure: left-plan of load bearing concrete skeleton; right: axonometric view
The structure is the only part of the building that is permanent, but is designed and constructed as demountable system. The building frame consists of columns and beams of cast-in-place concrete. The floors were constructed using thin precast concrete panels. From the third floor up, there are six independent structures which are single-span towers of columns and beams, each 7.2 meters square in span (fig. 3). Between these structures are zones 3.6 meters wide which are provided with low slabs. The floor-to-floor height is 3.6 meters and the floor-to-floor height of the lower level is 4.2 meters. The final form is a 3D structure designed and built to support independent design and transformation of individual dwelling.
Fig. 4: Common services and dwelling unit services /vertical section
SERVICES In the NEXT 21 the total service system is divided in two parts: - Communal services are placed in raised floors and suspended ceilings in the marginal zone (fig. 4)and, - Unit services belong to every individual unit and are supported by the communal system. It is important to differ for any system, one zone that allows easy access and control. Communal services are distributed inside the communal zone (fig. 5). The NEXT 21 building system supports adaptability to be executed at the level of SOPPORT services without disturbing the level of unit service subsystems. In most of the recent projects, communal wiring and piping for gas, electricity and water are placed
62
Multifamily Open Building September 2011 inside the load bearing cores or load bearing partition walls. That makes a very hard access and disturbs the dwelling units.
Fig 5: Cross section of dwelling unit with separation of support and infill services in different spatial zones
Fig. 6: NEXT 21: Common building services
Building mechanical systems have shorter lives than the building structure. Therefore, the shorter life span of the pipes and ducts components of mechanical systems has a major impact on the life span of the building. Because of these, mechanical systems were designed to be easily accessible. In NEXT 21, large vertical shafts are located in two places in the building margin zone (fig. 6). Pipes and wiring are led from these shafts, underneath the common corridors to each unit. This concentration of the vertical shafts is easily accessible for repair or replacement of components. Horizontal pipes and wirings are placed in a corridor space with low slabs. When different parts and /or subsystems have to be renewed, panels or floor plates allow easy access. (fig. 7)
63
CLADDING
In the cladding system of NEXT 21, the exterior walls are treated as a cantilever panels placed outside of skeleton structure. This allows easy replacement of the panels to be done from the inside, without the need for scaffolding. THE EXTERIOR WALLS ARE: - Installed to be easily replaceable, and they are treated as an independent system on the infill level. - The geometric variation of individual unit facades was coordinated through the incorporation of design rules for the exterior walls and the modular arrangement of the windows. - The stainless finish of the exterior walls was arranged in coordination with the window components to give the building a unified appearance from the street.
Fig. 8: Next 21 Cladding system
Multi-unit building facades are generally treated as support level elements. Next21 extended the concept of the facade as part of the infill. The courtyard-facing facade corresponded to a custom designed system of individual units. Design of the individual dwelling includes arrangement of its industrially-produced kit of parts faade, which can be modified, and reutilized in a new configuration. Overall technical transformation of the buildings facade is made possible by the design of the facade system, compatibility of components and its rules of modular and positional coordination and assembly rules. Possible transformations of buildings faade make easy the transformations of the unit layout.
64
Multifamily Open Building September 2011 Subsystems for infill level: All subsystems are Kit of parts system (fig. 9).
Fig. 9: NEXT 21: Subsystem at the infill level
A - STRUCTURAL MODULE C - INTERIOR PARTITIONS, fittings, interior finishes, the doors and windows. D - DWELLING SERVICES / The ducts, pipes, and wiring of mechanical systems are placed in floor or ceiling spaces, which allow flexibility for the location of kitchens and bathrooms in dwelling units. B - UNIT CLADDING, doors and windows E - EQUIPAMENT, furniture
The subsystems for both levels are installed as independent systems. Any changes of one subsystem or its components dont disturb other subsystems. All subsystems in NEXT 21 are demountable systems. This demountable systems are composed from independent subsystems and components.Support Structure is IFD system. It's considered permanent, but is done as demountable system to be dismantled reused of recycled at the and of the building lifespan. Demountable systems generate multi-lives buildings that can be reconfigured for new functions or relocated elsewhere. ***
2. Open Building as a design concept Open Building design is based on functional decomposition into spatial and technical levels of control. The NEXT 21 housing function are distributed into two principal zones (fig 10). 1- Independent dwelling unit zone - infill module 2- Corridor zone as a margin zone (zone between infill and support).
65
Fig. 10: Functional distribution in zones and margins of building layout and dwelling unit vertical section
The dwelling zone includes three different sizes of modules. The main module consists of unit 7.2 meters x 7.2 meters, and the sub-modules come in two units 7.2 meters x 3.6 meters or 7.2 meters x 1.8 meters. The corridor zone includes stairs, corridors, and voids and is 3.6 meters wide. Functional decomposition of the building layout is applied for clear separation of functions in zones and margins. The zones and margins are spatial level for distribution of functions. OBJECTIVES FOR OPEN DESIGN: Distribution of functions for clear organization in zones and margins. Use the space layers at the design stage for functional distribution
3.
Open Building development strategies and principles for building process
An integrated system is assembled from a series of independent subsystems. This decomposition into the mayor building subsystems allows for a building that is technicallyflexible, in which components can be easily replaced. Building system decomposition corresponds to the functional decomposition and the spatial levels in the building layout. Key design tasks were to synthesize a number of building subsystems and their components into one integrated building based on components exchangeability and independence. Independent subsystems allowed the replacement of component during occupancy and use. After a buildings life, the disassembly of its components is possible, and useful parts could be easily recycled or reused. Building elements are divided into two groups: long-life assemblies such as skeleton frame, and short-life elements, in private areas, such as interior partitions, building facilities and equipments. First goal was to make easy control of such divided system by different parties, and then to allow easy decomposition and replacement of its part according to participant requirements. The subsystems of one mayor system belong to corresponding functional zone. Subsystems at the support level are independent. Concrete skeleton is demountable beam-column system considered as a permanent structure. Building plumbing and cladding system may be transformed according to different requirements for replacement and repear. Mechanical and electrical wirings , and faade panels are demountable components.
66
Multifamily Open Building September 2011 Dwelling units were placed in the support functional zone and belong to infill level . At the infill level are distinguished 4 independent subsystems : DWELLING SHELL(B), INTERIOR PARTITION WALLS (C), KITCHEN AND BATHROOM EQUIPAMENT (D), FURNITURE (E). (fig. 9)
***
Conclusions
NEXT 21 is multifamily building that demonstrates and experiments systematic design method in design and construction process. The methods and techniques for the design for disassembly and the building for life cycle were applied in assembly process of building parts. OPEN BUILDING development strategies for design and building process are. Skeleton - Infill separation. Physical separation of building components by their duration years and the levels of decision-making; Integration of various subsystems or components to optimize design and operation process according to different spatial and technical levels; Use of the Kit of partsstructural system for easy repair, replacement, substitution of the subsystems and components; use of infill kits. Use of the simple dry joints for reduction of negative dependencies between building elements and simplification of the construction. Design the building layout without load bearing or solid internal partitions; Achievement of indeterminate space with larger span and open plan allowing non-load bearing partitions to be installed in and removed according to user needs; Reduction of non-adaptable or non-accessible services; Elimination of tight-fit functionalism and rooms that are predetermined and can be used in only one way. Systems building approach contributes to reducing initial construction and life cycle costs in various ways: By using prefabricated building components, the site job is minimized and waste during construction can be avoided. During a buildings occupancy and use, independent subsystems allow easy replacement of components. After a buildings life, the disassembly of its component stands for the reuse and recycling of parts. An experimental multi-family housing project demonstrates new concepts of multifamily housing units that incorporates sustainable design methods by sustainable construction and production, and advanced construction technologies IFD building systems. This building accommodates possibility of future changes according to preferences and lifestyle of individual occupants. Incorporation of various energy and resource conserving design strategies and building systems stands for total sustainable residential environment. 67
Multifamily Open Building September 2011 In NEXT 21innovations include: a sophisticated modular coordination system developed for use by all members of the design team; design and construction of column and beam skeleton and public infrastructure; installation of new recycling and energy management systems; and development of a new kit-of-parts faade to allow renovation of units.
***
Spain state-of-the-art:12 VIVIENDAS SOCIALES EN EL BARRIO EL POLVOR. BARCELONA. 2005.

PROMOCIN PBLICA. CONSEJERIA DE MEDIO AMBIENTE Y VIVIENDA. INCASOL. GENERALITAT DE CATALUNYA Equipo arquitectura: Pich-Aguilera; Calculista: Robert Brufau; Industrial: Prefabricados Pujol
Introduction / Project description and general Information Levels of control and Building System Open Building applied at the design process Open Building applied at the building process 68
Multifamily Open Building September 2011 Open Building strategies in restructuring the building process BUILDING SYSTEM METHOD- SI(Support-Infill) system Parallel view of NEXT21 and Polvori transformation possibilities Conclusion
Fig 11: Polvori Multifamily Housing: Design of building structure
Introduction / Project description and general Information
El POLVORI is a set of eight new housing blocks of flats for the integration of families from old buildings, in the same location. The idea was to improve the construction process by the use of rational and efficient industrial techniques. All construction aroused from rationalization parameters of the housing blocks to systemize its structure, cladding system and interiors. Since the initial phase, the architect team started to collaborate with industry. The first phase of investigation of economic requirements due the specific needs for housing typologies and, secondly, the possibilities of construction systems, was forming different decisions that helped to build flexible housing, like the way meccano system is done. Systematize its structure, its walls and interiors. *** Levels of control and Building system
Two decision-making levels of control: SUPPOR and INFILL. There is a parallel between the adaptability on the infill level and the life span of its related building parts. The infill has a shorter life span than that it is for the base building. For that purpose the support structure is separated from infill level, except the support and infill service subsystems. SI(Support-Infill) building system. Three mayor subsystems are established according to main housing functions: support structure, cladding building services, infillpartitions (fig.12).
69
Fig.12 : Polvori Multifamily Housing: SI System
SUPPORT LEVEL: SUPPORT STRUCTURE is IFD System Support Structure is mixed building system composed of three independent subsystems (Fig 13): - 3D modules customized, prefabricated components for particular design. - IFD frames from precast concrete pillars and beams. - Hollow core floor slabs.
Fig. 13:Polvori Multifamily Housing: IFD components for building structure Left: 3d prefabricated concrete modules, middle: pillars and beams concrete porches
This mixed Kit of parts system is composed of beams, columns and slabs standardized components and customized components (3D modules).
SUPPORT CLADDING
Support cladding panels are completely independent subsystem at the support level (Fig. 14). From inside, every detachable unit has the enclosure layers with the inside finished surface customized for each unit. The cladding panels can be replaced according to the requirements at the support and infill level.
Fig 14: Polvori Multifamily Housing: Faade panels as IFD system
70
SUPPORT SERVICES (Support services for both support and infill level).
Services subsystems for both support and infill level were joined together with main pipes installation passed through the detachable unit. The unit service system is directly connected to main plumping pipes and permanently fixed for the current positions. The way the plumbing system is installed is considered to be part of closed system. INFILL LEVEL: INFILL PARTITIONS (fig. 15) INFILL EQUIPAMENT
Fig. 15: Polvori Multifamily Housing: Infill partition walls
nfill subsystems are completely separated from building structure. Detachable residential space can be transformed independently from building structure.
Open Building applied at the design process
All functions are decomposed and distributed into functional zones according to adaptability requirements for each function. Dwelling space will transform more rapidly than the building common services and for that purpose must stay free from more durable building parts (load bearing elements). There are two main functional zones (fig 16): - Building support and infill services: communal mechanical, plumbing and wiring system, kitchen and bathrooms. - Infill detachable space: living room, bedrooms The overall size of each flat is fixed as well as kitchens, bathrooms and entrance stair. The rest of interior space can be divided with light and easily movable partitions. These flexible divisions can be removed or reinstalled. Building support and infill services are put together in one zone and are considered to be more static part of design. In this building there is no margin. Main functional zones cant be extended and transformed out of the support limits.
71
Fig 16: Polvori Multifamily Housing: Functional distribution in the building layout
The key element of the whole system is three-dimensional module" (fig 12left) It's used as the support for the service zone which is considered permanent. This rigid core of the building makes it hyperstaticity stable. Services spaces, kitchens and bathrooms are placed inside the modules. The module is the result of the team formed between architects and industry engineers and is customized for this specific design. 3D modules components are permanent parts of the structure but their disposition into the service zone allow for maximum flexibility for detachable space. Pillars and beams that form up the front porches and hollow core floor slabs are demountable components. Simple and dry-connections between structural components allow for the system to be easy decomposed without usual destruction of partitions associated with renovation. This building process supports such construction method that wont be re-invented each time a building is planned, as it is always case with the traditional set of parts, but can be repeated many times in a variety of possible combinations, and going further with customized solutions. At all stages of design, the project had been explained to its future users They were involved in the systems used and were coordinated so they could introduce their own preferences and requests for dwellings. So the building structure is fully industrialized and personalized content.
Open Building strategies applied in the building process
One of the key design tasks was to synthesize a number of support subsystems and their component into one INTEGRATED BUILDING SYSTEM. The decomposition by components or, by components assemblies and simple dray joints between them allow for a building that is technologically-flexible. Components of support structure such as cladding panels, floor slabs, columns and beams can be easily replaced.. Exchangeability and independence of assemblies and components stand for open building process. 3D modules are customized components with all mechanical, electrical and plumbing duct and wiring for bathrooms and kitchens, preinstalled on the assembly line. This part of the building is permanent for both levels. Infill pipes and wiring are installed inside the modules walls as fixed parts. This is still the domain of mass production of building where the components were joined together to form one single mass. The hollow-core slabs are supported from one side by 3D modules and from the other by concrete column-beam frames. Between this two supports is generated the open plan layout for each dwelling. 72
Open Building strategies in restructuring the building process
Strong dependence between the design and building process is considered as a main value. Design for disassembly principles has been applied to satisfy open building process in a way that functional zones are distributed to support demountable building system. Clear separation of functions at the design level is used for independency and exchangeability of IFD subsystem and components. Service pipes and ducts are permanently installed into 3D modules and make the only exception from Open Building principles. Construction subsystems and components interfaces and simple joint-connections stand for the system that is technologically flexible. Technologically flexible system supports both: the state-of-the-art of the construction industry and its innovation by exchangeable components at the level of building structure and infill partitions and users requirements for adaptability of leaving space. In the case "POLVORI" BUILDING STRUCTURE IS DESIGNED AND BUILT AS AN INTEGRTAED OPEN BUILDING SYSTEM composed from three independent subsystems: three-dimensional modules, hollow core slabs, columns and beams skeleton frames. This we can call design of Open Building Construction System. INTEGRATED: is composed from three independent subsystems: 3D modules, column and beam frames, and hollow core slabs (fig. 17) OPEN: is demountable structure.
BUILDING SYSTEM METHOD- SI(Support-Infill) system

Fig 17: Building structure: plan and axonometric
Parallel view of NEXT21 and POLVORI transformation possibilities

NEXT 21 is considered the best practice in multifamily open building design and buildling. Functional decomposition is applied at the design level of building layout due to separation of different functions into different spatial zones and margins. Spatial-functional levels are used for the systematization of building subsystems and components into corresponding technical levels (fig. 18) 73
Multifamily Open Building September 2011 Support building structure is considered permanent part of the building, according to the urban site conditions, but it IS DESIGNED as high level flexible system to support both: adaptability and transformations of residential area, and variety and customization of the individual dwelling unit. Polvor Multifamily Building use systematic design for building design and construction process based on independent levels of control and open building system except the level of the building services. Application of Integrated System for the support structure is one step further to design and building the building structure according the open building strategies as transformable building system
Fig. 18: NEXT 21 and Polvor support structure
Customization may be considered the new conceptual strategy in multifamily open building approach. The residential area inside the construction frame is divided into modules. Modules are part of building skeleton frame, and every module is one dwelling (fig. 19). In Next 21 each dwelling IS CUSTOMIZED according to individual tenants specifications. The building consists of 18 individual housing units, which were designed by 13 different architects.
Fig. 19: NEXT 21- Dwelling unit 202
9.1 Conclusion
74
NEXT21 Multifamily Building demonstrates a clear distinction between basebuilding and fit-out following the SAR definition of levels of control: the base-building and common serves as a collective facility, and the fit-out is different for each unit. To facilitate this separation the base building offers not only empty spaces for inhabitation, but also a two feet double floor that can be reached by detachable floor panels and contains the infrastructure of utilities like gas, water, and energy as well as waste drainage. Fit-out can also use the double floor space to connect to these utilities and extend them throughout the individual dwelling. Like in urban design, the spatial hierarchy is matched by a hierarchy in the utility systems. The POLVORI multifamily housing is considered an open building project based on integrated design and construction solution. More permanent functional zones correspond to permanent structural subsystems (kitchen and bathrooms are fixed spaces inside the permanent 3D concrete modules). Flexible detachable multifunctional space is based on independent partitions and components (all rooms may take a variety of different positions and forms, for different dwelling typologies). Potential: Building is built as a building system with building structure as an independent system. Structure is an integrated system (IFD system) composed from industrialized, flexible and demountable subsystems and components (columns and beams and prefabricated 3D concrete modules. Advantage: Application of IFD support structure as mixed building system composed from independent subsystems and components. Disadvantage: Support and infill service system are joined together. POLVORI support structure is totally decomposable structure which could be totally dismantled at the end of their service life. That means that they could be relocated or that their parts could be reused in other combinations or be recycled. The system is composed of modular parts that are easily transportable and dry assembled on site.
75
Fig. 20: NEXT 21: Multifamily Housing: Dweling unit 302 transformations of all infill subsystems
Fig. 21: Polvor Multifamily Housing: Mayor building subsystems
Figure 20 illustrates the dwelling unit transformation in Next 21 Multifamily Building. Two transformations of the dwelling 302 show the redistribution of dwelling functions. Open building kit-of-parts infill system has been changed many times. Independence of all dwelling functions and its technical and physical systems stay for full potential flexibility of total building system. In the Polvor case the transformations at the infill level are based on free arrangement of the partition walls. The kitchens and toilets are permanent dwelling functions. More transformation capacity has the building structure as IFD (Industrialized, Flexible, and Demountable) integrated system. Future Perspectives: OPEN BUILDING SYSTEM APPROACH will bring new INTERGRATED DESIGN SOLUTION FOR SUPPORT STRUCTURE. INTEGRATED BUILDING SYSTEM APPLIED AT THE BASE BUILDING LEVEL FOR MULTIFAMILY OPEN BUILDING.
76
3.3.2. Systematic design according to Levels of Control and Building System method
Design and construction of multifamily buildings will be planed according to levels of control and building system method. Functional levels of control will support the systematization of building parts into different zones in the building layout. At the design stage building structure will be separated from all building levels because of it`s long durability life. Multifamily Buildings as an open building systems introduce the building as an open configurations of many subsystems and components. The main criteria for open configurations are INDEPENDENCE and EXCHANGEBILITY. Major subsystems in multifamily building: building structure, envelope, services, partitions, are independent systems that can be design, constructed and transformed independently. Building structure as a main boundary condition for the residential area may be considered as an integrated system
77
Multifamily Open Building September 2011 composed from different independent subsystems. Systematic approach (fig.23) will be applied in design and construction of integrated building system for building structure.
Fig. 22: Polvori Multifamily Building, 2005: Integrated design for building structure
Figure 16 demonstrates the Polvori integrated system for building structure. An integrated system is IFD (Industrialized, Flexible and Demountable) composed from three independent subsystems: - 3D modules customized, prefabricated components. - IFD frames from precast concrete columns and beams. - Hollow core floor slabs
Fig 23: Systematic design according to Levels of Control and Building System method
78
Common characteristics that define systematic design in Multifamily Open Building:
1) Distributing decision-making according to different participations in building and design process with the special emphases on the tenants participation and choices. 2) Utilize two levels for design and building process. Two levels of control (support and infill) will be use to support the decisions and requirements of two main participant groups: tenant and society. 3) Separation between framework (building structure) subsystems and components and individual units (dwellings) according to functional and technical levels of control. 4) Building system approach is used for design and building process. One building system is composed of different subsystems and components 5) Open Building system is used in Multifamily Open Building. Is based on independent and exchangeable subsystems. Independent subsystems and components stand for system transformations.
Design and Construction process of building structure according to Levels of Control and Building System Method
Fig. 24: Building structure design and configuration
Main principles for design the building structure: Support structure should be designed as an industrialized, flexible, demountable building system (IFD system) (fig. 24-left). Every dwelling unit should allow a number of different distributions at dwelling layout.
79
Multifamily Open Building September 2011 Possibility to change the surface of the floor plan, either by additional construction or changes in the boundaries of units within the support limits. Figure 24 left, figure 19 illustrate the possibility to extend the structure with additional concrete frames. The parts of support must be adaptable according the changes in residential life. Connections between removable parts and permanent structure are based on dry joints. STRUCTURAL SYSTEM: design, composition, dimensions and location of load bearing components is based on Open Building Design and Building process. Position of service spaces; the access to system components and subsystems the organization of wet spaces services as independent subsystems. The architectural layout of residential blocks in terms of the variety of unit types and the spatial organization of different dwelling typologies.
Fig.25:1972, Wohnanlage Genter Strasse, Otto Steidle & Partners
3.3.3. Application of Open system to support and infill level. Parallel view of the NEXT21 and Polvor Multifamily Buildings: Key developments strategies
The multifamily building is divided in two decision-making LEVELS: SUPPORT and
INFIL / support is building framework or structure, common services, faade and infill corresponds to dwelling units.
Support is divided into functional zones.(fig. 26,27)
Fig.26: Polvori Multifamily Housing: Distribution of functions into functional zones
80
Fig. 27: NEXT21: Functional distribution in zones and margins
The support and infill are an INDUSTRIAL BUILDING SYSTEMS. Building system is composed of many SUBSYSTEMS (fig. 28).
Fig.28: NEXT 21 Kit-of-parts Building System and Polvorin Integrated IFD system for building structure
81

For OPEN BUILDING SYSTEM all subsystems are INDEPENDENT according to
main housing functions (functional levels of control), (fig. 29,30)
Fig.29: NEXT 21: Independent subsystems: structure, plumbing, envelope, infill( all subsystems at the infill level)
Fig.30: Polvori MH: SI building system / right: support structure and faade; middle: service; left: infill partitions
Open Building System, composed from independent subsystems is DEMOUNTABLE
SYSTEM (fig. 28)

All the subsystems relate one another in HIERARCHY. The Open Subsystems
Hierarchy means that each subsystem can only be deployed after the system higher in the order, has been deployed first. (fig. 31)
Fig. 31: NEXT21: Open Hierarchy at infill level
82

ASSEMBLY and DESASSEMBLY HIERARCHY. The same order for system
composition is going to be used for its decomposition.

TRANSFORMATION is every change of the house layout or its structure. The multifamily building transformation- T can be defined as a sum of independent
dwelling units-transformations (t). T(constant) = t1 + t2+ t3 + t4+ t5+ + tn n- number of dwelling units
***
3.4 Methods
3.4.1 IFD (Industrialized, Flexible, Demountable) Introduction to IFD Method IFD principles and strategies IFD method applied at the infill level IFD method applied at the support level IFD building system Specificities of IFD system Conclusion *** 83
Introduction to IFD(Industrialized, Flexible, Demountable) method
In Open Building process all building tools has to be updated for more efficiency in production, construction, flexibility of space and flexible industrial products and sustainability in residential architecture. The new vision of the multifamily buildings was to satisfy the needs for adaptability of the housing space by transformations on technical and spatial levels of control. Under the term ready for change the building industry has started to produce the dwelling space as a flexible product. The Habrakens division on building support and building infill established the new method for design and construction the support as independent part, and infill as changeable building part. Open Building system method is applied for both levels. Most support-infill multifamily buildings are still closed systems, even if they are composed of industrial components and subsystems, the building process is still conventional. The question is not about how much industrialized they really are, but how the parts are put together. IFD method has been introduced for the flexible and demountable systems by demountable dry joint and simple interfaces of its components. The IFD method for "Open Building" approach aims to convert the building in a transformable system of Industrialized, Flexible, Demountable, IFD components and subsystems. IFD method has been considered as a step further toward Open Building principles and Habrakens Housing construction method from the 1960s. IFD method stands to support the open design and building process of multifamily housing. This method could be recognized as en extension of Habrakens support-infill method by new IFD order of independent components and subsystems by simple and dry joint. IFD innovation strategies will approve the construction industry for the support subsystems to be more customerfocused and to permit more dynamics in use of the building layout and for more construction efficiency in costs, time, and quality.(fig. 32)
Fig.32: IFD innovation strategies
84
IFD method principles and strategies
Industrialized /Flexible / Demountable IFD is a new method for "Open Building" approach in restructuring of the conventional building process. The new focus is the FLEXIBLE AND DEMOUNTABLE building system to extend the life span of the building structures by spatial and structural transformation of the system. Flexible building system is a result of open building design and demountable system deals with open building process. INDUSTRIALIZED to adapt a process for the flexibility issue, simplifying the production for high quality and lower costs and offering an individualized finished product. FLEXIBLE to accommodate changes at the support and infill level over time without destroying components and subsystems, to meet the needs for reconfiguration and finally relocation without demolition. Flexible Support building system should allow: adaptability, combinability, pre-configuration, re-configuration, readjustability, be extended, be dismounted, to be relocated as a complete system or some subsystems.
Fig.33: Flexibility on the support level for the flexibility at the infill level
DEMOUNTABLE to make possible the separation of building components or subsystems. Demountable building system comprises a set of compatible and interchangeable components. For high level of industrialization and demountable system, factory-made components can incorporate the precise details required for adaptable constructional system.
IFD method applied at the infill level
IFD method was applied at the infill level first. All building infills are dynamic industrial systems by interchangeable components. The infill became the system made from different independent subsystems ordered into functional and technical levels to be easy controlled, modified and finally replaced or relocated. To make the infill system flexible and make changes on its subsystems, has been searched for industry to make IFD components that can be demountable.(ig. 34)
85
As we have already seen NEXT 21 experimental multifamily project demonstrates the total Kit of parts IFD infill system. Main strategies applied for the infill were: Clear separation of the infill subsystems; All subsystems are independent; It is established the hierarchical order between infill subsystems; Demountable subsystems and components inform the new vision of industrialized market. For the industrialized components market become urgent the demountable value to be part of the mayor IFD subsystem (it would be possible to replace one component by another evaluable in the industrialized components market stock).
Fig.35: Next 21 Multifamily project: 2 transformation of all dwelling unit 302 86 Housing Next 21 | A Prototype Multi-Family Osaka Gas with SHU-KO-SHA arch. and urban design studio, Japan | 1994 |
IFD methodology was first established for adaptability of the dwelling unit at the infill level. Appling IFD system on the infill level is achieved the in-built flexibility of dwelling unit for constant change (fig. 35). The industrial, flexible, demountable infill system allowed the adaptability of the space, processing joining features of the factory-made components and subsystems. All the factory-made components or sub-systems are design for easy installation and decomposition without any partial or total demolition. Transformation of the dwelling unit layout resulted with the changes of all infill subsystems including the dwelling shall. In the figure may be observed all dwelling changes while building structure keeps permanent. It is highlighted the result of an IFD infill system transformation according to the users requirements.
Fif. 36: Next 21 | A Prototype Multi-Family Housing Osaka Gas with SHU-KO-SHA arch. and urban design studio, Japan | 1994 |Transformationof unit envelope
One of the possibilities for the IFD systems is that of "meccano" structure, which may be supplemented by secondary components and subsystems to lead to new, integrated building system design to support both: construction industry and its innovations and transformations of building system according to users requirements.
IFD strategies applied to support level
The SI (support-infill) method proposed by S.A.R. (Habraken 1960) fig. 37 and "Open Building" (CIB 104) have used the strategy "Multipurpose Framework" to generate the support structure open for a variety of "Detachable Units", which could be modified according to the occupants needs. Fig. 37: Process review: IFD METHOD FOR THE OPEN BUILDING APPROACH generate individualization within mass productionthink of buildings as a works-in-progress
O P E N B
87

COMBINABILITY ADAPTABILITY
S A R A P R O A C H /1 9 6 0
APROPRIATE SUPPORT FRAMEWORK
FLEXIBILITY OF THE BUILDING TOOLS
MULTIPURPOSE FRAMEWORK
+
Support Structure(Habra ken 1976) / Basic Building(CIB W104)
FLEXIBILITY OF THE PRODUCT
Design for disassembly
IFD method
INDUSTRIALISED Strategies and Technologies + FLEXIBLE and DEMOUNTABLE Operations
DWELLING UNITS ARE FLEXIBLE PRODUCTS, AND THE BUILDING FRAMWORK IS DESIGN AND BUILT TO SUPPORT FLEXIBILITY OF RESIDENTIAL SPACE WHIT DWELLINGS TRANSFORMATIONS.
* "generate the individualization in mass production" From mass production to mass customization: The desires of consumers and new technologies as factors change modelers. *think of buildings as a works-in-progress Multipurpose Framework is a support system of the building. Support is an industrial framework built to permit the variety in the use of architectural layout for the multifamily housing. Industrial framework is a permanent structure and it stands for the flexibility of interior space.
Fig.38:bGenterstrasse_ Munich_Otto Steidle_1972: Detail of the column with the corbels
88
In the figure 38, Otto Steidle applied the concrete skeleton that is presented as a simplified system of columns with longitudinal beams and supported floor panels. These frames can be combined whit different spans and multiply. The columns are the keys that share the loads and support the beams to form the network. Steidle & Partners developed IFD system, using demountable dry joints. More flexibility is achieved by two levels or 1.5 ceiling height by corbels placed at every half height of the column. This construction detail allows the extension of support. The structural modules take advantage of the great span. Space and volume can be expanded or deducted according to the users requirements. The skeleton frame is IFD system. Simple connections and dry joints between the components generate support structure that can be dismantled and relocated.
Fig. 39: Application of IFD method for the support level (structure)
The figure 39 emphasizes the shift from "permanent support to transformable "support system. The end result is a flexible industrialized construction system. Adaptability of structures is used to extend the life cycle of support construction relating to the flexibility of future use.
Specificities of IFD Systems
IFD specifications will be applied for the building system. Main IFD specifications are established for design and construction process of demountable building system. 123456dry joints demountable dry-joints adaptability framework clear-Span Structural Design positional, modular and dimensional coordination flexible floor plan
89
Here are presented two examples of IFD Buildings. One is detachable Container house in Huston, Christopher Robertson.(fig. 41)
Fig. 41: IFD Case Study- detached house Container house in Huston
Huston House is a completely IFD system composed from different subsystems according to main house functions. Flexible building system framework is an integrated solution of site intensive Kit-of-parts (A- Post and Beam; B- Panels) and factory-made 3D-modules (C- Box, factory made 3d modules from four shipping containers).The building system is completely demountable. Dry-joint connection between the components and subsystems are applied to satisfy the flexibility of the building system (fig.42) The mayor subsystems: SUPPORT/ STRUCTURE The support structure is a mixed construction system: Site-intensive KIT-OF-PARTS (A- Post and Beam; B- Panels), (fig. 42) Factory-made 3D- MODULES (C- Box, factory made 3d modules from four shipping containers).
Fig. 42: Huston house: Building 90 system configuration
SUPPORT/ SERVICES Communal services belong to the city red and they support the house services at infill layout. SUPPORT/ CLADDING The faade at support level corresponds to the shell of 3D module.(fig x) INFILL / CLADDING Its a wooden faade, and all windows and doors, glass faade, partition exterior walls between the 3D-modules belong to infill level, (fig. 43)
Fig. 43: Huston house: Facade
INFILL / SERVICE Wirings, electrical and mechanical pipes are placed in a suspended ceilings and raced floors; and in the wall of 3D container shell. INFILL / PARTITION WALLS The partition wall are demountable lightweight components INFILL / EQUIPAMENT / furniture
Fig 44: Genterstrasse_ Munich_Otto Steidle_1972: Skeleton column with corbel
91
Multifamily Building in Genterstrasse is the best practices of IFD building system applied for support structure (fig.44): BUILDING SYSTEM FOR communal SUPPORT is composed of: reinforced concrete skeleton; reinforced concrete columns with corbels on every half storey with double height; longitudinal down stand beams, cross beams; ceiling panels and installation cores made from in-situ concrete SUPPORT/ STRUCTURE is Site-intensive KIT-OF-PARTS (A-Slab and Column; BPanels) - Is considered as a MECCANO Set INFILL - Site-intensive KIT-OF-PARTS - in this case is possible to change the Kit of Part system for infill to factory-made 3D- MODULE ( E- Sectional Module ; F- 3d Box). The components can offer multiple choices, as modular coordinated pieces of the MECCANO set. Multiple-corbels columns can be combined with other components ready for use without modification (other off-the-shelf) to generate a full-fledge IFD system. Two main flexibility aspects are achieved: Flexibility of the Product- of the total building system or of some building partssubsystems. We can consider the flexibility of the building framework to allow transformation of the dwelling unit. Flexibility of the Tool, referred to the building process to generate the flexible action according to life style changes.(Richard 2006).
*** CONCLUSION In the industrial construction sector, the products should not be buildings but mainly Building Systems. "Building System" is a set of parts (components and subsystems), and rules where the details are resolved to generate different and many custom buildings (Richard, 2005). Therefore, the construction method is not reinvented every time a building is raised. That will work along with the industrialized process by simple and dry joints, independent and interchangeable components and subsystems, modular and dimensional coordination generating IFD (Industrialized, Flexible and Demountable). IFD can be applied to open building Industry. The components and subsystems in open building industry must fulfill the general conditions for compatibility. 1- Assembly rules. 2- Independence between the production phase and an assembly phase of the component and subsystems. 3- Dimensional and modular coordination. 92
Multifamily Open Building September 2011 4- Dry-joints connections. In general, the "Support" in the expression of Habraken [1961], is regarded as a rigid component and the "infill" is equated as transformable. That's why the open space, enclosed by the "Support", is commonly seen with the freedom, capable of generating various internal divisions. Building support, is set as a boundary condition, not as a limitation. Building structure has been seen as permanent parts of the building. IFD method will be used for transformable and demountable building system for building structure. The open industrialization model of interchangeable components and "Multipurpose Framework" strategy inform the new vision of support system as an INTEGRATED SYSTEM. The "end product" of industrialization is "Support structure as an IFD System. IFD Support Structure may be considered as: INDUSTRIALIZED PERMANENT SYSTEM OR MIXED construction and flexible for multipurpose infill distribution. INDUSTRIALIZED FLEXIBLE SYSTEM for multipurpose adaptations of infill layout. INDUSTRIALIZED, FLEXIBLE, DEMOUNTABLE SYSTEM for support in a constant change. Infill content should be completely separated from support level. The flexible process (Flexibility of the tool / Richards 1995) generates the flexibility of end-products detachable units (Flexibility of the product) and allows for the detachable units to be in the process of constant change. It is important not to evaluate the exit of this process as unique floor plan outcome, but as a potential to generate series of possible floor plans. Richards 1995 Applying the IFD method to the Kit-of-parts structural system The next goal is to explore the application of IFD approach to the various types of structural systems. . Where is the difference between the Skeleton System and Support Skeleton System.

1927 | The Weissenhofsiedlung Experimental Housing Project | Mies van der Rohe | Stuttgart | Germany | 1952 | Kristalbouw | Jan Trapman | Amsterdam | The Netherlands | 1960 | Kallebck Experimental Housing | Erik Friberger | Sweden 1972 | Genterstrasse | Otto Steidle | Munich 1976 | Dwelling of Tomorrow | Wohnen Morgen | Ottokar Uhl and Jos P. Weber, Arbeitsgemeinschaft fr Architektur | Austria 2001 | Flexsus House 22 | Takenaka Corporation | 93 Japan 2003 | Siedlung Hegianwandweg | EM2N Architekten | Switzerland
CHAPTER 4: RELATED WORKS to Multifamily Open Building

4.1. 1927_ The Weissenhofsiedlung | Mies van der Rohe | Stuttgart | Germany
Fig 1:The Weissenhofsiedlung Experimental Housing Project | Mies van der Rohe | Stuttgart | Germany Design of building structure
94
The flexibility of the interior space (initial flexibility) was named OP(Open Plan) design. Allying flexibility with progressive technologies, van del Rohe states that the frame construction was the most appropriate form of construction to deal with the different needs of the occupants. Why? It allows for the building to test the greatest variety of floor plans. We can say also that is generated the polyvalent space for different interior fulfillment. For the present, I only build the perimeter walls and two columns within, which supports the ceiling. Everything else ought to be as free as possible. Where I to succeed in producing cheaper plywood walls, I would only design the kitchen and bathroom as fixed rooms and a remaining space as a dwelling space, so that I be able to subdivide these spaces according to the needs of the occupants. (Mies van der Rohe) The initial floor plan is completely open plan apart from one or two internal load bearing columns. This was one of the first projects of building decomposition in two levels: building parts that belong to support level has been separated from dwellings. Building structure is design to support flexibility of residential area. Dwelling units are designed after the building structure has been finished. Insertion of the new components and subsystem is possible at the infill level. Interior partition walls have changes the initial position and different dwellings arrangements have been installed. Figure c highlighted the only fixed points in the design (as determined by the service installations) the kitchen, the bathroom and the toilet.
F Fig 2a
ig b
F Fig 2b
Fig 2c
95
Fig 2a: building load bearing structure design of building structure Fig 2b: Building support and insertion of dwelling partition walls. Fig 2c: Building transformations: bright color highlights different dwelling`s arrangements. These
4.2.
1952_ Kristalbouw | Jan Trapman | Amsterdam | The Netherlands
Fig. 3: 1952_Kristalbouw| Jan Trapman | Amsterdam | The Netherlands Design of building structure
Trapman's Kristalbouw project has been considered as the base for the development of John Habraken's approach of 'supports' and 'infill' SI building. The building was built as a concrete frame structure supporting lightweight floors. In the center of the volume are placed a staircases and lift cores. The use and design of the building layout is left open within the support structure. A front edge of the support structure can be used as a balcony for apartments, or as an open gallery access. Skeleton structure is building part that is fixed permanently (without demountable properties), but its is designed to be flexible for spatial transformations of in the infill layout. Deferent units layout could be arranged. The design of the units started after the design of the building frame and many transformations in dwelling area have been happened in time. Finally, the residential area is limited by the inner column disposition. Load bearing structure in the interior space may be considered as the only boundary conditions for an arrangement of the interior partitions. Trapmans project shows a range of alternatives: different ways of subdivision, variously internal and external access, one-storey apartments or duplex. Is possible to organize one duplex by moving the light floor construction and allow the location of stairs within individual units. If we exclude internal dwelling partitions and leave the open space free, the space could be organized for the hotel utility. He also proposed that apartments could be extended sideways or upwards over time, though this degree of flexibility would be dependent on, and in all probability limited by, mutual cooperation with neighbors.
96
Multifamily Open Building September 2011 This project clearly underlines the independent coordination rules for design of each unit and the design of the building structure.
Fig 4a
Fig 4b
Fig 4c
Fig 4d
Fig4a: building load bearing structure : Skeleton frame consists of columns and beams of cast-in-place concrete design of building structure Fig 4b: Building support and insertion of dwelling partition walls. Fig4c, 4d: Building transformations: green color highlights different units changes of the bathroom and kitchen position. These transformations could happen independently in time.
4.3.
1960_ Kallebck Experimental Housing | Erik Friberger | Sweden
Fig 5: Kallebck Experimental Housing | Erik Friberger | Sweden : Design of building structure
Kallebck Housing is built at the urban periphery of Gteborg. The building is design and built as SI building (fig 6). Building structure is permanent but it is designed to be flexible for the
97

transformations at the infill level. Support level deals with the support structure stripped down to the provision of the floor of the shelf, vertical circulation and a few service connections. Building structure is designed as a shelve ready for the insertion of the independent dwelling units. Each unit could be designed and change independently from others. Each dwelling is set on a concrete floor plate, and can have its own facade treatment, floor plan and roof. The front of the structure forms the balcony for each dwelling. The design of the house is then based around a system of demountable partition walls, wall cupboards and doors, all fixed to the concrete floor plate.
Fig 6: Kallebck SI Building system
The idea was that the shelves would be filled up over time. However, such was the initial idea of the scheme that all the plots were taken from the start and each of the dwellings designed more or less to their full extent. The resultant scheme still retains a sense of a set of mobile homes perched in the air, exuding a sense of past and future change.
Fig 7a: building load bearing structure
Fig 7b: infill content
Kallebck housing development can best be described as a shelving unit that provides individual sites for single independent dwellings. Building structure is designed, for the first time, as a clear span structure without internal load bearing elements. Current possibility for rearrangement of dwelling partitions has been extended to all dwelling parts including outside boundaries. OPEN BUILDING STRATEGIES:RESUME
Kallebck SUPPORT STRUCTURE SYSTEM (shelve) provides individual sites for single detached dwellings. Each dwelling is set on (separated of) a concrete floor slab and can have its own facade treatment, floor plan organization and even roof. The design of the house is based around a system of demountable partition walls. All the layout plots were different and could be installed and adapt during time according the occupant requirements.
Every dwelling unit allows a number of different distributions at design level
Possibility to change the surface of the floor plan, either by additional construction or changes in the boundaries of units within the support limits. 98
Fig 8: Kallebck independent infill system
4.4.
1972 _ Terrazas en Genter Strasse | Otto Steidle | Alemania | Munich
Fig. 9: 1972_Genterstrasse | Otto Steidle | Munich Left: Building structure design
This Open Residential Building was the brain storming idea in 1972. The flexibility is achieved with re-adjustable space to the individual units. Space and volume can be expand or deduced according to the user demands. To achieve that, components had to be prefabricated and having them not permanently fix to one-another. Arrangement has been already changed several times from what it was originally. The modules are the prefabricated reinforced concrete frames. These frames can be merged together and multiply. Therefore columns are the keys as they share the loads and allows beams to join together to form a network. The columns also have the corbels distribute in every half-storey high. This was the new flexibility option to split level or to have 1.5 ceiling height. This building is a real representation of SI (support-infill) system and it is so clear that all the actions at the support level are separated of the dwellings layout.
99
Fig. 10: Genter Strasse Multifamily Building :SI (support-infill) building
Fig. 11: Genter Strasse Multifamily Building: Detaill of the concrete column with corbels
4.5.
1976 _ Dwelling for Tomorrow | Ottokar Uhl and J.P.Weber | Austria
Fig.12: Dwelling for Tomorrow/ Support structure(left, middle); right skeleton frame (S.Kandell)
100
Multifamily Open Building September 2011 Dwelling for Tomorrow was a competition project for the Open Building design and for the flexible multifamily housing. This project application was submitted with the comment that the exact number and types of apartments would only finally be determined once the future occupants had designed their respective units, and so the indicated layouts only showed one possible form of subdivision.(fig.13)
Fig.14: Dwelling for Tomorrow: The load bearing structure
Fig.13: Dwelling for Tomorrow: Interior subdivision of the space (S. Kandell)
The load bearing structure consists of prefabricated Lecca concrete columns and beams, with a dimension between centre lines of 5.1 and 9.6 meters, and in-situ reinforced concrete ceilings (fig.14). The only fixed element in plan is the staircase whose enclosing walls double up as service cores. Within these limitations, party and partition walls can be placed freely. In the end, only half of the seventy dwelling units were designed by their future occupants themselves as only 34 people had expressed interest in buying a unit when detailed planning began. The occupants, aided by the architects as well as sociologists, were able to choose: the arrangement of walls within the support structure of the dwelling units; the size of the dwellings, by determining the position of the facade elements; the subdivision of the dwelling into rooms, which also included kitchens and bathrooms; the number, type and position of windows and doors; and the finishing of the dwellings.(fig.15)
Fig.15: 1976 _ Dwelling for Tomorrow | Ottokar Uhl and J.P.Weber | Austria
101
1.7.
2201 _ Flexuss House 22| Takenaka Corporation | Japan
Fig.16: 2001_Flexsus House 22| Takenaka Corporation | Japan
In 2000, Takenaka Corporation and others constructed an experimental residential building Flexuss 22 in Aichi Prefecture. It is applied SI building system. They employed a seismic-isolated structure, eliminating beams, to realize a building frame with a high degree of freedom. Infill subsystems are completely separated from building structure. The shared pipe shafts were installed on the north side of the corridor and there was a horizontal plumbing zone above the slab of the corridor. In Flexuss 22 total building design is converted in design of building support. Building structure is designed as to allow different variations of dwellings layout. Building structure design is done to support total flexibility of the building layout for the first user`s and the future as well.
Fig.17: Flexus House, Takanaka Corporation Japan /SI (support-infill) building levels
BUILDING SYSTEM FOR communal SUPPORT consisted of: structural framework reinforced concrete skeleton; large columns slightly offset from the outer perimeter; ceiling concrete panels; prefabricated service elements; The actual area within which the residential units are designed is divided into five units, each 7.2 vide y 11.6 long. (fig.17)
1.8.
2003 _ Siedlung Hegianwandweg | EM2N Architekten | Switzerland 102
Fig. 18: Siedlung Hegianwandweg: Japan /SI (support-infill) building levels
Fig. 19: 2003 _ Siedlung Hegianwandweg | EM2N Architekten | Switzerland
Fig.20: Siedlung Hegianwandweg : Entire plan as a free space
Building is organized around a central concrete core (fig.21a,b), which contains the communal staircases, and circulation entrance halls as well as bathrooms. The only load bearing elements are this core and the external facade, which leaves the entire plan as a free space (fig.20) to be partitioned according to needs and requirements of the occupant or that of the housing association.
Fig. 21a: Siedlung Hegianwandweg: Building system: Central concrete core and wooden panels
The flexibility through the free disposition of walls within the flats are supposed to give the owner, the possibility of changing floor layouts to suit changing needs of existing tenants or to adapt the number of rooms in order to attract new tenants. Floor space can be defined by the tenant, although if having special requests concerning alterations in layout, they have to pay a deposit for a potential deconstruction and return to the initial layout. Design and Construction It is applied a mixed building system with a concrete core and timber floors and walls would be most advantageous in terms of flexibility and environmental impact (fig. 21b). By using structural panels for walls, ceilings and roofs, the exterior walls, concrete core and the ceilings form a shell which does not require further stabilization. The flats thus can be subdivided to the specifications of the residents and can either be used as loft space or as a 2 bedroom flat. Similarly residents can choose whether they prefer a large living-dining103
Multifamily Open Building September 2011 kitchen area or a separate kitchen. The whole layout of the flats and buildings is strictly modular and allows endless combinations of numbers and sizes of rooms and spaces.
Fig. 21b: Siedlung Hegianwandweg: Building system: Central concrete core and wooden panels
***
The multifamily building that supports the special and technical BUILDING TRANSFORMATIONS according to different participants requirements will be considered open building. Building transformations represents a dynamic behavior of the building which results with the change from one form to another in any of building levels. Three basic 104
Multifamily Open Building September 2011 aspects of transformation are ELIMINATION, ADDITION, and RELOCATION (Habraken, 2000). The key issue is to extend the life cycle of used materials by changing linear material flow into cyclic material flow (Durmisevic, 2006) supported by reusing and recycling of materials. As we have already seen, conventional building cant be transformed and should be demolished. One way to approach this problem is through the new design strategy of the building support that will support the dynamic behavior of buildings on spatial, structural and material level. New design characteristic of dynamic buildings will be applied for the support structure as a main boundary condition for transformations. All the transformations will happen according to the independent LEVELS of control: Control levels of decision-making Functional levels Spatial levels Constructional (technical) levels (subsystems, components, materials) For different levels is applied open building system method. Two main aspects of open building system are: INDEPENDANE and EXCANGEABILITY. Transformations in the different levels are possible if the systems, subsystems and components are independent. For higher level transformation the more independency between subsystems is needed. Building system based on subsystems and components exchangeability and independence is DEMOUNTABLE SYSTEM and is considered OPEN-DYNAMIC system. The main design aspects of demountable building system are: functional, structural, and physical decomposition. TECHNICAL STRATEGIES FOR OPEN BUILDING SYSTEM CONFIGUATION. /Main aspects for design and construction of open building system are: FUNCTIONAL DECOMPOSITON SISTEMATIZATION OF BUILDING COMPONENTS AND SUBSYSTEMS ACCORDING TO INDEPENDENT LEVELS OPEN SYSTEM HIERACHY AND BASE ELEMENT SPECIFICATION CONTROLED ASSEMBLY SEQUENCES DREY JOINT CONNECTIONS AND SIMPLE INTERFACE GEOMETRY
***
For new integrated design the IFD building system could be an answer. Industrial flexible and demountable IFD building system composed from independent demountable subsystems and exchangeable components supports building transformations according to customer needs, construction industry and market conditions and society needs (fig 1).
105
Spatial and technical design and construction of support(fig x) as a main boundary condition for infill transformations, will be the main topic of future research. Separation of the support-building structure from infill level will allow design of building support to be more suitable for transformations at the infill "level. With the building structure decomposing into independent subsystems will be optimized the benefit of housing, including incorporation of STATE-OF-THE ART subsystems in response to changing requirements and preferences.
Fig: Fig. 2: The best practices of design building structure to achieve Open Multifamily Building
Multi-unit housing project based on Open Building principles and strategies are breaking down the current state of conventional way of building and lead this investigation to new systematic approach for integrated design and building process. New initiatives are needed to clarify and extend the basic principles of Open Building to support new systematic approach. Future methods have to: Organize and coordinate requirements of different parties on different design and construction levels; Rethink the interfaces of different system components, functions, spaces to reduce conflicts, ease replacement and substitution of parts in technical levels and functional changes on spatial levels. 106
Multifamily Open Building September 2011 Lead the design and construction process to the realization of better, more adaptable, durable and sustainable multifamily buildings. Use this model, as optimal for the developing of the power of construction technology innovations.
An open system can exchange parts, components and even sub-systems outside its original production environment. They are then considered interchangeable. Interchangeable parts, components and subsystems compose Open System. Open Systems have many advantages. They offer more choice to the user and a larger market to any manufacturer interfaces (compatibility). In the European Community, there is a large movement towards the exchange of products and components within an Open Systems agreement, a movement called ManuBuild: The ManuBuild vision is of a future where customers will be able to purchase high quality, manufactured buildings having a high degree of design flexibility and at low cost compared to today. For the first time, inspirational unconstrained building design will be combined with highly efficient industrialized production.. ManuBuild targets a radical breakthrough from the current craft and resource based construction to Open Building Manufacturing, combining ultra-efficient (ambient) manufacturing in factories and on sites with an open system for products and components offering diversity of supply in the market (ManuBuild 2006). Main topics for PERSPECTIVES research:
Dfd Method for achieving an Open Building Design. Mixed structural system for the Support structure. Applying IFD method to the Kit-of-parts support structure. Organization of the design and building process according to levels. Distinguish space layer from building level. Move from building inflexibility to building-in flexibility.
***
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Alfonso del Aguila Garca, Las Tecnologas de la Industrializacin de los edificios de vivienda, COAM( Colegio Oficial de Arquitectos de Madrid), Madrid, 1986. Avi Friedman The Adaptable House Designig Homes for Change 107
Multifamily Open Building September 2011 Durmisevic Elma , TRANSFORMABLEBUILDING STRUCTURES: Design for disassembly as a way to introduce sustainable engineering to building design &construction , Printed by: Cedris M&CC Leeghwaterstraat 42 2628 CA Delft, 2006 Frei Otto et altres, Arquitectura adaptable (Seminario organizado por el Instituto de Estructuras Ligeras-IL), Editorial Gustavo Gili, S.A., Barcelona, 1979
Forty, A. (2000). Words And Buildings: A Vocabulary Of Modern Architecture. New York, United States Of America: Thames & Hudson Inc.
Fred Turner (2008), From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism, University Of Chicago Press
Friedman, A. (2002). Planning The New Suburbia: Flexibility By Design. Vancouver, Toronto, Canada: The University Of British Columbia Press. Friedman, A. (2002). The Adaptable House: Designing Homes For Change. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional
Helary French, Vivienda colectiva paradigmtica del siglo XX-plantas, secciones y alzados(Titulo original: Key Urban Housing of the Twenthy Century, Laurence King N.J. Habraken, Housing for the Milions N.J. Habraken, Supports una alternative al alojamiento de masas / traduccin y apndice Fernando Ramn Madrid, Alberto Coaraznes, DL 1975 N.J. Habraken, Supports an alternative to mass housing, The Architectural Press, London, this translation 1972(original version 1961. N.J Habraken. Gustavo Pili El diseo de soportes, S.A, Barcelona , 1979. Oliver G. Hamm,Franziska von Gagern, Steidle + Partner: Wohnquartier Freischtzstrasse, Mnchen Publishing Ltd., Londres, 2008, para la edicin castellana: Editorial Gustavo Gili, SL, Barcelona, 2009 P. Bernard, La construccin por componentes compatibles , Editores tcnicos asociados, s.a., Barcelona, 1983 Stephen Kendall and Jonathan Teicher, Residential Open Building, 301 p., Ill.,E & FN Spon, London and New York, 2000, ISBN 0-419-23830 Stewart Brand How Buildings Learn: What Happens After Theyre Built Viking Press, New York, 1994
***
108
Papers in conference proceedings and journals
_ The Prefabricated House in the Twenty-First Century: What Can We Learn from Japan? A Case Study of the KST-Hokkaido House Linda Brock, Associate Professor, School of Architecture, University of British Columbia, 6333 Memorial Road, Vancouver, B.C., Canada V6T 1Z2. James Brown, Intern Architect, 4-2222 Alma Street, Vancouver, B.C., Canada V63 3R3 _ Mtodo SAR de diseo Carlo Alarcn, Gonzalo Herreros, Toms Morales, Linda Schilling. Cristbal Torres. Taller 03 de Arquitectura / vivienda mnima. Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara (UTFSM), Avda Espaa 1680, Valparaso, CHILE _ INDUSTRIALISED, FLEXIBLE AND DEMOUNTABLE BUILDING SYSTEMS: QUALITY, ECONOMY AND SUSTAINABILITY Roger Bruno Richard, School of Architecture, Universit de Montral, Montreal (Quebec) Canada ,The CRIOCM 2006 International Symposium onAdvancement of Construction Management and Real Estate _ Open Building as a condition for industrial construction N. John Habraken, Prof. of Architecture, Emeritus, MIT _ Flexible housing: opportunities and limits Dr.Tatjana Schneider and Professor Jeremy Till, School of Architecture University of Sheffield, Western Bank Sheffield s10 2tn uk t.schneider@sheffield.ac.uk jtill@sheffield.ac.uk _ KSI Experimental Housing Project - Pilot project of Kodan Skeleton Infill Housing Satoshi Ikeda , Masami Amino, Urban Development Corporation 1-14-6 Kudan-kita, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8201, JAPAN; Procedings of Continuous Customization in Housing, 16-18 October, 2000, Tokyo, Japan
_ AN INTRODUCTION TO OPEN BUILDING Ype Cuperus, Director, OBOM Research Group, Delft University of Technology, De Vries van Heystplantsoen 2628 RZ Delft, The Netherlands _ Concept Home Principles. Flexible Floor Plans Dr. Carlos Martn of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Developments Office of Policy Development and Research. The text was developed by Tate Era, Christine Barbour, and James Lyons, P.E., and reviewed by Mark Nowak of Newport Partners, LLC. _ Towards Adaptable Buildings: pre-configuration and re-configuration two case studies
109
Multifamily Open Building September 2011 Alistair Gibb, Simon Austin, Andrew Dainty, Nigel Davison, Christine Pasquire, Loughborough University, ManuBuild 1st International Conference The Transformation of the Industry: Open Building Manufacturing 25-26 April 2007, Rotterdam _ DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF FIRST SKELETON-RENT APARTMENT IN THE PRIVATE SECTOR , S. Okamoto , Director general CRICT-JARGC Koto-ku, Tokyo; T.Yashiro, professor, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokio; M.Matsuie, President, Arx Architects and Associates, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo; M.Hayashi, Menager of Building & Eng.Dept.P.S.Mitsubishi Construction Co.,Ltd., chuo-ku, Tokyo; R.Tanaka, principal research staff, CRICT-JARGC; and Y.Watanabase, engineering staff, Shiraishi Co.,Ltd.,Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan. _ Is social housing still social? Reflections about the transformation in the notion of social in European social housing policies Claire Lvy-Vroelant, Professor, Department of Sociology, University of Paris 8 SaintDenis/Centre de Recherche sur lHabitat (CNRS), France Christoph Reinprecht, Professor, University Department of Sociology, University of Vienna, Austria Paper presented in W06 Social Housing in Europe: Institutional and Organizational Transformations ENHR, Prague, 28 June 1 July 2009 _ An Open Building Strategy for Achieving Dwelling Unit Autonomy in Multi-unitHousing Dr. Stephan Kendall _ A Quality Model for Residential Houses Construction Processes Volker SCHWIEGER, Li ZHANG, Matthias WENGERT, Germany TS 10D - Building Measurement and Modelling, FIG Congress 2010 Facing the Challenges Building the Capacity Sydney, Australia, 11-16 April 2010 _ The History of Developments toward Open Building in Japan Seiichi Fukao, Faculty of environmental Sciences, Department of Architecture; 1-1 MinamiOsawa Hachioji-shi Tokyo 192-0397 Japan,sfukao@tmu.ac.jp _ "Open Building: An Approach to Sustainable Architecture Kendall, Stephen. 1999. Journal of Urban Technolow, vo1.6, no.3, pages 1-16, New York.
_AN OPEN BUILDING INDUSTRY: MAKING AGILE BUILDINGS THAT ACHIEVE PERFORMANCE FOR CLIENTS Dr. Stephen Kendall, CIB Director, Building Futures Institute, College of Architecture and Planning Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, 47306
_Alkan, H. (1999). A Study On The Social Environmental Analysis Of The Qualitative
Values In Mass Housing Areas In Suburbs : A Case Study In Ankara-Eryaman. Middle East Technical University, Department of City And Regional Planning. Ankara: Middle East Technical University. _Alpan, K. (1999). The Agency of The Architect In The Production Process Of 110
Multifamily Open Building September 2011 Mass Housing. Middle East Technical University, Department of Architecture, Ankara: Middle East Technical University.
***
The 1st International Conference: The Transformation of Industry: Open Building Manufacturing 25, Rotterdam _ Towards Adaptable Buildings: pre-configuration an re-configuration two case studiesAlistair Gibb, Simon Austin, Andrew Dainty, Nigel Davison, Christine Pasquire, Loughborough University, a.g.gibb@iboro.ac.uk ***
The 1st International Conference On Industrialised, Integrated, Intelligent Construction. 1416 May 2008 _ Under What Conditions are Industrialization and Integration Useful Concepts in the Building Sector?Stephen H. Kendall, PhD, Professor of Architecture, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, 47306, USA, skendall@bsu.edu
Internet: http://housingprototypes.org http://arqueologiadelfuturo.blogspot.com http://ecosistemaurbano.org/tag/case-study/ Open Building Organization www.open-building.org www.johnhabraken.org John Habraken Flexible Housing www.flexiblehousing.org
References
Durmisevic, E. (2006). Transformable Building Structure: Design for disassembly as a way to introduce sustainable engineering to building design & construction, Delft, Netherlands Habraken, N.J. (1961). Supports: an alternative to mass housing, London 1972, Amsterdam 1961 111
Multifamily Open Building September 2011 Habraken, N.J. (1976). Variations: The Systematic Design of Supports, Laboratory of Architecture and Planning, M.I.T., Cambridge Mass., U.S.A Habraken, N. J. (1975). Sopports una alternative al alojamiento de masas / traduccin y apndice Fernando Ramn Madrid, Alberto Coaraznes, DL 1975 Habraken, N.J. www.habraken.com Habraken, N. J. (2008). Design For Flexibility. Building Research & Information , 36 (3), 290-296. Heynen, H. (2005). Modernity And Domesticity: Tensions And Contradictions. In H. Heynen, & G. Baydar (Eds.), Negotiating Domesticity: Spatial Productions Of Gender In Modern Architecture (pp. 1-29). New York: Routlegde. Ype Cuperus(2005): An Introduction to open building Kendall, S. (2004). www.open-building.org/ob/next21.html Kieran, S., and Timberlake, J. (2004). Refabricating Architecture: How Manufacturing Methodologies Are Poised to Transform Building Construction, McGraw Hill, New York, 107 + 115. Leupen, B. (2003). De Veranderbare Woning. In B. Leupen, & J. Leupen, Dwelling Architecture And Modernity (pp. 105-137). Delft: Faculteit Bouwkunde, Technische Universiteit Delft. ManuBuild (2006). Open Building Manufacturing, www.manubuild.org/summary Roger Bruno Richard (2006). INDUSTRIALIZED, FLEXIBLE AND DEMOUNTABLE BUILDING SYSTEM:QUALITY, ECONOMY AND SUSTAINABILITY; The CRIOCM 2006 International Symposium on Advancement of Construction Management and Real Estate Rabeneck, A., Sheppard, D., & Town, P. (1973). Housing Flexibility? Architectural Design , 43, 698-727. Rabeneck, A., Sheppard, D., & Town, P. (1974). Housing: Flexibility/Adaptability? Architectural Design , 44, 76-90. Richard, R.B. (2005). Looking for an Optimal Urban Residential System? International Journal of Construction Management, Vol. 5, No 2, 93-104. Quah, L.K. (2004). Process Innovation for Design and Delivery of IFD Buildings, www.bwk.tue.nl/ade/includes/download.php?fileId Schneider, F. (2003). The Layout Of Apartment/The Floor Plan Idea. In B. Leupen, & J. Leupen, Dwelling Architecture and Modernity (pp. 31-37). Delft, The Netherlands: Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture. Schneider, T., & Till, J. (2007). Flexible Housing. Oxford, United Kingdom: Architectural Press. Schneider, T., & Till, J. (2005). Flexible Housing: Opportunities And Limits. Arq. , 9 (2), 157-166. 112
Multifamily Open Building September 2011 Taylor, B. B. (1991). Ahmet Glgnen. (N. F. Gulgonen, Ed.) Mimar: Architecture In Development (41), 62-79. Teige, K. (2002). The Minimum Dwelling. (E. Dluhosch, Trans.) Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States Of America: The MIT Press. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. (2003). Retrieved January 19, 2009, from The Free Dictionary by Farlex: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/convention The Compact Edition Of the Oxford English Dictionary (Vol. 1). (1971). London, England: Oxford University Press. Till, J., & Schneider, t. (2005). Flexible Housing: The Means To The End. Arq , 9 (3/4), 287-296. Till, J., Wigglesworth, S., & Schneider, T. (2004-6). Flexible Housing Project. (University of Sheffield School of Architecture) Retrieved March 29, 2009, from Flexible Housing: http://www.afewthoughts.co.uk/flexiblehousing/index.php=328
List of Figures
CHAPTER 1: Introduction to OPEN BUILDING

Fig 1: Housing for the Millions: John Habraken and the SAR (1960-2000): support and infill system division
113

Fig.2 :Social Housing in Granollers, Spain, 2007: Conventional way of building (load bearing partition walls, load bearing faade panel) Fig.3: Decision-Making Levels in Open Building. Diagram courtesy of Age van Randen. Fig. 4: Fast cycling elements SUPPORT level; slow cycling elements INFILL level / Image drown by Kamo,2000 Fig. 5: Building layers according to Duffy (Duffy 1998) Fig 6,7: Building layers according to Brand Sharing layers of change (Brand 1995) Fig. 8: Type of flexibility determined by the combination of fixed and flexible levels /Leupen 2002 Fig. 9: Cristal Palace, London,1851 a) Kit of parts Building system b) Detail of roof construction: demountable dray joints c) Cristal Palace, London , 1851 Fig 10: Distinction between a Base Building and a Fit-Out Level (Kendall) Fig 11: Review- Industrialization of the multifamily housing after the IIWW Fig 12: Demolition of Mass Housing building (Kaptejins 1992) Left: Diagram of functional and technical dependences Fig 13: CLOSED BUILDING SYSTEM Fig.14: Closed Building system: Functional dependency Fig 15: Granollers Social Housing, Spain, 2007: a) detail of horizontal section of the faade angle; b) detail of vertical section between interior partition wall and floor slab Fig. 16- The large concrete panel with dimensions about 6 to 12 m and order of
about 5 tons of weight was logo of the European reconstruction after the WWII.
Fig. 17: Mass Housing Building and process of demolition Fig.18: Cross-bearing structure by large concrete panels without any flexibility on the floor plan (Foto J. Salas). Fig. 19: Design characteristics of dynamic building system Fig 20: Open Building conceptual and strategy framework Fig. 21 : Siedlung Brombeeriweg, Zrich, Switzerland (architect: EM2N Architekten, 2003): Transformations in the dwelling unit`s layout. Fig. 22: SUPPORT and INFILLlevels and SI building system, image by Komo (2000) Fig. 23: Flexus House, Takanaka Corporation Japan, 2000: Support Structure / Base Building Detachable Units / Infill
***
CHAPTER 2: Evolution of Open Building approach in multifamily housing

Fig 1: Mass Housing and total building system (left); support-infill building system (right) Fig 2: Support structure system design Left: Dwelling of Tomorrow, Wohnen Morgen, Ottokar Uhl and Jos P. Weber, Austria, 1976 Middle: NEXT 21 Prototype Multi-Family Housing Complex , Yositika UTIDA, Shu-Ko-Sha, Osaka, Japan, 1994 Right: Flexsus House 22', Takenaka Corporation, Japan, 2000
114

Fig 3 1952_Kristalbouw| Jan Trapman | Amsterdam |The Netherlands Left: Reinforced concrete structural frame(concrete slab, beam and column) Right: Dwelling unit`s layout Fig 4: 1974. N.J. Habraken. The systematic design of supports.Division of the space in bands: margins and zones Fig 5: margin zone in NEXT 21 multifamily building Fig 6: Zones and Margins in NEXT 21 Multifamily Housing Fig.7: Conventional structural system for residential buildings in Japan. (Drawing courtesy of Building Research Institute, Ministry of Construction). Fig. 8:Inverted Slab/Beam Support structure. Drawing courtesy of Building ResearchInstitute, Ministry of Construction. Fig. 9: Harumi Apartment Building, 1958 Fig 10: Interior of Harumi Project / Traditional Japanese wooden house Fig.11: KEP experimental Skeleton, 1974 / image by Seiichi Fukao Fig.12: KEP system catalogue / image by Seiichi Fukao Fig.13a: JHC Free Space, image by Seiichi Fukao Fig.13b: Free Space (skeleton), image by Seiichi Fukao Fig.13c: Free Space (center zone), Seiichi Fukao Fig.13d: Free Space (plan & section), image by Seiichi Fukao Fig.14: CHS Teradamachi Apartment / image by Seiichi Fukao Fig.15: CHS Teradamachi Apartment: Plan and section / image by Seiichi Fukao Fig.16: Green Village Utsukidai, Japan Housing Corporation,1992 / image by Seiichi Fukao Fig.17: Green Village Utsukidai: Plan and section / image by Seiichi Fukao Fig.18: NEXT 21, Osaka, Japan, 1994: SI(support-infill) system Fig.19: NEXT 21 dwelling unit number 302 (drown by Kozo Kadovaki) Fig. 20: Flexsus House 22, 2000 /image by Seiichi Fukao Fig. 21: Flexsus House 22 (corridor) /image by Seiichi Fukao Fig. 22 The Weissenhofsiedlung Experimental Housing Project, Mies van der Rohe, Stuttgart, Germany a) Design layout of building support concrete s tructure b) Design layout of dwelling units: many transformations in of the residential space. c) The Weissenhofsiedlung Experimental Housing Project: Ouside look. Fig.23: The Weissenhofsiedlung housing project by Mies van der Rohe, 1927: Variation of the some function in different units layouts Fig.24: A Support is not a Skeleton. Image courtesy of N.J. Habraken Fig.25: Daigram: From Mass Housing to Residential Open Building Fig.26: Kristalbouw project (1952) by Jan Trapman, Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Support structure and infill division of the building layout. Fig.27: Kallebck experimental housing (1960) by Erik Friberger, Sweden: left: support structure; middle:infill partitions and dwelling layouts; right; building faade Fig.28: The Weissenhofsiedlung Experimental Housing Project, Mies van der Rohe, Stuttgart, Germany, 1927 Fig.29: 1960_ Kallebck Experimental Housing | Erik Friberger | Sweden: Left: Load bearing structure and commn building services Right: Free arrangement of the infill layout Fig.30: 1972_Genterstrasse | Otto Steidle | Munich: Building structure design Fig.31: 1972_Genterstrasse | Otto Steidle | Munich: Dwelling units design Fig.32: 1972_Genterstrasse | Otto Steidle | Munich : Prefabricated concrete column with corbels.
***
115
CHAPTER 3: How the Multifamily Building work? PRINCIPLES, STRATEGIES AND METHODS FOR SYSTEMATIC APPROACH
Fig.1: Flexibility levels Fig.2: NEXT 21: Floor plan with different dwelling typologies Fig 3: NEXT 21: Dwelling unit typologies Fig.4: NEXT 21: dwelling unit transformation Fig.5: NEXT 21: The flat 202 FULL POTRNCIAL FLEXIBILITY of dwelling unit layout / (a,b,c,d,e are transormations) Fig.6: NEXT21 before remodeling (left); NEXT21 after remodeling (right) Fig.7: Three key examples: CASE 1:Minimal dwelling and free plan in 1920 for free floor plan arrangement. CASE 2: SI Building System and separation of infill content from supportlevel a step further to independent infill content. CASE 3: IFD Building System. SI Building System is done with full hierarchy arrangement of independent subsystem and components. Fig.8: Cedric Price Fun Palac, 1961 Fig.9: Weissenhofsiedlung Experimental Housing Project, Mies van der Rohe, , Stuttgart, Germany, 1927 Fig.10: Building systems with concrete panel Fig.11: Closed-static and open-dynamic building system for building structure Fig.12: NEXT 21 SI(support-infill) detachable unit Fig.13:Diagram :Illustrates the number of independent functional and technical levels within theNext 21 project, Durmisevic 2007 Fig.14: Systematization of building parts (M.Tichem 1997) Fig.15: Closed versus dynamic system hierarchy
KEY DEVELOPMENT STARTEGIES

Fig.1: NEXT 21 two levels: SUPPORT and INFILL Fig 2: NEXT 21 Building System Fig.3: NEXT 21 Building structure: left-plan of load bearing concrete skeleton; right: axonometric view Fig. 4: Common services and dwelling unit services /vertical section Fig. 5: Cross section of dwelling unit with separation of support and infill services in different spatial zones Fig. 6: NEXT 21: Common building services Fig. 7: NEXT 21: Wiring and piping for gas, water and electricity are located in raised floors. Fig. 8: Next 21 Cladding system Fig. 9: NEXT 21: Subsystem at the infill level Fig.10: Functional distribution in zones and margins of building layout and dwelling unit vertical section Fig 11: Polvori Multifamily Housing: Design of building structure Fig.12 Polvori Multifamily Housing: SI System Fig.13:Polvori Multifamily Housing: IFD components for building structureLeft: 3d prefabricated concrete modules, middle: pillars and beams concrete porches Fig 14: Polvori Multifamily Housing: Faade panels as IFD system Fig.15: Polvori Multifamily Housing: Infill partition walls Fig 16: Polvori Multifamily Housing: Functional distribution in the building layout
116

Fig 17: Building structure: plan and axonometric Fig.18: NEXT 21 and Polvor support structure Fig.19: NEXT 21- Dwelling unit 202 Fig.20: NEXT 21: Multifamily Housing: Dweling unit 302 transformations of all infill subsystems Fig.21: Polvor Multifamily Housing: Mayor building subsystems Fig.22: Polvori Multifamily Building, 2005: Integrated design for building structure Fig 23: Systematic design according to Levels of Control and Building System method Fig.24: Building structure design and configuration Fig.25:1972, Wohnanlage Genter Strasse, Otto Steidle & Partners Fig.26: Polvori Multifamily Housing: Distribution of functions into functional zones Fig.27: NEXT21: Functional distribution in zones and margins Fig.28: NEXT 21 Kit-of-parts Building System and Polvori Integrated IFD system for building structure. Fig.29: NEXT 21: Independent subsystems: structure, plumbing, envelope, infill( all subsystems at the infill level) Fig.30: Polvori MH: SI building system / right: support structure and faade; middle: service; left: infill partitions Fig.31: NEXT21: Open Hierarchy at infill level Fig.32: IFD innovation strategies Fig.33: Flexibility on the support level for the flexibility at the infill level Fig.34: support is permanent system; infill is IFD system: mayor subsystems at the
infill level Fig.35: Next 21 Multifamily project: 2 transformation of all dwelling unit 302
Fig.36: Next 21 | A Prototype Multi-Family Housing Osaka Gas with SHU-KO-SHA arch. and urban design studio, Japan | 1994 |Transformationof unit envelope Fig.37: Process review: IFD METHOD FOR THE OPEN BUILDING APPROACH Fig.38:bGenterstrasse_ Munich_Otto Steidle_1972: Detail of the column with the corbels Fig.39: Application of IFD method for the support level (structure) Fig 40: Main IFD criteria for the NEXT21 support-infill system Fig.41: IFD Case Study- detached house Container house in Huston Fig.42: Huston house: Building system configuration Fig.43: Huston house: Facade Fig.44: Genterstrasse_ Munich_Otto Steidle_1972: Skeleton column with corbels.
***

Fig 1:The Weissenhofsiedlung Experimental Housing Project | Mies van der Rohe | Stuttgart | Germany Design of building structure Fig 2a: building load bearing structure design of building structure Fig 2b: Building support and insertion of dwelling partition walls. Fig 2c: Building transformations: bright color highlights different dwelling`s arrangements. These transformations could happen independently in time.
117

Fig. 3: 1952_Kristalbouw| Jan Trapman | Amsterdam |The Netherlands Design of building structure Fig4a: building load bearing structure : Skeleton frame consists of columns and beams of cast-in-place concrete design of building structure Fig 4b: Building support and insertion of dwelling partition walls. Fig4c, 4d: Building transformations: green color highlights different units changes of the bathroom and kitchen position. These transformations could happen independently in time. Fig 5: Design of building structure Fig 6: Kallebck SI Building system Fig 7a: Kallebck building load bearing structure Fig 7b: infill content Fig 8: Kallebck independent infill system Fig. 9: 1972_Genterstrasse | Otto Steidle | Munich Left: Building structure design Fig. 10: Genter Strasse Multifamily Building :SI (support-infill) building Fig. 11: Genter Strasse Multifamily Building: Detaill of the concrete column with corbels Fig.12: Dwelling for Tomorrow/ Support structure(left, middle); right skeleton frame (S.Kandell) Fig.13: Dwelling for Tomorrow: Interior subdivision of the space (S. Kandell) Fig.14: Dwelling for Tomorrow: The load bearing structure Fig.15: 1976 _ Dwelling for Tomorrow | Ottokar Uhl and J.P.Weber | Austria Fig.16: 2001_Flexsus House 22| Takenaka Corporation | Japan Fig.17: Flexus House, Takanaka Corporation Japan /SI (support-infill) building levels Fig. 18: Siedlung Hegianwandweg: Japan /SI (support-infill) building levels Fig. 19: 2003 _ Siedlung Hegianwandweg | EM2N Architekten | Switzerland Fig.20: Siedlung Hegianwandweg : Entire plan as a free space Fig. 21: Siedlung Hegianwandweg: Building system: Centrl concrete core and wooden panels Fig. 21b: Siedlung Hegianwandweg: Building system: Central concrete core and wooden panels
***

Fig.1: Integrated design solution Fig.2: The best practices of design building structure to achieve Open Multifamily Building
118

Mult y Family

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Исходное описание:

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Mult y Family

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Universidad Politcnica de Catalunya Departamento de Construcciones Arquitectnicas I Master Oficial en Tecnologa de la Arquitectura Construccin e Innovacin Tecnolgica

Master Dissertation: Multifamily Open Building:

Multifamily Open Building:

Multifamily Open Building September 2011

CHAPTER 2: Evolution of Open Building approach in Multifamily Housing

Multifamily Open Building September 2011

CHAPTER 4: RELATED WORKS

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES

References 111 Bibliography . 107 List of figures 113

Multifamily Open Building September 2011

Multifamily Open Building September 2011

CHAPTER 1: Introduction to OPEN BUILDING

Multifamily Open Building September 2011

1.1.1. Two principal concepts that define Open Building

Multifamily Open Building September 2011

Fig. 5: Building layers according to Duffy (Duffy 1998)

Multifamily Open Building September 2011

Multifamily Open Building September 2011

Multifamily Open Building September 2011

Multifamily Open Building September 2011

What is Multifamily Open Building?

1.2.1 Main Problem definition

Fig 13: CLOSED SYSTEM

Fig.14: Closed Building System: Functional dependency

Multifamily Open Building September 2011

Fig. 17: Mass Housing Building and process of demolition

Multifamily Open Building September 2011

Multifamily Open Building September 2011

1.2.2. MAIN OBJECTIVES

Fig. 19: Design characteristics of dynamic building system

Fig x: Open Building conceptual and strategy framework

17 and strategy framework Fig 20: Open Building conceptual

Multifamily Open Building September 2011

1.2.3. How the multifamily Open Building works? / ANNEX 1

Multifamily Open Building September 2011

Multifamily Open Building September 2011

1.2.4. Some basic questions

Multifamily Open Building September 2011

CHAPTER 2: Evolution of Open Building approach

Multifamily Open Building September 2011

CHAPTER 2: Evolution of Open Building approach in multifamily housing

2.1.1. The Netherland case

Multifamily Open Building September 2011

Multifamily Open Building September 2011

Multifamily Open Building September 2011 ***

Transversal load bearing support structure / low-rise building

Support system BIJLMER / LOW-RISE BUILDING

TWINS Support System / low-rise building

Fig 5: margin zone in NEXT 21 multifamily building

Fig 6: Zones and Margins in NEXT 21 Multifamily Housing

The Japan case Developments toward Open Building in Japan

Multifamily Open Building September 2011

Fig 9: Harumi Apartment Building, 1958 / image by Seiichi Fukao

Fig 11: KEP experimental Skeleton, 1974 / image by Seiichi Fukao

Fig12: KEP system catalogue / image by Seiichi Fukao

Fig 13a: JHC Free Space, image by Seiichi Fukao

Fig 13b: Free Space (skeleton), image by Seiichi Fukao

Multifamily Open Building September 2011

Fig.14: CHS Teradamachi Apartment / image by Seiichi Fukao

Fig.18: NEXT 21, Osaka, Japan, 1994: SI(support-infill) system

Fig.19: NEXT 21 dwelling unit number 302 (drown by Kozo Kadovaki)

Fig.20: Flexsus House 22, 2000 /image by Seiichi Fukao

Fig. 21: Flexsus House 22 (corridor) /image by Seiichi Fukao