Brahma Valley College of Engineering and Research Institute, Anjaneri, Nashik

LABORATORY MANUAL. OF

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-I
FOR

T.E. CIVIL.

Brahma Valley College of Engineering and Research Institute, Anjaneri, Nashik

INDEX SUBJECT: ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-I

Sr.No. Title Page No. Date Sig

A! Co"#$l%or&: 1 To determine the pH & Alkalinity of gi en !ater "ample. # To determine the Hardne"" of gi en !ater "ample. $ To determine the %hloride %ontent of gi en !ater "ample. & To determine the %hlorine demand & re"id'al %hlorine of the gi en !a"te!ater "ample. ( )A* To determine the "'"pended parti%'late matter +o,- No,- from air .y air am.ient poll'tion method. ()/* To determine the Noi"e poll'tion le el" .y "o'nd le el meter. 0 To determine the T'r.idity & Optim'm do"e of al'm of the gi en !ater "ample. 1)A* To determine the fl'oride %ontent of the gi en !ater "am !ater "ample 1)/* To determine the Iron %ontent of the gi en !ater !ater "ample. 2 To determine the +odi'm or 3ota""i'm or 4al%i'm %ontent of !ater "ample 5 To determine 6o"t 3ro.a.le N'm.er 763N8 of !ater "ample

CERTI ICATE
Thi" i" to %ertify that 6r.96r"..:::::::::::::::... Roll. No. E,am +eat No. of Third year %i il Engineering ha" %ompleted the term !ork.

STA'' INC(ARGE

(EAD O' DEPARTMENT PRINCIPAL

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Brahma Valley College of Engineering and Research Institute, Anjaneri, Nashik

Pre#aratio o) %ol$tio % * reage t%:1) #( a + Al,ali it&:i- St+. S$l#.$ri/ a/i+ %ol$tio :Dil'te $ ml of %on%. +'lph'ri% a%id !ith 1 litre of di"tilled !ater. Thi" !ill gi e yo' "'lph'ri% a%id of ;.1 N Take #;; ml of the ;.1 N "ol'tion" & dil'te to 1 litre to o.tain ;.;# N "ol'tion. ii- Met.&l ora ge i +i/ator: Di""ol e (;; mg methyl orange po!der in di"tilled !ater and dil'te it to 1 litre. iii- P.e ol#.t.alei i +i/ator: Di""ol e ( gm of phenolphthalein di"odi'm "alt in ethyl Al%ohol & dil'te it to 1 litre .y di"tilled !ater. i0- So+i$" (&+ro1i+e 2NaO(- %ol$tio 3 N: Di""ol e &;gm of NaOH in 1 litre di"tilled !ater 0- #( B$))er %ol$tio 24#(5 6#(5 7.8#(-:Take #;; ml of di"tilled !ater and add pH ta.let" in the di"tilled !ater of "pe%ifi% pH and di""ol e it. 0i- Sa"#le %ol$tio :Tap !ater<mi, 4a4O$ or NaOH &;;mg.9 litre. Or "odi'm %ar.onate (;;mg9lit. 8- (ar+ e%%:i- A""o ia 9$))er %ol$tio :Di""ol e 10.5 gm Ammoni'm %hloride in 1&$ ml %on%. Ammoni'm hydro,ide. Add 1.#( gm magne"i'm "alt of EDTA & dil'te to #(; ml !ith di"tilled !ater. ii- Eri/.ro"e 9la/, T %ol$tio : 6i, ;.( gm eri%hrome .la%k T dye !ith &.( gm hydro,ylamine hydro%hloride. Di""ol e thi" mi,t're in 1;; ml of 5(= ethyl or i"opropyl al%ohol 7propan8. iii- St+. Cal/i$" %ol$tio : >eigh 1 gm anhydro'" %al%i'm %ar.onate po!der into (;; ml Erlenmeyer fla"k- Add little .y little 1<1 H4l 'ntil all the 4a4O $ ha" di""ol ed. Add #;; ml di"tilled !ater .oil. Add a fe! drop" of methyl orange & ad?'"t to the intermediate %olo'r .y adding $N NH&OH or 1<1 H4l a" re@'ired. 6ake it to 1 litre. Thi" "tandard "ol'tion i" e@'i alent to 1 mg 4a4O$ 9 ml. i0- St+. EDTA %ol$tio 2:.:3N-:>eight $.1#$gm analyti%al reagent grade EDTA di"odi'm "alt & di""ol e in !ater & dil'te to 1 litre. 0- #( Pa#er: 0i- Di%tille+ ;ater:0ii- Sa"#le %ol$tio :Tap !ater < mi, 4a4O$ or NaOH &;;mg.9 litre.

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Brahma Valley College of Engineering and Research Institute, Anjaneri, Nashik

<- C.lori+e%:i- St+. So+i$" /.lori+e %ol$tio 2:.:343N- :Di""ol e 2#&.1mg of Na4l in %hloride free !ater and dil'te to 1 litre. ii- Pota%%i$" /.ro"ate %ol$tio :Di""ol e (; gm pota""i'm %hromate 7A#4rO&8 in a little di"tilled !ater. Add "il er nitrate "ol'tion 'ntil a definite red pre%ipitate i" formed. Bet "tand for 1# hr". filter and dil'te to 1 litre !ith di"tilled !ater iii- St+. Sil0er itrate %ol$tio 2:.:343N-:Di""ol e #.$5( gm of AgNO $ in di"tilled !ater and dil'te to 1 litre. +tandardi"e again"t ;.;1&1N Na4l "tore in a .ro!n .ottle. i0- NaO( %ol$tio 23N- :Di""ol e &; gm of NaOH in 1 litre !ater. 0- #( Pa#er:0i- Sa"#le Sol$tio :Tap !ater < mi, Na4l 1 gm.9 litre. 4- C.lori e De"a + * Re%i+$al /.lori e:i- So+i$" t.io%$l#.ate %ol$tio 2:.:8=N-:Di""ol e 0.#;( gm Na#+#O$. (H#O in fre"hly .oiled and %ooled di"tilled !ater and dil'ting to 1 litre. 3re"er e .y adding ( ml %hloroform or ;.&gm NaOH or &gm .ora, and (C1; mg mer%'ri% iodide 7HgI#8. ii- Pota%%i$" +i/.ro"ate 2>8Cr8O6- %ol$tio 2:.:8=N-:Di""ol e 1.##0 gm pota""i'm di%hromate pre io'"ly dried at 1;2 ;% for # hr". in di"tilled !ater & dil'te to 1 litre. iii- 23?7- S$l#.$ri/ A/i+ %ol$tio :Take 1 part of H#+O& "ol'tion and 5 part of di"tilled !ater. i0- Star/. %ol$tio :Add %old !ater "'"pen"ion of ( gm "ol'.le "tar%h to appro,imately 2;; ml .oiling !ater !ith "tirring. Dil'te to 1 litre .oil for a fe! min'te" and let "ettle o er night. D"e "'pernatant li@'or- pre"er e !ith 1.#( gm "ali%yli% a%id per litre. 0- Pota%%i$" io+i+e /r&%tal:Take %ompany grade AI %ry"tal dire%tly. 0i- C.lori e ;ater %ol$tio :Take 1C# "poonf'l .lea%hing po!der and di""ol e it to #;; ml di"tilled !ater. 0ii- Gla%%ial A/eti/ A/i+ %ol$tio :Take dire%tly %ompany grade A%eti% A%id . 0iii- #( #a#er:i1- Di%tille+ ;ater:1- Ra; ;ater %a"#le:Take tap !ater of 1 litre and add to it "ome dome"ti% !a"te "e!age.

Brahma Valley College of Engineering and Research Institute, Anjaneri, Nashik

=- Air A"9ie t )or @$alit& "o itori g:iiiiiii00NaO( %ol$tio 2:.3N-:Di""ol e & gm of NaOH in 1 litre of di"tilled !ater. Io+i e %ol$tio 2:.3N-:Di""ol e of in 1 litre of di"tilled !ater. S$l#.$ri/ A/i+ %ol$tio 2(8SO4- :.3N:Dil'te #.12 ml of H#+O& "ol'tion to 1 litre di"tilled !ater. So+i$" T.io%$l#.ate Na8S8O< %ol$tio 2:.3N-:Di""ol e #&.2# gm Na#+#O$. (H#O in fre"hly .oiled and %ooled di"tilled !ater and dil'ting to 1 litre Star/. i +i/ator:Add %old !ater "'"pen"ion of ( gm "ol'.le "tar%h to appro,imately 2;; ml .oiling !ater !ith "tirring. Dil'te to 1 litre .oil for a fe! min'te" and let "ettle o er night. D"e "'pernatant li@'or- pre"er e !ith 1.#( gm "ali%yli% a%id per litre. P.e ol#.t.alei i +i/ator:Di""ol e ( gm of phenolphthalein di"odi'm "alt in ethyl Al%ohol & dil'te it to 1 litre .y di"tilled !ater.

0i-

A- T$r9i+it& a + O#ti"$" +o%e:iiiiiii0St+. T$r9i+it& %to/, %ol$tio 23::NTU-:To prepare 1;;NTD "ol'tion Take #( ml of "to%k t'r.idity "ol'tion 7&;;;NTD8 and dil'te it to 1 litre. T$r9i+ ;ater %a"#le:For t'r.id !ater "ample mi, "ome %lay in tap !ater. 3B li"e %ol$tio :Di""ol e 1; gm lime in di"tilled !ater and dil'te to 1 litre. 3B Al$" %ol$tio :Di""ol e 1; gm Al'm in di"tilled !ater and dil'te to 1 litre.

6- S$l#.ate :iiiiiii0St+. S$l#.ate %ol$tio :3repare a "tandard "'lphate "ol'tion "'%h that 1 ml E 1;; gm +O&. Di""ol e 1&1.5 mg anhydro'" Na#+O& in (;; ml di"tilled !ater and dil'te to 1 litre. Co +itio i g reage t:6i, (; ml gly%erol !ith a "ol'tion %ontaining $; ml %on%. H4l- $;; ml di"tilled !ater- 1;; ml 5(= ethyl or i"opropyl al%ohol and 1( gm Na4l. Bari$" /.lori+e /r&%tal:Take dire%tly %ompany grade /ari'm %hloride %ry"tal". Sa"#le ;ater:Take tap !ater or any "'lphate %ontent !ater a" "ample !ater.

Brahma Valley College of Engineering and Research Institute, Anjaneri, Nashik

C- 'l$ori+e:iiiSto/, 'l$ori+e %ol$tio :Di""ol e ##1 mg of anhydro'" "odi'm fl'oride 7NaF8 in di"tilled !ater and dil'te to 1 litre. 7 1 ml E 1;; gm8 St+. 'l$ori+e %ol$tio :Dil'te 1;; ml of "to%k fl'oride "ol'tion to 1 litre !ith di"tilled !ater. 71 ml E 1; gm8 or 1 ml E ;.;1mg E 1; mg9lit. S#a +% %ol$tio :Di""ol e 5(2 mg of "pand" in (;; ml di"tilled !ater. Dir/o &l a/i+ reage t:Di""ol e 1$$ mg of Fir%onyl %hloride o%tahydrate 7GrO4l #.2H#O8 in a.o't #( ml di"tilled !ater. Add $(; ml of %on%. H4l and dil'te to (;; ml !ith di"tilled !ater. Note:- To prepare A%id Gir%onylC"pand" reagent" mi, e@'al ol'me" of "ol'tion iii8 and i 8. Re)ere /e %ol$tio :Add 1; ml of "pand" "ol'tion to 1;; ml of di"tilled !ater. Dil'te 1 ml %on%. H4l to 1; ml of di"tilled !ater and add to the dil'ted "pand" "ol'tion". So+i$" Ar%e ite %ol$tio :Di""ol e ( gm NaA"O# and dil'te to 1 litre in di"tilled !ater. ) it i" re@'ired only if re"id'al %hlorine i" pre"ent.*

iiiiii-

i00-

7- Iro :iiiiiii0A""o i$" A/etate 9$))er %ol$tio :Di""ol e #(; gm Ammoni'm a%etate 7NH &4#H$O#8 in 1(; ml di"tilled !ater. Add 1;; ml gla%ial a%eti% a%id. So+i$" A/etate %ol$tio :Di""ol e #;; gm "odi'm a%etate 7Na4#H$O#.$H#O8 in 2;; ml di"tilled !ater. (&+ro1&la"i e (&+ro/.lori+e %ol$tio :Di""ol e 1; gm hydro,ylamine 7NH#OH.H4l8 in 1;; ml di"tilled !ater. P.e o t.roli e %ol$tio :Di""ol e 1;; mg 1C1; phenonthroline monohydrate 74 1#H2N#.H#O8 in 1;; ml di"tilled !ater .y "tirring and heating to 2; ;%. Di"%ard the "ol'tion of it darkne"" 1 ml of thi" reagent i" "'ffi%ient for no more than 1;; gm Fe. Sto/, Iro %ol$tio :Add "lo!ly #; ml %on%. H#+O& to (; ml di"tilled !ater and di""ol e 1.&;& gm ferro'" ammoni'm "'lphate 7Fe NH &8 # 7+O&8 #.0H#O Add ;.1 N A6nO & drop !i"e 'ntil faint pink %olo'r per"i"t". Di""ol e in 1 litre iron free di"tilled !ater. Ea%h 1 ml of thi" "ol'tion %ontain" #;; gm Fe. St+. Iro %ol$tio :3ipette o't (; ml "to%k "ol'tion into 1 litre ol'metri% fla"k and dil'te to the mark !ith di"tilled !ater. 71 ml E 1; gm Fe.8 Co /. (&+ro/.lori/ A/i+:Take dire%tly %ompany grade %on%. Hydro %

0-

0i0ii-

Brahma Valley College of Engineering and Research Institute, Anjaneri, Nashik

3-#( * Al,ali it& Referen%eHC 18 +tandard 6ethod" for the e,amination of !ater & !a"te!ater.
.y A.3.H.A. 7 10th Edition C 152(.8 #8 4hemi"try for En ironmental Engineering. /y +a!yer- 6%%arty & 3arkin 7&th Edition I 1522.8

Ai":- To mea"'re pH al'e and alkalinity of a gi en !ater "ample.

A! : "ea%$re"e t o) #( : A##arat$%:- pH meter- .'ffer "ol'tion".

T.eor&:The pH of the "ol'tion refer" to it" hydrogen ion %on%entration. It i" defined a" negati e logarithm of hydrogen ion %on%entration. The pH "%ale e,tend" from Fero 7 ery a%idi%8 to 1& 7 ery alkaline8 !ith 1 7ne'tral8 at #( ;%. The ele%trode of pH meter %on"i"t" t!o ele%trode" oneCgla"" ele%trode and other referen%e ele%trode. The gla"" ele%trode %ontain" "tandard "ol'tion 7H4l < A4l8. The referen%e ele%trode 7%alomel ele%trode8 i" ha ing a fi,ed potential differen%e .et!een the t!o ele%trode i" a mea"'re of the hydrogen ion a%ti ity in the te"t "ol'tion. Temperat're of "ample affe%t" in mea"'rement of pH d'e to ariation of pH potential !ith temperat're and ioniFation of "ample.

Pro/e+$re :i8 ii8 iii8 +tandardi"e the pH meter .y immer"ing the ele%trode in .'ffer "ol'tion of kno!n pH. 6ea"'re the temperat're of .'ffer "ol'tion and "et the temperat're %ompen"ator of pH meter. Read pH meter and %orre%tly ad?'"t 'ntil meter indi%ate" .'ffer pH. Rin"e the ele%trode in di"tilled !ater and immer"e in the "ample. 6ea"'re the temperat're of "ample and %ompen"ate temperat're %ontroller. 4hemi%al %oag'lation 4orro"ion and itJ" %ontrol Ind'"trial !a"te treatment /iologi%al treatment

Sig i)i/a /e:i8 ii8 iii8 i 8

Sta +ar+%:- Drinking !ater "tandard" 7a" per 43HEEO8 i" :- A.8 #( to C.=#( B! Mea%$re"e t o) Al,ali it&:-

Ai": - To determine ario'" form" of alkalinity of the gi en "ample. Reage t%: i8 ii8 iii8 ;.;# N H#+O& "ol'tion. 3henolphthalein indi%ator. 6ethyl orange indi%ator.

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Brahma Valley College of Engineering and Research Institute, Anjaneri, Nashik

T.eor&:Alkalinity of !ater i" d'e to hydro,ide"- %ar.onate" and .i%ar.onate" of element" "'%h a" %al%i'm- magne"i'm- pota""i'm and Ammonia. It i" a @'antitati e %apa%ity of !ater to ne'traliFe a "trong a%id to a de"ignated pH. The alkalinity i" mea"'red .y titration of "ample again"t "tandard H #+O& in t!o "tage". In the fir"t "tage titration i" %ond'%ted 'ntil pH i" lo!ered to 2.$ at !hi%h phenolphthalein indi%ator t'rn" from pink to %olo'rle"". End point at pH 2.$ %orre"pond" to the e@'i alent point for %on er"ion of %ar.onate into .i%ar.onate ion". The "e%ond "tage of titration i" %ond'%ted 'ntil the pH i" lo!ered to &.(. >hi%h %orre"pond" to methyl orange indi%ator t'rning from yello! to orange red. At thi" point %on er"ion of .i%ar.onate" into %ar.oni% a%id take" pla%e. >hen the pH i" le"" than 2.$ a "ingle titration i" made '"ing methyl orange a" indi%ator. The amo'nt of a%id re@'ired ne'traliFing hydro,ideK %ar.onate and .i%ar.onate" repre"ent the total alkalinity indi%ated .y methyl orange end point. The alkalinity mea"'red 'p to phenolphthalein end point i" %alled phenolphthalein alkalinity. Relation"hip" .et!een hydro,ide- %ar.onate" and .i%ar.onate" alkalinitie" are %al%'lated .y '"ing follo!ing ta.leHC #( 2.$ 11pH2.$ 2.( 11 pH11 Re%$lt o) titratio 3E; 3T9# 3ET9# 3T9# 3ET (&+ro1i+e Al,ali it& a% CaCO< ; ; ; #3CT T Car9o ate Al,ali it& a% CaCO< ; #3 #3 #7TC38 ; Bi/ar9o ate Al,ali it& a% CaCO< T TC#3 ; ; ;

Pro/e+$re:i8 ii8 Take (; ml of "ample in a "mall .eaker and mea"'re the pH al'e. If the pH al'e i" more than 2.$ then add # to $ drop" of phenolphthalein indi%ator. Add ;.;# N H#+O& drop .y drop 'ntil the "ol'tion t'rn" from pink to %olo'rle"". Bet ml of a%id re@'ired 'p to phenolphthalein end pointE A ml. Add # to $ drop" of methyl orange indi%ator- %ontin'e the addition of ;.;# N H#+O& grad'ally - 'ntil the "ol'tion t'rn" from yello! to orange. Bet total ml of a%id re@'ired 'p to methyl orange end point E / ml.

iii8

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Brahma Valley College of Engineering and Research Institute, Anjaneri, Nashik

O9%er0atio Ta9le:Sa"#le 3 8 < #( A "l B "l Total Al,ali it& O(Al,ali it& CO<Al,ali it& (CO<Al,ali it&

Cal/$latio :Alkalinity of "ample 7 mg9lit8. E ml of H#+O& X ;.;# X (; X 1;;; ml of "ample

Co /l$%io :-

A%%ig "e t:18 #8 $8 &8 (8 Define Alkalinity of !aterL Name the Anion" re"pon"i.le for %a'"ing alkalinity to !aterL Name the titrant and indi%ator '"ed in alkalinity determinationL >hat %olo'r %hange i" o."er ed at end point in thi" te"tL >hat i" the pH al'e at !hi%h phenolphthalein and methyl orange end point o%%'r"L

Brahma Valley College of Engineering and Research Institute, Anjaneri, Nashik

1)

Brahma Valley College of Engineering and Research Institute, Anjaneri, Nashik

8- (ar+ e%% Re)ere /e:- 18 +tandard 6ethod" for the e,amination of !ater & !a"te!ater.
.y A.3.H.A. 7 10th Edition C 152(.8 #8 4hemi"try for En ironmental Engineering. /y +a!yer- 6%%arty & 3arkin 7&th Edition I 1522.8 Ai":- To determine ario'" form" of hardne"" of gi en !ater "ample.

Reage t%:i8 ii8 iii8 i 8 +tandard Ethylenediamine Tetra A%eti% A%id 7EDTA8 ;.;16 Eri%hrome /la%k T indi%ator Ammonia .'ffer "ol'tion. +tandard 4al%i'm "ol'tion 7;.;168

Pri /i#le:The dye kno!n a" Eri%hrome /la%k T "er e" a" an e,%ellent indi%ator to "ho! !hen all the hardne"" %a'"ing %at ion" ha e .een %omple,ed !hen a "mall amo'nt of Eri%hrome /la%k T ha ing a .l'e %olo'r i" added to a hard !ater" !ith a pH of a.o't 1;.;. It %om.ine" !ith a fe! of 4a <# and 6g<# ion" to form a !eak %omple, ion!hi%h i" !ine red in %olo'r. 6<# ) di alent %at ion" pre"ent %omple,. in !ater "ample * < E./.T. indi%ator 7.l'e %olo'r8 * + , E-B-T-. !eak !ine red

D'ring the titration !ith EDTA- all free hardne"" %a'"ing %at ion" are %omple,ed a%%ording to follo!ing e@'ationH 6<# < EDTA

6C EDTA
+trong %omple, 7"ta.le8

>hen EDTA ha" rea%ted !ith all free a aila.le %at ion"- than finally EDTA di"p'te" the red 76C E/T8 %omple,- .e%a'"e it i" %apa.le of forming a more "ta.le %omple, !ith the hardne"" ion". Thi" a%tion treat" the E/T indi%ator and the !ine red %olo'r %hange" to a di"tin%t .l'e %olo'r- indi%ating the end of titration.

/l'e %olo'r i" formed d'e to relea"e of E/T- !hi%h it"elf i" .l'e in %olo'r. ) 6 I E/T * !eak %omple, !ine red %olo'r 11 < EDTA

) 6 I EDTA *
"trong %omple,

< E/T /l'e %olo'r

Brahma Valley College of Engineering and Research Institute, Anjaneri, Nashik

T.eor&:Hardne"" i" defined a" a %hara%teri"ti%" of !ater that repre"ent the total %on%entration of %al%i'm and magne"i'm ion" e,pre""ed a" %al%i'm %ar.onate. Hardne"" i" d'e to the pre"en%e of di alent metalli% ion" like 4a <<- 6g<<- +r<<- Fe<<6n<< et%. Anion" a""o%iated !ith them are H4O $C- 4O$CC- 4lC- +O&CC- NO$C et%. Temporary hardne"" i" %a'"ed .y the pre"en%e of .i%ar.onate" of %al%i'm and magne"i'm. It %an .e remo ed .y .oiling the !ater permanent hardne"" i" mo"tly d'e to "'lphate" of %al%i'm and magne"i'm.

Sig i)i/a /e:18 Altho'gh hardne"" of !ater ha" not .een pro ed to .e health haFard in dome"ti% '"e- it in%rea"e" %on"'mption of "oap- it "poil" fa.ri% of %loth. #8 In ind'"trie" hard !ater prod'%e" "%ale in hot !ater pipe" heater".oiler". It interfere- in the man'fa%t'ring pro%e"" of te,tile- paper makingdyeing- rayon ind'"try %anning- i%e making et%. Sta +ar+%:- Drinking !ater "tandard" 7a" per 43HEEO8 i" H #;;mg9lit. 7A%%epta.le8 & 0;;mg9lit. 7Re?e%tion a.le8 I terrelatio %.i# o) Al,ali it& a + (ar+ e%%:/oth alkalinity and Hardne"" are e,pre""ed in mg9lit. a" 4a4O $ i8 The part of the total hardne"" that i" %hemi%ally e@'i alent to the .i%ar.onate pl'" %ar.onate alkalinitie" pre"ent in !ater i" %on"idered to .e %ar.onate hardne"". Temporary 7%ar.onate8 hardne"" E %ar.onate alkalinity < .i%ar.onate alkalinity ii8 >hen total alkalinity < total hardne""- then %ar.onate hardne"" i" e@'al to total alkalinity. iii8 >hen total alkalinity > total hardne""- then %ar.onate hardne"" i" e@'al to total hardne"". i 8 3ermanent hardne"" E Total hardne"" I %ar.onate hardne"".

Pro/e+$re:A! Sta +ar+i%atio o) EDTA agai %t %ta +ar+ /al/i$" %ol$tio :18 Take 1; ml of "tandard 4a4O$ "ol'tion in a fla"k and add #( ml di"tilled !ater. #8 Add 1 ml Ammonia .'ffer "ol'tion. $8 6i, !ell and add 1 to # drop" of E/T indi%ator. &8 Add "tandard EDTA titrant "lo!ly- !ith %ontin'o'" "tirring 'ntil the %olo'r %hange" from !ine red to .l'e. (8 Find molar "trength of the "tandard EDTA "ol'tion .y 48 CE Molarit& o) EDTA E Molarit& o) CaCO< F "l o) CaCO< 2"l o) EDTA re@$ire+ G B>here/E ml of EDTA re@'ired for .lank. B! Deter"i atio o) (ar+ e%%:1!

Brahma Valley College of Engineering and Research Institute, Anjaneri, Nashik 18 3ipette o't #( ml of gi en "ample in a fla"k and dil'te it to (; ml .y adding di"tilled !ater- for red'%ing the %on%entration of 4a4O $ #8 Repeat "ame pro%ed're of part 7A8 from point 7#8 to 7&8. $8 Bet ml of EDTA '"ed .e A ml. C! Bla , Corre/tio :Titrate #( ml di"tilled !ater again"t EDTA a" de"%ri.ed in part 7A8 from point 7#8 to 7&8. Bet ml of EDTA '"ed .e / ml.

O9%er0atio Ta9le:Sr. No. 1 # Sa"#le I itial For "tandardi"ation For Hardne"" Determination 1. #. $. &. Tap !aterH /oiled !aterH >ell !aterH Ri er !aterH B$rette Rea+i g )i al +i))ere /e (ar+ e%%

Cal/$latio :Total hardne"" mg9lit. a" 4a4O$ E )AC/* X 4 X 1;; X 1;;; 6l of EDTA >hereAE ml of EDTA '"ed to Titrate the "ample. /E ml of EDTA '"ed to Titrate di"tilled !ater 7.lank8 4E 6olar "trength of EDTA "ol'tion.

Re%$lt%:Hardne"" of HC 18 #8 $8 &8 Tap !ater E /oiled !aterE >ell !aterE Ri er !aterE

1"

Brahma Valley College of Engineering and Research Institute, Anjaneri, Nashik

A%%ig "e t:18 >hat i" meant .y hardne"" of !aterL #8 Name the %at ion" %a'"ing hardne"" to !aterL $8 >hat i" the permi""i.le limit" and %a'"e for re?e%tion limit for hardne"" of drinking !ater a" per 43HEEOL &8 Name the titrant and indi%ator '"ed in alkalinity determinationL (8 >hat %olo'r %hange i" o."er ed at end point in thi" te"tL 08 Name "ome %ompo'nd"- !hi%h !ill %a'"e hardne"" to !aterL

1#

Brahma Valley College of Engineering and Research Institute, Anjaneri, Nashik

<- C.lori+e Referen%eHC 18 +tandard 6ethod" for the e,amination of !ater & !a"te!ater.
.y A.3.H.A. 7 10th Edition C 152(.8 #8 4hemi"try for En ironmental Engineering. /y +a!yer- 6%%arty & 3arkin 7&th Edition I 1522.8 Ai" :- To determine the amo'nt of %hloride" pre"ent in the gi en !ater "ample.

Reage t%:18 +tandard "il er Nitrate "ol'tion 7;.;1&1N8 #8 +tandard "odi'm 4hloride "ol'tion 7;.;1&1N8 $8 3ota""i'm 4hromate indi%ator 7A#4rO&8

Pri /i#le:>hen AgNO$ i" added to the "ample- in !hi%h .oth %hloride and %hromate ion" are pre"ent than Ag< rea%t" fir"t !ith 4lC ion" and Ag4l pre%ipitate i" formed. Thi" i" .e%a'"e of the fa%t that Ag < ion" ha e more affinity !ith 4lC ion" a" %ompared to 4rO&C# ion". >hen Ag< ion" ha e rea%ted !ith entire 4lC ion" pre"ent in the "ample than only Ag< ion" rea%t" !ith 4rO&C# ion" pre"ent in the "ample and reddi"h .ro!n pre%ipitate indi%ate" the arri al of end point and ol'me of AgNO $ re@'ired to pre%ipitate all 4lC ion" i" '"ed for the determination of %hloride %on%entration of the "ample. Ag4l 7!hite pre%ipitation8 >hen all 4lC ion" ha e .een pre%ipited than #Ag< < 4rO&C# Ag# 4rO& /Reddish 0ro1n 2reci2itate3 Ag< < 4lC

T.eor&:4hloride" o%%'r in all nat'ral !ater in arying %ondition". 4hloride %ontent of !ater %an .e determined .y the '"e of pota""i'm %hromate and "il er nitrate. If "il er nitrate i" added to !ater %ontaining %hloride" and %hromate"- Ag < 'nite !ith all other %hloride .efore any a%tion take" .et!een "il er and %hromate. Th'" !hen reddi"h %olo'r of "il er %hromate 7 Ag #4rO&8 de elop" in "ol'tion- it i" a""'med that all the %hloride i" pre%ipited. Th'" the end point from yello! to reddi"h indi%ate" the amo'nt of %hloride" pre"ent in gi en "ample. 4hloride %on%entration i" higher in !a"te!ater than in ra! !ater .e%a'"e "odi'm %hloride i" di"%harged thro'gh 'rine and e,%reta.

Sig i)i/a /e:18 4hloride" are generally limited to #(; mg9lit. in "'pplier intended for p'.li% '"e- .e%a'"e at %on%entration" a.o e #(; mg9lit- they gi e a "alty ta"te to !ater. Altho'gh not harmf'l to h'man. 1$

Brahma Valley College of Engineering and Research Institute, Anjaneri, Nashik #8 A" h'man e,%reta in%l'ding 'rine %ontain high %on%entration of %hloride"- the in%rea"e in %hloride %ontent" i" the indi%ation of the %ontamination of !a"te !ater to !ater "'pply. $8 4hloride" interfere in the determination of %hemi%al o,ygen demand 74OD8 . A %orre%tion m'"t .e made .y adding Hg+O & to %omple, the %hloride". Sta +ar+%:Drinking !ater "tandard" 7a" per 43HEEO8 i"H #;;mg9lit. 7A%%epta.le8 & 1;;;mg9lit. 7Re?e%tion a.le8

Pro/e+$re:A! Sta +ar+i%atio o) %il0er itrate:18 take 1; ml of "tandard "odi'm %hloride "ol'tion in a fla"k and add (; ml of di"tilled !ater. #8 Add ;.( ml of A#4rO& indi%ator- %orre%t the pH to .e in the range of 1 to 2. $8 Titrate again"t "il er nitrate "ol'tion. &8 End point i" rea%hed !hen a reddi"h pre%ipitate of "il er %hromate i" formed. Normality of AgNO$ E Normality of Na4l X ml of Na4l 7ml of AgNO$ I /8 !here/E ml of AgNO$ re@'ired for .lank. B! E%ti"atio o) /.lori+e /o te t i t.e gi0e %a"#le:18 Take (; ml of "ample in a fla"k- add (; ml di"tilled !ater. #8 Add ;.( ml A#4rO& indi%ator. $8 4he%k the pH of the "ample- it "ho'ld .e in the range of 1 to 2 - %orre%t the pH if ne%e""ary '"ing 1N NaOH. &8 Titrate again"t "tandardi"ed AgNO$ "ol'tion. (8 End point i" rea%hed !hen a reddi"h yello! pre%ipitate i" formed. Bet the amo'nt of titrant '"ed E A ml. C! Bla , Corre/tio :Repeat a.o e pro%ed're .y taking (; ml of di"tilled !ater in"tead of the "ample. Bet the amo'nt of titrant '"ed E / ml.

O9%er0atio Ta9le:+ample +r.No. 1 # $ /'rette Reading initial Final 4hloride %ontent mg9lit. differen% e

Cal/$latio :4lC 4ontent 7mg9lit8. E 7AC/8 X ;.;1&1 7N8 X $(.&( X 1;;; ml of "ample. 1%

Brahma Valley College of Engineering and Research Institute, Anjaneri, Nashik

Re%$lt:-

Co /l$%io :-

A%%ig "e t:18 #8 $8 &8 (8 >hat are the "o'r%e" of %hloride" in !aterL >hi%h titrant and indi%ator i" '"ed in %hloride determinationL >hat %olo'r %hange i" o."er ed at end point in thi" te"tL >hy pH of dil'ted "ample "ho'ld .e .et!een 1 to 2 d'ring the te"tL >hat i" the permi""i.le limit and %a'"e for re?e%tion limit for %hloride %ontent of drinking !ater a" per 43HEEOL

1&

Brahma Valley College of Engineering and Research Institute, Anjaneri, Nashik

1'

Brahma Valley College of Engineering and Research Institute, Anjaneri, Nashik

4- C.lori e De"a + Referen%eHC 3- Sta +ar+ Met.o+% )or t.e e1a"i atio o) ;ater * ;a%te;ater.
.y A.3.H.A. 7 10th Edition C 152(.8 #8 4hemi"try for En ironmental Engineering. /y +a!yer- 6%%arty & 3arkin 7&th Edition I 1522.8 Ai":- To determine the %hlorine demand & Re"id'al %hlorine of gi en !a"te!ater "ample.

Reage t:18 #8 $8 &8 (8 08 18 28 +odi'm thio"'lphate "ol'tion 7;.;#(N8 3ota""i'm Di%hromate "ol'tion 7;.;#(N8 3ota""i'm Iodide 7%ry"tal8 +tar%h indi%ator 4on%. A%eti% a%id 71<58 +'lph'ri% a%id "ol'tion 4hlorine !ater 3H paper

Pri /i#le:Star/. io+i e "et.o+:- The method depend" 'pon the o,idi"ing po!er of free and %om.ined %hlorine re"id'al to %on ert iodine ion" to free iodine. The rea%tion areHC 4l#; < #IC I#; < #4lC I# < "tar%h /l'e %olo'r. If the iodine i" relea"ed i" titrated !ith a "tandard "ol'tion of red'%ing agent like "odi'm thio"'lphate- the end point of rea%tion i" indi%ated .y the di"appearan%e of the .l'e %olo'r. I# < #Na#+#O$ Na# +& O0 < #NaI I# < #+#O$#C +&O0#C < #IC

Sig i)i/a /e:18 The primary p'rpo"e of %hlorinating p'.li% !ater "'pplie" and !a"te!ater effl'ent" i" to pre ent "pread of !ater .orned di"ea"e". It i" al"o '"ed for de"tr'%tion of odo'r"- iron remo ed and %olo'r remo ed. #8 Determination of re"id'al" after a %ertain "pe%ifi% time of %onta%t i" '"ed 'ni er"ally in di"infe%tion"- pra%ti%e- in"tead of the initial %hlorine do"e to %ontrol and en"'re effe%ti e di"infe%tion" !itho't !a"te of %hlorine. $8 Determination of the %hlorine demand of a !ater or !a"te!ater i" an important %on"ideration in de"ign. It "er e" a" the .a"i" for determining the n'm.er and %apa%ity of %hlorinator" re@'ired- the amo'nt of %hlorine needed and all app'rtenan%e" re@'ired for handling and "torage.

T.eor&:Di"infe%tion of !ater i" the killing of di"ea"e". 4a'"ing mi%roorgani"m" that it may %ontain in thi" pro%e"". 4oliform !ill .e killed and other .a%teria !ill .e red'%ed in n'm.er". 4hlorine in it" ario'" form" ha" .een !idely '"ed in di"infe%ting !ater. 4hlorine and !ater rea%t to relea"e the follo!ing "'."tan%e". 1(

Brahma Valley College of Engineering and Research Institute, Anjaneri, Nashik 18 Hypo%hloro'" A%id 7HO4B8 Hypo%hlori% ion" 7O4I8 and elemental %hlorine. The"e together are referred to a" free a aila.le %hlorine. #8 >ith ammonia or organi% nitrogen it %om.ine" to form %hloramine". Thi" i" referred to a" %om.ined a aila.le %hlorine. Hypo%hloro'" a%id i" the .etter di"infe%tant. Ho! e er relati e %on%entration of hypo%hlori% a%id- hypo%hlorite" and mole%'ler %hlorine depend" 'pon pH. 6ole%'ler %hlorine i" rarely pre"ent in normal pH Fone. 4om.ined a aila.le %hlorine i" le"" a%ti e a" di"infe%tant a" %ompared to free a aila.le %hlorine. A" a "trong o,idi"ing agent %hlorine rea%t". >ith red'%ing "'."tan%e" pre"ent in !ater a prod'%e %hlorine demand. It i" the differen%e .et!een the amo'nt of %hlorine applied and the amo'nt of total a aila.le %hlorine remaining at the end of the %onta%t period. It !ill ary !ith the amo'nt of %hlorine applied the de"ired re"id'al- time of %onta%t- pH and temperat're. 6ea"'rement of %hlorine demand i" made .y treating a "erie" of "ample" of !ater !ith arying kno!n do"e" of %hlorine. After the de"ired %onta%t period determination of re"id'al %hlorine in the "ample !ill demon"trate !hi%h do"age "ati"fied the re@'irement of %hlorine demand in term" of the de"ired re"id'al. Eno'gh %hlorine m'"t therefore .e added to "ati"fy thi" demand a" !ell a" the re@'irement of di"infe%tion". To en"'re thi" %hlorine re"id'al remaining after a "pe%ifi% time of %onta%t are made "tandard of a%%ompli"hment. +tar%h iodine method i" one of the method" to determine. Total %hlorine re"id'al either in the form of free and or %om.ined a aila.le %hlorine.

Pro/e+$re:Sta +ar+i%atio o) Na8S8O<:3la%e # gm". Of AI 7pota""i'm iodide8 in a fla"k. Add 1;; ml of di"tilled !ater. Add 1; ml of 71<58 "'lph'ri% a%id. Add ( ml of ;.;#( N A#4r#O1 73ota""i'm di%hromate8 Add 1;; ml of di"tilled !ater. Titrate again"t "odi'm thio"'lphate '"ing 1 ml of "tar%h indi%ator. End point /l'e to %olo'rle"". Normality of Na#+#O$ E ;.;#( X ( 6l of Na#+#O$ '"ed. B! 2a- Deter"i atio o) /o /e tratio o) /.lori e i /.lori e %ol$tio :18 Take ( ml of %hlorine "ol'tion in a .eaker. #8 Add 1;; ml of di"tilled !ater. $8 Add 1C( ml 4on%. A%eti% a%id to lo!er the pH to $ to &. &8 Add # gm". Of AI %ry"tal" 7yello! %olo'r indi%ate" li.eration of iodine8. (8 Titrate again"t "tandard "odi'm thio"'lphate '"ing 1 ml of "tar%h indi%ator. 08 EndCpoint /l'e to %olo'rle"". Bet the amo'nt of Na #+#O$ '"ed .e , ml. 29- Bla , Corre/tio :Take 1;; ml of di"tilled !ater in a fla"k9 .eaker and repeat /7a8 $ to 0. Bet the amo'nt of Na#+#O$ '"ed .y y ml 7yE ; ml8 A! 18 #8 $8 &8 (8 08 18

Cal/$latio :4on%. Of 4l# in 4l# "ol'tion mg9lit. E 7,Cy8 X N X $(.&( X 1;;; ( ml !)

Brahma Valley College of Engineering and Research Institute, Anjaneri, Nashik C! Deter"i atio o) Re%i+$al /.lori e a + /.lori e +e"a +:18 Take fo'r .eaker" 3-M-R-+. 3o'r #(; ml of Ra! !ater into ea%h. #8 Add 1 ml of %hlorine "ol'tion to .eaker 3. Add # ml of %hlorine "ol'tion to .eaker M. Add $ ml of %hlorine "ol'tion to .eaker R. Add & ml of %hlorine "ol'tion to .eaker +. Ca$tio :- 4hlorine "ol'tion i" ery to,i%- DO NOT +D4A. D"e a pipette .y %apillary a%tion only or '"e a mea"'ring %ylinder. $8 Determine the do"age" of %hlorine applied in mg9lit. E,ampleHC if %hlorine "ol'tion %on%entration i" "ay 1;; mg9lit. Applied do"age" for 3 E ml of %hlorine "ol'tion X 4on%. Of %hlorine ml of ra! !ater Applied do"age" for M E ml of %hlorine "ol'tion X 4on%. Of %hlorine ml of ra! !ater Applied do"age" for R E ml of %hlorine "ol'tion X 4on%. Of %hlorine ml of ra! !ater Applied do"age" for + E ml of %hlorine "ol'tion X 4on%. Of %hlorine ml of ra! !ater Note:- Take #;; ml of ra! !ater "ample if %hlorine %on%entration in %hlorine "ol'tion i" (;; mg9lit. or more and ad?'"t the do"age" of applied %hlorine "'ita.ly. &8 +tir and allo! a %onta%t period of 1; min'te". (8 Add a%eti% a%id to drop the pH to $C&. 08 Add # gm of AI %ry"tal". 7yello! %olo'r indi%ate" iodine di"pla%ed .y re"id'al %hlorine8 18 Titrate again"t "tandard Na#+#O$ '"ing "tar%h a" an indi%ator. 28 End point I /l'e to %olo'rle"". Bet the amo'nt of titrant '"ed .e G ml.

NoteHC
18 The %on%entration of %hlorine "ol'tion "ho'ld .e "'%h that not more than ( ml !ill .e re@'ired for 1;; ml of ra! !ater to "ati"fy %hlorine demand and lea e a re"id'al. #8 Re"id'al %hlorine "ho'ld not .e e,%e"" of ;C# mg9lit. $8 4hlorine demand for all the .eaker" !ill not .e %on"tant .eing a f'n%tion of a8 4hlorine do"age .8 Temperat're of !ater %8 4onta%t time d8 Degree of mi,ing e8 4on%entration of o,idiFa.le organi% 7inorgani%8 matter in ea%h .eaker.

!1

Brahma Valley College of Engineering and Research Institute, Anjaneri, Nashik

O9%er0atio Ta9le:Bea,er 3 M R + Ra; ;ater H"lI Do%age o) Cl8 %ol$tio Co ta/t ti"e Re%i+$al /.lori e C.lori e De"a +

Cal/$latio :Total Re"id'al %hlorine mg9lit.E 7FCy8 X N X $(.&( X 1;;; ml of "ample.

Re"ar,:-

A%%ig "e t:18 >hat i" the ne%e""ity of di"infe%tion" of drinking !aterL #8 Name the different method" of di"infe%tion" of !aterL $8 >hen "'per %hlorination i" pra%ti"edL >hat appro,imate do"e of 4l # i" applied d'ring "'per %hlorinationL &8 >hy %hlorine "ho'ld .e pre"ent a" re"id'al %hlorine after pre"%ri.ed %onta%t timeL (8 >hi%h titrant and indi%ator i" '"ed in thi" e,perimentL 08 >hat %olo'r %hange i" o."er ed at end point in thi" te"tL

=- Air A"9ie t J$alit& Mo itori g

!!

Brahma Valley College of Engineering and Research Institute, Anjaneri, Nashik

Referen%eHC 18 +tandard 6ethod" for the e,amination of !ater & !a"te!ater.

.y A.3.H.A. 7 10th Edition C 152(.8 #8 4hemi"try for En ironmental Engineering. /y +a!yer- 6%%arty & 3arkin 7&th Edition I 1522.8

Ai":- To find "'"pended parti%'late matter 7+368- +O#- NO, %on%entration in am.ient air. A##arat$%: - High ol'me "ampler 7HN+8 !ith a%%e""orie" gla""- timer- and filter
paper. Reage t%:- ;.1 N NaOH "ol'tion- 7A."orption li@'id for NO, 8 ;.1N iodine "ol'tion 7A."orption li@'id for +O #8 - ;.1N H#+O&- ;.1N "ol'tion of "odi'm thio"'lphate- "tar%h indi%ator- 3henolthalein indi%ator.

T.eor&:(.V.S: - In thi" in"tr'ment air i" "'%ked thro'gh filter paper and filtered air i" pa""ed thro'gh a."orption "ol'tion for analy"i" of ga"eo'" poll'tion. Different %omponent of high ol'me "amplerHC 18 3late ga"ket for fi,ing the filter paper. #8 Rotameter to ad?'"t the flo! of air. $8 Thermometer to get any .'lk and !et .'lk temperat're. 18 6anometer to mea"'re the pre""'re of air d'ring "'%tion. #8 Impinger t'.e" for holding a."orption "ol'tion. $8 Timer to get re@'ired d'ration in "ampling.

Pro/e+$re: A! SPM: 18 4ondition the filter paper at #;;% for ( hr". #8 Take initial !eight of filter paper. $8 Aeep the filter paper in po"ition in fa%eplate and tight the ga"ket and %lo"e the roof "h'tter. &8 +et the time for pre"%ri.ed time. 18 Note do!n the initial flo! rate at "tarting and final flo! rate at the end of pre"%ri.ed time. #8 Take final !eight of filter paper after %ompletion of "ampling time. $8 Find ol'me of air "ample at normal temperat're and pre""'re %ondition .y mea"'ring temperat're and pre""'re from meter. &8 Find the %on%entration of +36.

B! I- SO8: 18 Fill the impinger t'.e !ith "ame of ;.1N iodine "ol'tion. #8 3a"" the ad?'"ted flo! thro'gh impinger t'.e. $8 After "ampling period- titrate 1;ml iodine "ol'tion from impinger t'.e !ith ;.1N "odi'm thio"'lphate "ol'tion '"ing "tar%h indi%ator & titrate .lank !ith "ame reagent.

II- NO1: !"

Brahma Valley College of Engineering and Research Institute, Anjaneri, Nashik 18 Fill the impinger !ith $; ml of ;.1N NaOH. #8 4onne%t the o'tlet of fir"t impinger t'.e to NaOH "ol'tion. $8 After "ampling period titrate 1;ml NaOH "ol'tion from impinger t'.e !ith ;.1N +odi'm thio"'lphate "ol'tion '"ing "tar%h a" indi%ator. Al"o make .lank %orre%tion.

Cal/$latio :3- To )i + t.e 0ol$"e o) air %a"#le at NTP /o +itio Vol$"e o) air %a"#le+5 V" E 2J3 ? J8- 1 t 8 >hereM1E Initial rate of flo! in 7lit.9min.8 M#E Final flo! of rate in 7lit.9min.8 tE "ampling time in 7min8 V% E V" 2P9-"- F 87C 6A:2t ?86<-

!hereN"E Nol'me of air "ampled at NT3 %ondition". 3.E /arometri% atmo"pheri% pre""'re at lo%ation "ampling.E 10;mm of Hg. 3mE 3re""'re !hile "'%tion 7from manometer8 E 71&.&C1$.#8 %m of !ater. E ;.22#mmof Hg. ; TE time !hile "ampling $1 % To )i + SPM: SPM i g K "< E 2)i al ;eig.t o) )ilter #a#er i g". G I itial ;eig.t i g".V%

To )i + SO8: SO8 i g K "< E A-B F 388.<= V% >hereAE ml of thio"'lphate re@'ired for a."orption "ol'tion. /E ml of thio"'lphate for .lank "ol'tion. To )i + NO1:NO1 i g K "< E 2A-B- F 88.4 !#

Brahma Valley College of Engineering and Research Institute, Anjaneri, Nashik V%

Re%$lt:- The %on%entration of poll'tant" are a" follo!"HC

13 +36 E :: g 9 m$ !3 +O# E:: .g 9 m$ "3 No,E::. .g 9 m$

Co /l$%io :-

A%%ig "e t:18 >hat are the "o'r%e" of generation of +36- No,- +O #- 4O in airL #8 >hat are the harmf'l effe%t" of e,%e"" %on%entration of +36- No,- +O #- 4O in air on h'man .ody and plant"L $8 >hat are the permi""i.le limit" for +36- No,- +O #- 4O in ind'"trial%ommer%ial and "en"iti e area"L &8 >hat do yo' mean .y green ho'"e effe%t"L (8 >hat do yo' mean .y a%id rainL 08 Ho! air poll'tion pro.lem %an .e %ontrolledL

!$

Brahma Valley College of Engineering and Research Institute, Anjaneri, Nashik

A-So$ + Pre%%$re
!%

Brahma Valley College of Engineering and Research Institute, Anjaneri, Nashik

Re)ere /e: - 18 +tandard 6ethod" for the e,amination of !ater & !a"te!ater.
.y A.3.H.A. 710th Edition C 152(.8 #8 4hemi"try for En ironmental Engineering. /y +a!yer- 6%%arty & 3arkin 7&th Edition I 1522.8

Ai":- To determine the "o'nd pre""'re le el" in de%i.el" 7d/8. A##arat$%:- +o'nd le el meter- 6odelC/3B. T.eor&:Thi" "o'nd meter i" de"igned for the dire%t reading of "o'nd le el o er the range of &;d/ to 1#; d/. +o'nd le el mea"'rement en"'re" pre%i"e "%ientifi% analy"i" of annoying "o'nd". Thi" al"o gi e" %lear indi%ation of "o'nd- !hi%h may %a'"e hearing danger" and permit" %orre%tion mea"'re" to .e taken. Th'" it i" po!erf'l diagno"ti% tool in noi"e red'%tion. So$ + le0el "eter: - Thi" %on"i"t" of highly "ta.le mi%rophone impedan%e mat%hing %ir%'it"- !eighing net!ork and an indi%ating meter. >eight net!ork" are ele%troni% filtering %ir%'it" .'ilt in to the meter. The three !eighing net!ork" A- / & 4 are '"ed !ith 7A8 !eighing noi"e lo'd of lo! fre@'en%ie" %an .e mea"'red a%%'rately moderately .y / net!ork & hardly at all .y 4 net!ork.

Pro/e+$re:18 Aeep the "ele%tor "!it%h to .attery %he%k po"ition" to %he%k the .attery of in"tr'ment. #8 Aeep the "ele%tor "!it%h to 4AB for %he%king the %ali.ration of the in"tr'ment. It "ho'ld read 1;d/ that i" %ali.rated .y man'fa%t'rer". $8 Aeep the "ele%tor on "o po"ition to mea"'re the +3B in the range of &;d/ to 2;d/. &8 If +3B i" more than 2;d/- keep the "ele%tor "!it%h on Hi po"ition for mea"'ring +3B in the range of 2;d/ to 1#;d/.

O9%er0atio %:- The "o'nd pre""'re le el" of HC

18 Flo%%'lator in high "peed #8 Bat%hing of door $8 Fan &8 4lapping E E E E

A%%ig "e t:!&

Brahma Valley College of Engineering and Research Institute, Anjaneri, Nashik 18 >hat are the "o'r%e" of generation of noi"eL #8 >hat are different !ay" .y !hi%h noi"e poll'tion %an .e %ontrolledL $8 >hat are the am.ient air @'ality "tandard" for noi"e "et .y mini"try of En ironment and fore"tL &8 >hat do yo' mean .y the term "o'nd pre""'re le elL >hat i" the form'la and 'nit for determination of +3BL (8 >hat do yo' mean .y the term temporary thre"hold "hift 7TT+8 and permanent thre"hold "hiftL 08 >hat are the harmf'l effe%t" of noi"e poll'tionL 18 >hat i" the "o'nd pre""'re le el generated .y follo!ing "o'r%e"L a8 R'"tling of leaf .8 /road%a"ting Radio %8 A erage li ing room- .edroom d8 Ordinary %on er"ation e8 Ne!"paper pie%e f8 6otor%y%le g8 Oet plane at takeoff h8 Ro%ket Engine

6- T$r9i+it& * O#ti"$" +o%e.

!'

Brahma Valley College of Engineering and Research Institute, Anjaneri, Nashik

Re)ere /e:- 18 +tandard 6ethod" for the e,amination of !ater & !a"te!ater.
.y A.3.H.A. 7 10th Edition C 152(.8 #8 4hemi"try for En ironmental Engineering. By 4a1yer, +ccarty 5 6arkin /#th Edition , 1(''-3 Aim: - To determine the t'r.idity of gi en "ample and Optim'm do"e of al'm re@'ired. A##arat$%: - t'r.idity meter- Flo%%'lator- /eaker"- et%.

Reagents:18 1= Al'm "ol'tion. #8 1= lime "ol'tion. $8 T'r.id !ater "ample

Pri /i#le:In thi" e,periment t'r.idity meter named- Nephelometer- determine" t'r.idity. Nephelometer determine" the inten"ity of light in negati e dire%tion. 3erpendi%'lar to the original dire%tion of light pa""ed. In the pre"en%e of t'r.idity in "ample light ray" !ill ha e %olli"ion !ith the t'r.idity %a'"ing parti%le" and get "%attered in different dire%tion". +ome portion of the "%attered light !ill .e "een in the dire%tion perpendi%'lar to the original one. +o- if t'r.idity of "ample i" more than more n'm.er of light ray" !ill get "%attered and %an .e "een in the dire%tion. 3erpendi%'lar to the original one.

Significance:18 Ano!ledge of the t'r.idity ariation in ra! !ater "'pplie" i" '"ef'l to determine !hether a "'pply re@'ire" "pe%ial treatment .y %hemi%al %oag'lation and filtration .efore it may .e '"ed for a p'.li% !ater "'pply. #8 6ea"'rement of t'r.idity in "ettled !ater prior to filtration i" '"ef'l in %ontrolling %hemi%al do"age" "o a" to pre ent e,%e""i e loading of rapid "and filter". $8 In %a"e of !a"te treatment plant"- t'r.idity mea"'rement" are important .y their '"e %hemi%al do"age" %an .e ad?'"ted to '"e the minim'm amo'nt of %hemi%al !hile prod'%ing a high @'ality effl'ent. Sta +ar+%:Drinking !ater "tandard" 7a" per 43HEEO8 i"H #.( NTD. 7A%%epta.le8 & 1; NTD. 7Re?e%tion a.le8

T.eor&:+'"pended matter "'%h a" %lay %a'"e" t'r.idity in !aterK "ilt finely di ided organi% and inorgani% matter et%. T'r.idity i" an e,pre""ion of the opti%al property that %a'"e" light to .e "%attered and a."or.ed rather than tran"mitted in "traight line" thro'gh the "ample. /e%a'"e of the !ide ariety of material" that %a'"e t'r.idity in nat'ral !ater"it ha" .een ne%e""ary to '"e an ar.itrary "tandard. The "tandard %ho"en !a" 1 mg9lit. +iO# E 1 'nit" of t'r.idity.

Pro/e+$re:- A!
!(

Brahma Valley College of Engineering and Research Institute, Anjaneri, Nashik 18 3repare the "tandard t'r.id "ol'tion of kno!n %on%entration. #8 +ele%t the appropriate filter for the te"t. $8 Take the di"tilled !ater in te"t t'.e and p't thi" te"t t'.e into the hole and p't on the light "!it%h. &8 Ad?'"t the kno." "o that 1;;= tran"mi""ion i" po""i.le p't off the light "!it%h. (8 Take o't the te"t t'.e- repla%e the di"tilled !ater !ith "tandard t'r.id "ol'tion 08 3't on the light "!it%h and note do!n the = tran"mi""ion reading. 18 Take o't the te"t t'.e fill it 'p !ith gi en "ample of t'r.id !ater and in"ert it into the hole. 28 3't on the light "!it%h and note do!n the = tran"mi""ion.

O9%er0atio :1. 4on%entration of "tandard t'r.id "ol'tion E &; NTD. #. T'r.idity of gi en "ample in E NTD.

Re%$lt:T'r.idity of gi en "ample E NTD.

B! Jar Te%t: - Deter"i atio o) o#ti"$" +o%e o) al$":18 Take (;; ml of ra! !ater of kno!n t'r.idity in ea%h ?ar. #8 To ea%h ?ar add arying do"age" of al'm & lime "ol'tion"- "ele%ted from the follo!ing ta.le.

Al$" %ol$tio E 3B Do"ageH M'antity to .e added to (;;ml. Ra! !ater. ( mg9lit. ;.#( ml 1; mg9lit. ;.(; ml 1( mg9lit. ;.1( ml #; mg9lit. 1.;; ml #( mg9lit. 1.#( ml $; mg9lit. 1.(; ml $( mg9lit. 1.1( ml &; mg9lit. #.;; ml &( mg9lit. #.#( ml (; mg9lit. #.(; ml (( mg9lit. #.1( ml 0; mg9lit. $.;; ml

Li"e %ol$tio E 3B a% Ca 2O(- 8 Do"ageH M'antity to .e added to (;;ml Ra! !ater. 1.1 mg9lit. ;.;2 ml 7;.18 $.$ mg9lit. ;.11 ml 7;.#8 (.; mg9lit. ;.#( ml 7;.$8 0.1 mg9lit. ;.$$ ml 7;.$8 2.$ mg9lit. ;.&# ml 7;.&8 1;.; mg9lit. ;.(; ml 7;.(8 11.1 mg9lit. ;.(2 ml 7;.08 1$.$ mg9lit. ;.00 ml 7;.18 1(.; mg9lit. ;.1( ml 7;.28 10.1 mg9lit. ;.2$ ml 7;.28 12.$ mg9lit. ;.51 ml 7;.58 #;.; mg9lit. 1.;; ml 71.;8

")

Brahma Valley College of Engineering and Research Institute, Anjaneri, Nashik 1. The "ele%ted do"age" of al'm "ho'ld in%l'de the optim'm do"age re@'ired for the parti%'lar t'r.idity of the "ample. #. Bime do"age" ?'"t ne'traliFe a%idity in%l'ded .y al'm do"age. If pH of ra! !ater "ample i" le"" than 1.; pH %orre%tion" i" ne%e""ary. $. Fla"h mi,e" the %ontent" of ea%h ?ar for $; "e%ond. &. Aeep the ?ar in the Flo%%'lator & flo%%'late for #; min'te". (. +top flo%%'lation & allo! the flo%%'lated parti%le" to "ettle for #;C$; min'te". 0. Dra! the "'pernatant from ea%h ?ar determine it" t'r.idity & report the optim'm do"age.

O9%er0atio Ta9le:Jar Jt&. o) ra; ;ater Al$" %ol$tio 3B Do%age "gKlit. A / 4 7 E 8 9 Jt&. to 9e a++e+ i "l. Li"e %#l$tio 3B Do%age "gKlit. Jt&. to 9e a++e+ i "l Re%i+$al t$r9i+it&

Re"ar,:- Optim'm do"e of al'm E

mg9lit.

A%%ig "e t: 18 #8 $8 &8 Ho! t'r.idity i" %a'"ed to !aterL >hat do yo' mean .y "tandard 'nit of t'r.idityL >hat do yo' mean .y 1 NTD t'r.idityL In thi" e,periment" !hy initially fa"t mi,ing and then "lo! mi,ing i" %arried o'tL (8 >hat i" the permi""i.le limit and %a'"e for re?e%tion limit of t'r.idity of drinking !ater a" per 43HEEOL

"1

Brahma Valley College of Engineering and Research Institute, Anjaneri, Nashik

C-'l$ori+e
"!

Brahma Valley College of Engineering and Research Institute, Anjaneri, Nashik

Re)ere /e:- 18 +tandard 6ethod" for the e,amination of !ater & !a"te!ater.
.y A.3.H.A. 7 10th Edition C 152(.8 #8 4hemi"try for En ironmental Engineering. /y +a!yer- 6%%arty & 3arkin 7&th Edition I 1522.8 Ai":- To determine fl'oride %ontent in a gi en !ater "ample. A##arat$%HC +pe%trophotometer- !ith te"t t'.e"- .eaker".

Reage t%:13 #8 $8 &8 (8 +tandard fl'oride "ol'tion 71ml of +.F.+.E 1; gm of FC8 +pand" "ol'tion. Gir%onyl a%id reagent. Referen%e "ol'tion. +odi'm Ar"enite "ol'tion.

Pri /i#le:Fl'oride" are mea"'red .y %olorimetri% method". The e,perimental method in ol e" .lea%hing of preformed %olo'r .y the fl'oride. The preformed %olo'r i" the re"'lt of the a%tion .et!een Fir%oni'm ion and +pand" dye. The %olo'r prod'%ed i" %alled a" PBakeJ and the inten"ity of the %olo'r prod'%ed i" red'%ed- if the amo'nt of Fir%oni'm pre"ent i" de%rea"ed. Fl'oride ion %om.ine" !ith Fir%oni'm ion to form a "ta.le %omple, ion GrF0C and the inten"ity of %olo'r lake de%rea"e" a%%ordingly. The rea%tion in ol ed may .e repre"ented a" follo!" %olo'r +pand" dye i" '"ed. 7 Gr I +pand" lake 8 < 0FC +pand" < Gr F0 I High %olo'r inten"ity lo! %olo'r inten"ity. The .lea%hing a%tion i" a f'n%tion of the fl'oride ion %on%entration and i" dire%tly proportional to it.

Sig i)i/a /e:Fl'oride" in a drinking !ater ha e a d'al "ignifi%an%e- if the fl'oride %on%entration in drinking !ater i" le"" than ;.2mg9lit. It %a'"e" dental %arrie" in gro!ing %hildren. If it i" more than 1.( mg9lit. it %a'"e" mottling of enamel- .rittlene"" of .one". In India- A.3.- Ra?a"than- ha e high fl'oride" in gro'nd !ater. The optim'm fl'oride %ontent i" a%hie ed .y fl'oridation and defl'oridation. Sta +ar+%:Drinking !ater "tandard" 7a" per 43HEEO8 i"H 1mg9lit. 7A%%epta.le8 & 1.( mg9lit. 7Re?e%tion a.le8

Pro/e+$re:A! Cali9ratio o) %#e/tro#.oto"eter: >ith referen%e "ol'tion- ad?'"t 1;; = tran"mi""ion at (1; nm !a elength in "pe%trophotometer. B! Pre#aratio o) /ali9ratio gra#.:18 3repare "tandard fl'oride "ol'tion" in the range of ;.# to 1.& mg9lit. .y dil'ting "tandard fl'oride "ol'tion to (; ml. #8 Add ( ml ea%h +pand" "ol'tion and Fir%onyl reagent. ""

Brahma Valley College of Engineering and Research Institute, Anjaneri, Nashik $8 6ea"'re the per%ent tran"mi""ion of ea%h "tandard "ol'tion and plot a "tandard graph of fl'oride %on%entration 9" per%ent tran"mi""ion. C! Deter"i atio o) )l$ori+e /o te t i a gi0e %a"#le: 18 Take (; ml of gi en !ater "ample- in thi" add one drop of "odi'm Ar"enite "ol'tion to remo e re"id'al %hlorine interferen%e. #8 In the a.o e %ontent add 1; ml of +pand"CGir%onyl a%id mi,t're and mea"'re the = tran"mi""ion at (1; nm on "pe%trophotometer. $8 Find the fl'oride %ontent in the gi en "ample .y referring the %ali.ration graph.

O9%er0atio Ta9le:Sr. No. 1 # $ & ( 0 1 2 Ml o) %t+. 'l$ori+e %ol$tio a++e+ 1.; ml #.; ml $.; ml &.; ml (.; ml 0.; ml 1.; ml +ample St+. 'l$ori+e %ol$tio i "gKlit. B Tra %"i%%io

Cal/$latio :1 ml of +td. Fl'oride "ol'tion E 1; Qgm of FC Fl'oride 7FC8 E mg of FC X 1;;; ml of "ample.

"#

Brahma Valley College of Engineering and Research Institute, Anjaneri, Nashik

Re%$lt:The fl'oride %ontent in gi en !ater "ample i" E mg9lit.

Co /l$%io :-

A%%ig "e t:18 >hat i" the permi""i.le limit and %a'"e for re?e%tion limit of fl'oride %ontent of drinking !ater a" per 43HEEOL #8 >hat are the harmf'l effe%t" on h'man .ody d'e to lo!er and e,%e"" %on%entration of fl'oride %ontent of drinking !aterL $8 If the fl'oride %on%entration of drinking !ater i" not in the de"ired range- then ho! it %an .e .ro'ght in thi" rangeL &8 >hat i" the fl'oride %on%entration of "tandard fl'oride "ol'tion '"ed in fl'oride determination te"tL

"$

Brahma Valley College of Engineering and Research Institute, Anjaneri, Nashik

"%

Brahma Valley College of Engineering and Research Institute, Anjaneri, Nashik

7-Iro Re)ere /e:- 18 +tandard 6ethod" for the e,amination of !ater & !a"te!ater.
.y A.3.H.A. 7 10th Edition C 152(.8 #8 4hemi"try for En ironmental Engineering. /y +a!yer- 6%%arty & 3arkin 7&th Edition I 1522.8 Ai":-To determine the amo'nt of iron %ontent in the gi en "ample. A##arat$%:- +pe%trophotometer- Rla""!are"- et%.

Reage t%:18 #8 $8 &8 (8 08 18 Hydro%hlori% a%id 74on%.8 Ammoni'm a%etate .'ffer "ol'tion. +odi'm a%etate "ol'tion Hydro,ylamine "ol'tion. 3henanthroline "ol'tion. +td. Iron "ol'tion. +to%k Iron "ol'tion.

Pri /i#le:Iron i" .ro'ght into "ol'tion- red'%ed to ferro'" "tate .y .oiling !ith a%id # hydro,ylamine and treated !ith 1-1; phenanthroline at pH $.# to $.$ I phenanthroline %om.ine" !ith Fe#< to form a %omple, ion- !hi%h i" orange red in %olo'r. The %olo'r prod'%ed o.ey" /eerJ" la! and i" mea"'red .y i"'al or photometri% %ompari"on". /eerJ" la! "tate" that the inten"ity of a ray of mono%hromati% light de%rea"e" e,ponentially a" the %on%entration of the a."or.ing medi'm in%rea"e". i.e. AE log 7I; 8 E AS 4 I >here- AS E %on"tant for a "ol'tion 4 E %on%entration of "ol'tion It i" ne%e""ary to make "'re that all the iron i" in "ol'.le form. Thi" i" done .y treating a portion of the "ample !ith H4l to di""ol e ferri% hydro,ide. +imilarly all iron in the form of Fe$ m'"t .e red'%ed to ferro'" %ondition 7Fe#8. Thi" i" mo"t readily a%%ompli"hed .y '"ing hydro,ylamine a" the red'%ing agent the rea%tion in ol ed i" &Fe$< < #NH#OH &Fe#< < N#O. H#O < &H<

Sig i)i/a /e:i8 H'man" "'ffer no harmf'l effe%t" from drinking !ater" %ontaining iron. Ho!e er "'%h !ater"- !hen e,po"ed to air .e%ome t'r.id and highly 'na%%epta.le from @e"theti% ie!point .e%a'"e of the o,idation of ferro'" to ferri% !hi%h form" %olloidal pre%ipitate". ii8 Iron interfere" !ith la'ndering operation. iii8 It %a'"e" diffi%'lty in di"tri.'tion "y"tem .y "'pporting the gro!th of iron .a%teria. "&

Brahma Valley College of Engineering and Research Institute, Anjaneri, Nashik i 8 Iron impart" a ta"te to !aterK hen%e p'.li% !ater "'pplie" "ho'ld not %ontain more than ;.$ mg9lit. of iron. 8 In e,ploration of ne! !ater "'pplie"- parti%'larly from "'."'rfa%e "o'r%e"- iron determination i" an important %on"ideration "'pplie" may .e re?e%ted on thi" .a"i" alone. i8 The ratio of iron to mangane"e i" a fa%tor that determine" the type of treatment '"ed a" !ell a" amo'nt of organi% matter pre"ent in !ater. ii8 Iron determination i" '"ed to aid in the "ol'tion of pro.lem" in di"tri.'tion "y"tem" !here ironCfi,ing .a%teria are tro'.le"ome. iii8 4orro"ion of %a"t iron and "teel pipeline" often prod'%e" Pred !aterJ tro'.le" in di"tri.'tion "y"tem. Iron determination i" helpf'l to find o't the method" of %orro"ion %ontrol in re"ear%h !ork. i,8 Iron in "ol'.le form may indi%ate anaero.i% red'%ing %ondition d'e to 4on"ternation of !ater.

T.eor&:Iron e,i"t" in "oil" and mineral" a" in"ol'.le ferri% o,ide and iron "'lfide 7pyrite8. In "ome area"- it o%%'r" a" ferro'" %ar.onate 7"iderite8- !hi%h i" ery "lightly "ol'.le. Rro'nd !ater" '"'ally %ontain "ignifi%ant amo'nt" of %ar.ondio,ide- a" it an end prod'%t of .oth aero.i% and anaero.i% .a%terial o,idation. Ferro'" %ar.onate may .e di""ol ed .y the rea%tion gi en .elo!. Fe4O$ < 4O# < H#O Fe#< < #H4O$ C Iron pro.lem" are pre alent !here it i" pre"ent in the "oil a" in"ol'.le ferri% %ompo'nd"- "ol'tion of mea"'ra.le amo'nt" of iron from "'%h "olid" doe"nJt o%%'r"e en in the pre"en%e of appre%ia.le amo'nt" of %ar.on dio,ide- a" long a" di""ol ed o,ygen i" pre"ent. It ha" .een "ho!n- on the .a"i" of thermodynami%" %on"ideration"- that Fe$ are the only "ta.le o,idation "tate" for iron in o,ygen %ontaining !ater". Th'" ferri% iron i" red'%ed to the "ol'.le ferro'" iron Fe# 'nder highly anaero.i% red'%ing %ondition". Rro'nd !ater" that %ontain appre%ia.le amo'nt of iron are al!ay" lo! in pre"en%e of di""ol ed o,ygen and are high in %ar.on dio,ide %ontent. The high %ar.on dio,ide %ontent indi%ate" the .a%terial o,idation of organi% matter and the a."en%e of di""ol ed o,ygen "ho!" the de elopment of anaero.i% %ondition". Met.o+% o) +eter"i atio :- There are three method" of determining iron. 18 3re%ipitation methodHC If %on%entration of iron i" large a" in "ome ind'"trial !a"te". #8 4olo'rimetri% methodHC If %on%entration of iron i" "mall a" in !ater "'pply. $8 Atomi% a."orption "pe%trophotometry.

Pro/e+$re:13 3ipette o't (; ml "to%k iron "ol'tion into 1 litre ol'metri% fla"k and dil'te to the mark !ith di"tilled !ater. 71 ml E 1; gm of Fe8 #8 (-1;-1(-#;-#(-$;- & $( ml of thi" "ol'tion are pipetted into 1;; ml ol'metri% fla"k. $8 1 ml of Hydro,ylamine hydro%hloride and 1 ml of "odi'm a%etate "ol'tion are added to ea%h fla"k. "'

Brahma Valley College of Engineering and Research Institute, Anjaneri, Nashik &8 Ea%h i" dil'ted to 1( ml and 1 ml of phenanthroline "ol'tion ia added and then dil'ted to the mark and allo!ed to "tand for 1; min'te". (8 The a."or.an%e of ea%h "ol'tion i" mea"'red in a ( %m %ell at (1; nm !a e length again"t a referen%e .lank prepared .y treating di"tilled !ater !ith the "pe%ifi% amo'nt of all the reagent e,%ept the "tandard iron "ol'tion. 08 4ali.ration %'r e i" %on"tr'%ted for a."or.an%e again"t mi%rogram" iron. 18 The gi en "ample i" mi,ed thoro'ghly and (; ml i" pipetted in erlenmeyor fla"k. # ml of %on%. H4l and 1 ml of hydro,ylamine "ol'tion are added and fe! gla"" .ead" are added. 28 The %ontent are .oiled and .oiling i" %ontin'ed 'ntil the ol'me i" red'%ed to 1( to #; ml. 58 The %ontent are %ooled to room temperat're and tran"ferred to 1;; ml fla"k. 1; ml ammoni'm a%etate .'ffer "ol'tion and # ml phenanthroline "ol'tion are added & dil'ted to 1;; ml !ith di"tilled !ater. 1;8 It i" mi,ed thoro'ghly and allo!ed to at lea"t 1; to 1( min'te". For ma,im'm %olo'r de elopment. 118A."or.an%e i" mea"'red and %orre"ponding mi%rogram" iron are noted from %ali.ration %'r e. Pre/a$tio %:18 +pe%trophotometer "ho'ld "et at "pe%ified !a elength. #8 Iron free di"tilled !ater "ho'ld .e '"ed. $8 All gla""!are" "ho'ld .e thoro'ghly %leaned !ith %on%. H4l and rin"ed !ith di"tilled !ater.

+ample detail"HC
+o'r%e E Date of %olle%tion of "ample E Temperat're E

O9%er0atio Ta9le:+r. No. 1 # $ & ( 0 1 2 6i%rogram" of iron A."or.an%e Tran"mi""ion =

Cal/$latio :Total iron mg9lit. E 6i%rogram" of iron 6l of "ample

"(

Brahma Valley College of Engineering and Research Institute, Anjaneri, Nashik

Re%$lt:-

Co /l$%io :-

A%%ig "e t:18 Ho! i" it that iron e,i"ting in "oil" in"ol'.le ferri% from appear" a" ferro'" in "ol'.le formL #8 >hat are the a""o%iating %ondition" 'nder !hi%h iron i" fo'nd in gro'nd !aterL $8 >hat are en ironmental "ignifi%an%e of pre"en%e of ironL &8 >hat amo'nt of iron %on%entration i" permi""i.leL (8 >hat method i" '"ed for determination of ironL 08 >hat i" /eerJ" la!L 18 >hat i" the prin%iple of phenanthroline methodL 28 >hy i" hydro,ylamine addedL 58 Ho! are the re"'lt" of iron te"t '"edL

#)