SYNOPSIS ON INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

SYNOPSIS No. 2
For the Period from: Name of Company & Address: Department/Branch/ Section in which training going on: Training Timings: !nch Brea": Training #anager$s Name & Designation: Training #anager$s Contact no.: Contact no. of the St!dent: %hether Training is for & days or ' days a wee": (ff days: S ITC D!PART"!NT 10 a#$ %& 1 '#$ 11:(0 '#$ %& 12 '#$ "r# "a)*+% S+),- C-a./a,SD! 011 1412808343 0111444204203 3 5ay6 2 5ay6 7Sa%ur5ay 8 Su)5ay9 1 February to 28 February, 2014 RTTC BSNL RAJPURA

PROJ!CT R!PORT:
TRAINING "ANAG!R:
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SUB"ITT!D BY:
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CONT!NTS
S.N(. ,. 5. 2 T+6T AC8N(% +D7+#+NT 9NST9T:T+ P;(F9 + F:NDA#+NTA S (F + +CT;(N9C +6C<AN7+S 2.,9NT;(D:CT9(NS 2.5.AD>ANTA7+S (F + +CT;(N9C +6C<AN7+ (>+; + +CT;(#+C<AN9CA +6C<AN7+S 2.2.Faci*ities to the S!4scri4ers. D979TA S%9TC<9N7?C(NC+PT (F T9#+ & SPAC+ S%9TC<9N7 /.,.9NT;(D:CT9(N /.5. Time and Space Switching /.2. Digita* Time Switch CAS & CCS &.,. S97NA 9N7 9N T+ +C(##:N9CAT9(N &.5. Types of signa**ing information &.2 Signa**ing &./ Channe*= Associated signa*ing &.& Common channe* signa*ing C=D(T AN=;A6 '.,. 9NT;(D:CT9(N C=D(T #A6=6 .., T+;#9NA 9NT+;FAC+S ..5.Centra* #od!*e @C#A ..2 AdministratiBe #od!*e @A#A ../. ;+#(T+ S%9TC< :N9T CD(T #B# 1., BAS+ #(D: + @B#A ;S: (F CD(T 0., 9NT;(D:CT9(N 0.5 C=D(T DSS #A6 0.2 S:BSC;9B+; 9N+ AD#9N9ST;AT9(N #B# ,-.,. AdministratiBe #od!*e @A#A ,-.5.9NP:T (:TP:T #(D: + @9(#A ,-.2 A*arm Disp*ay Pane* @ADPA ,-./ 9NT+;P;+TAT9(N (F >A;9(:S A A;#S 9SDN ,,.,. 9ntrod!ctions ,,.5. 9SDN Definitio PA7+ No. 2 5 2 =/ 2 / /=& / & & & '

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L!D"!NT

9nd!stria* Training p*ays an important ro*e in enhancing o!r s"i**s theoretica**y? practica**y and technica**y. 9t is an essentia* part of fo!r year degree co!rse in engineering. This pro)ect report shows the hard wor" and s!pport of *ot of peop*e witho!t whom this wo!*d not haBe 4een a s!ccess. This is "nown fact? a pro)ect can neBer 4e prepared 4y sing*e efforts of the person to whom the pro)ect assigned it a*so demands the he*p and g!ardianship of some conBersant peop*e who he*ped passiBe*y in the comp*etion of the pro)ect. A** mem4ers of staff? technicians? engineers and training s!perBisors at R!GIONAL T!L!CO" TRAINING C!NTR!# <aBe 4een proBided me with immense cooperation and s!pport thro!gho!t the to!gh way 9 am a*so Bery than"f!* to "r# "a)*ee% S+),- C-a./a for giBing me s!ch a wonderf!* atmosphere for comp*ete my training. 9 am Bery than"f!* to him for 4eing there at eBery stage of fai*!re and s!ccess and for en*ightening me a4o!t the s!4)ect. 9 wo!*d a*so *i"e to show o!r gratit!de to my parents and fami*y mem4ers for standing 4y my side at eBery step and he*ped me wheneBer possi4*e. A4oBe a** 9 wo!*d *i"e to than" A*mighty for giBing me a** that 9 haBe today and for 4ringing me in contact with a** these peop*e.

P&&)a$ C-&'ra 100240411183

2#INSTITUT! PROFIL!

The ;egiona* Te*ecom Training Centre was esta4*ished on -,=,5=,0.& in a rented 4!i*ding in ;a)p!ra town and *ater shifted to departmenta* 4!i*ding on Patia*a Bye Pass ;oad where it started f!nctioning from 5'=-.=5--/. This prestigio!s 9S( 5--,:5--1 certified instit!te of BSN caters to a** training reC!irements of a** fiBe Northern States in partic!*ar and BSN in genera*. The ;TTC Comp*eD is spread oBer 5- acres of *and & ho!ses Academic/AdministratiBe B*oc"? Staff E!arters? 2 <oste*s @tota* capacity of 5--A? 7!est <o!se? and St!dent Centre etc. The camp!s is sit!ated away from the townFs h!st*e=4!st*e and has a 4ea!tif!* am4ience. There are ,- *ect!re ha**s? ,Seminar <a** & , Conference <a** G a** fitted with oBerhead/D P Pro)ectors. F!**y eC!ipped (FC/Transmission a4s? 2 Comp!ter a4s? , Broad4and/#!*tip*ay a4? , C= D(T=#B# a4? , # N a4? , 7S# BTS? , Networ"ing *a4 with Cisco ;o!ters eDist 4esides other sma**er *a4s. The sim!*taneo!s 4atch capacity of ;TTC is nine and the fac!*ty of ;TTC comprises of 2& staff mem4ers with the s!pporting staff strength n!m4ering 5&. Besides imparting a** types of Te*ecom & #anagement re*ated co!rses to the staff of BSN ? ;TTC has a*so em4ar"ed !pon to impart training to non=BSN aspirants. This training centre is a*so organiHing seBera* seminars/ wor"shops on *atest/!pcoming techno*ogies on reg!*ar 4asis. 9t is strong*y fe*t that the co**ectiBe endeaBor of the fac!*ty & the participants wi** res!*t in the enhancement of the "now*edge for a** in the most effectiBe manner.

2. F:NDA#+NTA S (F + +CT;(N9C +6C<AN7+S

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(#1#I)%r&5u:%+&) To oBercome the *imitations of man!a* switchingI a!tomatic eDchanges? haBing +*ectro= mechanica* components? were deBe*oped. Strowger eDchange? the first a!tomatic eDchange haBing direct contro* feat!re? appeared in ,105 in a Porte @9ndianaA. Tho!gh it improBed !pon the performance of a man!a* eDchange it sti** had a n!m4er of disadBantages? BiH.? a *arge n!m4er of mechanica* parts? *imited aBai*a4i*ity? inf*eDi4i*ity? 4!*"y in siHe etc. As a res!*t of f!rther research and deBe*opment? Cross4ar eDchanges? haBing an indirect contro* system? appeared in ,05' in S!ndsBa**? Sweden. The Cross4ar eDchange improBed !pon many short= comings of the Strowger system. <oweBer? m!ch more improBement was eDpected and the reBo*!tionary change in fie*d of e*ectronics proBided it. A *arge n!m4er of moBing parts in ;egister? mar"er? Trans*ator? etc.? were rep*aced en=4*oc" 4y a sing*e comp!ter. This made the eDchange sma**er in siHe? Bo*!me and weight? faster and re*ia4*e? high*y f*eDi4*e? noise=free? easi*y managea4*e with no preBentiBe maintenance etc. The first e*ectronic eDchange emp*oying Space=DiBision switching @Ana*og switchingA was commissioned in ,0'& at S!ccas!nna? New Jersey. This eDchange !sed one physica* path for one ca** and? hence? f!** aBai*a4i*ity co!*d sti** not 4e achieBed. F!rther research res!*ted in deBe*opment of Time=DiBision switching @Digita* SwitchingA which ena4*ed sharing a sing*e path 4y seBera* ca**s? th!s proBiding f!** aBai*a4i*ity. The first digita* eDchange was commissioned in ,0.- in Brittany? France. This hando!t reBiews the eBo*!tion of the e*ectronic eDchanges? *ists the chrono*ogica* deBe*opments in this fie*d and 4rief*y descri4es the faci*ities proBided to s!4scri4ers? administration and maintenance personne*. (#2#AD?ANTAG!S OF !L!CTRONIC !@CAANG! O?!R !L!CTRO"!CAANICAL !@CAANG!S !/e:%r&$e:-a)+:a/ !B:-a),e6 < !/e:%r&)+: !B:-a),e6 Category? Ana*ysis? ;o!ting? trans*ation? etcI? Trans*ation? speech path S!4Fs Faci*ities? etc.? done 4y re*ays. managed 4y #AP and other DATA. Any changes in faci*ities reC!ire addition of Changes can 4e carried o!t 4y simp*e hardware and/or *arge amo!nt of wiring commands. A few changes can 4e made 4y change. F*eDi4i*ity *imited. S!4s himse*f. <ence? high*y f*eDi4*e. Testing is done man!a**y eDterna**y and is time cons!ming. No *ogic ana*ysis carried o!t. Testing carried o!t periodica**y a!tomatica**y Partia* f!**=aBai*a4i*ity? hence 4*oc"ing. and ana*ysis printed o!t. *imited faci*ities to the s!4scri4ers. F!** aBai*a4i*ity? hence no 4*oc"ing. A *arge S*ow in speed. Dia*ing speed is maD. ,, 9ps n!m4er of different types of serBices possi4*e and switching speed is in * mi**iseconds. Bery easi*y. Switch room occ!pies *arge Bo*!me. >ery fast. Dia*ing speed !p to ,, digits /sec possi4*e. Switching is achieBed in a few microseconds.

(#( Fa:+/+%+e6 %& %-e Sub6:r+ber6# &

"FC Pu6-<bu%%&) D+a/+),# A** s!4scri4ers in an e*ectronic eDchange can !se p!sh=4!tton te*ephones? which !se D!a* Tone #!*ti= freC!ency? for sending the dia*ed digits. Sending of e*eBen digits per second is possi4*e? th!s increasing the dia*ing speed. T&// 7Ou%,&+), Ca//9 Re6%r+:%+&) The faci*ity of to** restriction or 4*oc"ing of s!4scri4er *ine for specific types of o!tgoing traffic? BiH.? *ong distance STD ca**s? can 4e aBai*ed of 4y a** s!4scri4ers. This can 4e easi*y achieBed 4y "eying=in certain serBice codes. Ca// F&r.ar5+), The s!4scri4er haBing the ca** forwarding faci*ity can "eep his te*ephone in the transfer condition in case he wishes his incoming ca**s to 4e transferred to another te*ephone n!m4er d!ring his a4sence. D& N&% D+6%urb This serBice ena4*es the s!4scri4er to free himse*f from attending to his incoming ca**s. 9n s!ch a case? the incoming ca**s are ro!ted to an operator position or a ta*"ing machine. This position or machine informs the ca**er that ca**ed s!4scri4er is temporari*y inaccessi4*e. C&)=ere):e Ca//6 S!4scri4ers can set !p connections to more than one s!4scri4er and cond!ct te*ephone conferences !nder the proBision of this faci*ity. Ca// a+%+), The KCa** %aitingF serBice notifies the a*ready 4!sy s!4scri4er of a third party ca**ing him. <e is fed with a specia* tone d!ring his conBersation. 9t is p!re*y his choice either to ignore the third party or to interr!pt the eDisting connection and haBe a conBersation with the third party whi*e ho*ding the first party on the *ine. De)+e5 I):&$+), Ca// A S!4scri4er may desire that no incoming ca** sho!*d come on a partic!*ar *ine. <e can as" for s!ch a faci*ity so that he can !se the *ine for ma"ing on*y o!tgoing ca**s. Fa6%er +)6%a//a%+&) a)5 !a6y !B%e)6+&) The red!ced Bo*!me of eC!ipment? p*!g=in assem4*ies for interconnecting ca4*es? printed cards and a!tomatic testing of eDchange eC!ipment res!*t in faster insta**ation @a4o!t siD months for a ,-?--- *ine eDchangeA D!e to mod!*ar str!ct!re? the eDpansion is a*so easier and C!ic"er.

/. D979TA S%9TC<9N7?C(NC+PT (F T9#+ & SPAC+ S%9TC<9N7

/.,9ntrod!ction
A Digita* switching system? in genera*? is one in which signa*s are switched in digita* form. These signa*s may represent speech or data. The digita* signa*s of seBera* speech samp*es are time m!*tip*eDed on a common media 4efore 4eing switched thro!gh the system.To connect any two s!4scri4ers? it is necessary to interconnect the time=s*ots of the two speech samp*es which may 4e on same or different PC# highways. The digita*ised speech samp*es are switched in two modes? BiH.? Time Switching and Space Switching. This Time DiBision #!*tip*eD Digita* Switching System is pop!*ar*y "nown as Digita* Switching System.9n this hando!t? genera* princip*es of time and space switching aredisc!ssed. A practica* digita* switch? comprising of 4oth time and space stages? is a*so eDp*ained. '

4#2# T+$e a)5 S'a:e S.+%:-+), :< 7enera**y? a digita* switching system seBera* time diBision m!*tip*eDed @PC#A samp*es. These PC# samp*es are conBeyed on PC# highways @the common path oBer which many channe*s can pass with separation achieBed 4y time diBision.A. Switching of ca**s in this enBironment ? reC!ires p*acing digita* samp*es from one time=s*ot of a PC# m!*tip*eD in the same or different time=s*ot of another PA# m!*tip*eD. The interconnection of time=s*ots? i.e.? switching of digita* signa*s can 4e achieBed !sing two different modes of operation. These modes are: = 9. Space Switching ii. Time switching :s!a**y? a com4ination of 4oth the modes is !sed. Time Switching? on the other hand? inBo*Bes the interconnection of different time=s*ots on the incoming and o!tgoing highways 4y re=assigning the channe* seC!ence. For eDamp*e? a time= s*ot TSD of an 9/C <ighway can 4e connected to a different time=s*ot.? TSy? of the o!tgoing highway. 9n other words? a time switch is? 4asica**y? a time=s*ot changer. 4#(# D+,+%a/ T+$e S.+%:A Digita* Time Switch consists of two memories? BiH.? a speech or 4!ffer memory to store the samp*es ti** destination time=s*ots arriBe? and a contro* or connection or address memory to contro* the writing and reading of the samp*es in the 4!ffer memory and directing them on to the appropriate time=s*ots. Speech memory has as many storage *ocations as the n!m4er of time=s*ots in inp!t PC#? e.g.? 25 *ocations for 25 channe* PC# system. A Time=S*ot Co!nter which !s!a**y is a synchrono!s 4inary co!nter? is !sed to co!nt the time=s*ots from - to 2,? as they occ!r. At the end of each frame? 9t gets reset and the co!nting starts again. 9t is !sed to contro* the timing for writing/reading of the samp*es in the speech memory.

5.CAS & CCS

&.,. S97NA 9N7 9N T+ +C(##:N9CAT9(N A te*ecomm!nication networ" esta4*ishes and rea*iHes temporary connections? in accordance with the instr!ctions and information receiBed from s!4scri4er *ines and inter eDchange tr!n"s? in form of Bario!s signa*s. Therefore? it is necessary to interchange information 4etween an eDchange and it eDterna* enBironment i.e. 4etween s!4scri4er *ines and eDchange? and 4etween different eDchanges. Tho!gh these signa*s may differ wide*y in their imp*ementation they are co**ectiBe*y "nown as te*ephone signa*s.A signa**ing system !ses a *ang!age which ena4*es two switching eC!ipments to conBerse for the p!rpose of setting !p ca**s. i"e any other *ang!age. it possesses a Boca4!*ary of Barying siHe and Barying precision? ie. a *ist of signa*s which may a*so Bary in siHe and a syntaD in the form of a comp*eD set of r!*es. goBerning the assem4*y of these signa*s.

&.5. Types of signa**ing information

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The signa*ing information can 4e categoriHed !nder fo!r main heads. Se*ection @ AddressA information. %hen the eDchange is ready to receiBe the address information. 9t sends 4ac" a reC!est which is "nown as proceed to send @PTSA signa* in tr!n" signa*ing and dia* tone in s!4scri4er signa**ing. Address information essentia**y comprises of f!** or part of the ca**ed s!4scri4ers n!m4er and possi4*y additiona* serBice data. +nd of se*ection information This information indicates the stat!s of the ca**ed *ine? or the reason for non comp*etion of the ca** attempt? essentia**y indicating ca**ed *ine free or 4!sy. S!perBisory information 9t specifies the on/off hoo" condition of a ca**ed s!4scri4er after the connection has 4een set!p Ca**ed s!4scri4er off hoo" ca**ed s!4scri4er has answered and charging may commence. Ca**ed s!4scri4er on hoo" :=

Ca**ed s!4scri4er has h!ng !p to terminate the ca**? and the ca** is disconnected after a time de*ay if the ca**ing s!4scri4er does not hang !p. The on/off=hoo" conditions of the ca**ing s!4scri4er are coBered 4y ca** reC!est and re*ease information.

&.2 Signa**ing
Te*ephony started with the inBention of magneto te*ephone which !sed a magneto to generate the ringing c!rrent? the on*y signa*? sent Ber a dedicated *ine 4etween two s!4scri4ers. The need for more signa*s was fe*t with the adBent of man!a* switching. Two additiona* signa*s were? therefore? introd!ced to indicate ca** reC!est and ca** re*ease. The range of signa*s increased f!rther with the inBention of e*ectro=mechanica* a!tomatic eDchanges and is sti** growing f!rther at a Bery fast pace? after the adBent of SPC e*ectronic eDchanges. Ca** report %hen the s!4scri4er is id*e? the *ine impedance is high. The *ine impedance fa**s? as soon as? the s!4scri4er *ifts the hand=set? res!*ting in increase of *ine c!rrent. This is detected as a new ca** signa* and the eDchange after connecting an appropriate eC!ipment to receiBe the address information sends 4ac" dia*=tone signa* to the s!4scri4er. Address signa* After the receipt of the dia* tone signa*? the s!4scri4er proceeds to send the address digits. The digits may 4e transmitted either 4y decade dia*ing or 4y m!*tifreC!ency p!sh4!tton dia**ing.

Decadic Dia**ing

The address digits may 4e transmitted as a seC!ence of interr!ption of the DC *oop 4y a rotary dia* or a decadic p!sh=4!tton "ey pad. The n!m4er of interr!ption @4rea"sA indicate the digit? eDept-? for which there are ,- interr!ptions. The rate of s!ch interr!ptions is ,- per second and the ma"e/4rea" ration is ,:5. There has to 4e a inter= digita* pa!se of a few h!ndred mi**iseconds to ena4*e the eDchange to disting!ish 4etween consec!tiBe digits. This method is? therefore? re*atiBe*y s*ow and signa*s cannot 4e transmitted d!ring the speech phase.

&./ Channe*= Associated signa**ing

9n the PC# systems the signa**ing information is conBeyed on a separate channe* which is rigid*y associated with the speech channe*. <ence? this method is "nown as channe* associated signa**ing @CASA. Tho!gh the speech samp*ing rate is 1 8hH? the signa*s do not change as rapid*y as speech and hence? a *ower samp*ing rate of &-- <H? for digitisation of signa*s can s!ffice. Based on this concept? TS ,' of each frame of ,5& microseconds is !sed to carry signa*s of 5 speech channe*s? each !sing / 4its.A*tho!gh fo!r 4its per channe* are aBai*a4*e for signa**ing on*y two 4its are !sed. As the transmission is separate in the forward and 4ac"ward direction? the 4its in the forward *in" are ca**ed af and 4f? and those in the 4ac"ward *in" are ca**ed a4 and 44

&.& Common channe* signa**ing

Common channe* signa**ing @CCSA oBercomes the efficiency of the CAS. 9n this method? the signa**ing channe* for a circ!it is a**otted on*y for the d!ration of signa**ing. A separate data=*in" dedicated to signa**ing on*y? is !sed for the p!rpose? as shown in Fig./. CCS S97 Common=Channe* 9nter=eDchange Signa**ing +C!ipment S97 per tr!n" Signa**ing
(FF9C+ C
P;(C+SS(;

(FF9C+ D
P;(C+SS(;

CC9S S97

CC9S S97

7b9 C&$$&) < :-a))e/ +)%er < eB:-a),e 6+,)a//+),

+C!ipment Fig!re /. 9nter=eDchange Signa**ing TechniC!es 9n other words? CCS has a poo* of signa**ing channe*s which are a**ocated to a speech circ!it? on*y when the *ater has any reC!irements of signa**ing. <ence? the speech circ!its may haBe to C!e!e !p for a spare signa**ing circ!it. Therefore? the dimensioning of the poo* capacity wi** depend on the accepta4*e *eBe* of serBice? and eDpected signa*ing content and freC!ency per speech circ!it.By !sing this techniC!e? the signa**ing 0

eC!ipment can 4e centra*ised and made more compact res!*ting in adBantages of space saBing and economy. <oweBer? this techniC!e can 4e !sed on*y 4y the SPC eDchanges for inter processor signa**ing.

'.C=D(T AN=;A6
'.,. 9NT;(D:CT9(N The prod!ct AN=;A6 is 4asica**y a S!4scri4er *ine concentrator? !sed for remoting. There are three *eBe* of remoting? name*y the first? second and third *eBe*? from the $ oca* +Dchange$ @ +A @Fig.52.,A. The $;emote Switch :nit$ @;S:A proBides the f!nctiona*ity of first *eBe* of remoting. A** the S!4scri4ers connected to ;S: can access each other and a*so the s!4scri4ers? in the $Nationa* Networ"$ @NAT=N%A? thro!gh +. ;S: in this case wi**? perform the f!nctiona*ity of a comp*ete switch @with 4oth intra eDchange and !pto NAT=N% SwitchingA. 9t wi** hand*e the $Ca** Processing$ @CPA? charging and 4i**ing f!nctiona*ity? 4!t wo!*d itse*f 4e a part of the +. ;S: can a*so proBide concentration. The second *eBe* of remoting has its scope and ro*e c*ear*y defined. At this *eBe* there wo!*d neither 4e any intra switching or ca** processing actiBities? nor the AN=;A6 wo!*d hand*e the charging? 4i**ing and administration f!nctions of s!4scri4ers. AN=;A6 proBides a transparent *in" 4etween the s!4scri4er and +. 9t hand*es the Bario!s s!4scri4er eBents? the B(;SC<T f!nctiona*ities. @Battery feed? (Ber Bo*tage protection? ;inging? S!perBision? Coding? <y4rid and TestingA.

2# C=D(T #A6=6
D(T DSS #A6 is a !niBersa* digita* switch which can 4e config!red for different app*ications as *oca*? transit? or integrated *oca* and transit switch. <igh traffic/*oad hand*ing capacity !pto 1?--?--- B<CA with termination capacity of /-?--- ines as oca* +Dchange or ,&?--- tr!n"s as Tr!n" A!tomatic +Dchange? the C=D(T DSS fami*y is idea**y p*aced to meet the different reC!irements of any integrated digita* networ". .., T+;#9NA 9NT+;FAC+S C=D(T 5&'P AN=;A6 !ses S!4scri4er ine Card @ CC/CC#A to proBide Ana*og Termina* 9nterface. +ach termina* interface card caters to 1 terminations. Fo!r cards ma"e a Termina* 7ro!p @T7A which is associated with PC# 25 channe* *in" towards the A;C card. Signa**ing information are m!*tip*eDed and p*aced on / wire ABCD signa**ing 4!s toward SPC/9SP card. S!4scri4er ine Card @ CC/CC#A ine Circ!it Card @ CCA is !sed to interface ordinary s!4scri4er *ines. The ine Circ!it Card performs a set of f!nctions co**ectiBe*y termed as B(;SC<T? signifying: B = Battery Feed ,-

( = (BerBo*tage Protection ; = ;inging S = S!perBision C = Coding < = <y4rid ConBersion T = Testing CC# and PB6 *ines. +ach Base #od!*e can interface !pto 5-5/ terminations. The n!m4er of Base #od!*es direct*y corresponds to the eDchange siHe. 9t carries o!t ma)ority of ca** processing f!nctions and? in a sma**=eDchange app*ication? it a*so carries o!t operation and maintenance f!nctions with the he*p of the 9np!t (!tp!t #od!*e. 9n Sing*e Base #od!*e @SB#A eDchange config!ration? the Base #od!*e acts as an independent switching system and proBides connections to ,&-- *ines and ,51 tr!n"s. 9n s!ch a config!ration? the Base #od!*e direct*y interfaces with the 9np!t (!tp!t #od!*e for 4!*" data storage? operations and maintenance f!nctions. C*oc" and synchronisation is proBided 4y a so!rce within the Base #od!*e. 9t is a Bery !sef!* app*ication for sma** !r4an and r!ra* enBironments. %ith minim!m modifications in hardware thro!gh on*y one type of card? a Base. #od!*e can 4e remote*y *ocated as a ;emote Switch :nit @;S:A? parented to the main eDchange !sing PC# *in"s.

..5.Centra* #od!*e @C#A consists of a message switch and a space switch to proBide
inter=mod!*e comm!nication and perform Boice and data switching 4etween Base #od!*es. 9t proBides contro* message comm!nication 4etween any two Base #od!*es? and 4etween Base #od!*es and AdministratiBe #od!*e for operation and maintenance f!nctions. 9t a*so proBides c*oc" and synchronisation on a centra*ised 4asis. ..2 AdministratiBe #od!*e @A#A performs system=*eBe* reso!rce a**ocation and processing f!nction on a centra*ised 4asis. 9t performs a** the memory and time intensiBe ca** processing s!pport f!nctions and a*so administration and maintenance f!nctions. 9t comm!nicates with the Base #od!*e Bia the Centra* #od!*e. 9t s!pports the 9np!t (!tp!t #od!*e for proBiding man= machine interface. 9t a*so s!pports the A*arm Disp*ay Pane* for the a!dio=Bis!a* indication of fa!*ts in the system. 9np!t (!tp!t #od!*e @9(#A is a powerf!* d!p*eD comp!ter system that interfaces Bario!s secondary storage deBices *i"e dis" driBes? cartridge tape driBe and f*oppy driBe. 9t s!pports printers and !pto 1 seria* ports for Bideo disp*ay !nits which are !sed for man= machine comm!nication interface. A** the 4!*" data processing and storage is done in this mod!*e. Th!s? a C=D(T DSS eDchange? depending !pon its siHe and app*ication? consists of Base #od!*es @maDim!m 25A? Centra* #od!*e? AdministratiBe #od!*e? 9np!t (!tp!t #od!*e and A*arm Disp*ay Pane*. The Base #od!*es can 4e remote*y *ocated or co=*ocated depending on the reC!irement.

,,

2#4# R!"OT! S ITCA UNIT ;emote Switch :nit @;S:A is an integra* part of C=D(T DSS architect!re. 9n order to rea*ise a ;S:? the norma* B# can 4e modified for remoting with the host eDchange Bia 5 #4ps digita* *in"s. The n!m4er of 5 #4ps *in"s 4etween the #ain +Dchange and ;S: is primari*y determined 4y the traffic. A maDim!m ,' PC#s can 4e proBided 4etween a ;S: & #ain eDchange. Ana*og and Digita* tr!n" interfaces are a*so imp*emented in ;S: to s!pport direct parenting of sma** eDchanges from ;S: itse*f instead of parenting it to the main eDchange which wi** !*timate*y saBe the media reC!ired from main eDchange. As far as ca** processing is concerned? ;S: is an a!tonomo!s eDchange capa4*e of *oca*=ca** comp*etion. (peration and maintenance f!nctions are hand*ed 4y the host eDchange. 9n the eBent of fai*!re of PC# *in"s? ;S: goes into standa*one mode of operation. 9n case it is not possi4*e to process a ca** reC!est d!e to !naBai*a4i*ity of *in"s to the host? the s!4scri4er is connected to appropriate tone or anno!ncement. D!ring standa*one mode of operation? the *oca* and 9ncoming terminating ca**s in ;S: are switched and the metering information of a** the ;S: s!4scri4ers is stored in the ;S:. 9t is sent to the host wheneBer the PC# *in"s are aBai*a4*e again. (n*y the eBen n!m4ered B#s can 4e config!red as ;S: i.e. a maDim!m ,' ;S:s are possi4*e in C=D(T DSS #A6=6 and 1 ;S:s in #A6= .

1.CD(T #B#
The hardware architect!re of C=D(T DSS #A6 is mapped c*ose*y on the system oBerBiew descri4ed in the preBio!s chapter. 9n the fo**owing sections? the hardware architect!re of each constit!ent mod!*e is descri4ed.

1., BAS+ #(D: + @B#A

Base #od!*e @B#A is the 4asic 4!i*ding 4*oc" of C=D(T DSS #A6. 9t interfaces the s!4scri4ers? tr!n"s and specia* circ!its. The s!4scri4ers may 4e indiBid!a* or gro!ped PB6 *ines?

,5

ana*og or digita* *ines. The tr!n"s may 4e Two %ire Physica*? +&# Fo!r %ire? +&# Two %ire? Digita* CAS or CCS. The 4asic f!nctions of a Base #od!*e are G

,. 5. 2. /. &. .

LAna*og to digita* conBersion of a** signa*s on ana*og *ines and tr!n"s L9nterface to digita* tr!n"s and digita* s!4scri4ers Switching the ca**s 4etween termina*s connected to the same Base #od!*e LComm!nication with the AdministratiBe #od!*e Bia the Centra* #od!*e for administratiBe and maintenance f!nctions and a*so for ma)ority of inter=B# switching @i.e. ca** processingA f!nctions LProBision of specia* circ!its for ca** processing s!pport e.g. digita* tones? anno!ncements? #F/DT#F senders/receiBers

0.;S: (F CD(T
0., 9NT;(D:CT9(N ;S: is a remote !nit of a geographica**y distri4!ted eDchange 4eing contro**ed 4y the parent eDchange and a*so has the capa4i*ity for *oca* switching. 9t is an independent !nit of a *arge eDchange capa4*e of performing a** the f!nctions associated with an eDchange. A** operation & maintenance actiBities re*ated to ;S: can 4e performed from the parent eDchange. The space / area reC!irement for *arge eDchanges @say /-8A is C!ite high and it is not a*ways possi4*e to find s!ch a site in the a*ready congested metros. 9nstead of one *arge mono*ithic area a n!m4er of sma** areas are proBided to insta** s!ch eDchanges. 9n s!ch a case the so*!tion is ;S:.

0.5 C=D(T DSS #A6 is a mod!*ar and f*eDi4*e digita* switching system which
proBides economica* means of serBing metropo*itan? !r4an and r!ra* enBironments. The system emp*oys an open ended architect!re for f*eDi4i*ity of config!ration and growth. The ;emote Switch :nit @;S:A is an addend!m to the C=D(T DSS Fami*y of switches. Simi*ar to eDisting C=D(T DSS Prod!cts? its architect!re is characteriHed 4y distri4!ted contro* and message 4ased comm!nication in order to achieBe a *oose*y co!p*ed networ" in a f*eDi4*e system architect!re. Remote Switch Multiplexer The +S /+S# card caters to one remote B# and one *oca* B#. For the *oca* B#? the interface and f!nctions are same as the Space Switch #:6/D+#:S @SS#/PS#A card. +S /+S# cards haBe to perform the fo**owing f!nctions for 4oth the *oca* and the remote B#s. #!*tip*eDing Dem!*tip*eDing Digita* tr!n" interface Channe* to s*ot mapping ,2

9n addition to these it has to perform the fo**owing important f!nctions for ;B#.

S*ot to channe* mapping.

0.2 S:BSC;9B+; 9N+ AD#9N9ST;AT9(N This Chapter eDp*ains the proced!re for creation and de*etion of Ana*og as we** as 9SDN s!4scri4er *ine? modification of its characteristicsI that is? modifying the c*ass of serBice of a s!4scri4er *ine. The proced!re to create/de*ete a h!nt gro!p? addition/de*etion of *ines to/from h!nt gro!p and modification/disp*ay of h!nt gro!p characteristics are a*so eDp*ained in this chapter. The same set of commands are !sed for administration of Ana*og and 9SDN s!4scri4ers with a set of parameters. Some of them are common to Ana*og/9SDN s!4scri4ers and remaining are eDc*!siBe for Ana*og or Digita* S!4scri4ers on*y. 9n case of eDc*!siBe parameters? a defensiBe chec" is performed to Berify the type of </%. The command is re)ected in case some parameters are not s!pported 4y the type of hardware of the Port/T+N? 4eing associated with the directory n!m4er. To simp*ify the proced!re? the *ine administration commands haBe 4een gro!ped as:

,-.#B#
,-.,. AdministratiBe #od!*e @A#A
consists of a d!p*icated ,'/25=4it contro**er ca**ed the AdministratiBe Processor @APCA. 9t comm!nicates with Base Processors Bia the Centra* #essage Switch for contro* messages and with the d!p*icated 9np!t (!tp!t Processors in the 9np!t (!tp!t #od!*e for interfacing periphera* deBices AdministratiBe processor is responsi4*e for g*o4a* ro!ting? trans*ation? reso!rce a**ocation and a** other f!nctions that are proBided centra**y in C=D(T DSS #A6. The imp*ementation of A# is simi*ar to Base Processor Comp*eD of B#? !sing the same hardware config!ration. As eDp*ained ear*ier? <PC instead of BPC is !sed to s!pport 1?--?--- B<CA.

,-.5.9NP:T (:TP:T #(D: + @9(#A

9np!t (!tp!t #od!*e @9(#A consists of d!p*icated 9np!t (!tp!t Processor @9(PA. The 9np!t (!tp!t Processor @9(PA is a genera* p!rpose comp!ter with :N96 (perating System. 9t is !sed as the front end processor in C=D(T DSS. 9t hand*es a** the inp!t and o!tp!t f!nctions in C=D(T DSS. The 9(P is connected to AP/BP Bia <D C *in"s. D!ring norma* operation? two 9(Ps interconnected 4y a <D C *in"? operate in a d!p*eD config!ration. %or"ing as front end processor? it proBides initia* code down *oad to the s!4systems? man machine interface and data storage for 4i**ing and other administratiBe information. ;efer Fig. 5.. for 9(P connectiBity in the system and 9(P=>< architect!re.

,-.2 A*arm Disp*ay Pane* @ADPA

The A*arm Disp*ay Pane* @ADPA is a disp*ay pane* which giBes oBerBiew of system stat!s in terms of the c!rrent*y pending a*arms res!*ting from fa!*ts. ADP has a 4!i*t=in hooter which is !sed to draw the attention of the operator. +D disp*ay proBides more detai*ed information a4o!t ,/

the a*arm 4eing reported. The critica*ity of the a*arm is 4ro!ght o!t in the co*or of the +D that g*ows. ADP faithf!**y ref*ects the system stat!s 4y disp*aying the anoma*y as *ong as it persists. A A;#S 9n a CD(T DSS #A6? there are three categories of a*arms and they are represented 4y co*ored +D in ADP as giBen 4e*ow Non=!rgent 7reen :rgent (range Critica* ;ed %hen there is no a*arm for any mod!*e or !nit? the corresponding +Ds wi** 4e off. The a*arms disp*ayed on the ADP are as fo**ows: B#-, to B#25 : A*arm corresponding to each of the !nit going fa!*ty in a 4ase mod!*e are disp*ayed with the he*p of three +Ds against the corresponding 4ase mod!*e in the form of conso*idated stat!s for that 4ase mod!*e.

,-./ 9NT+;P;+TAT9(N (F >A;9(:S A A;#S

The A*arm Disp*ay Pane* is essentia**y an o!tp!t deBice which is !sed for reporting a*arms and stat!s of the eDchange. The operator is eDpected to !nderstand the reported a*arm and ta"e necessary/feasi4*e action for correcting the fa!*t. The interpretation of the Bario!s a*arms is descri4ed here. Base Module (BM) : Corresponding to each of the 4ase mod!*es A*arms in the system are raised 4y f*ashing the conso*idated a*arm stat!s for that 4ase mod!*e. Conso*idation imp*ies the highest *eBe* of fa!*t eDisting in that 4ase mod!*e. A*arms are raised for a 4ase mod!*e wheneBer any of the !nits in that 4ase mod!*e goes fa!*ty. %heneBer a 4ase mod!*e goes for software recoBery @e.g. data/code down*oadingA a critica* mod!*e a*arm is raised for that 4ase mod!*e. A5$+)+6%ra%+&) : Two +Ds @red and orangeA indicate the #od!*e @A#A a*arms for the administration mod!*e in A*arms terms of critica*/!rgent when on*y one of the copies of AP or/and memory !nit is/are fa!*ty? then an !rgent a*arm wi** 4e raised. %hen 4oth copies of AP or 4oth copies of AP memory are fa!*ty? then message *in" of ADP with AP wi** fai* and # F a*arm wi** 4e raised. Ce)%ra/ "&5u/e : Two +Ds @red and orangeA indicate the @C#A A*arms a*arms for the centra* mod!*e in terms of critica*/!rgent. A critica* mod!*e fa!*t is raised against C# when SSC @space switch contro**erA goes for a data/code down*oading.

11.ISDN
11#1# I)%r&5u:%+&)6 The 9SDN is an a44reBiation of 9ntegrated SerBices Digita* Networ". The c!rrent comm!nications networ"s Bary with the type of serBice? s!ch as te*ephone networ"? te*eD networ"? and digita* data transmission networ". (n the other hand? the 9SDN is an integrated networ" for Bario!s types of comm!nications serBices hand*ing digitiHed Boice @te*ephoneA and non Boice @dataA information.

,&

Fig., shows the c!rrent networ" config!ration with indiBid!a* networ"s? s!ch as te*ephone networ" and a data networ" eDisting independent*y? and te*ephone sets? data termina*s? etc. connected indiBid!a**y to each networ" @C!rrent Te*ephone : 9ndiBid!a* access to m!*tip*eD networ"sA

11#2# ISDN De=+)+%+&) The CC9TT defines the 9SDN as fo**ows : A comp*ete? termina*=to=termina* digita* networ". Fig.2 shows the end=to=end digita* connectiBity.

Fig. 1 The Current Network Configuration

F+,# ( !)5<%&<!)5 D+,+%a/ C&))e:%+;+%y

,'

12# PROJ!CT R!PORT

Not yet a**otted

,.

1(# BIBLIOGRAAY
,. 9nstit!te notes 5. Switching #od!*e For TTA Boo"

,1