Sophie Hicks

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY HOW ICT HAS AIDED THE DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION WITH EMPHASIS ON SOUTH ASIA
This bibliography contains relevant references to the Development of Education by Information, Communication and Technologies with e amples from South !sia" It uses the #illennium Development $oals % two, three and eight, to uncover the need for ICTs in education" It highlights the advantages of ICTs in education such as, accessibility to areas of the world which were before marginalised from education, and also the innovative new ways of learning" It discusses the disadvantages of ICTs for educational development such as, the stigma many developing countries have about ICTs replacing teachers when often they are &ust used to enhance education, and the e pense of installation and maintenance" There is reference to the increasing digital%divide on a global, national and local scale and the importance of the use of appropriate technologies" Case studies have been included to increase further understanding and to provide e amples of the use of ICTs for education in practice" THE BIBLIOGRAPHYS STRUCTURE The bibliography has been split into the different mediums used and listed alphabetically within each medium" The way they have been referenced can be seen in the table below" BOOKS : Author ( !t"# Title Chapter 'ublisher MEDIA AND NEWS ARTICLES : M" $! or(!'$)!t$o' site (date) Title CD ROM : T$t%" !uthor (date) &OURNALS : &our'!% t$t%" Title of !rticle !uthor (date) -ebsites * Or(!'$)!t$o'* I'$t$!t$+" Site (updated date) P!(" $, r","r"'-" . o'-" Title

REPORTS AND PAPERS* Or(!'$)!t$o'*I'$t$!t$+" Title (Date) !uthor if given Site+,ocation

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BOOKS A/ Bro0' !' N/ D!+$) (1223# 4 E $t" 56 Digital Technology, Communities and Education -orld /earbook of Education 0112 Chapter 4. Childrens concepts of ICT: pointers to the impact of ICT on education within and beyond the classroom 3outledge 4almer, ,ondon and 5ew /ork This book addresses how new technologies are changing and enhancing the way people are learning and living around the world" The book looks into the developing ways in which individuals and communities are using ICTs for education" It e plores the importance of the new virtual communities and the related social and cultural aspects of this" The fourth chapter in part one, written by 6ridget Somekh, writes about children7s understanding of new ICTs especially computers and the difference between learning with computers at home and at school" This chapter rises some interesting thoughts and truly tries to understand the link between children, computers and education whether formal or informal" D!+$ S$7o' (1228# 4ifty 8ey Thinkers on Development Amartya Kumar Sen - pa e !"# 3outledge, ,ondon and 5ew /ork" This book is a collection of the influential thinkers within the field of development from mainly over the last century" 3elevant to the topic of this bibliography is the write up about !martya 8umar Sen" He was born and brought up in what is now 6angladesh and has become highly recognised in his field of development" He has written about human development, gender e9uality and freedom as development" He believes in each person having freedom and this freedom to be theirs to use e"g" the freedom for children to go to school and to be educated" !fter the section on him there is a list of his works and other related documents"

CD ROM ICT !' S-hoo%) R")"!r-h !' E+!%u!t$o' S"r$") DfES and 6ecta (011:) The CD 3;# collects together .< reports which have been published in the ICT and Schools 3esearch and Evaluation Series" The reports are a collection of data investigating three central themes ." How ICT is used in schools and at home, 0" /oung people and their usage of ICT, :" !nd the utili=ation of ICT in schools and ,ocal Educational !uthorities" This CD 3;# is easy to use" It has a simple introduction page with buttons leading into different areas on the CD" ;ne of the buttons takes you into a page of directions to work the CD 3;# efficiently and to get the best possible use" The instructions are easy to follow and understandable" !nother button takes you directly to a list of the reports spread over two pages and the last is information about the CD 3;#" This form of media is easy to use and consists of relevant reports" &OURNALS
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Br$t$)h &our'!% o, E u-!t$o'!% T"-h'o%o(6 Collo9uium >#inimally invasive education* a progress report on the >hole%in%the%wall7 e periments7 Sugata #itra (011:) ?ol" :2, 5o" :, pages :@A%:A. This article is only short but very informative" It is about the subse9uent work Sugata #itra has carried out after his initial work on >hole in the wall7" There is a brief introduction e plaining his previous work and the original e periment he carries out in 5ew Delhi, India" The ne t section e plains how he further researched some of his results from his work in 5ew Delhi" Each part is titled by the town or village where he conducted the research" There is a table which clearly sets out the locations against various factors including the key observations made at each site" The last section of the report is about his continuing research" This article offers several case studies for how children adapt to ICT rapidly and can teach themselves and others to become computer literate" This shows the invaluable use of ICT for the personal development and empowerment of children" !n issue it doesn7t tackle is that of Caste in India" The article doesn7t show any attempt to eliminate the problem of the caste structure from the e periments" I',or7!t$o' T"-h'o%o(6 ,or D"+"%o97"'t >$andhi7s Third !ssassination* Information and Communications Technology Education in India7 Bonathon E=er (011@) ?ol".0, 5o" :, pages 01.%0.0 This &ournal article emphasises the different opinions surrounding the contested sub&ect of the impact of information technologies being used to aid development" The article discuses the accusations that ICT is &ust is &ust another new form of imperialism and e plains the impacts of the uses of ICT in India" The article has three main ob&ectives" These are to e plain the use of ICT in higher education in India, to present a new look on the countries education and lastly, to consider how influential education is to the use of ICT in effecting human resource development" It concludes firstly, the use of ICT leads to personal development is only available to the rich, secondly, ICT is seen as a tool for national economic redevelopment before national social development, e"g" an aid for the poor" This article is a thought provoking read and brings a variety of contrasting opinions together" It is clearly set out and easy to read" I',or7!t$o' T"-h'o%o(6 ,or D"+"%o97"'t >Tradition or TransformationC !n Evaluation of ICTs in #etro #anila schools7 #aria #ercedes T" 3odrigo (011:) ?ol" .1, pages DE%.00 This article 9uestions, the use of ICTs in schools, who is using them, what are they being used for and the difference of use between private and public schools in the 'hilippines" The aims of the research are set out clearly, e plains the selection of methodology well and goes though the collection of data and the results thoroughly" The results are graphed and put into bo es making them distinguishable from each other and easy to read" The aims are answered by the research and briefly summarised in the conclusion"
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I't"r'!t$o'!% :our'!% o, D"+"%o97"'t I))u") >Self organising systems for mass computer literacy* 4indings from the >hole in the wall7 e periments7 Sugata #itra (011E) ?ol"2, 5o" ., pages A.%<. This paper introduces an investigation by Sugata #itra of an e periment he carried out after his e periment which studies the universal ability of any child to rapidly learn and navigate their way around a computer with out being taught" The e periment was carried out in India in 0: different rural locations" !fter nine months S" #itra conducted several focus groups with the children to understand the e tent the computers had aided their education" The paper also e plains the engineering issues that had to be over come"

MEDIA AND NEWS ARTICLES BBC Wor% S"r+$-" Tru)t http*++www"bbc"co"uk+worldservice+trust+developmentcommunications+ (updated 00nd 5ovember, 011@) Development and Communications This is an independent charity, 66C -orld Service, which focuses on the development of countries through new medias such as ICTs" It aims to form sustainable pro&ects for the worlds poorest countries" It aims to deal with many topical development issues, from delivering culturally sensitive material in the local language to helping out in =ones of conflict" The Trust uses all forms of ICT to reach a massive audience" This site gives all the latest, up to date, information about the development programmes it is carrying out in South !sia" Detailed reports are given for each of the case studies" It holds other mediums than &ust te t, it has a watch and listen section" The site is easy to use and read with illustrations" BBC Wor% S"r+$-" http*++www"bbc"co"uk+worldservice+trust+mediacoverage+story+011:+.1+1:.1:1Fdfidtr ust"shtml (updated :1th ;ctober, 011:) Gsing communications for development !s mentioned in the previous reference 66C -orld Service Trust is as Charity which has evolved from the 66C to use ICT to aid development" Two case studies are given with the article, one about tackling HI?+!IDS in India and the other on Distance ,earning in Somalia" These are only brief though and don7t go into much detail"

BBC Wor% S"r+$-" Tru)t http*++www"bbc"co"uk+worldservice+trust+01.E+inde "shtml (no updated date given) 01.E * -here will we beC
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This page like the previous two sites is part of -orld Service Trust again but takes a different view" It e plores where it thinks development will be in 01.E, the year the eight #illennium Development $oals (<#D$s) are supposed to be complete" It lists news articles, life stories and different view points which are working towards and related to the <#D$s" The page also holds other educational and informative medias such as short films" UNDP) Cho$-") M!(!;$'" www"undp"org+dpa+choices+011:+december+Fict"htmlH5epal (December 011:) G5D' in !ction * ,ithuania This is a case study about a small scheme carried out in ,ithuania to empower marginalised women through the education of ICTs with the hope to make them more appealing for employment and to boost their self%esteem" It hopes that the scheme will snow ball as women talk to others about the assistance they have received and help teach those wanting to learn also" This pro&ect could not have gone ahead without support from the 5$; involved, !lytus -omen7s Crisis Centre, but now the women can further their own empowerment from what they have learnt, the world is at their finger tips on the internet" This is a good e ample of ICT empowering women"

REPORTS AND PAPERS $',oD"+ 8nowledge #aps* ICTs in Education, (#arch 011E) -ashington DC* infoDev 8nowledge maps briefing sheets are brief takes on the literature around a topic, in this e ample, ICT use in Education" 8nowledge maps show the areas of research which have been covered and e poses areas that still need development" These briefing sheets are informative about the bridges and gaps in the usage of ICT in education with particular focus on the delivery of the #illennium Development $oals" 8nowledge maps take from previous research and literature to develop their general consensus for each aspect" They summarise the most influential factors to be considered" 'articular interest to this bibliography is the 8nowledge map with the topic * Impact of ICTs on learning and !chievement" It sets out three simple 9uestions and continues with the current information on each 9uestion % what is known, what is believed and what is unknown"

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IMFUNDO : P!rt'"r)h$9 ,or IT $' E u-!t$o' Incept 3eport (011@) http*++imfundo"digitalbrain"com+imfundo+web+info=one+inceptsummary+CverbIview J01 This report by the partners of I#4G5D;, it highlights some of the teacher education and school management problems faced by !frican countries and offers solutions to these problems using Information and Communication Technologies" The report emphasises there is an opportunity of new forms of public and private partnerships to work together, offering their talents, resources and e pertise to improve teaching and education" The report understands technologies on their own can7t deliver the best education but they can assist teachers to make education better" I' $!) Pr"7$"r I't"r'!t$o'!% E<h$5$t$o' !' Co',"r"'-" o' E u-!t$o' India as a $lobal 'layer in Education* ;ppertunites and Challenge, Education and 6eyond 011E* Event in 3etrospect" (September 011E) Conference held at 'ragati #aidan, 5ew Delhi Education India and 6eyond This is the write up for a conference conducted in India about it7s present education situation" The conference highlight the new steps India is taking within education which is making it an important source of talent especially in today7s digital community of no boundaries" It mentions the new ways of learning in India due to the globalisation and >Corporatisation of Education7" Something this write up fails to mention are those who are not being reached by the new ICT in Education movement in India" Education India and 6eyond claims to have made a >united platform for the Education sector7 but there is still evidence of vast numbers of the Indian population living without appropriate or any education" I')t$tut" o, D"+"%o97"'t Stu $") !chieving Education for !ll* How #uch does #oney #atterC (December 0110) Samer !l%Samarrai -orking 'aper .AE >This paper e plores the e tent to which differences in the resources allocated to education e plain differences in educational access and performance across countries7" The paper e plains how funding and e penditure on education isn7t the most effective way to improve it, it mentions how the millennium development goals need more than money to be achieved" E penditure is a vast part of the improvement of education but not the only factor involved" The report recognises the way in which the resources are used play a core role in better education outcomes and how it is the responsibility of the teachers and associations to use the resources wisely"

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U'$t" N!t$o') D"+"%o97"'t o, E-o'o7$- !' So-$!% A,,!$r) (UN DESA# The #illennium Development $oals 3eport (Bune 011@) http*++unstats"un"org+unsd+mdg+3esources+Static+'roducts+'rogress011@+#D$3eport0 11@"pdf This report was put together by G5 DES!" It holds the data collected by a number of international organisations researching the current status of the eight #illennium Development $oals" The report consists of graphs and diagrams showing the status of each goal in .DD1, a resent date and the result wanted by 01.E and then a small write up for each e plaining the results" It is a short progress report for each goal, showing the achievements that have been made or what needs more work" The report highlights the issues which need to be address efficiently if the #illennium Development $oals are going to be reached by 01.E" UNDP BHUTAN !nnual 3eport 011E (011E) 6hutan #edia Studies http*++www"undp"org"bt+info+aFreport1E"pdf This an report is the analysis or the attempts that have been made to achieve the #illennium development goals in 6hutan" It covers five main themes % 2" Democratic $overnance E" 'overty 3eduction, Energy, @" Environmental and Disaster 3isk #anagement, A" Development Services <" Improving office effectiveness and efficiency" The site covers the ideas of decentralisation to increase community participation, the importance of the private sectors involvement, the growing $!' in 6hutan, poverty and 6hutan in relation to the #illennium development $oals" UNESCO 'resent%day 'rofiles, 'rospects and challenges on the Gse of ICT for Education in South East !sia" (!ugust 0112) Kenaida T" Domingo This paper recognises the new uses of ICTs in Education in South East !sia and how they have impacted on the educational arena" There is an understanding throughout the paper about the digital gap within the Southeast !sian countries and awareness of the different rates of development growth" The report shows the positive effect that ICT has had on basic education in the region, yet e plains there is still need for improvement for school children" The first half of the report consists of written profiles for countries in South East !sia, about their present educational situation" The second half discusses how new ICTs could be used to enhance further learning environments, for e ample teacher training, but keeps in mind the concern of appropriate technologies, e pense and accessibility" The paper e plains how it ICT in education can reach previously untouchable peoples as it has no boundaries"

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Wor% Su77$t o' th" I',or7!t$o' So-$"t6 (WSIS# Declaration of 'rinciples, 6uilding the Information Society* a global challenge in the new #illennium (.0th December 011:) http*++www"itu"int+dmsFpub+itu%s+md+1:+wsis+doc+S1:%-SIS%D;C%1112LL'D4%E"pdf This paper systematically sets out -SIS7s plans to enhance the achievement of the <#D$s using ICTs to develop countries left behind by the >digital%divide7" The plan involves all sectors of society % the government, the private sector and the civil society" The report recognises the importance of ICTs and how they increase the opportunities for development" It acknowledges the need for ICTs to be ethically correct and culturally sensitive within the communities they are working for their impacts to be positive" This paper underlines the issues that need to be dealt with by each sector of society to advance positive development" Wor% B!'= Technology in Schools* Education, ICT and the 8nowledge Society, (;ctober 0112) Hepp, '", Hinostro=a, B"E", ,aval, E" and 3ehbein, ," http*++www."worldbank"org+education+pdf+ICTFreportFoct12a"pdf This is a realistic report about how ICTs are e pensive and the only way to get the best out of them is to ensure the correct and appropriate training and support systems are in place to facilitate them" So the report gives guidance on the best ways to implement programmes appropriately so the best possible standards are achieved and the pro&ects are accountable" There is a section devoted to the use of ICTs in rural school of developing countries, highlighting the issues of implementing ICT schemes in these areas and how to over come them" The report finishes with a resource base of recent information on the use of ICTs in education" Wor% B!'= Information and communications for development 011@* global trends policies (Banuary 011@) Christine Khen%-ei Miang et al" 3eport 5umber :ED02 http*++www% wds"worldbank"org+e ternal+default+-DSContentServer+-DS'+I6+011@+12+01+1111. 011DF011@1201.1E..<+3endered+'D4+:ED021'!'E31In.1.;44ICI!,1GSE1;5, /."pdf This is a detailed report covering all the aspects and issues of ICTs in infrastructure and economics which impact on education and society" 6oth the theoretical and 9ualitative structures of ICT for development are supported by 9uantitative data" Case studies are used to further e pand" The report consists of Data from the -orld 6ank on the development of ICTs" It discusses the changes and progress made" 'art of the report consists of several Country 'rofiles and the results of several ICT development indicators, showing the countries development, process and status" ,astly, the report mentions the e pense of ICTs and how for future development to be beneficial, it is vital for ICTs to reach more communities by being increasing accessibility" WEBSITES
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G"SCI (G%o5!% "4S-hoo%) !' Co77u'$t$") I'$t$!t$+"# http*++www"gesci"org+ (011@) !bout Gs This site e plains from what and how the initiative has developed" $eSCi is helping achieve the #illennium Development $oals by increasing the standards of education for the developing world" $eSCI understands the need that to deliver a successful pro&ect there must be strategic support, facilities and resources and the will power to implement the programmes in the first place" $eSCI recognised the strengths behind using ICTs to offer opportunity and are using ICTs to assist some of the problems surrounding the Indian education system" The following link is to a relevant case study about the 3a&asthan Education Initiative" http*++www"gesci"org+gesci+publisher+inde "&spCaIDI01ENnIDI..0NpIDI.1A This site shows the empowerment children gain from the initiative" IMFUNDO http*++imfundo"digitalbrain"com+imfundo+web+activities+casestudies+C verbIview (0110) Case Studies of ICT in Education This site holds 00 briefly described case studies with simple structures" Each of the case studies has email links at the end to contact someone involved with the research for the study" The case studies are e amples of how ICTs can be used to aid the achievement the #illennium Development $oals, two and three" U'$t" N!t$o') http*++www"un"org+millenniumgoals+ (no updated date given) G5 #illennium Development $oals % -hat are the #illennium Development $oalsC This website clearly lists each of the #illennium Development $oals" It has links to the #illennium declaration report, the history of the goals as well as up to date important news articles found relevant to the topic" This page is basic but easy to read though as its structure is clear" UNESCO 4 U'$t" N!t$o') E u-!t$o'!%> S-$"'t$,$- !' Cu%tur!% Or(!'$)!t$o' http*++www"unesco"org+education+efa+inde "shtml (no updated date given) E u-!t$o' Education 4or !ll home page This website e plains simply the efforts of G5ESC; to form partnerships for Education for !ll" The G5ESC; website holds a vast amount of information for education and ICT with particular emphasis on work carried out in developing areas"" G5ESC; put its efforts into achieving >Education for !ll by 01.E7" The website holds links to relevant themes and communities as well as the opportunity to focus your search to a specific region of the globe, for e ample, !sia and the pacific" ;nce this page has opened a more detailed research can be conducted to a specific country of your own choice, e"g" India, this then takes you to a list of relevant news articles, pro&ects and documents as well as contacts and other links within G5ESC;" These web pages are well structured and easy to move from one related topic to another"

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UNESCO 4 U'$t" N!t$o') E u-!t$o'!%> S-$"'t$,$- !' Cu%tur!% Or(!'$)!t$o' http*++portal"unesco"org+ci+en+ev"php% G3,FIDI.0DDNG3,FD;ID;FT;'ICNG3,FSECTI;5I01."html (last updated .1th 5ovember 011@ ) Co77u'$-!t$o' !' I',or7!t$o' G5ESC;7s activities in communication and information in !sia+'acific This webpage links to G5ESC; related pro&ects within !sia and the 'acific using communication and information activities" The page has links to countries within !sia and the 'acific, 5ews links and G5ESC; contacts involved with the partnerships in the global region of !sia and the 'acific" The site gives relatively up to date information on each of the countries profiles and news articles relating to each" The webpage is very busy to look at though and feels a little messy" UNESCO 4 U'$t" N!t$o') E u-!t$o'!%> S-$"'t$,$- !' Cu%tur!% Or(!'$)!t$o' http*++www"unescobkk"org+inde "phpCidI2D2 (no updated date given) UNESCO B!'(=o=> ICT in Education This is the home page for G5ESC; 6angkok, it clearly sets out the website e plaining how to search for five educational themes, countries and pro&ects the site covers" !t the base of the page useful links are given to further resources" ;ne of the links at the base of the page is a case study on how theatre and ICT is used to teach about the local community radio in 6angladesh" (http*++www0"unescobkk"org+education+ict+v0F0+detail"aspCidIE.:.A) This case study is a good e ample of a successful collaboration of ICT and Theatre in e pressing the importance for community radio concerned with local issues and problems" It uses theatre to communicate to an audience of local people who can respond through the radio" The theatre production is then repeated and responses voiced to the radio station impact the outcome of the play, often changing it completely" This enhances a sense of community and makes local people feel empowered by their ability to change their society using community radio" O'" Wor% South A)$! http*++southasia"oneworld"net+e ternal+CurlIhttp*++southasia"oneworld"net 5aimur 3ahman and Dhir Bhingran, (updated .@ #arch 011@) ICTs for elementary education in India *prospects and policy perspectives This website recognises all the 9uestions that are being asked about how ICT can possibly help education, especially in India" It talks about how ICT supplements education in India and how ICT is beneficial" 6ut it doesn7t sugar coat ICTs, I mentions the factors ICTs still have to overcome" It highlights that for a scheme to be effective in its delivery, it needs to have the appropriate policies and strategies in place, which often in the case of ICTs aren7t" It brings to light one of the largest failing factors of ICTs for development, the lack of networking between communities and organisations, sharing their successes and failures" This was a really fascinating read with interesting e amples and a clear structure" M$%%"''$u7 C!79!$(' http*++www"millenniumcampaign"org+site+pp"aspCcIgr8?,05,ENbI.:<:.0 (updated 011@)
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?oices against poverty >The #illennium Campaign informs, inspires and encourages people7s involvement and action for the reali=ation of the #illennium Development $oals" !n initiative of the Gnited 5ations, the Campaign supports citi=ens7 efforts to hold their government to account for the #illennium promise"7 (taken from site) This site links to each of the goals as well as reports and campaigns designed to tackle the <#D$s, the relevant goals for this topic are two, three and eight" !bout the $oals, $oal 0" !chieve universal primary education http*++www"millenniumcampaign"org+site+pp"aspCcIgr8?,05,ENbI.<EE.D !bout the $oals, $oal :"'romote gender e9uality and empower women http*++www"millenniumcampaign"org+site+pp"aspCcIgr8?,05,ENbI.<@:<0 !bout the $oals, $oal <" Develop a global partnership for development http*++www"millenniumcampaign"org+site+pp"aspCcIgr8?,05,ENbI.<@:<D These are clearly structured websites about each of the #illennium Development $oals" They e plains each goal simply and its targets to be achieved by 01.E" There are updated links to related news articles, reports and other documents connected to each #illennium Development $oal" Wor% Su77$t o' th" I',or7!t$o' So-$"t6 (WSIS# http*++www"itu"int+wsis+basic+about"html (.Ath Banuary 011@) 6asic Information* !bout -SIS This is about the two summits supported by G5 $eneral !ssembly, the first in $eneva in 011: and the second in Tunis in 011E" The summits covered the topics of information, communication % the information society" The idea of -SIS came from members of the G5, who wanted to create a technology to leap%frog several missed generations of technology in the developing world" Its chief aim was to bridge the so% called gap, the digital divide, which separates the world7s rich countries from poor countries due to the spread of connectivity in the developed north" To tackle this aim -SIS recognised the need to improve the connectivity in the developing world by increasing available access to the internet" This site is full of useful links about the development of -SIS and its history"

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