The Objects

The objects are secondary parts of the sentence completing the meaning of a verb and less frequently that of an adjective or a noun. Since they are nominative parts of the sentence they are expressed almost by the same means as the Subject. In English, one distinguishes between the following inds of objects! a" #irect $bject% b" Indirect $bject% c" &repositional $bject. A) The Direct Object is the secondary part of the sentence which determines a predicative transitive verb expressing the object of the result of the action expressed by the respective transitive verbs or a transitive verbal phrase displaying the function of a predicate in the sentence. The direct object always stands in the 'ccusative case and answers the question! (whom)* and (what)*. The direct object in English has some formal mar ers represented by its positioning after the transitive verb. Its direct grammatical relation with the verb or the special 'ccusative form of the personal pronoun with the exception of the pronoun (it* or of the relational and interrogative pronoun (who*. It is to be noted however that these mar ers are relative on account of the fact that such a pronominal form (him* may represent an 'ccusative form +I saw him in the street", or a #ative form +I told him the truth". The #.$. may be expressed by! 1) a common, proper noun, a pronoun, a numeral: e.g.: ,ave you met Jane) ,e saw the car and started wal ing toward it. I have two each pile. The 'ccusative form of the interrogative pronoun (who*, that is (whom* is often replaced usually in informal English by the -ominative form (who*! e.g.: Whom did you meet there) Who did you meet there) 2) a gerundial phrase: e.g.: I li e going there on foot. ." a long infinitive or an infinitival construction after such verbs as! to affect, to afford, to claim, to deserve, to forget, to learn, to omit, to profess, to promise, to propose, to underta e, to refuse and to now, +a case in which the verb (to now* ta es an infinitival construction with the relative conjunctive pronoun (what*", the conjunctive adverbs! how, where, when, which or with the conjunction (whether*! e.g.: I didn/t now what to do where to go when to go whether to go or not. !) by any part of speech: e.g.: Say wh"# when# who. 5) by special constructions: e.g.: I saw him cross crossing the street. $) a direct object clause: e.g.: I didn/t now what % was going to do next. The p&ace of the direct object in the sentence: 's a rule, the direct object usually follows the verb which it determines. There are cases however, when other parts of the sentence are present between the verb and the direct object, especially in order to avoid possible confusions, such as! a) an %ndirect Object: e.g.: I gave him the boo'. b) a (repositiona& Object: e.g.: ,e wrote to all his friends a persona& &etter. 0

c) an ad)erbia& modifier: e.g.: 1e accepted with the greatest pleasure the in)itation sent b" him. *&assification of Direct Object! #irect $bjects can be classified in terms of their semantic value and in terms of their composition or structure! 0" in point of their semantic )a&+e #irect $bjects are divided into! a" significant or meaningf+& Direct Objects# which are represented by the great majority of #irect $bjects caring a meaning of their own. b" %mpersona& Direct Objects are usually non2significant and meaningless and are expressed by the pronoun (it*! e.g.: Suffice it to say that everything went well during the conference. c" *ognate Direct Objects# also called internal #irect $bjects, accompany verbs which are normally intransitive! to sleep, to dress, to live, to die, to love, to smile and, therefore, ta e no object after them. They are called (cognate*, because the nouns which express them are, as a rule, related to the verb in point of meaning and etymology! e.g.: ,e dreamt a nice dream. ,e sang the song of the wise. There are, however, cases when the cognate object is not related to the verb! e.g.: They ran a nec' to nec' race.+very close"