Report 2013

Automated irrigation system using solar power
Main Project Report 2014
1. INTRODUCTION
The continuously increasing demand of the food necessitates the rapid improvement in food production technology. In most of the developing countries such as Bangladesh, national economy mainly depends on the Agriculture. But these countries do not able to make proper use of agricultural resources due to the high dependency on rain . Nowadays different irrigation systems are used to reduce the dependency of rain and mostly the existing irrigation systems are driven by electrical power and manually ON/OFF scheduling controlled . Farmers usually control the electric motors observing the soil, crop and weather conditions by visiting the sites . These manually controlled irrigation systems cannot ensure a proper level of water in the site . Due to the lack of electricity and mismanagement in the manually controlling systems, sometimes their fields become dry and sometimes flooded with excess water. These unplanned and manually controlled irrigation systems also cause a significant amount of water waste. Automatic irrigation system is usually designed for ensuring the proper level of water for growing up the plants all through the season. Even when the farmers are away,these automatic irrigation systems always ensure the proper level of water in the sites . In addition, it provides maximum water usage efficiency by monitoring soil moistures at optimum level. Several research works have reputed aspects of development of automated irrigation system. With the development of technology in water saving irrigation and automation, automatic irrigation is going to be more popular in the farms. For example, a GSM based automatic irrigation water control is proposed. A mobile irrigation system has been developed which improves water efficiency by saving the water. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based intelligent control system is proposed for effective irrigation scheduling in paddy fields . In the past, most of the proposed irrigation models are driven by electricity and their corresponding automated hardware are fixed rate. And these models are highly expensive as those were made of expensive devices. Thus, due to higher cost, the general farmers cannot buy it for their use; usually these models are used in the farms only for experiment or demonstration funded by government or any private organization. On the other hand, the variable rate automated controlling approach improves the overall irrigation system reducing the total cost and increases the production of crop yield.
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Therefore, low price, alternative source of electricity and variable rate automated operation are the key concerns in the design of an irrigation system for the common farmers. In this paper, we propose a solar power controlled automated irrigation system. Sensors collect the information about the water level of paddy fields and update the farmer as well as the microcontroller. The farmer can switch ON and OFF the motor based on the water level even from distant places using a cell phone. However, if the water level reaches to the danger level, then the motor will automatically start to ensure the proper water level in the paddy field.
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2. BLOCK DIAGRAM
Fig No:1
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2.1 WORKING
The area of paddy field usually may cover up several hundreds of hectares; to cover the whole area we need to place different sensors in the paddy field like humidity densor,tempersture sensor and water level sensor.The water sensors is simply a metal electrode. We are using such 3 electrodes made up of steel for sensing 3 levels. These 3 electrodes are connected to CD 4001 amplifier circuit. When water molecules come into contact with these terminals, Cd 4001 senses it and amplifies the signals to give a measurable output.It will always sense the water level of the field and will send a message to the users cell phone to inform the condition of irrigation. Farmer will control the motor sending assigned code to the microcontroller through a cell phone and a gsm module. Microcontroller is used as interface between the cell phone and sensor, it is through the microcontroller which cell phone interface and sensor sends singals and messages upon sensing the water level and feedback from the farmer. Here we use a pic type microcontroller PIC1673. Here we use a gsm module G300 as cell phone interface,gsm module is used for sending message to the cell phone upon receving singal from microprocessor and sens back singal from cell phone to microprocessor. A Photo Voltaic (PV) cell is the only source of energy to drive this type microcontroller pinproposed system. The energy will be stored in the DC Battery through power supply. The sensors, microcontroller and cell phone interface are driven by DC power. However, pump is driven by AC power; inverter is used to convert DC to AC power, and AC power interface ensures the proper AC power supply to the pump. A dc centrifugal pump is used to water the field by receiving assigned code to the microprocessor through gsm module. Pump is operated through a relay controlled by the microprocessor ,relay work as a switching device allowing turn on and turn off of pump by receiving signal from gsm module triggering microcontroller. The energy from pv cell is stored in a dc 12v battery which is inverted using an inverter and powers the whole system.
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3. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Fig No:2
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3.1 WORKING
In this section, different circuit components of proposed model are illustrated. Normally, sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer/ instrument. In this paper, we propose a model of designing sensor as presented . Two metal plates such as A and B are used to form a sensor; at where 5V DC power is attached with plate A, and plate B is connected with a microcontroller. Normally plate A and plate B are isolated from each other and no voltage signal passes to the microcontroller. When the water fills the gap, the metal plates A and B gets connection and voltage signal passes to the microcontroller. According to our design model, if the water level reaches to 0cm, the microcontroller will automatically start the pump through AC interface according to the command of the pin RA4 as depicted . The farmer will be confirmed by a message; for example, PUMP STARTED. AC interface usually consists of a relay which is operated by the microcontroller and used to control the pump as presented . The pump will remain switched ON until the water level reaches to the secured level 10cm. When the sensors sense the water level is above 10cm, microcontroller will make the pump to be switched OFF; as it is receiving the status of water level from the sensors. At the secure level (10cm) the microcontroller will not operate. However, if the water level goes down to mid level (3cm) the sensors will send a signal to the microcontroller through the pin 12 (RB6) as depicted. After receiving the signal the microcontroller will send a message (for example, WATER LEVEL LOW) to the users cell phone through the cell phone interface. The cell phone interface usually consists of an optocoupler which is connected with the keypad of the cell phone as depicted. The microcontroller will seek the decision from the farmer through a message; whether he wants to start the pump or not. In our propose model, an individual code is assigned for each user. If the farmer wants to start the pump, he will send a message with the assigned code to the microcontroller through the DTMF decoder. The circuit detail of a balanced-line mode DTMF is illustrated. To reject the common-mode noise signals,a balanced differential amplifier input is used. The circuit also provides an excellent bridging interface across a properly terminated telephone line.
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Whenever the farmer presses any key on his mobile phone keypad, the delayed steering (Std) output of the IC (Integrated Circuit) goes high on receiving the tone-pair, and glow the LED15 (connect with pin15 of IC via resistor R15) for a duration depending on the value of capacitor and resistor connected with pins 16 and 17. The LEDs connected with resistors R11-R14 at pins 11-14, indicate the output of the IC. The tone pair of DTMF generated by pressing the telephone button is converted into binary values internally in the IC.
3.2 PCB LAYOUT
Fig No: 3
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A printed
circuit
board
(PCB) mechanically
supports
and
electrically
connects electronic componentsusing conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. PCB's can be single sided (one copper layer), double sided (two copper layers) or multi-layer. Conductor on different layers are connected with plated-through holes called vias. Advanced PCB's may contain components - capacitors, resistors or active devices - embedded in the substrate. Printed circuit boards are used in all but the simplest electronic products. Alternatives to PCBs includewire wrap and point-to-point construction. PCBs are more costly to design but allow automated manufacturing and assembly. Products are then faster and cheaper to manufacture, and potentially more reliable.Much of the electronics industry's PCB design, assembly, and quality control follows standards published by the IPC organization. When the board has only copper connections and no embedded components it is more correctly called a printed wiring board (PWB) or etched wiring board. Although more accurate, the term printed wiring board has fallen into disuse. A PCB populated with electronic components is called a printed circuit assembly (PCA), printed circuit board assembly or PCB assembly (PCBA). The IPC preferred term for assembled boards is circuit card assembly(CCA), for assembled backplanes it is backplane assemblies. The term PCB is used informally both for bare and assembled boards. Printed circuit board artwork generation was initially a fully manual process done on clear mylar sheets at a scale of usually 2 or 4 times the desired size. The schematic diagram was first converted into a layout of components pin pads, then traces were routed to provide the required interconnections. Pre-printed non-reproducing mylar grids assisted in layout, and rub-on dry transfers of common arrangements of circuit elements (pads, contact fingers, integrated circuit profiles, and so on) helped standardize the layout. Traces between devices were made with self-adhesive tape. The finished layout "artwork" was then photographically reproduced on the resist layers of the blank coated copper-clad boards.
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4. COMPONENTS
4.1 TEMPERATURE SENSOR LM 35
Temperature sensors are used in diverse applications such as food processing, HVAC environmental control, medical devices, chemical handling and automotive under the hood monitoring (e.g., coolant, air intake, cylinder head temperatures, etc.). Temperature sensors tend to measure heat to ensure that a process is either; staying within a certain range, providing safe use of that application, or meeting a mandatory condition when dealing with extreme heat, hazards, or inaccessible measuring points. There are two main flavors: contact and noncontact temperature sensors. Contact sensors include thermocouples and thermistors that touch the object they are to measure, and noncontact sensors measure the thermal radiation a heat source releases to determine its temperature. The latter group measures temperature from a distance and often are used in hazardous environments. The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature.Since it has Linear + 10.0 mV/C scale factor it is very easy to calculate temperature value.
Fig no: 4 Full-Range Centigrade Temperature Sensor
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The LM35 thus has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large constant voltage from its output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling. The LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of 14C at room temperature and 34C over a full 55 to +150C temperature range. Low cost is assured by trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The LM35s low output impedance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration make interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy. It can be used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. As it draws only 60 A from its supply, it has very low self-heating, less than 0.1C in still air. The LM35 is applied easily in the same way as other integrated-circuit temperature sensors. Glue or cement the device to a surface and the temperature should be within about 0.01C of the surface temperature.This presumes that the ambient air temperature is almost the same as the surface temperature. If the air temperature were much higher or lower than the surface temperature, the actual temperature of the LM35 die would be at an intermediate temperature between the surface temperature and the air temperature, which is especially true for the TO-92 plastic package where the copper leads are the principal thermal path to carry heat into the device, so its temperature might be closer to the air temperature than to the surface temperature.To minimize this problem, ensure that the wiring to the LM35, as it leaves the device, is held at the same temperature as the surface of interest. The easiest way to do this is to cover up these wires with a bead of epoxy which will insure that the leads and wires are all at the same temperature as the surface, and that the temperature of the LM35 die is not affected by the air temperature.The TO-46 metal package can also be soldered to a metal surface or pipe without damage. Of course, in that case the V terminal of the circuit will be grounded to that metal. Alternatively, mount the LM35 inside a sealedend metal tube, and then dip into a bath or screw into a threaded hole in a tank. As with any IC, the LM35 and accompanying wiring and circuits must be kept insulated and dry, to avoid leakage and corrosion. This is especially true if the circuit may operate at cold temperatures where condensation can occur. Printed-circuit coatings and varnishes such as Humiseal and epoxy paints or dips are often used to insure that moisture cannot corrode the LM35 or its connections.These devices are sometimes soldered to a small light-weight heat fin to decrease the thermal time constant and speed up the response in slowly-moving air. On the other hand,
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a small thermal mass may be added to the sensor, to give the steadiest reading despite small deviations in the air temperature.
TEMPERATURE SENSOR LM 35 Fig no:5
4.1.1 Features
Calibrated directly in Celsius (Centigrade) Linear + 10.0 mV/C scale factor 0.5C accuracy guaranteeable (at +25C) Rated for full 55 to +150C range Suitable for remote applications Low cost due to wafer-level trimming Operates from 4 to 30 volts Less than 60 A current drain Low self-heating, 0.08C in still air Nonlinearity only 14C typical Low impedance output, 0.1 W for 1 mA load
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4.2 HUMIDITY SENSOR SY HS 220

Humidity sensors relying on this principle consists of a hygroscopic dielectric material sandwiched between a pair of electrodes forming a small capacitor. Most capacitive sensors use a plastic or polymer as the dielectric material, with a typical dielectric constant ranging from 2 to 15. In absence of moisture, the dielectric constant of the hygroscopic dielectric material and the sensor geometry determine the value of capacitance. At normal room temperature, the dielectric constant of water vapor has a value of about 80, a value much larger than the constant of the sensor dielectric material. Therefore, absorption of water vapor by the sensor results in an increase in sensor capacitance.
At equilibrium conditions, the amount of moisture present in a hygroscopic material depends on both the ambient temperature and the ambient water vapor pressure. This is true also for the hygroscopic dielectric material used on the sensor.
By definition, relative humidity is a function of both the ambient temperature and water vapor pressure. Therefore there is a relationship between relative humidity, the amount of moisture present in the sensor, and sensor capacitance. This relationship governs the operation of a capacitive humidity instrument. Humidity is the presence of water in air. The amount of water vapor in air can affect human comfort as well as many manufacturing processes in industries. The presence of water vapor also influences various physical, chemical, and biological processes. Humidity measurement in industries is critical because it may affect the business cost of the product and the health and safety of the personnel. Hence, humidity sensing is very important, especially in the control systems for industrial processes and human comfort. Controlling or monitoring humidity is of paramount importance in many industrial & domestic applications. In semiconductor industry, humidity or moisture levels needs to be properly controlled & monitored during wafer processing. In medical applications, humidity control is required for respiratory equipments, sterilizers, incubators, pharmaceutical processing, and biological products. Humidity control is also necessary in chemical gas purification, dryers, ovens, film desiccation, paper and textile production, and food processing. In agriculture, measurement of humidity is important for plantation protection
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(dew prevention), soil moisture monitoring, etc. For domestic applications, humidity control is required for living environment in buildings, cooking control for microwave ovens, etc. In all such applications and many others, humidity sensors are employed to provide an indication of the moisture levels in the environment. These module convert the relative humidity to the output voltage.This sensor module converts relative humidity(30-90%RH) to voltage and can be used in weather monitoring application. Most commonly used units for humidity measurement are Relative Humidity (RH), Dew/Frost point (D/F PT) and Parts Per Million (PPM). RH is a function of temperature, and thus it is a relative measurement. Dew/Frost point is a function of the pressure of the gas but is independent of temperature and is therefore defined as absolute humidity measurement. PPM is also an absolute measurement. Dew points and frost points are often used when the dryness of the gas is important. Dew point is also used as an indicator of water vapor in high temperature processes, such as industrial drying. Mixing ratios, volume percent, and specific humidity are usually used when water vapor is either an impurity or a defined component of a process gas mixture used in manufacturing.
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Automated irrigation system using solar power Basic structure of capacitive type humidity sensor is shown below:
Fig No: 6 Humidity Sensor SY HS 220
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4.2.1 Specifications:
RATED VOLTAGE CURRENT CONSUMTION OPERATING TEMPERATURE RANGE OPERATING HUMIDITY RANGE STORABLE TEMPERATURE RANGE STORABLE HUMIDITY RANGE STANDARD OUTPUT RANGE ACCURACY REMARKS DC 5.0V <-3.0mA 0-60C 30-90%RH -30C 85C within 95%RH DC 1.980 mV (at 25C, 60%RH) 5% RH (at 25C, 60%RH) PCB unit containing driving circuit
4.2.3 Application:
Humidifiers & dehumidifiers. Air conditioners. Humidity data logger. Automatic climate control.
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4.3 MICROCONTROLLER PIC16F73
Microcontroller PIC16F73 Fig no:7
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PIC is a family of modified Harvard architecture microcontrollers made by Microchip Technology, derived from the PIC1650 originally developed by General Instrument's Microelectronics Division. The name PIC initially referred to "Peripheral Interface Controller'". PICs are popular with both industrial developers and hobbyists alike due to their low cost, wide availability, large user base, extensive collection of application notes, availability of low cost or free development tools, and serial programming (and re-programming with flash memory) capability.
The PIC architecture is characterized by its multiple attributes: Separate code and data spaces (Harvard architecture). A small number of fixed length instructions Most instructions are single cycle execution (2 clock cycles, or 4 clock cycles in 8-bit models), with one delay cycle on branches and skips One accumulator (W0), the use of which (as source operand) is implied (i.e. is not encoded in the opcode) All RAM locations function as registers as both source and/or destination of math and other functions.[6] A hardware stack for storing return addresses A small amount of addressable data space (32, 128, or 256 bytes, depending on the family), extended through banking Data space mapped CPU, port, and peripheral registers ALU status flags are mapped into the data space The program counter is also mapped into the data space and writable (this is used to implement indirect jumps).
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Data space (RAM) PICs have a set of registers that function as general purpose RAM. Special purpose control registers for on-chip hardware resources are also mapped into the data space. The addressability of memory varies depending on device series, and all PIC devices have some banking mechanism to extend addressing to additional memory. Later series of devices feature move instructions which can cover the whole addressable space, independent of the selected bank. In earlier devices, any register move had to be achieved via the accumulator. Code space The code space is generally implemented as ROM, EPROM or flash ROM. In general,external code memory is not directly addressable due to the lack of an external memory interface. The exceptions are PIC17 and select high pin count PIC18 devices.
Word size
All PICs handle (and address) data in 8-bit chunks. However, the unit of addressability of the code space is not generally the same as the data space. For example, PICs in the baseline (PIC12) and mid-range (PIC16) families have program memory addressable in the same wordsize as the instruction width, i.e. 12 or 14 bits respectively. In contrast, in the PIC18 series, the program memory is addressed in 8-bit increments (bytes), which differs from the instruction width of 16 bits. In order to be clear, the program memory capacity is usually stated in number of (single word) instructions, rather than in bytes.
Stacks
PICs have a hardware call stack, which is used to save return addresses. The hardware stack is not software accessible on earlier devices, but this changed with the 18 series devices. Hardware support for a general purpose parameter stack was lacking in early series, but this greatly improved in the 18 series, making the 18 series architecture more friendly to high level language compilers.
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Automated irrigation system using solar power Instruction set
A PIC's instructions vary from about 35 instructions for the low-end PICs to over 80 instructions for the high-end PICs. The instruction set includes instructions to perform a variety of operations on registers directly, the accumulator and a literal constant or the accumulator and a register, as well as for conditional execution, and program branching. Some operations, such as bit setting and testing, can be performed on any numbered register, but bi-operand arithmetic operations always involve W (the accumulator), writing the result back to either W or the other operand register. To load a constant, it is necessary to load it into W before it can be moved into another register. On the older cores, all register moves needed to pass through W, but this changed on the "high end" cores. PIC cores have skip instructions which are used for conditional execution and branching. The skip instructions are 'skip if bit set' and 'skip if bit not set'. Because cores before PIC18 had only unconditional branch instructions, conditional jumps are implemented by a conditional skip (with the opposite condition) followed by an unconditional branch. Skips are also of utility for conditional execution of any immediate single following instruction. It is possible to skip skip instructions. For example, the instruction sequence "skip if A; skip if B; C" will execute C if A is true or if B is false. The 18 series implemented shadow registers which save several important registers during an interrupt, providing hardware support for automatically saving processor state when servicing interrupts.
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Automated irrigation system using solar power 4.3.1 Block diagram
Fig no:8 4.3.2 FEATURES High Performance RISC CPU:

High performance RISC CPU Only 35 single word instructions to learn All single cycle instructions except for program branches which are two-cycle Operating speed DC - 20 MHz clock input DC - 200 ns instruction cycle 20 AWH Engg. College
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Special Microcontroller Features:

Power-on Reset (POR) Power-up Timer (PWRT) and Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST) Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for reliable operation
Programmable code protection Power saving SLEEP mode
Peripheral Features: Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler, can be incremented during SLEEP via external crystal/clock Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register, prescaler and postscaler
CMOS Technology: Low power, high speed CMOS FLASH technology Fully static design Wide operating voltage range: 2.0 V to 5.5 V High Sink/Source Current: 25 mA
4.4 SOLAR PANEL

A solar panel is a set of solar photovoltaic modules electrically connected and mounted on a supporting structure. A photovoltaic module is a packaged, connected assembly of solar cells. The solar panel can be used as a component of a larger photovoltaic system to generate and supply electricity in commercial and residential applications. Each module is rated by its DC output power under standard test conditions (STC), and typically ranges from 100 to 320 watts. The efficiency of a module determines the area of a module given the same rated output - an 8% efficient 230 watt module will have twice the area of a 16% efficient 230 watt module. A single solar module can produce only a limited amount of power; most installations contain multiple modules. A photovoltaic system typically includes a panel or an array of solar modules, an inverter, and sometimes a battery and/or solar tracker and interconnection wiring.
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Fig no:9 Solar modules use light energy (photons) from the sun to generate electricity through the photovoltaic effect. The majority of modules use wafer-based crystalline silicon cells or thin-film cells based on cadmium telluride or silicon. The structural (load carrying) member of a module can either be the top layer or the back layer. Cells must also be protected from mechanical damage and moisture. Most solar modules are rigid, but semiflexible ones are available, based on thin-film cells. These early solar modules were first used in space in 1958. Electrical connections are made in series to achieve a desired output voltage and/or in parallel to provide a desired current capability. The conducting wires that take the current off the modules may contain silver, copper or other non-magnetic conductive transition metals. The cells must be connected electrically to one another and to the rest of the system. Externally, popular terrestrial usage photovoltaic modules use MC3 (older) or MC4 connectors to facilitate easy weatherproof connections to the rest of the system. Bypass diodes may be incorporated or used externally, in case of partial module shading, to maximize the output of module sections still illuminated. Some recent solar module designs include concentrators in which light is focused by lenses or mirrors onto an array of smaller cells. This enables the use of cells with a high cost per unit area (such as gallium arsenide) in a cost-effective way. Here we use 12volt 5watt solar panel.
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4.5 WATER PUMP
Water Pump DC 12V Fish Tank Submersible Pumps Waterproof Fish Culture Model Pump Fig no:10
It is a centrifugal pump,rotodynamic pump that uses a rotating impeller to increase the pressure and flow rate of a fluid. Centrifugal pumps are the most common type of pump used to move liquids through a piping system. The fluid enters the pump impeller along or near to the rotating axis and is accelerated by the impeller, flowing radially outward or axially into a diffuser or volute chamber, from where it exits into the downstream piping system. Centrifugal pumps are typically used for large discharge through smaller heads. Centrifugal pumps are most often associated with the radial-flow type. However, the term "centrifugal pump" can be used to describe all impeller type rotodynamic pumps including the radial, axial and mixed-flow variations.
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4.6 GSM SIM 300 MODULES

This is a plug and play GSM Modem with a simple to interface serial interface. Use it to send SMS, make and receive calls, and do other GSM operations by controlling it through simple AT commands from micro controllers and computers. It uses the highly popular SIM300 module for all its operations. It comes with a standard RS232 interface which can be used to easily interface the modem to micro controllers and computers. The modem consists of all the required external circuitry required to start experimenting with the SIM300 module like the power regulation, external antenna, SIM Holder, etc.
Fig no:11
4.6.1 Features

Uses the extremely popular SIM300 GSM module Provides the industry standard serial RS232 interface for easy connection to computers and other devices
Provides serial TTL interface for easy and direct interface to microcontrollers Power, RING and Network LEDs for easy debugging Onboard 3V Lithium Battery holder with appropriate circuitry for providing backup for the modules internal RTC
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Can be used for GSM based Voice communications, Data/Fax, SMS,GPRS and TCP/IP stack
Can be controlled through standard AT commands Comes with an onboard wire antenna for better reception. Board provides an option for adding an external antenna through an SMA connector The SIM300 allows an adjustable serial baud rate from 1200 to 115200 bps (9600 default)
Modem a low power consumption of 0.25 A during normal operations and around 1 A during transmission Operating Voltage: 7 15V AC or DC (board has onboard rectifier.
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4.7 BATTERY
GM4000 is a well designed battery bank for most of portable signal shield. It provides 12V /4ah output power and with 4000mah capacity, which enable signal preventor to work for 2-3 hours.
Fig no:12
GM4000 power bank contains 3 pcs built-in 4000mah li-battery cores. Except three circuit protection plates, it also intergrates over charging protection circuit chips (that adopt IC from Seizaikan (Japan) and AO MOS cube). CSB's HR1234W is a 12 volt 9 Ah sealed lead acid battery with F2 Fast-on tab terminals. HR1234W is designed for equipment that require short term bursts of high rate power such as UPS systems.HR1234W will deliver up to 20% more energy output density at 34 watts per cell, or up to 204 watts for 15 minutes to 1.67 volt per cell at 77 degrees in Fahrenheit.HR1234W is also excellent for general applications as it will provide up to 260 cycles at 100% depth of discharge and has a design life of up to five years of stand-by usage.
4.7.1 Features
Big
capacity li-battery cores offers long working time for all of the 12V <2A electronic devices charge and discharge via MOS cube
Suitable Control With
over charge / over discharge / current protection functions protection available
Short-circuit
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4.8 RELAY
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits, repeating the signal coming in from one circuit and retransmitting it to another. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations. A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an electric motor or other loads is called a contactor. Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching. Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital instruments still called "protective relays".
Fig no:13
Fig no:14
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A simple electromagnetic relay consists of a coil of wire wrapped around a soft iron core, an iron yoke which provides a low reluctance path for magnetic flux, a movable iron armature, and one or more sets of contacts (there are two in the relay pictured). The armature is hinged to the yoke and mechanically linked to one or more sets of moving contacts. It is held in place by a spring so that when the relay is de-energized there is an air gap in the magnetic circuit. In this condition, one of the two sets of contacts in the relay pictured is closed, and the other set is open. Other relays may have more or fewer sets of contacts depending on their function. The relay in the picture also has a wire connecting the armature to the yoke. This ensures continuity of the circuit between the moving contacts on the armature, and the circuit track on the printed circuit board (PCB) via the yoke, which is soldered to the PCB.Here a 5V relay is used.
4.9 LCD16x2
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments and other multi segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have no limitation of displaying special & even custom characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so on.lcd is used to indicate the present status of parameters and the respective AC devices (simulated using bulbs).The information is displayed in two modes
which can be selected using a push button switch which toggles between these two modes. Any display can be interfaced to the system with respective changes in driver circuitry and code.
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Fig No:15 16x2LCD A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely, Command and Data. The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD. Click to learn more about internal structure of a LCD.
Fig no:16 Pin diagram
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4.9.1 Pin description
4.10 INVETER
A power inverter, or inverter, is an electronic device or circuitry that changes direct current (DC) toalternating current (AC).The input voltage, output voltage and frequency, and overall power handling, are dependent on the design of the specific device or circuitry.A power inverter can be entirely electronic or may be a combination of mechanical effects (such as a rotary apparatus) and electronic circuitry. Static inverters do not use moving parts in the conversion process. A typical power inverter device or circuit will require a relatively stable DC power source capable of supplying enough current for the intended overall power handling of the inverter. Possible DC power sources include: rechargeable batteries, DC power supplies operating off of the power company line, and solar cells. The inverter does not produce any power, the power is provided by the DC source. The inverter translates the form of the power from direct current to an alternating current waveform.
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The level of the needed input voltage depends entirely on the design and purpose of the inverter. In many smaller consumer and commercial inverters a 12V DC input is popular because of the wide availability of powerful rechargeable 12V lead acid batteries which can be used as the DC power source. An inverter can produce square wave, modified sine wave, pulsed sine wave, or sine wave depending on circuit design. The two dominant commercialized waveform types of inverters as of 2007 are modified sine wave and sine wave. There are two basic designs for producing household plug-in voltage from a lowervoltage DC source, the first of which uses a switching boost converter to produce a highervoltage DC and then converts to AC. The second method converts DC to AC at battery level and uses a line-frequency transformer to create the output voltage. 4.10.1 Typical applications for power inverters include
Portable consumer devices that allow the user to connect a battery, or set of batteries, to the device to produce AC power to run various electrical items such as lights, televisions, kitchen appliances, and power tools.
Use in power generation systems such as electric utility companies or solar generating systems to convert DC power to AC power.
Use within any larger electronic system where an engineering need exists for deriving an AC source from a DC source.
4.10.2 Features Output Power Capacity-600 Watts / 1000 VA Max Configurable Power-600 Watts / 1000 VA Nominal Output Voltage-230V Output Voltage Distortion-Less than 5% at full load Output Frequency (sync to mains)-47 - 53 Hz for 50 Hz nominal, 57 - 63 Hz for 60 Hz nominal Topology-Line Interactive Waveform Type-Stepped approximation to a sinewave
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4.11 WATER LEVEL SENSOR

It is simply a metal electrode. We are using such 3 electrodes made up of steel for sensing 3 levels. These 3 electrodes are connected to CD 4001 amplifier circuit. When water molecules come into contact with these terminals, Cd 4001 senses it and amplifies the signals to give a measurable output.
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5. SOFTWARE DETAILS
5.1 MPLAB IDE-For PIC Microcontroller programming
MPLAB IDE is a software program that runs on a PC to develop applications for Microchip microcontrollers. It is called an Integrated Development Environment, or IDE, because it provides a single integrated .environment. to develop code for embedded microcontrollers. A development system for embedded controllers is a system of programs running on adesktop PC to help write, edit, debug and program code . the intelligence of embeddedsystems applications . into a microcontroller. MPLAB IDE runs on a PC and contains all the components needed to design and deploy embedded systems applications. The typical tasks for developing an embedded controller application are: 1. Create the high level design. From the features and performance desired, decide which PICmicro MCU or dsPIC DSC device is best suited to the application, then design the associated hardware circuitry. After determining which peripherals and pins control the hardware, write the firmware . the software that will control the hardware aspects of the embedded application. A language tool such as an assembler, which is directly translatable into machine code, or a compiler that allows a more natural language for creating programs, should be used to write and edit code. Assemblers and compilers help make the code understandable, allowing function labels to identify code routines with variables that have names associated with their use, and with constructs that help organize the code in a maintainable structure.
2. Compile, assemble and link the software using the assembler and/or compiler and linker to convert your code into .ones and zeroes. . machine code for the PICmicro MCUs. This machine code will eventually become the firmware (the code programmed into the microcontroller). 3. Test your code. Usually a complex program does not work exactly the way imagined, and .bugs. need to be removed from the design to get proper results. The debugger allows you to see the .ones and zeroes. execute, related to the source code
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you wrote, with the symbols and function names from your program. Debugging allows you to experiment with your code to see the value of variables at various points in the program, and to do .what if. checks, changing variable values and stepping through routines. 4. Burn. the code into a microcontroller and verify that it executes correctly in the Finished application.
5.2 C18-compiler/HI-TEC C -Compiler

HI-TECH C compilers know exactly which registers will be used for any interrupt, they can determine the context size dynamically, based on the state of the program at the time of compilation. Code generated by OCG compilers may not need to save any registers during an interrupt routine, thereby saving cycles that are wasted by non-OCG compilers. Fewer instruction cycles means the MCU can spend more time in sleep mode.
Denser Code, Better Performance

Unused Variables. The all-seeing nature of OCG enables the compiler to determine if a variable is being used in the program. Unused variables are removed, thus saving RAM. Auto Variables. If two functions are never active at the same time, their auto variables can be overlapped. The function call graph that OCG constructs means that the exact usage of the functions is known and this technique can be effectively applied. Registers. The compiler will also know exactly which registers are in both interrupt and mainline context, so it can generate code accordingly, minimizing both the code size and cycles required to switch contexts. Automatic Bank Management. OCG allows automatic allocation of data into RAM banks eliminating the need for the programmer to specify the location of the variables. Customized printf. OCG has the ability to generate a printf function that is customized for the program at hand. It does this by scanning the users code and only includes those features of printf that were detected. This results in a huge saving in program memory but also saves you valuable RAM space. Dept. of EEE 34 AWH Engg. College
Focus more on your goals and less on your code Operation. Most embedded C compilers require special linker scripts and numerous command line options to be used to cater for differing device architectures. With full knowledge of the device and the ability to determine where all objects will be linked, much of this work is reduced or eliminated with HI-TECH C compilers. Eliminates the Need for Memory Space Qualifiers. Because the compiler knows how frequently each variable is used and which variables are dependent, it can optimize pointers and position objects in the most efficient memory spaces, eliminating the need for the programmer to do this manually with non-standard C language extensions. Debugging with Optimizations. Since a lot more of the optimizations are performed at the C level, rather than at the assembly or linker level, HI-TECH C PRO compilers allows more comprehensive debugging of code, even with the optimizations turned on. As a rule, code compiled with full optimization can be difficult or impossible to debug, making it very difficult to identify bugs that may be causing the system to function incorrectly. The OCG compiler automatically preserves all the relationships between the object code and the original C-code, enabling the quick and simple debugging of optimized code. Even C library code in your project can be debugged at the source level.
5.2.1 Features
Integrates into MPLAB IDE and fully compatible with all Microchip debuggers and emulators
Fully ANSI-compliant Includes Library source - for standard libraries and sample code for I/O drivers Includes macro assembler, linker, preprocessor, and one-step driver Runs on Windows XP and Vista (versions 9.70+ also run on Windows 7), Linux and Mac OS X
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5.3 Proteus/Protel For PCB designing

Protel stands for "Procedure Oriented Type Enforcing Language". It is a programming language created by Nortel Networks and used on telecommunications switching systems such as the DMS-100. Protel-2 is the object-oriented version of Protel. PROTEL languages were designed to meet the needs of digital telephony and is the basis of the DMS-100 line of switching systems PROTEL is a strongly typed, blockstructured language which is based heavily on PASCAL and ALGOL 68] with reverse polish notation style of variable assignment. The designers of PROTEL significantly extended PASCAL of the day by adding external compilation and extending the data structures available in the language.
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6. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

6.1 ADVANTAGES
Sensors used have high sensitivity and are easy to handle. Closed loop design prevents any chances of disturbing the greenhouse environment. User is indicated for changes in actuator state thereby giving an option for manual override. Low maintenance and low power consumption. The system is more compact compared to the existing ones, hence is easily portable. Can be used for different plant species by making minor changes in the ambient environmental parameters. Can be easily modified for improving the setup and adding new features. Labour saving
6.2 DISADVANTAGES
Complete automation in terms of pest and insect detection anderadication cannot be achieved. No self-test system to detect malfunction of sensors. Requires uninterrupted power supply. Facility to remotely monitor the greenhouse is not possible.
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7. CONCLUSION
The primary objective of this project was the development of an effective & reliable irrigation system that could have applications in domestic as well as large scale premises, operated in any weather conditions. Automated irrigation system in both domestic and large scale agricultural field requires correct sensing of humidity and temperature for irrigation. For such systems, solar controlled automated irrigation system are ideal because they do not require a person monitoring the agricultural field or checking the humidity and temperature level and it can be operated in any time with the help of GSM module by sending and receiving messages through cell phone. Through well directed effort a solar based automated irrigation system is developed, which is capable of measuring humidity level of soil and temperature level of environment in the range of given specification and sending message to the farmer through GSM module, thus enabling farmer to respond back with message signal and pumping water to the field without farmer visiting the field. In the model developed as part of the project provisions are also provided to supply energy from a solar panel which charges the battery system and provide required current supply to water pump and whole system, in the event of urgent and immediate requirement of water to a large agricultural land were monitoring by the farmer is difficult, such effective solar powered automated irrigation system can be implemented. Overall the developed system provides a basic solution for all type of irrigation systems.
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REFERENCES
1. L. Prisilla, P.S.V. Rooban and L. Arockiam, A novel method for water irrigation system for paddy fields using ANN, International Journal of Computer Science
and Network, Vol.1, No. 2, April 2012. 2. L. Longchang and W. Yanjun, Pipeline Water Delivery Technology,China Water Power Press, pp. 33-35, March 1998. 3. (2012) Banglapedia. [Online]. Available http://www.banglapedia.org/httpdocs/HT/I_0095.HTM 4. 4M.A. Salam, A. Ahmed, H. Ziedan, K. Sayed, M. Amery and M. SwifyA SolarWind Hybrid Power System for Irrigation in Toshka Area, IEEE Jordan Conference on Applied Electrical Engineering and Computing Technologies, pp. 1-6, Dec. 2011. 5. M. Dursun and S. Ozden, A Prototype of PC Based Remote Control of Irrigation, International Conference on Environmental Engineering and Applications,
Singapore, pp. 255-258, Sept. 2010. 6. N.M. Sheikh, EfficientUtilization of Solar Energy for Domestic Applications 2nd International Conference on Electrical Engineering,Lahore, Pakistan, pp. 1-3, March 2008. 7. G. Yang, Y. Liu, L. Zhao, S. Cui, Q. Meng and H. Chen, Automatic Irrigation System Based on Wireless Network, 8th IEEE International Conference on Control and Automation, pp. 2120-2125, June 2010. 8. J. Xiaohua and T. Fangpin, The study and development of system for automatic irrigation, Irrigation and Drainage, Vol.21, No.4, pp. 25-27, Dec. 2002. 9. C. Yi, Technology and Application of Water Saving Irrigation, Chemical Industry Press, Beijing, China, pp. 345-349, 2005. 10. (2012) Garden4less. [Online]. Available
http://www.garden4less.co.uk/automatic_watering_systems.asp 11. B.C. Lailhacar, M.D. Dukes and G.L. Miller, Sensor-Based Control of Irrigation in Bermuda grass, ASAE Annual International Meeting,ASAE Tampa Convention Center, Tampa, Florida, pp. 1-14, July 2005.
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12. Y. Genghuang, G. Kairong, and L. Yawei, Development of controller for automatic irrigation based on GSM network, Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University, Vol.36, No.6, pp. 753-755, Dec. 2005. 13. H. Wu-quan, C. Ming-ke, W. Yu-bao and W. Xiao-jian, Automatic Water Supply Control System of Graded Constant Pressure by Variable Frequency Speed and Its Application to Pipeline Irrigation, 2nd WRI Global Congress on Intelligent Systems, Vol.1, pp. 385-388, Dec. 2010. 14. L.Wenyan, Design of Wireless Water-Saving Irrigation System Based on Solar Energy, International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems Engineering, pp. 1-4, July 2011. 15. [Online]. Available: http://www.scribd.com/doc/78645295/GSMBased-Automatic-Irrigation-Water-Controller. 16. S.Zeng, G. Qi, Q. Liu and Z. Wang, Mobile irrigation systems for arid areas of Northeast China, International Conference on Water-Saving Agriculture and Sustainable Use of Water and Land Resources, Shaanxi, China, Oct. 2003. 17. S.M.Umair and R. Usaman, Automation of Irrigation System Using ANN based Controller, International Journal of Electrical and Computer Sciences, Vol.10, No.2, pp. 41-51, April, 210. 18. W. Huang, T.Zeng, L. Ye and Z. Li, A self-acting water pump control system for residential buildings based on resonance water level sensor, International Conference on Electric Information and Control Engineering, pp. 1112-1115, April 2011.
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APPENDIX
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PROGRAM
#define sensor0 portc.f0 #define sensor5 portc.f1 #define sensor10 portc.f2 #define motor portc.f3 char t=0,i,tmp1,tmp2,cnt; //#define one 0 void readsms(char n); void listen_uart(); // void readsms(char); void smsmediumlevel(); void receive_sms(); void lcd_disply();
// LCD module connections sbit LCD_RS at RB2_bit; sbit LCD_EN at RB3_bit; sbit LCD_D4 at RB4_bit; sbit LCD_D5 at RB5_bit; sbit LCD_D6 at RB6_bit; sbit LCD_D7 at RB7_bit; sbit LCD_RS_Direction at TRISB2_bit; sbit LCD_EN_Direction at TRISB3_bit; sbit LCD_D4_Direction at TRISB4_bit; sbit LCD_D5_Direction at TRISB5_bit; sbit LCD_D6_Direction at TRISB6_bit; sbit LCD_D7_Direction at TRISB7_bit; // End LCD module connections char txt1[] = "mikroElektronika"; char txt[4]; char ring[]="RING"; // Loop variable
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DATASHEET
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DATASHEET 7805 REGULATOR IC
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Automated irrigation system using solar power

Main Project Report 2014

AWH Engg. College

Automated irrigation system using solar power

Main Project Report 2014

AWH Engg. College

Automated irrigation system using solar power

Main Project Report 2014

AWH Engg. College

Automated irrigation system using solar power

Main Project Report 2014

AWH Engg. College

Automated irrigation system using solar power

Main Project Report 2014

AWH Engg. College

Automated irrigation system using solar power

Main Project Report 2014

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Automated irrigation system using solar power

Main Project Report 2014

3.2 PCB LAYOUT

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Automated irrigation system using solar power

Main Project Report 2014

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Automated irrigation system using solar power

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Fig no: 4 Full-Range Centigrade Temperature Sensor

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Automated irrigation system using solar power

Main Project Report 2014

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Automated irrigation system using solar power

Main Project Report 2014

TEMPERATURE SENSOR LM 35 Fig no:5

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Automated irrigation system using solar power

Main Project Report 2014

4.2 HUMIDITY SENSOR SY HS 220

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Automated irrigation system using solar power

Main Project Report 2014

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Main Project Report 2014

Fig No: 6 Humidity Sensor SY HS 220

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Automated irrigation system using solar power

Main Project Report 2014

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Automated irrigation system using solar power

Main Project Report 2014

4.3 MICROCONTROLLER PIC16F73

Microcontroller PIC16F73 Fig no:7

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Automated irrigation system using solar power

Main Project Report 2014

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Automated irrigation system using solar power

Main Project Report 2014

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Automated irrigation system using solar power Instruction set

Main Project Report 2014