APA Citation Style

APA citation style refers to the rules and conventions established by the American Psychological Association for documenting sources used in a research paper. APA style requires both in-text citations and a reference list. For every in-text citation there should be a full citation in the reference list and vice versa.

Reference Citations in Text

In APA style, in-text citations are placed within sentences and paragraphs so that it is clear what information is being quoted or paraphrased and whose information is being cited.
Examples: Works by a single author

he last name of the author and the year of publication are inserted in the text at the appropriate point. from theory on bounded rationality (Simon, 1945) If the name of the author or the date appear as part of the narrative, cite only missing information in parentheses. Simon (1945) posited that Works by multiple authors !hen a wor" has two authors, always cite both names every time the reference occurs in the text. In parenthetical material #oin the names with an ampersand $%&. as has been shown (Leiter & Maslach, 199 ) In the narrative text, #oin the names with the word 'and.' as Leiter and Maslach (199 ) demonstrated !hen a wor" has three, four, or five authors, cite all authors the first time the reference occurs. !ahneman, !netsch, and "haler (1991) found In all subsequent citations per paragraph, include only the surname of the first author followed by 'et al.' $(atin for 'and others'& and the year of publication. !ahneman et al# (1991) found

Works by associations, corporations, government agencies, etc. he names of groups that serve as authors $corporate authors& are usually written out each time they appear in a text reference. ($ational %nstitute of Mental &ealth '$%M&(, )**+) !hen appropriate, the names of some corporate authors are spelled out in the first reference and abbreviated in all subsequent citations. he general rule for abbreviating in this manner is to supply enough information in the text citation for a reader to locate its source in the )eference (ist without difficulty. ($%M&, )**+) Works with no author !hen a wor" has no author, use the first two or three words of the wor"*s title $omitting any initial articles& as your text reference, capitali+ing each word. Place the title in quotation mar"s if it refers to an article, chapter of a boo", or !eb page. Italici+e the title if it refers to a boo", periodical, brochure, or report. on climate chan,e (-.limate and /eather,- 199+) Guide to Agricultural Meteorological Practices (19 1) Anonymous authors should be listed as such followed by a comma and the date. on climate chan,e (0nonymous, )** ) Specific parts of a source o cite a specific part of a source $always necessary for quotations&, include the page, chapter, etc. $with appropriate abbreviations& in the in-text citation. (Sti,ter & 1as, 19 1, p# 92)
1e /aal (1992) o3erstated the case when he asserted that -we seem to be reachin, ### from the hands of philosophers- (p# )1 )#

If page numbers are not included in electronic sources $such as !eb-based #ournals&, provide the paragraph number preceded by the abbreviation 'para.' or the heading and following paragraph. (M4nnich & Spierin,, )** , para# 9)

Reference List
)eferences cited in the text of a research paper must appear in a Reference List or bibliography. his list provides the information necessary to identify and retrieve each source.

Order: Entries should be arranged in alphabetical order by authors' last names. Sources without authors are arranged alphabetically by title within the same list. Authors: Write out the last name and initials for all authors of a particular work. Use an ampersand (&) instead of the word and when listing multiple authors of a single work. e.g. Smith! ". #.! & "ones! $. Titles: %apitali&e only the first word of a title or subtitle! and any proper names that are part of a title. Pagination: Use the abbre'iation p. or pp. to designate page numbers of articles from periodicals that do not use 'olume numbers! especially newspapers. (hese abbre'iations are also used to designate pages in encyclopedia articles and chapters from edited books. Indentation*: (he first line of the entry is flush with the left margin! and all subse)uent lines are indented (* to + spaces) to form a hanging indent . Underlining vs. Italics*: ,t is appropriate to use italics instead of underlining for titles of books and -ournals. References is used instead of BIBLIOGRAPH for the list of works cited. Entries are double.spaced .

wo additional pieces of information should be included for wor"s accessed online.

Internet Address**: / stable ,nternet address should be included and should direct the reader as close as possible to the actual work. ,f the work has a digital ob-ect identifier (#0,)! use this. ,f there is no #0, or similar handle! use a stable U12. ,f the U12 is not stable! as is often the case with online newspapers and some subscription.based databases! use the home page of the site you retrie'ed the work from. !ate: ,f the work is a finali&ed 'ersion published and dated! as in the case of a -ournal article! the date within the main body of the citation is enough. 3owe'er! if the work is not dated and4or is sub-ect to change! as in the case of an online encyclopedia article! include the date that you retrie'ed the information.

he APA has special formatting standards for the use of indentation and italics in manuscripts or papers that will be typeset or submitted for official publication.
Examples: Articles in journals, maga ines, an! ne"spapers

)eferences to periodical articles must include the following elements, author$s&, date of publication, article title, #ournal title, volume number, issue number $if applicable&, and page numbers.

!ournal article, one author, accesse" online

!u, 5# ()** )# Learnin, to de6escalate7 "he effects of re,ret in escalation of commitment# Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 105()), ))16)8)# doi71*#1*129:#obhdp#)**+#* #**)

!ournal article, two authors, accesse" online

Sanche;, 1#, & !in,6"oler, <# ()**+)# 0ddressin, disparities consultation and outreach strate,ies for uni3ersity settin,s# Consulting Psychology ournal! Practice and "esearch, 5#(4), ) 26

)95# doi71*#1*8+91*256 9)98#59#4#) 2

!ournal article, more than two authors, accesse" online

=an =u,t, M#, &o,an, >#, & !aiser, ># ?# ()** )# Leadership, followership, and e3olution7 Some lessons from the past# American Psychologist, $%(8), 1 )6192# doi71*#1*8+9***86*22@#28#8#1 )

Article from an #nternet$only %ournal

&irtle, A# ?# ()** , Buly60u,ust)# .opyri,ht renewal, copyri,ht restoration, and the difficulty of determinin, copyri,ht status# D&'i( Magazine, 1)(+9 )# doi71*#1*459:uly)** 6hirtle

!ournal article from a subscription "atabase &no '(#)

.ol3in, 5# ()** , Buly )1)# %nformation worth billions# *ortune, 15+()), +86+9# >etrie3ed from ?usiness Source .omplete, <?S.C# >etrie3ed from http799search#ebscohost#com

*aga+ine article, in print !lu,er, B# ()** , Banuary ) )# /hy we lo3e# ,ime, 1-1(4), 5462*#

,ewspaper article, no author, in print

0s prices sur,e, "hailand pitches CA<.6style rice cartel# ()** , May 5)# ,he .all /treet ournal, p# 09#

,ewspaper article, multiple authors, "iscontinuous pages, in print

1elaney, !# B#, !arnitschni,, M#, & 5uth, ># 0# ()** , May 5)# Microsoft ends pursuit of Dahoo, reassesses its online options# ,he .all /treet ournal, pp# 01, 01)#

-ooks )eferences to an entire boo" must include the following elements, author$s& or editor$s&, date of publication, title, place of publication, and the name of the publisher. ,o Author or e"itor, in print
Merriam6/ebsterEs colle,iate dictionary (11th ed#)# ()**8)# Sprin,field, M07 Merriam6 /ebster#

(ne author, in print

!idder, "# (19 1)# ,he soul o0 a ne1 machine# ?oston, M07 Little, ?rown & .ompany#

.wo authors, in print

FranG, ># &#, & ?ernanGe, ?# ()**+)# Princi2les o0 macro&economics (8rd ed#)# ?oston, M07 Mc5raw6&ill9%rwin#

Corporate author, author as publisher, accesse" online

0ustralian ?ureau of Statistics# ()***)# ,asmanian year (oo3 4000 ($o# 18*1#2)# .anberra, 0ustralian .apital "erritory7 0uthor# >etrie3ed from http799www#ausstats#abs#,o3#au9ausstats9subscriber#nsf9*9.0)52 +1 ***29 9### HFile918*12I)***#pdf

/"ite" book
5ibbs, B# "#, & &uan,, L# $# (<ds#)# ()**1)# Children o0 color! Psychological interventions 1ith culturally diverse youth# San Francisco, .07 Bossey6?ass#

'issertations )eferences for dissertations should include the following elements, author, date of publication, title, and institution $if you accessed the manuscript copy from the university collections&. If there is a -.I number or a database accession number, include it at the end of the citation. 'issertation, accesse" online
Doun,, ># F# ()**+)# Crossing (oundaries in ur(an ecology! Path1ays to sustaina(le cities (1octoral dissertation)# 03ailable from AroJuest 1issertations & "heses database# (KM% $o# 8)+2 1)

/ssays or chapters in e"ite" books )eferences to an essay or chapter in an edited boo" must include the following elements, essay or chapter authors, date of publication, essay or chapter title, boo" editor$s&, boo" title, essay or chapter page numbers, place of publication, and the name of the publisher. (ne author
Laba:o, B# ()**8)# ?ody and 3oice7 "he construction of ,ender in flamenco# %n "# Ma,rini (<d#), Music and gender! 2ers2ectives 0rom the Mediterranean (pp# 2+6 2)# .hica,o, %L7 Kni3ersity of .hica,o Aress#

.wo e"itors
&ammond, !# >#, & 0delman, L# (19 2)# Science, 3alues, and human :ud,ment# %n &# ># 0rGes & !# ># &ammond (<ds#), udgement and

decision ma3ing! An interdisci2linary reader (pp# 1)+6148)# .ambrid,e, <n,land7 .ambrid,e Kni3ersity Aress#

/ncyclope"ias or "ictionaries an" entries in an encyclope"ia )eferences for encyclopedias must include the following elements, author$s& or editor$s&, date of publication, title, place of publication, and the name of the publisher. For sources accessed online, include the retrieval date as the entry may be edited over time. /ncyclope"ia set or "ictionary
Sadie, S#, & "yrrell, B# (<ds#)# ()**))# ,he ne1 Grove dictionary o0 music and musicians ()nd ed#, =ols# 16)9)# $ew DorG, $D7 5ro3e#

Article from an online encyclope"ia

.ontaineri;ation# ()** )# %n 5ncyclo26dia Britannica# >etrie3ed May 2, )** , from http799search#eb#com

/ncyclope"ia article
!inni, "# ?# ()**4)# 1isney, /alt (19*161922)7 Founder of the /alt 1isney .ompany# %n 5ncyclo2edia o0 'eadershi2 (=ol# 1, pp# 8456 849)# "housand CaGs, .07 Sa,e Aublications#

Research reports an" papers )eferences to a report must include the following elements, author$s&, date of publication, title, place of publication, and name of publisher. If the issuing organi+ation assigned a number $e.g., report number, contract number, or monograph number& to the report, give that number in parentheses immediately after the title. If it was accessed online, include the -)(. 0overnment report, accesse" online

K#S# 1epartment of &ealth and &uman Ser3ices# ()**5)# Medicaid drug 2rice com2arisons! Average manu0acturer 2rice to 2u(lished 2rices (C%5 publication $o# C<%6*56*56 **)4*)# /ashin,ton, 1.7 0uthor# >etrie3ed from http799www#oi,#hhs#,o39oei9reports9oei6*56*56 **)4*#pdf

0overnment reports, 0P( publisher, accesse" online

.on,ressional ?ud,et Cffice# ()** )# 500ects o0 gasoline 2rices on driving (ehavior and vehicle mar3ets! A CBO study (.?C Aublication $o# ) 8)# /ashin,ton, 1.7 K#S# 5o3ernment Arintin,

Cffice# >etrie3ed from http799www#cbo#,o39ftpdocs9 LL9doc 989*161465asolineArices#pdf

.echnical an"1or research reports, accesse" online

1emin,, 1#, & 1ynarsGi, S# ()** )# ,he lengthening o0 childhood ($?<> /orGin, Aaper 141)4)# .ambrid,e, M07 $ational ?ureau of <conomic >esearch# >etrie3ed Buly )1, )** , from http799www#nber#or,9papers9w141)4

'ocument available on university program or "epartment site

=ictor, $# M# ()** )# Gaz2rom! Gas giant under strain# >etrie3ed from Stanford Kni3ersity, Aro,ram on <ner,y and Sustainable 1e3elopment /eb site7 http799pesd#stanford#edu9publications9,a;promI,asI,iantIunderIstr ain9

Au"io$visual me"ia )eferences to audio-visual media must include the following elements, name and function of the primary contributors $e.g., producer, director&, date, title, the medium in brac"ets, location or place of production, and name of the distributor. If the medium is indicated as part of the retrieval I/, brac"ets are not needed.

2i"eocassette1'2'
0chbar, M# (1irector9Aroducer), 0bbott, B# (1irector), ?aGan, B# (/riter), & Simpson, ?# (Aroducer) ()**4)# ,he cor2oration '1=1(# .anada7 ?i, Aicture Media .orporation#

Au"io recor"ing
$hat &anh, "# (SpeaGer)# (199 )# Mind0ul living! a collection o0 teachings on love7 mind0ulness7 and meditation '.assette >ecordin,(# ?oulder, .C7 Sounds "rue 0udio#

*otion picture
5ilbert, ?# (Aroducer), & &i,,ins, .# (Screenwriter91irector)# (19 *)# 8ine to 0ive 'Motion Aicture(# Knited States7 "wentieth .entury FoL#

.elevision broa"cast
0nderson, >#, & Mor,an, .# (Aroducers)# ()** , Bune )*)# $0 Minutes '"ele3ision broadcast(# /ashin,ton, 1.7 .?S $ews#

.elevision show from a series

/hedon, B# (1irector9/riter)# (1999, 1ecember 14)# &ush '"ele3ision series episode(# %n /hedon, B#, ?erman, 5#, 5allin, S#, !u;ui, F#, & !u;ui, !# (<Lecuti3e Aroducers), Bu00y the 9am2ire /layer# ?urbanG, .07 /arner ?ros##

*usic recor"ing
BacGson, M# (19 ))# ?eat it# Cn ,hriller '.1(# $ew DorG, $D7 Sony Music#

3n"ate" Web site content, blogs, an" "ata

For content that does not easily fit into categories such as #ournal papers, boo"s, and reports, "eep in mind the goal of a citation is to give the reader a clear path to the source material. For electronic and online materials, include stable -)( or database name. Include the author, title, and date published when available. For undated materials, include the date the resource was accessed.

-log entry
0rrin,ton, M# ()** , 0u,ust 5)# "he 3iral 3ideo ,uy ,ets H1 million in fundin,# Messa,e posted to http799www#techcrunch#com

Professional Web site

$ational >enewable <ner,y Laboratory# ()** )# Bio0uels# >etrie3ed May 2, )** , from http799www#nrel#,o39learnin,9reIbiofuels#html

'ata set from a "atabase

?loomber, L#A# ()** )# "eturn on ca2ital 0or He1itt Pac3ard 14:%1:#0 to 0#:%0:0+# >etrie3ed 1ec# 8, )** , from ?loomber, database# .entral Statistics Cffice of the >epublic of ?otswana# ()** )# Gross domestic 2roduct 2er ca2ita 0$:01:1##) to 0$:01:400+ 'statistics(# 03ailable from .<%. 1ata database#

/ntire Web site !hen citing an entire !eb site $and not a specific document on that site&, no )eference (ist entry is required if the address for the site is cited in the text of your paper.
/itchcraft %n <urope and 0merica is a site that presents the full teLt of many essential worGs in the literature of witchcraft and demonolo,y (http799www#witchcraft#psmedia#com9)#

Source5 %ornell Uni'ersity 2ibrary. (/pril 6788). APA citation style. 1etrie'ed "uly 9! 678:! from http544www.library.cornell.edu4resrch4citmanage4apa