--Y

+Fea*Mieee. ;;;;;;;"ng"a i.o*

The books on the white tvooden shelves beloiv upr.vards according to bulk' A complete Wo|dsrvorth stood at one end of t-he lorvest sheif and a copy of_ the Lfctyttootlt' one enC of Cateckistt?,, se\Yn into ttre cloth cover of a notebook, stood atIn the desh .rlre-m; rr;"li. iVriiing materials__were alu'a}s_on-the desk. the stagc' tav a manuscript tran"slation of l-Iauptmann's lVi.chael liranter, were rvritten in purple ink, aud a little shea-f of ;it;;;'ri^iii.i"rt \\ras pup".. held toghether by a brass pin. In these sheets a sentence t5e headiine mottteltt, ironical an in and, insc.ibed from time to iime of an adrrertisernent for Bile Beares had been pasted on to the first sireet' the fragrance on lifting the lid of the desk a faint fragrance escaped'apple over-ripe an of or gum ol of new cedar-rvood pencils or a bottle which might have been left there and.forgotte&J N{r buffy untrorrea anything which- bqqk'etl"9 phl'sical or mental the disorder. His facel *rri.rt cairied lhe entire tale of his years, was -of grerv head large brown tint of luUtin streets. On his long and rather co'er an unamiable dry black hair, and a taq,ny moustache diJ not quite 'character; but there mouth. His cheekbones also gave his face a harsh was no ]rarshness in the eyes rvhich, looking at the rvorld from under trreir-larvny uy"b.owr, g"rr" the impression of a man ever alert to greet ile lived at a a redeemit.tg itttti.tct'ii others but often disappointed' rvith doubtful sidelittle distance from his body, regarding his-own.acts led him to compose which habit gtu.,""r. He had an odd auto6iogiaphical containing hirnself about sentence in his mirrd from rtime to time a short never in.the predicate a subject in the ifrita person 3ld u !1?i l:".t:,1{9 carryir'&.1^::"1'^::*1, guu" Ll*r to beggars, and rvail<ed firmiy, Baggot He hacl Ueeii for many years cashier of a pri'ate bank rn middav At tram. by rr" .u"iu.in from chapelizod str"-;. b;;; ;;id of lager beer and he r,r,ent to Dan ii;;[;'t anC took his lunch - a bottle rvas sef free' He he biscuits. At four o'clock a sma.ii tra,'fui oT himself safe felt "iroun-root i''' George's Street.rvhere he dined' in an v'ras a certain "uti"glft"",t nCrin s gildei-youth and v;here there from the society^ti before plain honesty m ifr" niii-oi.t?t". His eve;rings r'vere^lP"ttt.gittr5l the city' His likinq his landlady's piano or roaming about the rutikirts of someti.t:s to an opel'a or a concert: for Moza.t', *,ii.lrought fim of itt"t" were the only dissipations his iif :' creed' He lived He had neither companions nor frierds, church nor r"isiti.g his relaothers, tri. ,pirit'rui fii" without any communiotr the 'vith cemetery 1"hqn they died' tives at christmas and escorting them t.'r but conceded He performea tir,e.e iio ,ociul Juties for o1d clignitv's sake'cirric life' H* the relulate ivrrich nothing turttrer"*to ihe "o.rt"ntions rob his rvould he circumltances allorved himself to think that in certain out'ct'enly rolied life his bank but, as these circumstances never arose' '

an adventureless tale. I the RoOne evening fr6"found himself sitting beside tu'o ladies in of tunda. The house, thinty peopled- and silent, gave distressing ProPhecY failure. The lady u'ho sot next him looked iound at tl're deserted house once or trvice and then said: 'What a pity there is such d poor^. lloi:se tonightl It': so hard on people to have^to sing to empty benches.' He took the remark as an ini'itation to talh' He rvas ", ' r'nr'ic,ed that she seemecl so littie awkward. While thev talked he tried ro lix her per140

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Unit 6 Passive
Explanations
Basic uses of the passive
. {qa

tlsi;
f|.|cr:

zger

1 Agent and instrument

The person who performs an action in a passive sentence is called the agent, introduced by by.The agent may or may not be mentioned. My purse was found b7 one of the cleaners. An object which causes something to happen is called an instrument,

introduced by with. He tves bit on the bead zaith

barnmer'

Most verbs with an object (transitive verbs) can be made passive' Common verbs not used in the passive include: become,fit (be the right size) get, baae,lach,let,like, resemble, suit Some verbs have both transitive anU intransitive meanings. V/e arrhted at tbe.hotel at eight. (cannot be rnade passfue) Hozp was the ansater anhled at? (passive utith a different meaning)
Verbs with two objects Verbs which have two objects can be made passive in two ways. I ans handed anote. Anote was handed to me' Other comrnon verbs of this type are: bring, girte, lend, pdss, pay, Prom;se,
sell, send, sbow,

tell

Verbs with object an&cmplement Some verbs have a noun or adjective which describes their object. 'We ele cte d J im chss repres entatia e. Eoeryone considered him afailure. 'When these are made passive, the complement goep directly after the verb.

Jim ans elected chss rePresentdt;'ue. He was considered a failure. Translation The uses of the passive in English and in other languages arexot necessarily the same. Some languages nlay use passive forms where English uses active
ones, and vice
Tenses

1
Ccr

. for,

versa.

{r

i*i

Although it

t': form a wide range of passive tenses, the most used are present simple and continuous, Past simple and continuous' Present perfect simple, past perfect simple, will fuure, and futgre perfect. There are also present and past passive infinitives.
is possible

r
Unit 5 Passioe 1
Using and not mentioning the agent
Change of

-E
c

focus

The passive can change the emphasis of a sentence. J ach ann tb e prize. (focus on J ack) The pize u)as u)on by Jach. (ocus on the pize)

genl,

Unknown agent The agent is not mentioned if unknown. My walletbas been taken. In this case, there is no point in adding an agent: 'by somebody'
Generalised agent

If

the subject is 'people in general'

or'you' the agent is not mentioned. Biqcles are widelyusedin the city instead of publictransPort.

nmon
LL

Obvious agent If the agent is obvious or has already been mentioned, it is not mentioned. Lindahas been anested! (we assi'tm:b by tbe police) The coinpany agreed to aur request and a neu car'park uas opened.

7g)

Unimportant agent If the agent is not important to the meaning of the sentence it is not mentioned. I ans adoised ta obtain a visa in adaance.

otn$e,

he

verb.

ImpersonaliryUsing the pasiiue is a way of avoiding the naming of a specific person who is responsible for an action. hhas been decided to reduce all salaries by 10%' ' r . .t In descriptions of processes; ihere is emphasis on the actions performed rather than on the people who perform them. Then the packets dre Packed into boxes of tarcnty four'
:

Activlties
L
recessarilY
,ses active

\-orrect any verD forms which are : .. . lmpossrble or inappropriate.

l\

r.

a) A lot of homes in the area have been being broken into by burglars. (bazte been broh,en into) b) As I drove south,I could see that the old roadwas rebuilding. c) I suppose the lettnlr will have been delivered by now. d) There is norhing rnore annoying rhan been interrupted when you are
e) Jim was been given the sack

: most used
Present

:t.There are

't from his new job. 0 Somehow without my noticing my wallethad been disappeared. Thenewshoppingcentrev/asoPenedbythelocalMP. Y Harry is be.n qu.itioned by the police about the accident.
JI

speaking.

iti.:,;
1i.1.

Advance d Language Practice'

i) A lot of meetings have been held, but nothingJras being decided yet. i) Last week it is decided not to have an office party after all.

4
Put each v brackets it
passive in

2
Both sentences in each pair have the
same meaning.

a) The crowd was slowly

filling the huge stadium.

Th

b)

tadiu m y.* :.:!gy.ly..h.q !*S il! 9. /.by the crowd. The invention of the computer simplified the work of accountants.
e hu se
s

aPProPrla

Since the

computer

the

work of accountants '.............-.-..-

Complete the second sentence.

simplified.

c)

Someone has suggested that the shop should close. It .................... that the shop should close.

6'I'd
Mr e)

Smith

take out some travel iniurance if I were you, Mr take out some travel insurance'

Smith.'

S
5
Underlin uses of th which are
uqnecess:

The waitress

wili bring your drinks in a moment.

in
a

Your

f)

drinks

moment.

Someone used a knife to open this

window

This window :................,.. a knife. g) You will hear from us when we have finish.ed dealing with your cornplaint After your complaint:....".............., you will hear from us. h) An announcement of their engagement appeared in the local paper. Theirengagement in the local PaPer. i) Nobody ever heard anything of David again. Nothing -.........."....... David again. j) TheypaidSheila91000 as aspecialbonus.

91000
3
Rewrite each sentence so thar it does not contain I the words underlined and so that it contains a passive form.

Sheila as a special bonus.

6
Rewrite
r

a)

Someoneleftthephoneoffthehookallnight.
Tbdbbone rpas left off the hook allnisht. ........r-.........,...........J..,..J4....
has announced that
""'.....'. """"':""

sentence,

beginnin
show.n,
s

b) The government
'.i..:.....""

petrol prices will rise tomorros'""":" "":

rhe mear the same

""":""

c) A burslar broke into our house last week.

d) People tsked
me theway three times.

e) The fruit-pickers pick the apples edrly in the morning.

f)

L : time the authodties did something about this problem.

of gep+lg had parked their cars on the Pavement.
,

g) Lots

h\ The government agreed with the report and so they changed the law.
...................:....:..........................'...............

You have tb fiil ;n an application form.

j) rh'gv1o"::::::.:::::::::IiTT:

Acla an ce d Lan gu age I' ractrce

7
Rewrite each
sentence in
a

a)

Sorrybutwe'velostyourletter.
.A.rf.er.ty:*t.g lz

MISLAY

g y.r.!

: tt r.r..h.t :.h r.p.r. ni:.|*i d,...........

more formal sryle so that it contains a passive form of the word given in capitals.

b) The police

are

grilling Harry down ar the

sradon.

aUESTION

c) They've found
d) You'll

the remains of an old Roman villa

nearby. DiSCOVER
RAiSE
Haoe and ge something d
need doing

get a rise in salary afrer six months.

""""""""'fii"

e) You gci ifi"the cathedral from

the south door.

ENTER

f)

They stopped playing the match afrer half an hour.

the

ABANDON
BAN
PROSECUTE
SERVE

g) They've stopped traffic from using h) They took Chris

centre. -

ro court fordangerous driving.

a

i)

You usually eat this kind of fish with

white sairce.

j)

I don't know your name.

INTRODUCE

I
Put each verb in brackets into the passive in an

a) Nothing h*:..hp..tfl.:.g.gf.(see) of Pauline b)

"pproprt.' tense.

c)

since her . (find) abandoned near Newburv lasr week. As our new furnirure ......:............. (deliver) on Monday morning I'll have stay at home to check rhat (not damage) during transir. The new Alhambra harchback, which in this country .................... (sell)

car

it

to

under the name

'Challenger',
I

(fit) with electric windows as

a.s

'

standard.
the past few,dlys .,..,,.,......,.r... (work) inJac.k]s office,

d) For

qy own office
(sink) in a gale.

e) The last time I went sailing with friends the boat Luckily I .................... (not invite) again since then!

It.................... (announce)that the proposEd new office block (now not build) because of the curreni economic siruarion. g) A major new deposit of oil .................... (discover) in the North Sea. It ..... (think) to !e nearly twice the size of the.largest existing field. r h) Picturesof thesurfaceof theplanetVenus

Passive ge

'-

Reporting

o
,

i) j)

from the space Alargesum

probe'Explorer'which

(launch) last year.

the target of gzso 000 .................... (still nor reach).

No

decision
n

(make) about any furure appointment

undl'all'

suitable

candidates

(interview).

.!

l_

.o
4
Put each verb in brackets into the passive in an appropriate tense.

a) The boxesb.ave..fg.l.!.::l:.t.*Skg.{ (not pack) yet. b) Your food .................... (still prepare). (launch) next week. c) The new ship d) Luckily by the time we got there the painting e) Ve had to go on holiday because our house

. (not sell). (decorate). . (cancel). week's meeting next that I'afraid ' 0 . (sell) by the time we gel there. g) If we don't hurry all the tickets h) Irtt main courses 1..................; (serve) with vegetables or salad. i) The second goal .................... (score) by Hughes in the 41st minute. j) The cathedral (build) in the fourteenth century'

5
Underline any uses of the agent which are
unnecessary.

'mplaint

a) My jewellery has been stolen by a thief ! b) It has been decided by the school that Vednesday will be a school holiday. c) Harry was pushed over by someone standing next to him in the queue. d) The goods are transported by rail to our warehouse in the }vtidlands. e) I w.as told by someone that you have a vacancy for a computer oPerator. f) Suehis been picked by the selectors for the national teim. g) The letter was sent by post on the 21st of last month. h) Thelargerportraitwaspaintedbyalittle-knownFlemishartist.' C i) It has been agreed by everyone.that no smoking should be allowed . '' ' j) At I arrived at the conference a note was handed to me by one of the
delegates.

6
Rewrite each
sentence,

a) A friend lent George the motorbike

he rode in the race.

beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays

rhe same.

The motorbike George rode in the race Y#.[9.]!!..19.h.i*.hL.*.f.f:f.(., b) At the dme my aunt, was looking after the children for us. At the time our children .......... c) Th police have issued a description of the wanted +1an'

A description ...............'.....:.:........'.... d) It was a misrake to enter Brian for the exam. Brian should not '.....'... e) They said they iould rather Diana didn'tlisren to music at work. Diapa fl Johnson first beca4re a member of parliament in 1983. Johnson was first .....'...-..........:......" g) My legal advisers have told me not to say any more at this time' I have h) Nobody had invitedJean to the party, which annoyed her'
As she

' '

law

i)

....................

""""""""""
Olympic

j)

Tony has another six months to finish his thesis' Tonyhasbeen...........:...:.......:.:..... There is no definite dicision yet about the venue of the next
Games.

Nothing

,:.'.'..............

33

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rir I

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iirl

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ild

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fii

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rclation i"o closecl ancl opclr qucstions, iag questlons, incJir.ect r questiors. {For negative questiorrs ,, 6.2:'for inciirect or.r,,o,.,Jt'til::lt

to talic;rccounI of in tlre usc of clucstiorrs irr Errglislr: tlrcse orcicr. worrl clioicc aird intonation. Tlris unit iooks at rhese issr.rcs i,

issLtcs

au@lo

Ii-SffiH
7'1A
Form

i'ciw

il
:f,

CLoSED AND,oPEN OUESTIoNS

(fuestions are eitrrer crosed or cper. croseci qr.iestions start witir a fornr of main verb'i be, an auxiiiary vcrb (be, do, have) or a modal auxiliary vei-b (e.g. can, tnog, will): ' i ls gour b:-other stoging with his friends in Oxforct? Will gou be owug for lonq? Should lJour teom reallg have spent f 5OO,O0O on one plager? open questions.start rvith a question word (e.g: tt,rto, horv):,

f,

{
{
{

I
I
I

96

Wltat time is Alison cryriviirrl this et,ening? ^,h,t,,wriere \ With the simple tenses, do/cloes/did is useO as an auxiliary: Does ,tis box enabre nte to receive sotetiite TV os we, os digitar? When ex'octtg did the Cugttenheim Museum in Bitbao open? Main verb he or an.au:riiiary r,:rb usualry precedes the subject (but r" r..rc): Have gou registered the birth with the outhorities get? with more than one auxiriary verb, onry the first one precedes fhe subject: x How 10 ng-had-been-gou living -there-befo re-the-wa r- broke-out? y' How rong had gou been rivinq there before the wor r:roke out? . t, wiri gou have finishea compiting the figures bg the next meeting? \A/ith negative questions, we attach n'f to the auxiriary verb (;,6.24): Doesn't time flg quicktg wtten Uou.re hoving fun? 7'18 we use crosed questions when we wanr a simple geslno answer: Use 'Does gour sister stitt rive in canoda?, ,ves, shJ does./Na, not onu n1ore., we use open questions when we want to find.out more infornration: 'whg did she reove Conoda then?,'sne roulir,,,r"ro the cord winters., In conversation, we can use statement word oroer *iih.ror.,l questions, but not !v open questions, to check something we tnink we know or to express surprise. \,Ve Lrsually give them a rising intonation: You've sent the tickets? _V You haven,t sent the tickets? _V Whu x Whg gou-haven:t.sent. the_tickets? not? r' Whg haven,t gou sent the tickets? wlren we ask qucstions about opinions ancr feerings, ,,ve oftcrr orrrit fhrrf: Do ltou thinr< (that) the nurserq wi, give nte o refu,cr for vvrterr Ertl tetos ir/ We usually use the question'worc) vthich vvhen the ans,,a-cr will Dc onc of a lrrrrileci numbcr of altcrnatives, usualiy knovrn to both spcakcr anci listerrer. we usc lvllof when there is no limit to the choice: . which coke do rroLt wont to trg first? (rrnrited crroice of cakcl) cakes clo goti like best? (of all cal<es; urtlimited cl.rcticcJ whert wt-- tlse a prcpositiort with a c; uestion vrord, we c.tn i:iilrcr pr.ri tlrt-. prirposilion lleforc the questiorl worcJ {fornral use) or at the end of trrr: crrcstrorr (r.ror.r.rl rrsi:): Frorn whorn clicl the rlr:ferttlonl accept tlte potltrir:trt? Wlto orr: tyr:tr. btrylitrrl tlte brocelet for? \,VltCtt tvt: llrccr:clc rylri_r r,vrilr a prcpctsitiop, v,.,3 clrapg(,ir to '/).)i/l

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strr)].ct "tli''l

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Lrestions

.jctck.) lf tlrc qlrcst.iort tvortl is tltt: subjcct, thc,,vord orclcr is tlre sanre as irr a stalenrcrrt, i.e. the subjecl corncs bcfore thc verb: Wlto !tas be eri clrinhing rt y vn,ine? lwito LUhat ttopperiecl ot ttte enc of ttte fitnt? ;il?':t:lri.* v"/e use questiort word orcier with a subject question uuoro uunen \ve are keen to rctLrin to a t'pic eariier in tire conversation anci wan[ to get an ar]sv,.er: well, wlrat d]-d- hcppen ot the end of the fit,t? you stiil rtuven,t tori! tite. Q \'vireir we use who, whal anc) wrticrr as subjects, v,,e.use a singurar vei.b, evefi if they refer to a plurel sub,jccr: 'Who lives in thot omazing choteau?' 'The olcl Count and Countess live there., we can adct -ever to questiorr words (except whose) to adcr a tone of annoyance or surprise to a qirestion: Witaiever hove gou (lone to your hair? It looks terribte! Hov-rt:ver did tlreg ntoncEe tc get that ship in the bottle? Anotht::', more informal, way of adding surprise or annoyance is with idionratic phrases sucn a; on earth. the hell, in heoven: LUhtr on earth did John decide to studg Chinese? Wh,t the heil totd gou that 1ou could toke the dag ofp we..use e/se with question words when we harre but would like nrore. 'l sau" Eleno gesterdog. She saicl she'd rgtired some information last ncnth.' ,),es, t,d heard that. what else

... rlict ) Wlrct itrvitcrl Jctch? lMeryl

"''l:';

sLrbjcct

Wtto,/clid h4ery! it;,,,i!:? {Si:c;nu,iie:l

did she sag?'

',ffi
7.2A
i:ornr (basic
pa

It is quite comnlon to use a question form ivhen we cjon't reali' wanr an answer. we carl this a 'rhetoi"icar question' and rve use this kind of question wnen we wanr. to express amazemeni or irriration with something: Horte uctu seert tlte pricc cf fish a! thot supermctrhet? rt,s cutrogeous. We use Whut's the point in/use of ..- ? to suggest that a course oi action is worthless: what's the point in writirg to aour Mp? tt won't ntake ang cifference. what's the use of exprarning it ort to '1o, if gou're not ristirtino?

IAC

OUESTIONS

llerns)

Tag questions are the short questions which we often attach to the end of a sentence, we iorm tag questions with ctoldoesldid (in simple tenses), or the auxiliary verb. There are three nrain types of sentence + tag question: type

sentence
You

tag qucstions

tag questions uniforrn

rnixed

tag question

affirrrrativc + negalive tag negative + affirmative tag

t.rg

alriodtl know

She hosn't had the Dcb:J

affirrrl;rtivc + affirnrative l-le arrived

Hc.riet, don't gou? Uet, has she? last n;gtt: |ten, clicl ltt:?

-il

horrlltl

-t
g
*5

lf ;rrl affirnr,llivc stliltcnce contains a negative or'restrictivc' ac'.crll (e.g. scctrcelg, 6.3A) , it takes arr af firnrative tap: Tltr:re v'(ts harr,rrg uroLtrlit [oD(] for nurig,rrn at thc wecrcrittg. r.;os trtrtrr:? Most r'ocial vr:rirs. like auxili.ry verbs, are repeatccl in ihc teg (iresIror]i Tttx retur,:; cotr be s.tbrttittecl ott_iine norv. con't thetl? Pitt'ctil\ slroulcltr't (,'xpect ttteir clrilctren to agree nitlt tlteir'o:. .)!L)tt:;. shoulc! tltett?

97

-i,

il

l.2B
Fo t.rt
t

I lt('rc: ;rr'r: ,r rrrrnrllCr -ol cxr.clrIiorrs ;trrrl v;rr'i;rlioIs irr Llrc for'rri of titc vt:r.l; irr tag nrn!li^^^ -l.,eJUvtrJ:R

,]
i,.

(crcc1:Lions arrd
va ria tion-s)

tag r;rrcsliorrs aftcr

exantl)le I'trr slill p0rt oi the teont,

arn

ueecl
(n ega

livc)

He tloesrt'I rteed to repeot tlre ye:tr, cloes he?1 lor: l-lc rteeclrt't repeot tlre yeor. need he?) -J

rrtoy

lnriglrt

It ntogitrrigltt be fine tonjorrow, mightn,t it?

ouelltt to leeve now, o
htn'

ought to
let'-s

t we?

shoul d tt' t we?

Note lire following conlrasts:

Irove (Sritisli hove (US English)

English)

oliver

hrts

o lct of friencjs, hssn't he?lioesn't

O!iver hos a lot of friends, cioesn't he?

he?

'i

hod (past simple) hod (past perfec[)

Ali and Stefan hod another babg tost gear, didn,t theg? You had met him before this evening, hadn,t gou?

cenei.illy the 'p(onoun ih flre tag que'iti6niiit#riti tr'. subjecl oF thJ''senJence, 'Tltis is a good exo'npre, isn't it? (r-his and 'i. if are both singurai.J Those are the flowers for Mum, oren't theg? (Those and theg are both plural.) Nathing .ever hoppens when I'm owog, does it? But nrrtice these exceptions: Sonreone'! been ioking nry iood again, havent fhey?\ [-e L NoUoag has phoned, have theu?
We use mixed tag questions with a falling intonation, to ask for confirnration: lt's rhe first of MoA todall, isn't it? ifne speaker believes that this is true unq uses a tag question lo check.) v/ilh a rising intonation, ntixed tag cluesticns are a genuine requcst foi- information:

7,2C

Use

-\

You haven't talked to Jim

get, ha."'e gou? _V

'l'm sorrg, but't'm going to have to conce! this evening. I'm stiil at work., 'oh, things are still reailg hectic, are theg?'7 (expressing sympathy) \ Q Be careful with this type of tag, as with a rising intonation it can express sarcasm: 'Look. I onlg paid $120 for this dress it was so cheap!' ,oh, $l20 is cheap, is it?, We answer mixed tag questions in the following way: ' Affirmative tag:'John isn't experienced enougit to do this job, is he?, 'No, I don't think he is.' (agreem entll'Actuoilg, ges, he is.'(contradiction) ' Negative tag: 'You're staging owag for two weeks, aren't Aou?' 'Yes, thot's right.' (agreenrent)l'No, it's three weeks., (contraCiction) 7.2D Orlrer furrctiO,riS bt tag questions
We can also use tag questions for requests: You'll bring rne bock sonte cf those won't gou?

We use unifornt question tags (affirmative sentence + alfirmative tag) to respond to something we have heard/seen, as in echo questions (> 7.48i:

brino ttte soLtsoges, could gou? Tlre clroice of tag question after inrperatives on lhe fLrnctiorr of the selttertce: ' ReclLrests'. Pich nte up ot eigltt, could gou? ' lrrvitafions: Sfoy anotlter niglrt tvith Lts, won't gou? ' Corrrrr.-rrrds. Turn tlte. T\t off, will gou? Don't at)nolJ Rufrts, will y.ou?

Yott couldn't

93

1
I t|l9)

I}IDIRrCT
i: ri ,

OUESTIONS

:'i
T l

7.13\ /itt ittllirccL tlttcsliort is ortc clr-rcstiorr willtirr ilnotlicr r-liresLiorr or;. sr:ateirrent: irl Latr yott lell rttc how lorrg l'll ltave to;t,ait fo.scc t!;e cioctor.?
inlrodLtclory ltlrrase

l1

irtclircct qLrcsticn

J
I

!4,

iilow lottg rvill I ltav,c tc woit to see tlrc cLoctrtr?l Cottlnton irttrodirctory pltrases are CanlCoutcl gou tell rne ..., t'cl lihe to knovt ..., Do ttou know ..., I wortder .... l'd lihe to krtow if that cor is abancloned or nttt. Do gou kriow which seats give tlie best leg room on this tupe of plane? G lrr indirecI quesfions we use a statement lvord orc.ler where the sul.-rjcct always precedes lhe verb or verb phiase:

X Do-you know.v.,here.is-the-nearest bus-stop?

Do gou hnow witere the nearest bus stop is? X Cotild gou tell me.when did he-leave? r'.,CouH gou tell me when he leftz ln indirect questions we can use vvhether insteacl of i/. lf we usc ctr nat to impfy a choice, we can pLtt it at the end of the clause containing the question, or aft'e: whether (but not after if ): , Do you know whether the date has been confirmed or not/ I wonde.r whether or not Mun onC Dad hove got bock from the Bohamos'geti . t ' X Co,ttd gou let me-know if-or.noi,t the.ggmis-open-on-sundag? t/ Could gou let me know if the gAm is open on Sundag or not? Vle use the same indirect question patterns to report questions (> 9.I): ' .
The police officer asked

r'

the child whether she could rementber her address.

7.38 We usrrally use indirect questions to make a queslion more polite or nlore tenrative: Use Do ycu knov.,where I can find the !mpressionist gatlerg'/
This is less abrupt ihan a direct questicn; \Uhere can I find the lmpressionist gollerg?

iWA
7.4A

EcHo ouESnoNS
We form echo questicns wi[h be, the auxiliary verb or a modal verb: 'l'nt going to Malagsia on business next weel;.' 'Are gou (reallg)?, 'Theg didn't give the concert after alt lost night.''Didn't theg? Whg rrot?' 0 We don't form echo questions with question words (what, how,vrhg, etc,) It is also possible to form echo questions by repeating Lhe question but replacing part of it with a stressed question word: 'Have gou been to the Eorth Centre?' 'Have I been to what?'l'Have I been where?' One of the rtiain uses of echc questions is to sliow interest ancl to make a corrversation We use a ristng intorraLion: 'W'e went to o reollg interesting plag lctst night."Did you?' J ihey can oftert express sLrr'prisc, especially with tire word reallg or an exclantation: 'We've hctd vyortderful nevvs. Jint's just bee tt prontotecJ.' 'Has he really?'l'Has lte? How fantastic!' \nlc use ncg;ttivc cclto qr.testiorts to slrorv r.rrr1;lratic agreenterll witlr tlre spcaker. Here !ve Lrse a fallirrg inIorratiorr:
'TlrrrL wcts

Form

ii

lil
6

1.48

Use 'flcw'.

tH

tlte best ltttliclcry ,\'e've ever hort!' 'Yes, wasn't

if?'\
99

s ,"w
m

-h{; ?*:F

''fr .g
I
{

?ractice
li@
oh, I rrrirrk ,r,. o,;.;;.:;l:
r

fnil

l:r, l,;r't1 lrt lltt;:,r; r,.i,i..li,i.;rt.; t:; ott ;,,it1r;

ff
..;.1,i,

t ,:trr

lt'
trt
t

i;"$,

tffi'rite eacrr question. Use the promDts in bracr<ets and thc repries to herp yoLr. 0 (on,n/wlrite Cactitlac/oriveiaround here) , .W{w..ottn.r.l:he..urhtto
1

.. ... '\A/,,11 'Weli, t rt-:,r I think both applrcants are rcasonable, but Stephen Wiigtey appears the bcst ParticLrlar post to me.' igive/pigs/thar type of feed?) 'We'cl onlv been giving them that particular type of pig feed for about two months. (tell/you/divorce?), ...
,

#,,".i:.l::^rtr::::::trt't (applicant/ttltink/be/suitabte?J,
.

whk+ cndi/l*cthat ett/illar.t,httr ,t,'wet ,r, 4rpryti{. hery.l.

I+

;"i "'\'rL Pvupre , vsL rf college .o;i.;; seenl o.ooi" at ;;;; to ;; know' ;;";; ... . -_-_.... o. ,,,u r,o iJu; _ ii ;;; s ;;.li;,;,;;i,.",",.r; ;yj."1:::::I::,,,1,1: ".,.r, "rl. , [persrrade/David/stay/tearn?) " 'vu") Jrrrdrr rlsuIL
I P lqA/.ln/tr nl ix -.,1r [else/do/holiO_ay?)

-i -;

.:

;';

.T,?;1,i""J,,
(be/po
i

rhink we coutd have p.rruuo"J

r-n

n;;;;,;;y;ru irr*.,. ,r,..o.rnt.r_orr.r *u, rur.foo

*ifi ,f,"pl
know that their goods are faulty if people

Uco

'There's every point in complainingl How don't comnlain?'

pla inlfa

lty goods?J

"fr"

,1 {watch/work/t/be/sc u ba_d ivin g?) . 'Bofh nf the y:atchcs ai"e suitabie ior scuDa-diving, but r think yoLr'il fincr that the Tirnepiece reliable at greater depths.' rs 'Your honour, we beiieve that he stole the geraway car on behalf of the presley gang, for the roDbery of the computer warehouse.,
(accused/steal/getarvay car ?),

n'to

Complete each questiorr with an appropriate question tag. for harf an hour whire I fetch rohn frcnr work, IT;i:::,?:,""^r1li:lji.-::ll.ien nor doing any*rli?j:lqr: r,,e ,on no;;;, iysi tt.Vala l^cr LfrnuL) lUlL, ;i.?:i; :ou're ... ): | th^,rdhr ir would I Uruuelrtl tc have sold out., r.r.^ ^ Consut hac.j been quire cooperative up ro rhis poi ls potnt, 1 ]^,:: ? :l y. ne e dn'r rcgister before thc Firsr r.tk, .... _....,. :'..... ..;

, ]

;il'Ji#;:','ff:,;ilI

in.,. ,,.,.

; fiil :;:iji'f:l
Jr'iJlls

we're comp,ere,\, our of chccse :::.::.::':^'l:L'.f:',1n": ; u,o*n',", ? ,'"" i r'roiu iu'Ji,iffi:li :::lt ::t :i ::'; No Otte lvaq sf ifFir,d rhe ho ,.,^-r |..--^r.:, . ):,:']:.::i: :ralril,c lvesr rLrrnsrile- ar rhe rimc of rhe accirjenr,
f

t
i

;il;;'";:;l':;'u;,
has broken

;;,; ;;," restauraitt ,.;,;",,,; in those old

rc.garcring

1? too

0 l'li heip you r,^rrth your nonte work if ycru want.' 'Oh , yorr can do calcLtlus, 1 I fv4rs Allison r.licl say tltat we coLllcl lake dictionaries
.

ll:T:].l,l"r?],1;Ill]1"' fn" lf"

.:".'."renr

ar irs pre-erection pronrises

....,
.

into the exarl with us, ... 'Ryan tli,Jrr't go to r,vork yestcrday ltecairsc ltc w.ts rll ' 'Olr, hc rv,.ts ill, Irc r,v;rs rv;itclring thc football

, Dad?' .. ) ? I tlroLrght

I ,L

l-,
..J
1i

\.

rl

al
,if
L

l-i
r!
?

HL

,i

Rcr,vriir:

racit qr:estion to rrrake it

1'.,i1i;

tlrc or'igi;lal questiorr. Bcgiri

les.s clircct, b,,rt so ihat

iil,.: phrascs given.

it is as sinrilar in rrreaning as pcssil.ic.r

*f*.1.

Wiro is responsible for strce.t clcaning in tlris area?

Co
Li
r

ci vo

re l r nr

..

..

....

!.q

la ;.
.

Wiry drd it take you so iong to deliver this parcel? !'d like to know .......

aq p 9 n"r p!4 /9 fs r..t t r.eet. dapaa1a V1 ttt<tlLu

Pleas let me know ........ Will Jonathan be staying for dinner tomorrow evening? I'd like to knorv whether ....,,...:.....:.. .....:,........... Hcw cften is the bedlinen rn the villas changed?

Why do you keep so nrany olci cars outside yoLrr house? Cotrlo I pcssibli, ask you When will the new curtains for the hotcl suites be ready?

(;ilr lou tcil rxe il

i"las Harriet finished the minutes of the rneeting ),et or not?

...

:
t
!*

Wlrich metro statiorr should we go to for the Eiffel Tower?

'.......' ?: u:Y ^ Did B Schumacher win yesterday,s race or not?

i wonder whether

know

lL

-T

{#
cc'mplete B's questiotls with appropriate verbs andlor question words as necessary. The questioni shcuid ask about the underlined parts of /i,s sentences.

0 A:

r
I
11

2 A:
B:

B: Oh, reaiiy? .........ttA.UhM. A: som eo ne," rd ; ;' ;;;; ffi,:, ; ;",. B: Oh, . that?

Come on! I've been waiting out in the cold

fot

agesl
ng?

Ji:'-l"JXt";:'.n::waiti

I
e
--1
i

3 A:
B:
1r

A:
B:

Do you like tabbouleh? I've got some here. Do i ................ ...? I've never even heard cf it! The new Mayor of London .'....? Ccod. I thought he'd never do anything about the congestion. """"""' I've just begn offered two jobs!

B: That's great!

5 A: we went to a comedy night at the iocar pub

........

6 A: lt seems thar I can't a.p-p-ly-ror

Oh,

, r\: it 3'f :. / | '/c JUSt hdd a icttcr from Arr;r. ll: Oh, what does she say?
.

*"1, .

................... see? a course at the managemcnt coilege after all.

to iake? yesterday, ano saw s9!r9_r9dbL&o*o_{eqrxecrians.

A: wcll, e-v,erytXjnds*cErc QIL-IIqs-eqln-]qb-at<l-ller-rLs!]le-r-s recoverlrlg_lyslU_tetr_ric

opcr,r!_lolt.

:fr :fr
_&

[]: Tlrat's goocj . What A: llavc you secn 1]y-Jtglry !ol? Look fl: What ... is it?

(loes she say about her family? I'vc rrcver seen anythirrg like that belorcl

10r

:,fr

ilil iiii
iill
lill
itii

il ii
Li1

Corrrplcte
tAi.{)t ol?t) Lll'i l,,lz\i{Cll
lAi.Jl)i.rJRD

tlrc clialogLrc witlt nf,irropri"t" tag qucstiorrs or ecrro questiorrs. Ms Milrch Contc itr \/ort'rc \/ou,rc tlrc l'rci)z l.rciSz rvlto's rvlro,s itl[crestecl ilIcrestecl irt irr rcrrtirre
Ilrar,s

ati
Firi

riqrrt.

llri:; rr.rt. rlri:; ll.rt.

(i) .

I|l
$ll

MS lvtARCtl
rn Nt)t.oRD

til ilg
ll 5t

M5 MAt?cH
In StDl ol?i)

Itr to tl

tl

l! il il
tl
$

I/S

MAI?CII

LANIDI.CRI)

lvlS MAI?LH LANDI.ORD

N1S MARCH

ll jl
i.rN ..1.. i

,;" On tlre phorre you saicj that lhei-e rrere two beclroonrs, (3) ... .........? l'hal's righi. Conte through, This is t!)e ntastelbe.Jroonr. Mntru, it's nicc. ilut thcre,s rro r.acjiaior irr herr_,, (1*},..............? [:r, no, bul tlre e]ectric heater is very efficient. 3ut expensiu:1 ,,"* rhar etec;ic hearers are very e>rpensive. ,n:?fO {sl . ........ .? rcion'r rrrink they,re rrrar hu;. ;,;o;en,lr"'L',ic c secorro secord bedroonr Decjroonr. I large ior" a second bedroom in rr,, uu,.$ ,rr a frat of this rype. t Yes' (6) """"" "? lt's an excellent i size. oh dear, someone's broke, ,i tlre wi.cjow irr (7)

well' hcre it is Tllis is thc livrrrg roorr. lt's rror rooking;rt its bcst ""'..? V/hy ro[? rr rooki iirrc to !:t f,l . oi, ,,,iliJli':'J,L::ff"1[",ii,]il;,..,.., 'rc.

iiil
a:f:

rrgiri. irov/, r.rrr ;rfr

.r;., icl

t''
i

,: ,..

;..-:',;l::,

"ffi:::,,,,

il

IANDI.ORt)

fvls MARCH
I.ANDLORI)

oh' don't worry abbut that. r', get thar fixecr.

..............2 r

I
I
I I

MS MARCI.I
LANDI ORD
N4S N4ARCH

ffI;.;^,T'::"?]ll::tr: 9on'r welr, we .", tarer. rhis is rh. 1.Jr.............. :lt_::r:,,rat reailyi lt's great!

sl"\opose you courd paint

ir, {Bl .. . .. , , k;;;;r:l ;;;; i;ryr;if ?

This is trre

bathroom.

'.

,,,,

." l.|g, ,i ,n'

,$

/
? ,n

,t

'l$

t \N{)[OilD
I
I i

[i

Yes. I think

discuss the
M5 MARCH

That's right. Have a l(loK around again by yourself, (12)

go ro rhe riving roo n, (ro) -... rrtrJ ..... iliiil,-fJ:,:li.?fl::::,Ti]'.]j.y,rers iyou said the rent was 550 u ulonih, !1ck (1)
i

;"'vv'r'

details.

tr4s March? Then we can

OK, I'd like thar.

ffi
Read tliis radio interview and then write the questions the interviewer asks. use the prompts in the box to help you. Use tags and indirect questions

as directed.

- ever/finci ouVlrue identitv - how long/exacily/be marrieO - what/his chilcjhooci/be tike (indirect) * cver/find ouVwho/father was * it/Llnusuai/famous actors/have lasting niarriages (tag) - younger people/remember him/very different rote (tag) - when/pick up/career aeain
JOrJr'l
Yotr

- r.vhaVinterrupt/it * wnen/starVacting in films (inciirect).: - enterichosen career/quite late (rag) - whiclr filrn/consider/best - Sir Atec/86 (rag) - win/else - win/Oscar/For that (tag)
ancr

lr)r llr ,;\'i !

cr.,1ni: Cood rnorning, .Jottn. rolN Morning, Ciare. Il) . .. .. ci,,\i?t, yes. l-lr: was 86 i;r Aprrl, i;ut he ir;rci bcc.rr iil for clL.ritc a long tirle. .l()irN l-ic's siirvivccl by a wifc ancj sorr, tl;clicvc (2) r.\ril ll. is rrnLrsLral M;rnyslrolvbiz rrrarr iagcs ? arc shrlrt _livt:cj. i:trl Srr Alt_.c lracl ltr:crr r.rr.rrricci io \r,lcriiia lc.rr;r very lorrg tirrrc.
(3)

ff-ilff::il:il'"'ii;.":,:i-e

'll havc'heard tire news this moi'ning r;f thc cicath rast Sunciay of Sir Arcc cuin'ess, orre of ancr screen. In
rhe srucrio now is crare sands, rirm criric

:..)
I
I ! i

[:ar 6? ycars _ rlrrit0,-rrrraz,;:g rcllly

r,i
I

i
I

102

: I
I

'-{
.,t

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i
1

J 6

t#

t^{

r.,ir\ ii ii, rsrl't it? lunclcrst;rrtti tlrlt

(!,',

Sir Alcc c;riir(: {r'oirl r.rtircr urtclistinguislr.:cj roois.r

)

,r r

',,\/r:ii, lri: y/as

15)

J()l lN

cr.\lll

..lollll aiArll:
JOIiN
CIARi:

-tollN
Cl;\Rf:

t)oor,;lrl(l illcgitiririttc - titcr'c's lt() t.ocotcl oI a fatltcr on hi:; birtlr ceriificair: ) i'lot rcally, bttt wlte rr ltc rva-c iourtccrr, lris nrcrtlrcr tolcl lrirn that his real rranrc'was Cuirrness, Irc took ii. 8uf (6) .............? No. Of course, tlre nartte pi-ornpted speculatiorr of links urith lhe Guinness brewing farriily, b no, lrc n.:ver knew wlro lris fatlicr was. Vlntr:r. Now, on to his acting (7) .... . ...............? Weil, lte startcd actin,g on titc slagc wlrcn hc rvas 20, bLrl his carreer was interrufrted for a few ycars irt I 938. i, ' . .? t8) .. World War ll. He ioined the Navy. (9) .. . ...... ..? After the war? A.ctually, he appeared in a play in Nelv York before the end of the war. We've talked about his stage career (10) ......,.........? Yes. fiis firsl filnr role was in Creat Expecta'flfrs in tgqO,'aniahe worked a lot in"films fronr
tnen cn.

JOIIN C|nRE

(l l) .. ........
Oh, I'd say that was Briclge over the River

ioi li{
CIiRE

(12).....,.....

J(uai.

do you think?

"

,..

....................?
...? Any other awards, I mean? 1980, for memorable film performancesi'

Ycs,

loilN
C

for best acl.cr. tl3) ... ., ....

LARE

Well, he was given a special Oscar I'rn sure that

(I

in

JOtll.l

4)

tiiRI

Yes, you mean Obi V/an l(inobi irr the original Sfor Wors He hal-ecl fhe monev to live well for the rest of hl: life.

rolr but if save hirl tli

l(,)r1N Thank ycu, Clarc. That's all we've got time for', but ihanks for ...

t,?
In eaclr space

write a suitable word or phrase. There is an example (0) given at the beginning.

.ii
1

ri

? Never heard of lhenl.' 2 Could you tel! us.............. or not the service has becn disrupted? J ..... ........ did you manage te get home last night? You were so drunk! 1i 'lr/mnr, what.............. your pastry so tasty?''l use different herbs in it, that's all.' 5 fhe police .............. details of tlrc victinr last nigltt, ciidn't they? 6 I've got a coupie of pairrt sanrplcs hcrc. . .. colour do you prefer? 7 What's .. of bLr;,ing all tlris cxpcrrsivc cquiprncnl when you cJon't know if you'll enjo)/ the

\,Vhat's ....tfte,p0.*tt-....... in argLring with people who hold very strong opinions? 'Did you see Ladysmith Black Marnbazo aL the charity concert?''Did lsee

!l
I

sport? I hcse sitcoins are so fc,rrrrulaic Ilris onr-. is

any differcnl from that one we watcirt:cl

ycs[erday, is it?

of thc availablc t'notho(1s drci yor.rr clicrrt 1;ay for her piirchases? is thal, in tlri-. corncr) Slic lc.roks.rs thoLrgh she 's just crawled out fronr urrcier a bush!
,t

;;l

103

.H

ffi

Unit 7 Pass
Explanations
Haoe and ger soTnething done, need doing N

ve2

'TE

JCE

Haoesometbingdoze This usually describes a service performed for us by someone else. I'ae just bad my car serviced. trt can also describe something unforrunare that happens to someone. We harse had our car stolen so ue need a lift. This applies to a range of renses: I'm haaing my flat painted next ueek. . .. I have it done ev)ery yedr. S h eila h ad h er b air done y e sterday. . I uas havingtbe roof repaired when it happened. Note rhe quite diffeient colloquial expression s haae someone rourld/ooer. In this case, there is no sense of a service We had sone fiends round,fodinnir last night.
Get somethingdone Get cannot be used in all the same conre xts as bave in this case. Get is common where there is a feeling rhat something must be done: I mnst get my car senticed, It is also com-on in orders and imperatives: Get your hair cut! There is also a feeling of evenru.ally managing something in some uses:

1ve r)
as

to

' I eaentually

'

office

gotthe carfixed. Sue always ge:,s thiigsdone in this office.

r a gale.

The need to have a service done can be described with need doing Your hair needs catttng.

'

Passive get

,t field. erday r cen but

il all

Get canbe used instead of be to.f.orm the passive in spoken language. Martin got anested at afootball match.
Present reference

Repoiting,rerbs

'With verbs such as belieoe, know, sizy, tbink which report people's opinions, a passive construction is often used to avoid a weak subject, and to give a
generalised opinion. 'lflith present reference, the passive is followed by rhe presenr infinitive. People thinh that Smith is in England. Smith is thought to be in England.
5

35

A do ance d Lan gu

ge P ract

ice

{i;

Past

'With past reference, the passive is followed by the past People belieae tbat Smith left England lastweeh.. Smith is beliwed to pave left England last weeh.
Past reporting verb

reference

infinitive.

Cornmon
contexts
oassive r
fo1

&.

If the reporting verb is in the past, rhe past infinitive tends to follow, though not always if thd verb &e is used.
People thought Sue hadpaid too much. Sue uas thougfut to haae paid too much. The police th'iught that ihe thief was still in the house. The thief zaas thougbt to still be in tbe house.

'With

L
passive

infinitive
is

Decide wh
been

Erseryone knoans the portrait was painted by an

The

portrait

known to have

ltalian. painted by an ltalian.

rhe sentenr each pair h same mear

If there
The

are rwo objects, rwo versions ,re possibl..

portrait is knoan to haEte been painted by an ltalian. An I talian is knaasn to h av e p aint e d th e p ort ait.
Coritinuous

infinitive !

Past and present continuous infinitives are also used. Mary is thought to beliving in Scotland. The dr.iver.is thougbt to lta,ue been doing a {J-tum.

Verbswith
prepositions

Ending

a senrence

withe preposition

Itispossibleroendasentencewithapreposiiioninasentencewherea<
prepositional verb is made passive. S om eone brohe ;nto o ur h ouse. Our house was broheninto.

By andaith Witb is used after parriciples suchas filled.,'pached, crozuded, crammed. Th e train ans packed with commuters. The difference berween by andwith may involv_e the presence of aperson: . ' Daae vsashit by a branch. (an accidcnt) . Daoe u;as hit zaitb abranch. (a person hit him with one) Makeis followed by ro when us.d i,ith. passive. My boss made me worh hard. I anas made to worh hard by my boss. coverand verbs which involve similar ideas, suclr as'surround, degorate can use zpith or by. Coaer can also be followed 6y in,

2
Decide ir sentence only one verbs un, are suital

I I

36

._.
=L_

b;

UnitT

Passhse 2

Common contexts for the

passive

1
.

Formality
Thepassive
is

,*Abe unKnown.

less use of

probably more common inwrittenEnglish, where there tends personalreference in some contexts, since the audience may be

,
L ll

Points mentioned in Unir 6 The passive is used ro change the focus of the sentence, to avoid generalised subjects, and to make an action impersonal. It is common in descriptions of processes, and in scientific and technical language in general.

Activities
L

a)
b)

Decide whether the sentences in each pair have the same meaning..

Someone is painting our house at the moment. 'lfe are painting our house at the moment. (different) The dentist is going to take out two of my teeth tomorrow. I'm having two teeth taken out tomorrow. (same)

. c) Someone stole Mary's motorbike last week. Mary had stolen her mogrbike lastweek.

d) I've justbeen

to the hairdresser's.

Vhat do you think?

t.

rson:

.....I|vejustcutmyhairatthehairdresser's..\f.fuq..doyouthink? e) Someone hi's broken into my car. My car has been broken. fl Just a minute. I'11 ask someone to wrap this for you. ' Just i minute.I'll have to wrip this up for you. g) The car hasn't been serviced for a long time. 'We haven't had the car serviced for a long t-ime. h)They,recomingtoPutinanewwater-heaternextweek. j 'We're putting in a new water-heater next week. i) \ilould you consider having plastic surgery to alter your nose? I \Would you consider having your nose altered by plastic surgery? j) A qualified electrician checked the wiring. Ve had checked the wiring with a qualified electrician.

2
Decide in each
sentence whether only one or both verbs underlined
are

rate car|

suitable.

a) Jearr6-ad/gq! her handbag snatched. b) Unfortunately my uncle e/p! kilildln the war. c) I work slowly, but I have/get my jobs done in the end. d) I must have/Bet these trousers altered. .j It took all dan but I eventually had/got the washing-machine repaired. f)Severalpeoplewere/gotleftbehind;vhenthebusdroveoff' 8)\flehavehadlgqtallourmoney1toIen,.sowe1e9d.h9l_p'..-

)/
-G

d,v

dn ce d L dn gn a ge I' r d ct tc e

i) j) 3 each sentence, beginning as shown, so that

Rewrite
the

h) \fhy don'r you have/get the cooker

seen to

Paul was/got injured after he had been playing for only five minutes. Helen had/got her house painted last year as usual.
People think that neither side wanted war. Neither side is t.h.p.keb.l..tg..hLy.e.yfl1lg.d.y.*f:...,......'....

a)

j5 ' llswrite eacl

Sentence so cnds

themeaningstays

b) Everyone knows that eating fruir is good for you. Eatingfruit ..............:...*G*. c) Everyone thoughr the ffiing had been destroyed.

t with th

word underl

same.

ThepaintinL................ d) Peof le t"y ffii the company bid fifty million pounds for the shares. The company ...............................:. e) People say the late MrJohnson was djfficult to work with. The late l) People rhink rhe jewels were stolen by one of the guests. One of the guesrs g) It is believed thit rhe Chinese invented gunpowdpr. The Chinese ................. h) Apparently the ship did noLsustain any damage. The ship ................... i) It is thought that the two injured men were repairing high-tension cables. The rwo injured men ........... j) There is a rumour that the escaped prisoner is living in Spain.
tsllt

r ne escaPeo. Pnsoner

4
Rewrite eac.h
sentence so that

a)

.\ile $.lieve that rhe governmenr has prepared a plan.

y..r.r*ns.r:. i:.h s !!.r.y. s. d..t e.h *.?.s. T.h s.so.

HAVE PAINTED

6
Choose the

it

contains the word in capitals.

prsz*:s.4.* !. k* : b) Ve are rhinking of getting someone to paint the outside of the house.

appropriate underlined.

c) In the end I was unable

to find

garage ro service my business

car.

GET

d) Peoplesay rhatMrsTurnerwas having

e) The treasure
is

difficulties. BEEN

thought ro date from the thineenth cenrury. IT

7
Put
a

f)

The police towed away Alan's car.

needs curting. rhe

GOT
GET

suiial

g) Your hair

PrePoE iloi each sp*ce.

h) The police believe thar a professional thief stole

statue. BEEN
MADE

i) Jillt parenrs are making her study hard.

9t t

E
UnitT
Passioe 2

j)
5
Rewrite each sentence so that it ends with the word underlined.

Everyone thought that Helen had missed the train.

TO

a) Another company has taken over our company. 9.l r.s.s.r p.*,t t. h.*:. h.:.r n.l t @.t:: ;, b) \ile are dealing with your ci-mplaint.

c) Ve have not accounted for all the missing

d) e)
Someone had tampered
'We

passengers.

with the lock of the front door.

don't know how they disposed of the body.

f)

I must insist that you keep !sthe rules.

B) Ve are looking into this allegation.

,.o
,,

We

will frown upon any attempts to cheat in tlre exam.

i) The youngest complained that people'were picking on him.

T:::

::1

::::::1* ::T:TTY:]:
.'.,''..'

6::-'
"ED
Choose the most appropriate word underlined.

a) The busyrshopping srreer was thronged b,nZdilithplople. b) The eme'rgency exitwas conceded by/from a red curtain. c) The price of excursions is included in/with rhe cost of the holiday. d) All throughJanuary the fig[ds were co.vered bv/from snow. e) The room was crammed by/with furniture of all descriptions. f) Two of the climbers were injured b)'/with falling rocks. g) The island is inhabited by/frcjm people of mainly Chinese origin. h) The bankwas quickly surrounded from/with armed police. i) The window had been smashed from/with a hammer taken from the tool-shed. i) Thestadiumwasoackedfrom/withcheeringfans. ,.

Put

suitable preposition in
a

each space.

a) The tree had been decorarcdwi.th.coloured balls. the book. b) The answers have been inciuded c) After the rugby match, Jimt slorps we.[,g covered-,,.,................. mud. d) The victim was struckfrom behind--.... e) The house was built................... money that David borrowed from the bank.

f)
)E

g) the accident happened, Sue h) The turkey was stuffed .................... -hestnuts, and was very tasty. i) No ene knew that Peter had been involved ........:.;..'......'. the investigation.

The cat narrowly escaped being run over.................,.. '\ilhen was struck

a car.

39
gi.

Adaanced Language Practice

8
Rewrite each sentence so that begins It .......

it

a) They have decided to cancelthe match. h has been decided to cancel the match. t r rrri"'i""""',""'.""""""' b) We thought it was necessary to send a telegram.

...............
have agreed ro meer again in
a

c) Ve Ir
F<6-..
:.

forrnighi.

Basic contt

d) There is a rumour thar rhe couple are to seek a divorce.

k ...............
...............

........................

e) There is confirmation of MrJackson's resignation.

ft

'We

believe that the ship has sunk.

;\ 6,/

It............... There was a proposrl ihar 3 new offer shouli be made.

It

............... ...............
..........:.........

h) 'l7e didn'r think it was a good idea.

i) 'lile decided to try again latei.

L ...........r...
It

There has been a suggesrion that I should rake a holiday.

Rewrite the texr using the passive where possible and so thar rhe words underlined do not ePPear.

Nobody knows.*r.rly *h.n someone invenred gunpowder. people know for

a

they used it in engineering work and in mining, br-ir the), found rhat it was extremely dangerous. Modern explosives have noi, replaced gunpowder, but we still use it for making fireworks, jusr as the Chinese did.

._..ry"y.ve generally believe that gunporvder brought ro an end the 'Age of chivalry', since anyone with a firearm could bring down a mounred knight. In facl PeErle did not develop efficient firearms untilthe sixreenth..r,,ury. Th.y used gunpowder mainly irisiege cannon when p-eoglefirst introduced ii. Latei

fact that rhe chinese made rockets and.fireworks long before p.eopls used gunpowder in Europe, which occurred at abeur the beginning of the thirteenth

It

is not knoutn exdctly

!_
\
G

A dv an ce

d Lan gu age Pra ctice

0
s)

h)

i) i)

There is no need to rush. ve have dme before the meeting. Since winning the pools, Helen andJoe have moved ro a ............... neighbourhood. Theret no need to take the car ro a garage. The damage is ............... . The signing of rhe peace rreary was an event of ............... importance. Just because you don't have your own desk in the office, you needn,r
feel

8
Add a suitable commenr from 1) to 10) ro each sentence a) to j). Do not use a comment more than once.

f) i) j)

a) United are much better than Cirv. b) You threw rhe ball before I was.eady. c) These wines taste jusr the same ro me. d) tJfhy don't I pick you up at your house? e) \flhy bother wairing here when we've missed the last bus?
Congratularions on your promotion! The horelwe are sraying in is a bit disappointing. There's no food in this cupboard. Pauline has got a new Benson 500.

g) h)

.,

Our product

is

withour doubt the besr on the marker.

1) Personallv, I don't think much of it. 2) It would be less borher. 3) It doesn't count. 4) There's no cornparison. 5) None v/harsoever.

6) I can't tell the difference. Z) It has no equal. 8) ir doesn'r come up ro expectations. 9) Ir's poinrless.
10) you deserve it.

18 Word Formation L
L

Complete each
sentence

bank book foot head match blow chair hand kev

table

with

one of the words given.

i) D 2
Complete
sentence

h) Jack received a severe on the head and felt verv dizzv. Don't forget ro ............... a rable ar the restaurant for rhi, .rr..rirrg. \Vhat worries me is who is going to rhe bill?

a) I've gor ro it to you! You really know what you are doing! b) Don't worry it's a safe bet. You can ............... on it. c) I'm trying to find some shoes rhat ............... this dress. d) Everyone vored thatJane should the meeting. e) Mary has one of rhe ............... positions in the .o-p".ry. f) ve've decided ro ............... in the direction of Ro-e and stop on the w.ay. g) I have ser our the results of the survey in this

each with a

word made from o d) Jim is one of rhe most members of rhe commictee. the word in capitals. e) vhat are the enrry ............... at rhis university?
230

a) Please our lerter of the 14rh. 'we have not had a reply. KNOr$r b) Keith's exam resuirs rurned our ro be ............... . DISASTER c) There will be no pay rises in the ............... furure. SEE
SPEAK

REQUIRE

lSWordFormdtion

0\ b/ I

h) This the soldiers who died in the i) The idea rhar rhe sun 'rises'is

0 Jackie suffered as a child from a very strict : think that your abour rhe cost are wrong.

BRING
ASSUME

starue

i) Ruth has gone back to college ro ger a reaching

apopular

*-ar.

MEMoRy
CONCEIVE

eUALIFY

3
Complete the word in each
sentence by

adding an appropriate

d) I thought the effects in the film were iather...............done.

e) The
+l L)

I didnt pay rhe bill and now rhe electriciry has been ...............connecred. ^) b) There is a law against dropping litter, but it is rarely...............forced. c) \7hen rhe cassette finished, don,t forget ro ...............wind it.

prefix.

rumours about rhe ministert dearh were comflerely...............founded. Anyone wirh a ........:.......bility may qu alify fora speci"ipensior,. 9\ I am ...............debted ro you 6/ for all the help you have giu.r, -.. h) vhen a currency is ...............vaIued, it is worth less iniernationalry. r) I found the insrructions you gave us very...............leading. j) John rents the house and I ...............1er a room from him.

4
Replace the

words underlined in each sentence with one word ending in -ly and beginning wirh the letter given.

a) The counrry imports everyyearover'rq/o million tons of rice b) Harry's work has improved a great deal. c) By coincidence, I'm driving there myself romorrow. d) I'll be wirh vou srraighr away. e) The rwo sisters *'ere dressed in exacrly the same way. f) I'm afraid that Carol's writing is quire illegible. g) Tim only understands in a hazy manner what is going on. h) I think rhat this plan is downright ridiculous! i) Diana jg5r wanrs to know the truth. j) The passengers only just escaped wirh their lives.
a) The

c c

d
i
a

t m
b

5
Complete the word in each sentence with ove/- or under-

b)
c)

J\

0
o\ 6/
t\ hl

.......... ...lying causes of the problem are widely known. Vhat a terrible film. It's really...............rared in myview The first time I tried out my new bike I...............baranced and fell off. forger to give the door an ...............coar as welr as a coat of gloss paint. !.on't The bath..'....'.......flowed and thewater dripped through into the L-ivingroom. It is not as easy as all rhat. I think you are ...............si-lrifying th" p.o-bl.m. I apologise for the delay in sending your order but *" .....]........staffed at

Present.

"..

You can get ro the other side of the road by going rhrough this ...............pass. i) The garden had been neglected and was...............grown with weeds. i) You should have rurned the meat off before. It,s ...............done now.

6 a) Brenda's new book is realiy remark....... Complere each b) I don't find your new colleague very Iike............... . word with either c) The pie looked very good, bur ir wasn't very easily digesr............... . -able ar -ible.Make d) That was a really conrempr.. *"y oi g"tti'g rh-" boss on your sider any necessary e) I,think that anything is prefer... ro hauing to tell so many lies. spelling changes.
231

Aduanced Language practice

h) Vhy dont you go ro rhe police? It's the sense............... thing ro do. t) John_rakes good care of rhe children and is very response.... n I find your aunr a very disagre..........;.... person I,m afraid.

The advantage of these chairs is that they are o) E)/ I do hope thar you find your room comforr...............

collapse...... .

':i

7
Make a compound word in each sentence by adding one of the words given. Do not use a word more than
once.

burst dust flake mare quake decay

fire

knob posr

shift

ol 6/ I gripped rhe door-.... and mrned it bur rhe door wourdn'r open. t\ n) The floor of theworkshopwas covered in saw............... and shavings of wood. i) The children made a posrer based on rhe shape of a snoq,.... i) The United Nations tried to arrange a cease............... bur *,ithour
success.

b) wo.ke up screaming after having a terrible nighr............... . L c) The house was severely damaged by an earth.-,........... . d) VZe got soaked to rhe skin in a sudden cloud............... . e) The car ran off the road and crashed into a lamp_ f\ If you clean your reeth regularly, rhis will reduce cooth_...............

e) \0(e used cushions and blankets as a make............... bed.

B
Complete each

with a word made from the word in

sentence

The villages in the mounrains are quite .............. du rins *.intcr. ACCESS b) The inquiry decided that the police $,ere nor en rirclr..l............ .tsLAlvlE c) Sam was accused of stealing some ............... do.un.,.,rr from the safe.
il

capitals.

-lr You do not u) have to go. Your decision must be

CONFIDENCE

entirely VOLUNTEER How do you like my latest............... for my stamp collection? ACQUIRE f\ The minister gave answers to the inrei riewer,s
questions.
o) The two prisoners are to D/ next month. h\ Most people agree that Chrisrmas has become roo ...............

be

EVADE

TRIAL
.

i) The dancer's movements were extremely j) The cost of ............... to the show is quite reasonable.

COMMERCE GRACE

ADMIT

19 Word Formation 2
L

Complete the word in each

sentence.

f)

a) One of the draw............... of this car is its high petrol consumption. b) From the hotel there is a breath...............yiew...oru the canyon. c) Peter's gambling ability gave him a nice litrle vrind............... oi 13C0. d) \Xlc always lock the compurer in this cupboard, just as a safe............... e) The bookler includ.es official guide............... for tourists with pers.

g) That building

Michael's playboy life............-.. was the envy of all his friends. has been ear............... for redevelopment by rhe council.

19 Word Formation 2

h) \ile cannot take off because the run............... is rather icy. i) From my stand.... , this would not be avery profitable venture. j) There is wide............... dissatisfaction with the government's policies.

2
Complete each sentence with a word made from the word in capitals.
b)
c)

l\

0
s) h) i)

j)

Bill was given a medal in ............... of his services. RECOGNISE APPLY All ............... must be received before July 20th 199 4. IDENTITY Karen and Catherine are rwins. You look rather.............. . Are you worried about something ? OCCUPY UNDERSTAND I'm sure that the whole problem is a simple,. Going swimming every day would have very.............. effects. BENEFIT ECONOMY It's much more ............... to buy large size packets. S\TELL My ankle is really and I can't walk easily. approach has brought criticism. COMPROMISE The governmentt The meeting adopted a ............... calling for Smith to resign. RESOLVE
I object strongly to the commercial............... of sport. Skateboarding is no longer very fashion............... in this country. Don't touch that glass vase! It's absolutely price............... ! Ve decided to go to watch some tradition............... dances l6 1|'1o ."'t.,ill.oo Helen's uncle turned out to be a really remark.............,. person. \\/e have not )'et rccci'ecl confirm..... of your teiephone bookrng. Driving on these mountain roads in winter is a bit ha2ard............... i just couldn r put up s.ith his relent............... nasglng. The doctor wili be available for a consult............... on Thursdav rnLrrnrng. None of this work has been done properly. Don't vou think vou h:.t'e been rather neg1ect............... ?
.

,i$

3
Complete the word in each sentence with appropriate suffix.
D)

an

d)

i)
o)
Di

h\

i\ i\ l/

4
Complete each word with either in- or un-.

Vhy are you so ...............sensitive to other people's problems ? h\ The garden is divided into two ...............equalparts. i think you were ...............justified in punishing both boys. .ll I am afraid that the world is full of ...............justice. This ticket is ...............vaIid. You haven't stamped it in the machine f) Thank you for your help. It was ...............valuabIe.
d)

o) d/ Quite honestly I

find that argument ...............tenab1e.

h) The government's ...............action can only be explained as sheer neglect. i'\ The amount of food aid the country has received is quite ...............sufficient.

i\ Her remarks were so rude they were frankly...............printable.

5
Complete each sentence with a word ending in er or -or.

After his second book Kevin became a famous

h\ The orchestra enjoyed working with the new............... . ^\ The football team and the coach disagreed with their ,.| \ told me I was on th'e wrong train and had to pav extra. The ticket-. c) After my bathroom pipes burst I had to call the f\ is responsible for the quality of the lessons. r) The course

z))

Adztance d Language Practice

i) Helen studied lawand now works as a ............... dealing with house contracts. i) Ji- is a ............... and has over a rhousand sheeo.
6
Complere each

g) I:, getserveci quickly in this resrauranr if you tip the h) I don't do any housework; a............... comes in twice a week.

ti

lliir !{;
ti'.
:ii:
i

sentence with word formed fromtbinh or tbought.

of the of the cenrury. b) How kind of you. That was very............... . 'We c) cannor possibly surrender. The idea is ............... . d) I don't like that idea. It doesn'r bear............... about. You might have phoned to say you,d be late. It was a bit............... A This plan won'r work.'We'll have ro ............... rhe whole idea. o) 6/ Thanks for sending a card. It was every kind ............... . h) You look very serious. A penny for your ...............! i) Jack is very generous, and very............... brought us some champagne. i) I wasn't paying artenrion and ............... I threw the receipt in the dustbin.
e)

a) Russell was one

greatest

7
Make a compound word in each senrence by adding one of the words given. Do not use a word more than
once.

I addressed I fashioned

called going laid priced advised hearted legged taught

f)

a) Whar I'd really like for breakfast is a n' b) \x/e say that th",o-............... .leader,.1[J;::;il; rvranr. " 5:;y c) I have never had any painring lessons. i am enriiely self_............... d) Cur reacher isn't srric at all. She is very easy-............... e) To be honest, I enjoy earing in high-............... resrauranrs.
. .

Please enclose a self-............... envelooe.

g) Everyone began the holiday in a lighi-.... mood. h) This particular kind of long-............... sheep can run quite fast. i) I think you would be ill-............... ro sell the house at the presenc time. j) I much prefer having a drink in an old-.... .ounrrv oub.

I
Complete each

with a word made from the word in

sentence

capitals.

a) Vhen Jean made up for the play she was b) Dave isn'r really a friend, only an c) I thoughr rhe resr was ............... easy, actually. d) There was a ............... between a lorry and rwo cars. e) The pain became ............... during the night so I called

RECOGNISE

ACQUAINT
COMPARE

COLLIDE
ENDURE ADVICE

f)
h)
F)

i) j)

CEASE intheoldmuseum. ORGANISE The government has taken a............... decision rc ban motorcycles. CONTROVERSY M. Maxdell smted that the against him were unfounded. ALLEGE

_i:*', Visitorscomplainedaboutthe

the doctor. Professor Smith has joined the company in an capacity. pur up with your cornplaining!

''o
\

'

pq

Fili
iig

H'Bb b.r
U,

Ug -*E
4'

+rP

oii

iliill i; ii*
6
OH

s:o C: -oE

.Fg
T3 Ee

s'E
o{
tr

.\J 'eBG F
dc,

P.s :: ?.<H I

8b

dH

ee+6

r.cd

N rO

FHHXFHH

.+ r/)

\O f\CO

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