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Coronavirus
Coronavirus
Virus classification Group: Order: Family: Subfamily: Group IV ((+)ssRNA) Nidovirales Coronaviridae Coronavirinae Type species Coronavirus Species Human coronavirus HKU1 Human coronavirus OC43 Human coronavirus 229E MERS-CoV SARS-CoV Pipistrellus bat coronavirus HKU5 Tylonycteris bat coronavirus HKU4 Rousettus bat coronavirus HKU9 Coronaviruses are species in the genera of virus belonging to the subfamily Coronavirinae in the family Coronaviridae.[][1] Coronaviruses are enveloped viruses with a positive-sense RNA genome and with a nucleocapsid of helical symmetry. The genomic size of coronaviruses ranges from approximately 26 to 32 kilobases, extraordinarily large for an RNA virus. The name "coronavirus" is derived from the Latin corona, meaning crown or halo, and refers to the characteristic appearance of virions under electron microscopy (E.M.) with a fringe of large, bulbous surface projections creating an image reminiscent of the solar corona. This morphology is created by the viral spike (S) peplomers, which are proteins that populate the surface of the virus and determine host tropism. Coronaviruses are grouped in the order Nidovirales, named for the Latin nidus, meaning nest, as all viruses in this order produce a 3' co-terminal nested set of subgenomic mRNA's during infection. Proteins that contribute to the overall structure of all coronaviruses are the spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M) and nucleocapsid (N). In the specific case of the SARS coronavirus (see below), a defined receptor-binding domain on S mediates the attachment of the virus to its cellular receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2).[] Some coronaviruses (specifically the members of Betacoronavirus subgroup A) also have a shorter spike-like protein called hemagglutinin esterase (HE).[]
Coronavirus
Replication
Replication of Coronavirus begins with entry to the cell which takes place in the cytoplasm in a membrane-protected microenvironment. Upon entry to the cell the virus particle is uncoated and the RNA genome is deposited into the cytoplasm. The Coronavirus genome has a 5 methylated cap and a 3polyadenylated tail. This also allows the RNA to attach to ribosomes for translation. Coronaviruses also have a protein known as a replicase encoded in its genome which allows the RNA viral genome to be transcribed into new RNA copies using the host cells machinery. The replicase is the first protein to be made as once the gene encoding the replicase is translated the translation is stopped by a
Coronavirus stop codon. This is known as a nested transcript, where the transcript only encodes one geneit is monocistronic. The RNA genome is replicated and a long polyprotein is formed, where all of the proteins are attached. Coronaviruses have a non-structural protein called a protease which is able to separate the proteins in the chain. This is a form of genetic economy for the virus allowing it to encode the greatest number of genes in a small number of nucleotides. Coronavirus transcription involves a discontinuous RNA synthesis (template switch) during the extension of a negative copy of the subgenomic mRNAs. Basepairing during transcription is a requirement. Coronavirus N protein is required for coronavirus RNA synthesis, and has RNA chaperone activity that may be involved in template switch. Both viral and cellular proteins are required for replication and transcription. Coronaviruses initiate translation by cap-dependent and cap-independent mechanisms. Cell macromolecular synthesis may be controlled after Coronavirus infection by locating some virus proteins in the host cell nucleus. Infection by different coronaviruses cause in the host alteration in the transcription and translation patterns, in the cell cycle, the cytoskeleton, apoptosis and coagulation pathways, inflammation, and immune and stress responses.[]
Coronavirus
Taxonomy
Genus: Alphacoronavirus; type species: Alphacoronavirus 1 Species: Alpaca coronavirus, Alphacoronavirus 1, Human coronavirus 229E, Human Coronavirus NL63, Miniopterus Bat coronavirus 1, Miniopterus Bat coronavirus HKU8, Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, Rhinolophus Bat coronavirus HKU2, Scotophilus Bat coronavirus 512 Genus Betacoronavirus; type species: Murine coronavirus Species: Betacoronavirus 1, Human coronavirus HKU1, Murine coronavirus, Pipistrellus Bat coronavirus HKU5, Rousettus Bat coronavirus HKU9, Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, Tylonycteris Bat coronavirus HKU4, MERS-CoV, Human coronavirus OC43 Genus Deltacoronavirus; type species: Bulbul coronavirus HKU11 Species: Bulbul coronavirus HKU11, Munia coronavirus HKU13, Thrush coronavirus HKU12 Genus Gammacoronavirus; type species: Avian coronavirus Species: Avian coronavirus, Beluga whale coronavirus SW1
Coronavirus
References
[6] Nouveau coronavirus - Point de situation : Un nouveau cas dinfection confirm (http:/ / www. social-sante. gouv. fr/ actualite-presse,42/ communiques,2322/ nouveau-coronavirus-point-de,15820. html) (Novel coronavirus - Status report: A new case of confirmed infection) May 12, 2013 social-sante.gouv.fr [7] http:/ / influenza-news. blogspot. nl/ 2013/ 04/ coronaviruses-on-rise. html [8] http:/ / www. merckmanuals. com/ vet/ the Merck Veterinary Manual
External links
(http://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-19-2013/volume-19-supplement-1-coronavirus/ volume-19-supplement-1-coronavirus.html) (World Health Organization, Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, supplement on coronavirus) Laude H, Rasschaert D, Delmas B, Godet M, Gelfi J, Charley B (June 1990). "Molecular biology of transmissible gastroenteritis virus". Veterinary Microbiology 23 (14): 14754. doi: 10.1016/0378-1135(90)90144-K (http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1135(90)90144-K). PMID 2169670 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ 2169670). Sola I, Alonso S, Ziga S, Balasch M, Plana-Durn J, Enjuanes L (April 2003). "Engineering the transmissible gastroenteritis virus genome as an expression vector inducing lactogenic immunity" (http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/ pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12634392). Journal of Virology 77 (7): 435769. doi: 10.1128/JVI.77.7.4357-4369.2003 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.77.7.4357-4369.2003). PMC 150661 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC150661). PMID 12634392 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/pubmed/12634392). Tajima M (1970). "Morphology of transmissible gastroenteritis virus of pigs. A possible member of coronaviruses. Brief report". Archiv Fr Die Gesamte Virusforschung 29 (1): 1058. doi: 10.1007/BF01253886 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01253886). PMID 4195092 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ 4195092). Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Coronaviridae (http://www.viprbrc.org/brc/home. do?decorator=corona) German Research Foundation (http://www.coronavirus.org) (Coronavirus Consortium)
License
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