COMPONENT SPECIFICATIONS PASSIVE COMPONENTS: RESISTOR Specifications : 1. Resistance value in ohms 2. Wattage or Power rating in watts 3.

Tolerance in percentage COLOUR CODING TECHNIQUE : Co o!" Black Brown Re !range "ellow $reen Blue 'iolet $ra) White $ol -ilver .o colour E$a%p e:
Ist & IIn' (an's III"' (an' )Di#it of t*e Co o!"s+ )M! tip ie" (an'+ IVt* (an' )To e"ance ,an'+

Di#it 0 1 2 3 # % & ( * +

M! tip ie" 100 101 102 103 10# 10% 10& 10( 10* 10+

To e"ance

% , 10 , 20 ,

Blue &

$ra) Brown * 101 / &* 0 101 % , / &*0 % , &*0 1. 1apacitance value in 2ara s 2. 'oltage the) can withstan in volts

$ol %,

CAPACITOR Specifications :

E$a%p e : 3or 4lectrol)tic 1apacitors 1apacitance value 10 3 1 n3 #.( 3 S-ITCHES :

'oltage withstan &3 ' &3 ' &3 '

1. -P-T 5 -ingle Pole -ingle Through. 6se to make !. 7 !33 2or one circuit 2. -P8T 5 -ingle Pole 8ou9le Through. 6se 2or one si e o2 circuit 3. 8P8T 5 8ou9le Pole 8ou9le Through. 6se to switch 9oth si es o2 two circuits

#. 8:P 5 8ual :nline Package ACTIVE COMPONENTS: DIODES : 8io es are represente 9) the num9ers like .N /00.1 8io es are likel) 1. series i.e in io es onlu one ;unction is 2orme . Dio'e Specifications: ).N /00. to .N /002+ <ll are having same speci2ications 9ut onl) i22erence is in their peak inverse voltage Pa"a%ete" Peak repetitive reverse voltage <verage 2orwar current Peak 2orwar surge current >unction temperature -torage temperature Power issipation 3orwar voltage @ 1 < 1apacitance @'R/#'A2/1=hB Reverse current @ 'R/ 3eatures o2 1.#00( are S3%,o ' RR= :3 :3-= T> Tstg P8 '3 1T :R Ratin#
.N /00. %0 ' .N /004 100 .N /005 200 .N /00/ #00 .N /006 &00 .N /007 *00 .N /002 1000

1< 30 < 0 ? %% 1 to 1(% 01 ? %% 01 to 1(% 01 3 Watts 1.1 ' 1% P3 % < CWhen T< /2%01D %00 < CWhen T< /10001D

1. Eow 2orwar voltage rop 2. Figh surge current capa9ilit)

TRANSISTOR : There are three t)pe series o2 transistors 1. B1 GGG B / -ilicon 1 / low power issipation 2. <1 GGG < / $ermanium 1 / low power issipation 3. 2. GGGG 2. series t)pe i.e two io e ;unctions are 9uilte in it Pa"a%ete" 1ollector 9ase voltage @ :4 /0 1ollector emitter voltage@ :B/0 4mitter 9ase voltage@ :1 /0 1ollector current Base current >unction temperature -torage temperature Power issipation 3orwar voltage @ 1 < 1apacitance @'R/#'A2/1=hB S3%,o '1B! '14! '4B! :c :B CmaGD T> Tstg P8 '3 1T Ratin# %0 ' #% ' &' 200 m< 200 m< 1(% 01 0 ? %% 1 to 1(% 01 0.3 Watts C Tam9 2%01D 0.(% Watts C Tcase 2%01D 1.1 ' 1% P3

("ea',oa"': Brea 9oar is use 2or connecting the circuits. :t has # la)ersH =i le two la)ers are having vertical strips. Foles in a vertical line are tie together acts as strip. :t is one no eH like that we have 130 C&% I &%D vertical no es. Top an 9ottom la)ers are horiBontal la)ers i.e the holes in those la)ers

are connecte horiBontall). :n these 2ive strips i.e 2% holes are connecte as one no e. Totall) * C# I #D horiBontal no es are in 9rea 9oar Unipo a" 8!nction T"ansisto" )U8T+ : :t is a three terminal eviceA which are emitterA 9ase 1 an 9ase 2. 3eatures 5 1. Peak emitter current C:4D is 2< 2. Reverse emitter voltage is 30 ' 3. :nter 9ase voltage is 3%' #. Temperature range is J &%01 to 12%01 Si icon Cont"o e' Rectifie" )SCR+: :t is a three terminal eviceA which are ano eA gate an catho e. 3eatures 5 1. !. state maGimum voltage is 1.% ' CapproGimatel)D 2. Peak reverse voltage is upto a9out 2000 ' 3. Fol ing voltage is 0.% ' to 20' #. 3orwar 9reak over current is less than or eKual to 100< %. Peak 2orwar current is 30 < to 100 < &. Fol ing current is 20m< approGimatel) (. Turn !. an !33 times are in micro secon s *. 8)namic resistance in saturation region is in 2ew ohms 7 in cut o22 region in 2ew mega ohms. Li#*t e%ittin# Dio'e )LED+ : 3eatures 5 1. 3orwar current CmaGimumD is %0m< 2. =aGimum reverse voltage is 3' 3. =aGimum power issipation is 130 mW Re#! ate' Po9e" S!pp 3 )RPS+: RP- consists o2 1. 'oltage in icating meter 0 ' to 30 ' 2. Eoa current in icating meter 0 < to 2% < 3. 'oltage coarse kno9 #. 'oltage 2ine kno9 %. Positive an .egative terminals &. 1urrent limiting kno9 (. Power in icating lamp *. !. L !33 switch +. Plug to connect the suppl) to ac mains Di#ita M! ti%ete" : B) using this we can measure more parameters such are 1. 'oltage in ac an c mo es in the range o2 millivolts to volts 2. 1urrent in ac an c mo es in the range o2 micro amps to amperes

3. Resistance value in the range o2 ohms to giga ohms #. 1apacitance value in the range o2 nano2ara s to micro2ara s We can also use 2or the testing o2components like io es an transistors CRO Cont"o s The controls availa9le on most oscilloscopes provi e a wi e range o2 operating con itions an thus make the instrument especiall) versatile. -ince man) o2 these controls are common to most oscilloscopes a 9rie2 escription o2 them 2ollows. CATHODE:RA; TU(E Power an -cale :llumination5 Turns instrument on an controls illumination o2 the graticule. 3ocus5 3ocus the spot or trace on the screen. :ntensit)5 Regulates the 9rightness o2 the spot or trace. VERTICAL AMPLIFIER SECTION Position5 1ontrols vertical positioning o2 oscilloscope ispla). -ensitivit)5 -elects the sensitivit) o2 the vertical ampli2ier in cali9rate steps. 'aria9le -ensitivit)5 Provi es a continuous range o2 sensitivities 9etween the cali9rate steps. .ormall) the sensitivit) is cali9rate onl) when the varia9le kno9 is in the 2ull) clockwise position. <1?81?$.85 -elects esire coupling Cac or cD 2or incoming signal applie to vertical ampli2ierA or groun s the ampli2ier input. -electing c couples the input irectl) to the ampli2ierH selecting ac sen the signal through a capacitor 9e2ore going to the ampli2ier thus 9locking an) constant component. HORI<ONTAL:S-EEP SECTION -weep timeLcm5 -elects esire sweep rate 2rom cali9rate steps or a mits eGternal signal to horiBontal ampli2ier. -weep timeLcm 'aria9le5 Provi es continuousl) varia9le sweep rates. 1ali9rate position is 2ull) clockwise. Position5 1ontrols horiBontal position o2 trace on screen. ForiBontal 'aria9le5 1ontrols the attenuation Cre uctionD o2 signal applie to horiBontal apli2ier through 4Gt. ForiB. connector. TRIGGER The trigger selects the timing o2 the 9eginning o2 the horiBontal sweep. -lope5 -elects whether triggering occurs on an increasing CID or ecreasing C?D portion o2 trigger signal. 1oupling5 -elects whether triggering occurs at a speci2ic c or ac level. -ource5 -elects the source o2 the triggering signal. :.T ? CinternalD ? 2rom signal on vertical ampli2ier 40T ? CeGternalD ? 2rom an eGternal signal inserte at the 40T. TR:$. :.P6T. E:.4 ? &0 c)cle triger Eevel5 -elects the voltage point on the triggering signal at which sweep is triggere . :t also allows automatic CautoD triggering o2 allows sweep to run 2ree C2ree runD. CONNECTIONS FOR THE OSCILLOSCOPE 'ertical :nput5 < pair o2 ;acks 2or connecting the signal un er stu ) to the " Cor verticalD ampli2ier. The lower ;ack is groun e to the case. ForiBontal :nput5 < pair o2 ;acks 2or connecting an eGternal signal to the horiBontal ampli2ier. The lower terminal is graounte to the case o2 the oscilloscope. 4Gternal Tigger :nput5 :nput connector 2or eGternal trigger signal.

1al. !ut5 Provi es amplitu e cali9rate sKuare waves o2 2% an %00 millivolts 2or use in cali9rating the gain o2 the ampli2iers. <ccurac) o2 the vertical e2lection is I 3,. -ensitivit) is varia9le. ForiBontal sweep shoul 9e accurate to within 3,. Range o2 sweep is varia9le