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Indices
4.1
Introduction
indices
(2)3
41
22
102
ax
xa
Previously (see Topic 1, Section 6) we have dealt only with indices which were positive
or negative integers, or zeros.
Now we turn to indices which are fractions.
4.2
Fractional Indices
e.g. 1 = 1,
4 = 2,
9=3
Alternatively, the square root may be written with a fractional index as:
Thus,
a = a2
1
( a)2 = (a 2 )2 = a
i.e.
a = a2 a2 = a
For example,
1
92 =
= 3
(square root of 9)
because
3| {z
3} = 9
2 factors
Similarly,
1
83 =
= 2
(cube root of 8)
because 2| {z
2 2} = 8
3 factors
41
and
1
8 3 =
1
1
83
1
=
2
ak =
k
k . . . ak = a
i.e., a
| a {z
}
k factors
a merely as
a]
Exercises 4.1:
1
(i) 4 2
1
(ii) 9 2
1
(iii) 16 4
1
(iv) 25 2
(v) (32) 5
4.3
Multiplication
Recall a0 = 1 (a 6= 0)
(Topic 1, Section 6)
Example:
add indices
z }| {
3
4
7
2| {z
2} = |2 {z
2 2} 2| 2 {z
2 2} = 2| 2 2 {z
2 2 2 2} = 2 (= 23+4 )
3 times
4 times
3 + 4 = 7 times
same base
am an = am+n
42
Exercises 4.2:
(i) 32 34
(ii) 52 53
(iii) 43 43
(iv) 22 32
(v) x2 x3
(vi) x2 y x5 y 2
(vii) 2xy 3x2 y 4
(viii) 3x2 (2x x3 )
4.4
Division
Example:
3 times
z }| {
3
333
=
=
5
3| 3 {z
3 3 3}
3
3
5 times
1
3| {z
3}
53=2
1
= 2 = 32
3
times
am
= amn
n
a
Note:
a
= a11 = a0 = 1
a
43
(a 6= 0)
subtract indices
z }| {
(= 335 )
Exercises 4.3:
(i)
27
23
(ii)
54
54
(iii)
34
35
(iv)
(3)4
(3)5
(v)
x7 y 5
x4 y 3
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
4.5
15x5 y 2
3x5 y
10xz
5z
a6
b3
b2
a2
(am )n
Example:
multiply indices
z }| {
2 3
6
5 5 5} = 5
5} 5| {z
5} = 5| 5 5 {z
(= 523 )
(5 ) = |5 {z
5} 5| {z
2 times
23=6 times
{z
}
|2 times 2 times
3
times
(am )n = amn
p
Let us consider a k = (a k )p where p, k are integers (6= 0). i.e. the index
In particular, we have:
2
3 a3
3
3
3
a 3 = a 3 .2 = (a 3 )2 = a
| {z
} [with a
| a{z a } = a]
2 factors
3 factors
= ( 3 a)2
44
p
k
is a fraction.
For example,
1
= (8 3 )2 = ( 3 8)2
(i)
83
=4
=4
=
=
1
163/2
1
43
1
64
1
( 16)3
or
16 2 = (24 ) 2
3
= 24( 2 )=2
=
Exercises 4.4:
(i) (25 )4
1
(ii) (24 ) 2
(iii) [(10) 3 ]3
3
(iv) [(27) 3 ] 2
9
(v) (4 3 ) 8
2
= (23 ) 3
= 23 3 = 22
83
= 22
(ii) 16 2 =
or
(vi) 2 3 4 3
(vii) (x3 y 2 )3
1
(viii) (x2 ) 2
(ix) x3 y 6
4
(x) 8 3
45
1
64
(ii) 2 2 2 3
1
(iii) (2 2 ) 3
5
(iv)
27
3
24
3
81 4
16
(v) [Hard]
=
(34 ) 4
3
(24 ) 4
Note: When using the solidus or slash (/) for division, be very careful.
e.g. x/2x = x (2x)
=
not
1
2
x
2
x =
=
2
x2
2
(8) 3 =
= 2
but (4) 2 =
46
4.6
Answers to Exercises
4.1:
(i) 2
(ii)
(iii)
1
3
1
2
(v) 2
(iv) 5
4.2:
(i) 36
(ii) 51 =
(v) x5
1
5
(vi) x7 y 3
(iii) 1(= 40 )
(vii) 6x3 y 5
(iv) (2 3)3 = 62 = 36 = 4 9
4.3:
(i) 24
(iii) 3
(v) x3 y 2
(vii) 2x
(ii) 1
(iv) (3)1 = 13
(vi) 5y
(viii)
a4
b
4.4:
2
(i) 220
(ii) 22
1
4
(vii) x9 y 6
(iii) 100
(viii) x1 =
(iv) 729
(ix) (xy 2 )3
(v) 4 2 = (22 ) 2 = 23 = 8
(x)
1
16
(v)
8
27
4.5:
(i)
1
81
1
(ii) 2 6
(iii) 2 6
(iv) 2 28
47
1
x