Analysis & Reinforced concrete beam design

Figure 21: One-way slab (supported on two opposite edges) continuous beams

Continuous beams (they have more than one span) are more common in structures and buildings. Their end supports may be fixed or hinged. Continuous supports differ from hinges because the beam over these supports resist some moment, whereas hinges cannot resist moment.

Figure 22(a): Simply supported beam

methods of analysis

Some of the well known methods of analysis of continuous beams and one-way slabs are: moment distribution direct stiffness matrix method The analysis of structural members will be covered in detail in the Theory and Design of Structures course which is offered in the third year of this program. In this topic we will analyse the continuous beams and continuous one-way slabs using a simplified method which is given in your textbook and in the Australian Standard AS3600, Chapter 1 of HB2.2. I will explain how to refer and use the coefficients from Figures 9.3 and 9.4 of your textbook to calculate the bending moment (BM) and shear force for two or more span continuous beams and one-way slabs.

Analysis & Reinforced concrete beam design

Figure 22(b): Continuous beam with simple end support

Using the simplified method for bending moment and shear force diagrams
data required for analysis

If you want to analyse a reinforced concrete continuous beam/one-way slab, you must know the: type and magnitude of load acting on the structural elements spans of the beam/slab end conditions.

conditions required for the simplified method

If you follow the simplified method for bending moment and shear force calculations then the spans and the loads acting on the beam must satisfy several conditions. These conditions are given in your textbook. Please read the following pages before you start to analyse any continuous beam/one-way slab. The same information is also given in SAA HB2.2.
Textbook Australian Standards Beletich & Uno 2003 Ch. 9, Sections 9.19.3 SAA HB 2.2 Ch. 1, Section 7.2

Equations for design bending moment and design shear force

From the textbook, we have equations which can be used to calculate design bending moment and design shear force. For the design bending moment:
M* BM coefficient Fd Ln
2

where
M* Fd Ln is the design bending moment is the uniformly distributed design load is the clear span between inside faces of supports.

Analysis & Reinforced concrete beam design

For the design shear force V*

V* SF coefficient Fd Ln

where Fd and Ln are the same as explained in the equation above.

BM and SF coefficients
Figure 9.3 from the textbook gives you the coefficients for SF and BM for two-span continuous beams or slabs. The BM coefficients vary according to the end-support conditions. The SF coefficients remain the same for different end-support conditions. Figure 9.4 from the text gives you the coefficients for SF and BM for three or more spans. Again the BM coefficients vary according to the endsupport conditions and the SF coefficients remain the same for different end-support conditions.

Six required conditions

To use the coefficients, six conditions must be satisfied as outlined in the textbook. Now let us analyse a continuous beam using the simplified method, and to practice using Figure 9.3 and Equations 9.1 and 9.2 from your textbook for bending moment and shear force calculations.

Example 21
Problem

Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams for the twospan continuous beam ABC as shown in Figure 23 carrying a live load of 9 kN/m and a dead load of 6 kN/m. AB and BC have the same span of 7 m. The beam has simple end supports and a uniform cross section.

Figure 23: Two-span continuous beam

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Example 21 continued
Solution Check that the conditions given in the textbook are satisfied (a) ratio of longer to shorter span = 7:7 = 1.0 span ratio <1.2 (b) loads are UDL (c) Q < 2G OK Yes 9.0 < (2 9 < 12 OK Yes We shall ensure this 6)

(d) members are of uniform cross section (e) reinforcement is detailed in accordance to Figure 9.5, textbook (f) bending moment at supports are caused only by applied load

Yes

The next two conditions (reinforcement and bending moment details) are not applicable at this stage. Since we have satisfied the above conditions, we can now follow the simplified method to draw the SFD (shear force diagram) and BMD (bending moment diagram). In the textbook, refer to Figure 9.3 and Equations 9.1 and 9.2. SFD calculations Design load Fd = (1.2 6) + (1.5 = 20.7 kN/m. Span AB 9)

coefficient

clear span L (m) n 7 7

SF coefficient * Fd * Ln

(Eqn 9.2 from textbook) kN

at support A mid span AB

1 2 1 7

1 2 1 7

20.7 7 20.7 7

72.5 20.7

at support B

1.15 2

1.15 2

20.7 7

83.3

Span BC

at support B mid span BC at support C

1.15 2 1 7 1 2

7 7 7

1.15 2 1 7 1 2

20.7 7 20.7 7 20.7 7

83.3 20.7 72.5

Table 21: Shear force design calculations

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Example 21 continued
Span AB coefficient clear span L (m) n

M*

BM coefficient * Fd * ( Ln ) 2

(Eqn 9.1 from textbook) (kNm)

at support A mid span AB

0
1 11

7 7

0 20.7 7

1 11

20.7 7

92.2

at support B

1 9

1 9

20.7 7

112.7

Span BC

at support B

1 9

1 9

20.7 7

112.7

mid span BC

1 11

1 11

20.7 7

92.2
2

at support C

0 20.7 7

Table 22: Bending moment diagram calculations

Draw the SFD and BMD using the values from Tables 21 and 22 as shown in Figure 24.

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Example 21 continued
Beam

7m

7m

112.7 D 92.2 72.5 BMD (Bending Moment Diagram) 83.3 20.7 20.7 83.3 SFD (Shear Force Diagram) 20.7 72.5 20.7 92.2 Units in kNm

Units in kN

Figure 24: Bending moment and shear force diagrams

End of Example 21

Workbook activity 21

As shown in Figure 25, a 200 mm thick reinforced concrete platform (slab) is supported by beams with a cross sectional dimension (width depth) of 400 600 mm. The beams are supported by columns at the ends. The density of the concrete is 2500 kg/m3. This platform is part of a workshop. 1. Draw the SF and BM diagrams of the reinforced concrete slab. 2. Draw the BM diagram of the beam BD (assume fixed supports). Refer to Section 3, Chapter 5 of HB2.2, for the live load intensity on the slab. When calculating the dead load, you can refer to Topic 1 if required. For load calculations the slab may be treated as a beam of 1m width. Then find the design load. The 200 mm thick slab is considered to be a two-span one-way continuous slab. Use the correct SF and BM coefficients from Figure 9.3 in the textbook.

hint

Analysis & Reinforced concrete beam design

The beam BD is not a continuous beam. Since the slab is not supported on its four sides the slab area is divided into rectangular shapes as shown in Figure 26 for load calculations on the beam.

Figure 25: Reinforced concrete platform

Figure 26: Overhead view of reinforced concrete platform

BM coefficients for a beam carrying UDL with fixed support is given in Figure 27.

Analysis & Reinforced concrete beam design

Figure 27: BM coefficients for a fixed end beam

Solution to Activity 21

1.

Design load = 13.4 kN/m for a metre width strip. The BM and SF values are given in Table 23. Check your answers and then draw the SFD and BMD.
Span AB (slab)S BM (kNm) SF (kN)

at support A mid span at support B

14.0 30.4 37.2

Table 23: BM and SF values

33.5 9.6 38.5

The slab has two equal spans. Therefore the BM and SF on the span BC also has the same values as shown in Table 23. 2. Design load = 77.0 kN/m The BM values are given in Table 24. Check your answers and then draw the BMD.
Beam Span BD B.M (kNm)

at support B mid span at support B

231 116 231

Table 24: BM values

10